Shared by Coach Mike Oyales BSU-ICPE Psychological and Philosophical Foundation of Education Dr.

Noemi Bellosilio

Physical Education
The history of physical education reflects people's attitudes about physical activity. From prehistoric times, because survival was related to physical stamina and to people's ability to find food, no separate physical fitness programs were needed. Gradually, ancient societies in China, Egypt, Greece, and Rome adopted physical education as part of military training. As the more developed societies came to value the scholarly life, physical education lost favor. Many developed countries have had to strike a balance between physical and intellectual interests. The history of physical education frequently shows a pattern of military, social, and political influence. In one high point of ancient history, Athenian Greeks came to the forefront in the era 700 to 600 B.C. with their quest for physical and intellectual perfection. In numerous festivals, Athenians celebrated the beautyof the human form in dance, art, religious rites, and athletics. Athenians honored the gods of Olympus, especially Zeus, with the first Olympic Games. The Olympic Games offered a civilizing influence, with social class disregardedand all citizens judged on athletic competition. If a war was being fought,it was halted during the Olympic Games. Many historians regard Athenian culture as the height of early physical education, but like their Chinese predecessors, the Athenians felt the competing influence of intellectualism. The Middle Ages saw the fall of the Roman Empire and the rise of Christianity, and the Christian influence brought about a denial of physical activity foranything other than manual labor. Christians saw sports and physical play asimmoral, and in 394 they halted the Olympic Games. This trend was not reversed until the medieval societies grew and sought power through military expansion. During the Renaissance, the pendulum swung once again as artists showed the human body as an object of admiration. The humanist faction, centered in Italy, valued education in sports such as fencing, archery, swimming, running, andball games. The moralist faction, influenced by the Protestant Reformation,saw physical activity only as a way for carrying out work. During this period, much of Europe was still Catholic, and Catholics favored recreational physical activity with the view that care should be taken of the body as the vessel that held the soul. The other major Renaissance faction was realism, whichfavored physical education as part of a sound mind in a sound body. In 19th-century Europe, Sweden and Germany developed systems of gymnastics that were adopted internationally with Germany building the first indoor gymnasium. In Finland, which also built a gymnasium, exercise was for the first time seen as a way to achieve physical rehabilitation. Scholars began to study anatomy and physiology in relation to exercise. Denmark was among the first countries to require physical education in schools. Physical education fulfilled a political role in early-20th-century Russia after the rise of communism. Physical fitness helped insure military strength,productivity, and nationalism. Sports were viewed as a way of achieving international fame. The United States followed other countries in its approach to physical education. During the Colonial period, the sheer physical demands of survival madephysical eThe history of physical education reflects people's attitudes about physicalactivity. From prehistoric times, because survival was related to physical stamina and to people's ability to find food, no separate physical fitness programs were

needed. Gradually, ancient societies in China, Egypt, Greece, and Rome adopted physical education as part of military training. As the more developed societies came to value the scholarly life, physical education lost favor. Many developed countries have had to strike a balance between physical and intellectual interests. The history of physical education frequently shows a pattern of military, social, and political influence. In one high point of ancient history, Athenian Greeks came to the forefront in the era 700 to 600 B.C. with their quest for physical and intellectual perfection. In numerous festivals, Athenians celebrated the beautyof the human form in dance, art, religious rites, and athletics. Athenians honored the gods of Olympus, especially Zeus, with the first Olympic Games. The Olympic Games offered a civilizing influence, with social class disregardedand all citizens judged on athletic competition. If a war was being fought,it was halted during the Olympic Games. Many historians regard Athenian culture as the height of early physical education, but like their Chinese predecessors, the Athenians felt the competing influence of intellectualism. The Middle Ages saw the fall of the Roman Empire and the rise of Christianity, and the Christian influence brought about a denial of physical activity foranything other than manual labor. Christians saw sports and physical play asimmoral, and in 394 they halted the Olympic Games. This trend was not reversed until the medieval societies grew and sought power through military expansion. During the Renaissance, the pendulum swung once again as artists showed the human body as an object of admiration. The humanist faction, centered in Italy, valued education in sports such as fencing, archery, swimming, running, and ball games. The moralist faction, influenced by the Protestant Reformation,saw physical activity only as a way for carrying out work. During this period, much of Europe was still Catholic, and Catholics favored recreational physical activity with the view that care should be taken of the body as the vessel that held the soul. The other major Renaissance faction was realism, which favored physical education as part of a sound mind in a sound body. In 19th-century Europe, Sweden and Germany developed systems of gymnastics that were adopted internationally with Germany building the first indoor gymnasium. In Finland, which also built a gymnasium, exercise was for the first time seen as a way to achieve physical rehabilitation. Scholars began to study anatomy and physiology in relation to exercise. Denmark was among the first countries to require physical education in schools. Physical education fulfilled a political role in early-20th-century Russia after the rise of communism. Physical fitness helped insure military strength,productivity, and nationalism. Sports were viewed as a way of achieving international fame. The United States followed other countries in its approach to physical education. During the Colonial period, the sheer physical demands of survival made physical education unnecessary. War required physical training as a part of military preparation. Between the Revolution War and the Civil War, Americans followed some recreational activities such as riding, hunting, dancing, swimming, and early forms of golf and tennis. By the 1820s, some American schools offered gymnasia and physical education. Instruction included the development and care of the body, and training in hygiene. Students learned calisthenic exercises, gymnastics, and the performance and management of athletic games. Women's colleges offered exercise and dance classes. The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) opened its first American chapter in 1851. Many sports gained in popularity around this time, including baseball. After the American Civil War, large school systems began to adopt physical education programs and many states passed laws requiring that physical education programs be taught. For the first time, specialized training was offered for physical education instructors. In another first, colleges offered

intercollegiate sports such as rowing, football, and track and field. In keeping with this wave of interest in physical education, the Olympic Games were restored in 1896, after a 1,400-year interlude. Surprisingly, many Americans were not physically fit for military service during World War I, and there were many postwar efforts to add physical education at all levels of schooling. During World War II, physical fitness was again required of soldiers--but it was also required of many others, particularly women, since the war effort required manual labor. Soldiers once again came up short in physical fitness requirements, so after the war, schools instituted more rigorous physical education requirements, and there was greater interest in the teaching of physical education. By 1950, there were over 400 United States colleges and universities offering majors in physical education and there was increasing recognition of the scientific foundation of physical education. The fitness of the military in the Korean War again fell short of expectations, and the federal government set up the President's Council on Physical Fitness, which helped to raise fitness standards in schools across the country. A series of 1970s and 1980s recessions brought about cutbacks in many school programs, including physical education. By the 1970s, interest in the President's Council had waned and physical education courses began to emphasize lifetime sports such as golf, badminton,tennis, and bowling. In another swing of the pendulum, the American public spontaneously developed an intense interest in fitness in the late 1970s. One of the most significant shifts of the 1970s was the Title IX amendment to the Federal Education Act, which stipulated that no federally funded education programs could discriminate on the basis of gender. Enforcement of Title IX opened up many new opportunities for women in competitive athletics, both at the high school and collegiate levels. In a continuation of 1980s trends, during the 1990s many school districts have limited the amount of time students spend in physical education or have even dropped the program in response to economic problems or concerns about poor curriculum. Some reformers in the field are turning to sports education as away of reengaging the students. education unnecessary. War required physical training as a part of military preparation. Between the Revolution War and the Civil War, Americans followed some recreational activities such as riding, hunting, dancing, swimming, and early forms of golf and tennis. By the 1820s, some American schools offered gymnasia and physical education. Instruction included the development and care of the body, and training in hygiene. Students learned calisthenic exercises, gymnastics, and the performance and management of athletic games. Women's colleges offered exercise and dance classes. The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) opened its first American chapter in 1851. Many sports gained in popularity around this time, including baseball. After the American Civil War, large school systems began to adopt physical education programs and many states passed laws requiring that physical education programs be taught. For the first time, specialized training was offered for physical education instructors. In another first, colleges offered intercollegiate sports such as rowing, football, and track and field. In keeping with this wave of interest in physical education, the Olympic Games were restored in 1896, after a 1,400-year interlude. Surprisingly, many Americans were not physically fit for military service during World War I, and there were many postwar efforts to add physical education at all levels of schooling. During World War II, physical fitness was again required of soldiers--but it was also required of many others, particularly women, since the war effort required manual labor. Soldiers once again came up short in physical fitness requirements, so after the war, schools instituted more rigorous physical education requirements, and there was greater interest in the teaching of physical education. By 1950, there were over 400 United States colleges and universities offering majors in physical

education and there was increasing recognition of the scientific foundation of physical education. The fitness of the military in the Korean War again fell short of expectations, and the federal government set up the President's Council on Physical Fitness, which helped to raise fitness standards in schools across the country. A series of 1970s and 1980s recessions brought about cutbacks in many school programs, including physical education. By the 1970s, interest in the President's Council had waned and physical education courses began to emphasize lifetime sports such as golf, badminton,tennis, and bowling. In another swing of the pendulum, the American public spontaneously developed an intense interest in fitness in the late 1970s. One of the most significant shifts of the 1970s was the Title IX amendment to the Federal Education Act, which stipulated that no federally funded education programs could discriminate on the basis of gender. Enforcement of Title IX opened up many new opportunities for women in competitive athletics, both at the high school and collegiate levels. In a continuation of 1980s trends, during the 1990s many school districts have limited the amount of time students spend in physical education or have even dropped the program in response to economic problems or concerns about poor curriculum. Some reformers in the field are turning to sports education as away of reengaging the students. Read more: Physical Education, Information about Physical http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/2/Physical-Education.html#ixzz1UUjkUFqY Education

PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN ANCIENT SOCIETIES Beginning Egypt China Greece Roman Empire Beginning-6000 B.C. (Physical Education for Survival ) Aims of Physical Education : To increase the chances of group survival, the tribe encouraged youths to develop the strength, endurance, agility, and skills needed to withstand the danger of outdoor life, to obtain the necessities of life. Promotion of P.E. : Parents, medicine men or shamans, and other tribal leaders informally acquainted youths with the skills and knowledge they would need as adults. Program of P. E. : Games of war, games of chase, and tag, dancing and other forms of rhythmic activity generally related to religious beliefs, play and physical activities related to self-preservation skills. Methods of P.E. : Imitation, indoctrination, and trial and error methods were the basic means of educating children. PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN EGYPT(3000-1100B.C.) Aims of P.E. : The vocational, recreational, and religious objectives of p.e than in military or health objectives. Promotion of P.E. : Apprenticeship was the mode of education in Egypt. Program of P.E. : Swimming was one of the popular sports even among women, dance, archery, lion hunting, fishing, stick fighting, acrobatics, ball games etc.

 Methods of P.E. : Under the apprenticeship system, youngsters learned by imitating the movement of their parents or tutors. PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN CHINA (1700-800 B.C.) Aims of P.E. : In the earlier times (before Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism) bodily conditioning played a more important role in Chinese society than later times. Promotion of P.E. : Some authorities believe that more than four thousand t-years ago the Chinese not only originated schools but also had state education officers and a system of national education examinations. Program of P.E. : Wrestling boxing, football, archery (military purposes), polo, hunting, fishing, swimming, flying kites, light exercises( eg Cong Fu) etc. Methods of P. E. : Little is known how they taught motor skills probably learned by doing and by following the example of their elders. Physical Education for the Homeric Greeks Aims of P.E. : The overall aim of p.e. was to develop the man of action. Every citizen was a soldier and physical fitness was a necessity. Promotion of P.E. : During the Homeric age there were no formal educational institutions. The agencies of education were the family or clan. Program ofP.E. : ( Iliad and the Odyssey- Funeral-chariot race-boxing-wrestlingfoot race-javelin throw). Dancing was another activity the Greeks participated from the earliest times. Some sport activities were reserved for the aristocrats, particularly chariot racing, boxing, wrestling and running. Methods of P.E.: Children acquired their education by imitating the adults, pay attention to the feast or funeral games, listening to the exciting tales of the gods, memorizing the great epics, and absorbing the wisdom of the council meetings.

Physical Education for the Early Athenians

 Aims of P.E. : In Athens, p.e. was an integral part of national life not only in the need to prepare citizens for war, but also in the Greek ideals of beauty and harmony (Aesthetic). Moral and spirit training using sports. Promotion of P.E. : Much less regulated than in Sparta. The state gave no financial support tp formal education. Government concerned with safeguarding the morals of the youths than with prescribing age, courses, methods or supervision. Father determined the child's physical fitness-free education for children whose fathers killed in fighting's for Athens. Girls remained at home until they married. No physical or intellectual education only household arts. They did not participated in social and political life with men. Two kinds of private elementary schools- palaestra ( wrestling) for p.e. and didascaleum (music) for literature, music, and arithmetic. Physical Education for the Spartan Greeks Aims of P.E. : Spartan p.e. was designed to develop a man of action who possessed brute strength, physical endurance, unflinching courage and military skill. Promotion of P.E. : Only the healthy and strong children were allowed to live by a council of elders. Until the age of seven the mother was responsible fort the training of the child. The more formal education system, called agoge'' was supervised by the superintendent (paidonomus). Stage in education, after 18 concentrated on military exercises. Spartan would remain in military services until he was at least 50. The youths were grouped into companies of 64 with a selected leader. Four of these companies were combined into a troop. At the age of 30, a man gained full citizenships. expected to marry and take a seating the council but still live in public barracks. The education of Spartan women was similar to that of men. Divided into different classes and participated in same exercise but live in only home. Great success in Ancient Olympics between 720 B.C. and 576 B.C. Program of P.E. : The Spartan curriculum consisted almost entirely of a military training. Gymnastic exercises were the main means of education for beginning youths. They engaged in running, fighting, leaping, swimming, hunting, wrestling, hiking, boxing, playing ball, throwing discus, and javelin, and competing in arena. Methods of P.E. : Periodic testing by the state officials (ephors) was administered to evaluate the boy's physical capacity and citizenship. Praise and punishment used. Flogging was the universal penalty.