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Reconsidering the Multiple Criteria Decision Making Problems of Construction Workers; Using Grapheur
University of British Columbia Okanagan, School of Engineering, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BCV1V1V7, Canada. University of Debrecen, Faculty of IT, 4033 Debrecen, Hungary.
Summary
We are dealing with a series multiple criteria decision making problems and analysis related to Canadian construction projects including waste management, productivity improvement, human and IT factors, emergy based lifecycle, and process optimization. The urgent increasing of using IT in construction projects has been one way to improve the process of solving our problems [2]. The construction project managers have to make tough decisions. They are considering different tools of IT and would like to invest on getting better data analysis tools for enhancing their decisions. However making critical decisions for the complicated and multiple criteria problems of construction projects in which huge amount of data are involved is not a simple task to do. As the data-sets of our problems are often huge they can not easily be handled with the traditional means of data analysis. In order to better manage the data collected and make the most of our data-sets we utilized the advanced interactive visualization tools provided by Grapheur and reconsidered our problems. Here the idea for solving the multiple criteria decision making problems is to visually model and clarify the whole dimension of problems. The effectiveness and performance of the interactive visualizations, made by Grapheur, are evaluated along with a number of our study cases related to construction workers. As the main result, the 7D plots and the option of sweeping through data have been found very useful for our applications. The achieved hidden information through Grapheurs visualization tools would enhance our further decisions.
Keywords
Building construction workers, IT usage in construction projects, reactive business intelligence, reactive search, Grapheur, multi-objective optimization, multiple criteria decision making, interactive visualization, multidimensional plots, 7D graphs, sweeping through data
Introduction to Grapheur
Grapheur is a data mining, modeling and interactive visualization package implementing the Reactive Business Intelligence approach [3] which connects the user to the software through automated and intelligent self-tuning methods on the basis of visualization. The principles of Grapheur were originated from researches on Reactive Search Optimization [4]. The user friendly and innovative interface of provided visualization, via an interactive multi-objective optimization, facilitates the process of making tough decisions. Grapheur is a handy and simple tool in which frees the mind from software complications and concentrates on mining the useful information in data. It puts the user in an interactive loop, rapidly reacting to first results and visualizations to direct the subsequent efforts, in order to suit the needs and preferences of the decision maker.
Paper and Poster presented at: EnginSoft International Conference, Verona, Italy, 20-21 Oct. 2011. ENGINSOFT Newsletter Year 8, No 4, Winter 2011.
The Reactive Search is utilized within Grapheur to integrate some machine learning techniques into search heuristics for the visualization complex optimization problems and interactive decision making accordingly. In Reactive Search for self-adaptation in an autonomic manner, we benefit from the past history of the search and the knowledge accumulated while moving in the configuration space [4].
Figure 1: Parallel filter (left side) and similarity map (right side)
Paper and Poster presented at: EnginSoft International Conference, Verona, Italy, 20-21 Oct. 2011. ENGINSOFT Newsletter Year 8, No 4, Winter 2011.
Figure 2: Bubble chart (left side) and sweeping through data in the bubble chart (right side)
3. Sweeping though different characteristics of workers; tracking and examining the problem with the aid of animated graphs
In the previous graph (Figure 2 left side) the relations between work time, specialization, idleness status, looking for materials, and looking for tools characteristics of the construction workers were visualized. Moreover sweeping though data and studying the generated animations on sweeping is an effective tool for further visualization along with advancing a particular objective. For instance in our next visualization experience the previous graph is reconsidered by sweeping though looking material, Idleness and skill level as the time advances (illustrated in Figure 2 right side).
4. Analyzing a particular cluster of workers and their characteristics; sweeping through skill level and team perception of supervision
In a new created bubble graph, figure 3 right side, the idleness and specialization characteristic of a cluster of four workers is associated with the size and the color of the bubbles relatively. Here by sweeping through team perception of supervision and the level of specialization of field workers in our building construction project, the achieved information from a limited cluster of workers can clarify the problem with more details in different scenarios. For instance when the skill level of the workers and the team perception of supervision are monthly increased relatively by the rate of 10% and 5% within a year, the idleness characteristic is smoothly monitored. We can also play the resulted animation in smooth mode and track the past values (they appear in a lighter tone in the background of the plot), in order to focus on the changes which occur according to morning and afternoon working shifts.
Paper and Poster presented at: EnginSoft International Conference, Verona, Italy, 20-21 Oct. 2011. ENGINSOFT Newsletter Year 8, No 4, Winter 2011.
Figure 3: 7D plot of data (left side) and sweeping through data (right side)
Paper and Poster presented at: EnginSoft International Conference, Verona, Italy, 20-21 Oct. 2011. ENGINSOFT Newsletter Year 8, No 4, Winter 2011.
References
[ 1] Hewage K.N., Gannoruwa A., Ruwanpura J.Y. (2011), Current Status of Factors Leading to Team Performance of On-Site Construction Professionals in Alberta Building Construction Projects, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. [ 2] Hewage K.N., Ruwanpura J.Y., Jergeas G.F. (2009). IT Usage in Albertas Building Construction Projects: Current Status and Challenges, Journal of Automation in Construction. [ 3] Roberto Battiti and Mauro Brunato, Reactive Business Intelligence. From Data to Models to Insight, Reactive Search Srl, Italy, February 2011. [ 4] Battiti, Roberto; Mauro Brunato; Franco Mascia (2008). Reactive Search and Intelligent Optimization. Springer Verlag. [ 5] Battiti, Roberto; Mauro Brunato (2010). "Grapheur: A Software Architecture for Reactive and Interactive Optimization, Proceedings Learning and Intelligent OptimizatioN LION 4, 2010, Venice, Italy. [ 6] Battiti, Roberto; Andrea Passerini (2010). "Brain-Computer Evolutionary Multi-Objective Optimization (BC-EMO): a genetic algorithm adapting to the decision maker." (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation. [ 7] http://www.LIONsolver.com/