Magnetism

Magnetism is the property of the magnet to attract pieces of magnetic material. It is also defined as the power of attraction and repulsion of magnet. It has been known that man can make a magnet but the question is, how does a substance become a magnet? This question can be answered by understanding the molecular theory of matter. According to the molecular theory, all matters are made up of the particles called molecules. Each molecule is assumed to be a tiny (means very small) magnet that when a substance is not yet a magnet, its molecules are disarranged such that they are facing different directions.

Arrangement of molecules on an Unmagnetized substance. This one molecule is assumed to be a tiny magnet.

Arrangement of molecules in a magnetized Substance in a magnet.

But as soon as the substance becomes a magnet, its molecules arrange themselves in column or in an orderly manner such that the north pole of all molecules are facing the opposite direction.

It is said that the magnetic lines of force of those tiny magnets called molecules are neutralizing each other in an unmagnetized substance cannot attract or does not have the power to attract because the magnetic lines of force are combined inside the substance and do not come out. However, in a magnetized substance or a magnet, because the molecules are arranged in an orderly manner, these magnetic lines of force are going out of the magnet. Hence ,it is now capable of attracting pieces of magnetic materials or another magnet.

The molecular theory explains why a broken magnet becomes two or more magnets. The reason is since the molecules are still arranged in column or in orderly manner in every broken piece, each piece is still a magnet and each has its own north and south poles.

Two laws of magnetism

1. Unlike poles attract each other if there are two magnets with opposite poles (north and south poles) facing each other, they attract each other. 2. Like poles repel each other if there are two magnets with same poles (north and south poles) facing each other, they repel or go away from each other. Characteristics of magnet lines of force

1. 2. 3. 4.

They always travel from north to south poles. They never cross each other. They can be deflected or deviated. The screened off or stop.

Definition of some magnetic terms Magnet a substance capable on attracting or repulsing magnetic lines of force. Magnetism the power of attraction and repulsion. Magnetic line of force invisible lines acting around the magnet. Magnetic field the space around the magnet. Magnetic flux refers to the total magnetic lines of force. Permeability ability of a substance to easily acquire magnetic property. Retentively ability of a magnet to return its magnetism longer.