MEKELLE UNIVERSITY ETHIOPIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, EiT-M DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

M.Sc. Program in Energy Technology

Course Title: Thermal System Design

Air Conditioning and Ventilation Assignment

Submitted to: Demiss A. (PhD) Ashenafi K. (MSc.)

Prepared by: Alemnew Ebabu Akatew Haile Binyam Gebray

June, 2012

Assignment -1Design of ventilation system .

The Restaurant shown below is to be maintained at a constant environmental temperature of 22oC for a plant operation of 12 hours per day.The Restaurant area is on the ground floor of an Single storey building located at 51.7oNThe internal construction is lightweight partitions, concrete hollow slab floors and suspended ceilings.it was desired to design a ventilation system for the restaurant. the following ste[ps are neccesary to be carried out the plan view of the restaurant is shown belaow Calculate Ventilation rates. Decide on number of fans and grilles/diffusers. Draw scale layout drawing and Position fan(s). Lay out ductwork. Lay out grilles and diffusers. Indicate flow rates on drawing. Size ductwork Size fan Size grilles and diffusers
7.7 m

14.0 m

2.7m

3.5 m

Male Toilet 9.5 m

Female Toilet

Cold Store

Kitchen Lobby Reception Prep. Room Entrance PLAN Scale: 1:100 South Height of ceiling at ridge = 5.9 metres. Height of wall to eaves = 3.0 metres. Restaurant

10.0 m

South

Figure : the elevation plan view

Sn. Design data for the restaurant 1 2 3 4 5 Occupants Infiltration Outside air temperature Area of window Total area of glass 70 1.0 ACH 28oC. 2.8 m2 28.0 m2

Area of glass facing South

28.0 m2

Area of wall facing South

28.0 m2

8 9 10

Floor area Room volume Building classification

140 m2 623 m3 lightweight, fast response building

Table: ventilation system design data for occupancy, building category and exterior structure dimensions

Ventilation requirements;
In this design it is proposed to ventilate the kitchen, the preparation room and the restaurant and toilets separately using 4 exhaust fans the position of the fans its to be decided after the longest path for which the maximum pressure drop occurs is determined the supply fan should be as far as possible from the restaurant to avoid noise creation All rooms the cheaper alternative is an extract system with replacement air coming in through doors and operable windows. Fans should be located in accessible positions; in the corridor, above ceilings. In-duct axial flow fans take up less space than centrifugal fans. Possible use of wall mounted fan in Food Prep. Room. Upward with diffusers installed in suspended ceilings. Use separate extract systems so that smoke will not spread from room to room through ducts. Consider fire dampers in ducts. Fans are positioned as far away from Conference room and restaurant as possible. Choose fans from catalogue with decibel levels less than 85dB if possible. Table: restaurant rooms ventilation requirements as recommended by the Table B2.3 (CIBSE 1986)

ventilation requirements for restaurant rooms

Room or building type Recommended fresh air supply rate Recommended total air supply rate(ACH)

Restaurant Kitchen Female toilet Male toilet 10 8 8

Table: calculated ventilation rates for the rooms suggested requiring ventilation

ROOMS volume(m3) Recommended (ACH) ventilation rate (m3/hr) ventilation rate(m3/s) kitchen 217 35 7595 2.109722222 preparation room 47.25 10 472.5 0.13125 male toilet 84 8 672 0.186666667 female toilet 140 8 1120 0.311111111 restaurant 980 10 9800 2.722222222 12064.5 3.35125

The next is to calculate the fresh rate this was done by assuming that the outdoor air supply per person should suit for a heavy smoking area this is because of the possibility that heavy smokers may arrive as consumers at restaurants. And since we are dealing with restaurants it is fair to assume a heavy smoking area with a recommended air supply rate per person of 24 liters per second. Therefore similarly like the ventilation requirements and assuming a peak of 70 persons the outdoor fresh air supply was found to be 1680 Table: recommended outdoor air supply rates

Level of Smoking No smoking Some smoking Heavy smoking Very heavy smoking

Outdoor air supply rate (liter/s per person) 8 16 24 36

Table: calculated outdoor air supply rate

CALCULATING THE FRESH AIR RATE occupants outdoor supply air(heavy smoking l/s/person) fresh air rate(l/s) 70 24 1680

Duct sizing
The recommended velocity for main duct and branch ducts for restaurants are 7.5m/s and 5m/s respectively therefore by choosing a square duct with aspect ratio of 1 we can determine the nearest standard sizes of the ducts and the following standard sizes were obtained for the main duct and the branching ducts to the rooms which require ventilation. As shown on the table below the main duct area is 0.45m2and the branching duct are also shown by considering a square duct the nearest standard sizes were determined for the rooms kitchen, preparation room ,restaurant and toilets respectively

Table: standard size duct selection

Branching ducts(m2) 0.421944444 0.02625 0.037333333 0.062222222 Main duct area(m2) 0.446833333 Square duct size(m) 0.649572509 0.162018517 0.193218357 0.249443826 Nearest std.size(mm) 300*300mm 150*150mm 150*150mm 150*150mm

0.668455932 500mm*500mm(std.)

Table : Recommended Duct velocities

Building Domestic Auditoria Hotel bedroom, Conference hall Private office, Library, Hospital ward General office, Restaurant, Dept. store Cafeteria, Supermarket, Machine room Factory, Workshop

Air Velocity (m/s) Main Duct 3 4 5 6 7.5 9 10-12 Branch 2 3 3 4 5 6 7.5

Design tool duct sizer

As t can be seen from the results of the duct sizer air at 370c and 23% relative humidity at 1 atm is assumed the results were found to be consistent with spreadsheet results moreover the velocity pressure and the static pressure losses were found to be 0.749pa/m and 31.5pa for the dynamic losses therefore the total head loss is given by Total head loss= velocity pressure loss+ static head loss. To compute the total pressure loss it is first necessary to identify the index run that is the longest path of the duct work layout a suitable duct layout system is proposed next which roughly identifies the longest path for which the highest pressure drop occurs and which is late used as a selection criteria for the fan sizing.

Figure: rough duct layout system for the main and branching for the whole building to estimate the index run The duct layout can be laid out as shown above to roughly estimate the index run from the supply side of the fan therefore the maximum run could be the duct system from the fan position at the reception site to the branch duct for the preparation room which runs half the perimeter of the whole building so it is estimated as 22m.

the next step is therefore to estimate the total static head loss for the index run which enables to select the appropriate fan type by using the flow rate already obtained for their and the total pressure earlier the pressure loss length was found as 0.79pa/m which gives Total static pressure loss across the index run=22*0.79=31.5pa Total pressure loss=static head loss dynamic head loss=49pa from the calculations and from the table above showing the standard duct size selection unequal size of branching ducts with duct dimensions ranging from150mm*150mm300*300mm were selected and 500mm*500mm standards size square duct were chosen .the total pressure loss that the supply fan must overcome is found to be 49pa

Fan selection
Given the total pressure drop along the index run and the air flow rate for the main supply duct it is possible to choose the appropriate fan from available catalogs from the above design calculations the operation criteria was found to be 12064m3/hr and 49pa.

Figure: fan performance curves for various models obtained from catalog

the fan performance curve for the model 634-b model is suitable for the air flow rate and total as as shown by the red lines corresponding to the flow rate and total pressure losses obtained from calculations 12604m3/hr and 49pa.

Table; product specification of fans type cc 630 For more comprehensive design one can look at the power requirements and noise conditions by referring to the specifications provided in the above table the model we have chosen has a noise generation of 71db which is acceptable for the restaurant compared to 85db limit.

AC System Design for the Assembly Hall Introduction An air conditioning system is used to give comfort for humans by creating favorable conditions in residence places, working environments, assembly halls etc. The system does this by humidifying or dehumidifying the air and maintaining the temperature level of the air. During the process heat is either supplied or extracted from an area. The cooling is done using a simple refrigeration cycle. Air conditioners and refrigerators work on the same principle. Instead of cooling just the small, insulated space inside of a refrigerator, an air conditioner cools a room, a whole house, or an entire business. Air conditioners use refrigerants that can be easily converted from a gas to a liquid and back again. This chemical is used to transfer heat from the air inside of a home to the outside air. The air conditioning unit has three main parts. These are a compressor, a condenser and an evaporator. The compressor and condenser are usually located on the outside air portion of the air conditioner. The evaporator is located inside the house. The working fluid arrives at the compressor as a cool, low-pressure gas. The compressor squeezes the fluid. This packs the molecule of the fluid closer together. The closer the molecules are together, the higher its energy and its temperature. The working fluid leaves the compressor as a hot, high pressure gas and flows into the condenser. When the working fluid leaves the condenser, its temperature is much cooler and it has changed from a gas to a liquid under high pressure. The liquid goes into the evaporator through a very tiny, narrow hole. On the other side, the liquid's pressure drops. When it does it begins to evaporate into a gas. As the liquid changes to gas and evaporates, it extracts heat from the air around it. The heat in the air is needed to separate the molecules of the fluid from a liquid to a gas. The evaporator has metal fins to help in exchange the thermal energy with the surrounding air. By the time the working fluid leaves the evaporator, it is a cool, low pressure gas. It then returns to the compressor to begin its trip all over again. Connected to the evaporator is a fan that circulates the air inside the house to blow across the evaporator fins. Hot air is lighter than cold air, so the hot air in the room rises to the top of a room. There is a vent there where air is sucked into the air conditioner and goes down ducts. The hot air is used to cool the gas in the evaporator. As the heat is removed from the air, the air is cooled. It is then blown into the house through other ducts usually at the floor level.

In selecting a suitable air conditioning system for a particular application, consideration is given to the following: System constraints : Cooling load, Zoning requirements, Heating and ventilation Architectural Constraints : Size and appearance of terminal devices, acceptable noise level, Space available to house equipment and its location relative to the conditioned space, acceptability of components in the conditioned space Financial Constraints : Capital cost, Operating cost, Maintenance cost

Figure: Basic refrigeration cycle used in air conditioning systems Air conditioning systems are categorized in three main parts. These are: central plants, room air conditioning units and fan coil units. In central plant air conditioning units, there is one source of conditioned air which is distributed in different parts through a network of ducts. Room air conditioning units use refrigerant to give cooling effects for a room. Fan coil air conditioning types use chilled water instead of refrigerant to produce conditioned air.

Figure: Central air conditioning system

Room air conditioning units fall into two main categories: These are split type with indoor and outdoor unit and window/wall units with evaporator at inside and condenser at the outside face. Split Room air conditioning units: Split air conditioners have two main parts, the outdoor unit is the section which generates the cold refrigerant gas and the indoor unit uses this cold refrigerant to cool the air in a space. The outdoor unit uses a compressor and air cooled condenser to provide cold refrigerant to a cooling coil in the indoor unit. A fan then blows air across the cooling coil and into the room. The indoor unit can either be ceiling mounted (cassette unit), floor mounted or duct type.

Figure: Split air conditioning units Window/Wall Units: Window or wall units are more compact than split units since all the plant items are contained in one box. Window units are installed into an appropriate hole in the window and supported from a metal frame.

Wall units like the one shown below are built into an external wall and contain all the necessary items of equipment to provide cool air in summer and some may even provide heating in winter.

Figure: wall air conditioning units

Objective The main objective of this project work is to design air conditioning system for an assembly hall. Given Parameters Number of people: 375 Building height: 6 meters Number of windows: 6 Window size: 2x4 meters Orientation of windows: south east and south west

Basic Steps for Design Air conditioning is required in buildings which have a high heat gain and as a result a high internal temperature. The heat gain may be from solar radiation and/or internal gains such as people, lights, business machines etc. If the inside temperature of a space rises to above 25oC then air conditioning is necessary to maintain comfort levels. This internal temperature (around 25oC) may change depending on a number of variables such as: type of building location of building duration of high internal temperature Expected comfort conditions. degree of air movement percentage saturation

Cooling load or heating load determination is based on annual climate data, building data and occupancy data. The climate data should include monthly dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, average solar radiation, relative humidity etc. The building data includes floor area, building height to determine the total volume of the space. In addition to this, a number of building parameters are required for heating or cooling load calculation. The occupancy data are important for heating/cooling load determination. The flow rate requirement of conditioned air at different parts of a room also depends on this parameter.

Figure: Air conditioning system design flow process chart Cooling Load Determination The load on an air-conditioning system can be divided into the following sections: 1. 2. 3. Sensible Transmission through glass. Solar Gain through glass. Internal Heat gains

4. 5. 6.

Heat gain through walls. Heat gain through roof. Ventilation and/ or infiltration gains.

The heat gain through the glass windows is divided into two parts since there is a heat gain due to temperature difference between outside and inside and another gain due to solar radiation shining through windows. Heat gains through solid ground floors are minimal and can be neglected. Sensible Transmission Through Glass This is the Solar Gain due to differences between inside and outside temperatures. In very warm countries this can be quite significant. This gain only applies to materials of negligible thermal capacity i.e. glass. Qg Where; Qg Ag Ug To Tr = = = = = Sensible heat gain through glass (W) Surface area of glass (m2) 'U' value for glass (W/m2 oC) outside air temperature (oC).. room air temperature (oC) = Ag . Ug (To- Tr) .

Solar Gain Through Windows This gain is when the sun shines though windows. The cooling loads per metre squared window area have been tabulated in stanadrds. for various; locations, times, dates and orientations. These figures are then multiplied by correction factors for; shading and air node correction factor. Heat load is determined as follows; Qsg = Fc . Fs . qsg . Ag

Where: Qsg = Actual cooling load (W) Qsg = Tabulated cooling load (W/m2) Fc = Air node correction factor from Table Fs = Shading factor. Ag = Area of glass (m2)

Internal Heat Gains Internal gains can account for most heat gain in buildings. These gains are from occupants, lights, equipment and machinery, as detailed in the figure below. Occupants Sensible and latent heat gains can be obtained from tables.

Figure: Internal heat gains for a building Table: Internal heat gains from occupants at different activity levels Sensible Heat Gain (Watts) 70 Latent Heat Gain (Watts)

Conditions

Typical building

Seated very light work

Offices, hotels, apartments Offices, hotels, apartments Department store, retail store Bank Restaurant Factory

45

Moderate office work Standing, light work; walking Walking standing Sedentary work Light bench work

75

55

75 75 80 80

55 70 80 140

Heat Gain Through Walls This is the unsteady-state heat flow through a wall due to the varying intensity of solar radiation on the outer surface. 4.1 Sol-Air Temperature In the calculation of this heat flow use is made of the concept of sol-air temperature, which is defined as; the value of the outside air temperature which would, in the absence of all radiation exchanges, give the same rate of heat flow into the outer surface of the wall as the actual combination of temperature difference and radiation exchanges.

Teo

Ta + (

. I . cos a . cos n + Is ) hso

Where: Teo = sol-air Temperature (oC) Ta = outside air temperature (oC) = absorption coefficient of surface I = intensity of direct solar radiation on a surface at right angles (W/m ) A = solar altitude (degrees) n = wall-solar azimuth angle (degrees) Is = intensity of scattered radiation normal to a surface (W/m ) 2 hso = external surface heat transfer coefficient (W/m oC) 4.2 Thermal Capacity The heat flow through a wall is complicated by the presence of thermal capacity, so that some of the heat passing through it is stored, being released at a later time. Thick heavy walls with a high thermal capacity will damp temperature swings considerably, whereas thin light walls with a small thermal capacity will have little damping effect, and fluctuations in outside surface temperature will be apparent almost immediately. Heat Gain Through Roof The heat gain through a roof uses the same equation as for a wall as shown below. Q+Roof = A U [( Tem - Tr) + f ( Teo - Tem)]
2 2

Ventilation and/or Infiltration Gains Heat load is found from; Qsi where Qsi n V To Tr = = = = = = n . V (To- Tr) / 3 Sensible heat gain (W) number of air changes per hour (h-1) volume of room (m3) outside air temperature (oC) room air temperature (oC)

Infiltration gains should be added to the room heat gains. Recommended infiltration rates are 1/2 air change per hour for most air-conditioning cases. Ventilation or fresh air supply loads can be added to either the room or central plant loads but should only be accounted for once. Total Room Load From Heat Gains Q total = Qg + Qsg + Qint. + QWall + Q Roof + Qsi

Cooling Load for the Assembly Hall For determination of the cooling load of the assembly hall, we have taken the following data and assumptions: Data: Number of People Number of windows Window size Orientation of windows Average building height = 375 =6 = 2x4 m = South east and south west = 6 meters

Assumptions: Infiltration Building classification Building response External wall 'U' value External wall colour = = = = = 0.8 air changes per hour medium weight fast 0.45 W/m2oC light. = 0.7 clear 5mm, double glazing, U = 2.80 W/m2oC 20 Watts / m2 floor area

External wall decrement factor f Glass type & 'U' value Lighting = =

Heat gain from equipments = 1000 Watts Maximum outside temperature = 280C Room maintained temperature = 220C Area calculation: Area of window Total area of glass Area of glass facing South Area of wall facing South = = = = = Floor area Room volume Gains: 1. Sensible transmission through glass Qg Qg Qg = = = Ag Ug (To - Tr) 48 x 2.8 (28 22) 806.4 Watts = = 2 x 4 = 8 m2 . 8 x 6 No. windows 48 m2 24 m x 6 m high 144 - 48 = 96 m2 (92 + 20) m2. 112 x 6 = 672 m3. = 96 m2 less glass = 48 m2.

2.

Solar Gain through glass Where: Qsg = Fc Fs qsg Ag Qsg Qsg = = = = = =

Qsg

Fc Fs qsg Ag

Actual cooling load (W) Air node correction factor from forinternal blind, fast response - 0.91. Shading factor fast response 0.95. 260 W/m2 Area of glass facing South (m ) 0.91 x 0.95 x 260 x 48 10788.96 Watts Qint. Lights (20 W/m2 x 112) + 1000 W + People (375 x 100) 2240 + 1,000 + 37500 378,240 Watts
2

3.

Internal

Qint. = Qint. = Qint. = Qint. =

4.

External wall Where: Q A = =

Q Wall

A U [( Tem - Tr) + f ( Teo - Tem)]

heat gain through wall at time q+f (Watts) area of wall facing South (m )
2o 2

U = Ttem = Tr f Tteo = =

overall thermal transmittance given in question as 0.45 W/m C 240C = constant dry resultant temperature (oC). Room dry bulb of 21oC is given decrement factor for wall is given as 0.65 370C

Q+Wall Q+Wall 5. 6. Roof Ventilation

= =

96 x 0.45 [( 24 22) + 0.65 ( 37 24)] 451.44 Watts Nil for intermediate floor n V (to - tr) / 3 0.8x672 (28 22) / 3 1075.2 Watts

Q+Roof = Qsi Qsi Qsi = = = +

7.

Q total Q total Q total

= = =

Qg

Qsg + Qint. + Q+Wall

+ Q +Roof + Qsi

806.4 + 10788.96 + 378,240 + 451.44 + 0 + 1075.2 391,362 Watts or 391.362KW

Air Flow Rate Determination Once we have determined the cooling load of the building, For an Air Conditioning system the supply air flow rate for cooling is found from the following formulae: m = Where: H m Cp tr ts m = = = H / (Cp x (tr ts))

= = = = =

Sensible heat gain (kW) mass flow rate of air (kg/s) Specific heat capacity of air (1.005 kJ/kg K) room temperature (oC) supply air temperature (oC)

H / (Cp x (tr ts)) 391.362/ (1.005* (22 15) 55.63 kg/s

Mass flow rate is converted to a volume flow rate as follows: Volume flow rate (m3/s) = = = mass flow rate (kg/s) / density of air (kg/m3) 55.63 (kg/s)/1.225 (kg/m3) 4.52 m3/s or 16,351 m3/h

Building Domestic Auditoria Hotel bedroom, Conference hall Private office, Library, Hospital ward General office, Restaurant, Dept. store Cafeteria, Supermarket, Machine room Factory, Workshop Duct sizing

Air Velocity (m/s) Main Branch Duct 3 2 4 3 5 6 7.5 9 10-12 3 4 5 6 7.5

From the above table the recommended air velocity for a conference hall for the main and branch ducts are highlighted and are 5m/s and 3m/s respectively. in order to be able to size the duct the recommended 5m/s is first taken to dimension the duct with a flow rate of 16,351 m3/hr.

The duct characteristics were calculated using the duct sizer as shown in the above for the main supply duct and it was found out that the static head loss per length was 0.103pa/m and the dynamic pressure loss of 15.2pa. The next step would be to compute the total pressure loss and in turn find out the supply fan Index run should be identified to calculate the total static head loss therefore 65m is assumed to be the longest run to determine the total static head loss.

Hence total static pressure loss=index run*0.103pa/m =65*0.056=3.64pa Total pressure loss=6.7+15.2 =21.9pa The duct sizes for the branching ducts can also be determine similarly using the e duct sizer and the following results were found for the entrance air conditions assumed. The equivalent diameter for the branching ducts are with a flow area of by assuming a square duct and since for uniform air distribution the diffusers must supply equal flow rates the flow rate pre each diffuser equals 16351/16=1022m3/hr and the recommended air velocity for the branches for the conference halls is 3m/s this means that a flow area of 1022/3*3600m2=0.104m2is the minimum duct area for the diffusers .by assuming square duct which is 323mmduct and the nearest standard size duct cab be assumed with 300mm*300mm

16351 m3/hr

1022m3/hr
300mm*300mm

Square duct