Hydrology: Drainage basin: 1. Hydrology and fluvial geomorphology 1 Fig. 1 shows the hydrological cycle of a small river basin.

. (a) Define the term hydrological cycle as it applies to a small river basin. . (b) Identify and briefly describe two stores shown on Fig.1. . (c) Explain how throughflow and groundwater flow (base flow) occur. [2] [4] [4]

2. Fig. 2 shows the flows and stores of water associated with a river channel and its adjoining slopes. . (a) Identify the flows marked A and B on Fig. 2. . (b) Briefly describe interception storage. [2] [3]

. (c) Using Fig. 2, explain how water from surface storage reaches groundwater storage. [5] 3 (a) (i) Define the terms infiltration and groundwater. [4]

(ii) Briefly indicate how rates of infiltration might vary with intensity of rainfall. [3]

4. (a) (i) Define the terms throughfall and throughflow. (ii) Describe one way in which overland flow occurs.

[4] [3]

5 Fig. 3 shows changing levels of the water table in an area and the location of two valleys. (a)(i) Which valley will have flowing water only in the wet season? [1] (ii) What is the process marked X? (iii) What is the zone marked Y? (iv) What is the zone marked Z? [1] [1] [1]

(b) Explain how water reaches, is stored in and removed from the zone below the water table. [6]

6 (a) (i) Define the hydrological terms groundwater and springs. [4] (ii) Briefly describe how groundwater recharge occurs. [3]

2 Rainfall discharge relationships within drainage basins 1 (a) (i) Define the terms precipitation intensity and antecedent moisture. [4]

(ii) Briefly describe how precipitation intensity might affect surface flows in a river basin. [3] (b) For each of: . (i) a river basin on clay (impermeable) geology, . (ii) a river basin on limestone (permeable) geology, draw labelled storm hydrographs to show the effect of a rain storm. 2(a) Using examples of hydrographs, demonstrate how discharge in a drainage basin can be affected by: (i) soils and geology; (ii) slopes. (b) How can hydrographs help the study of flows in a catchment area? [10] 3. Table 1 gives some data for two river catchments located in similar temperate climates. (a) What percentage of average annual rainfall occurs as runoff in: . (i) River A; . (ii) River B? (b) What is the difference between the maximum and minimum recorded flows in: . (i) River A; . (ii) River B? [1] [1] [1] [1] [8] [8]

(c) Using the evidence in Table 1, explain which of the rivers you think is more likely to produce floods in response to a storm event. [6]

3 Fig. 4 shows a storm hydrograph. Fill in your details at the top of the page and attach it to your answer booklet or paper. (a) On Fig. 4: . (i) mark and name the peak discharge; . (ii) show lag time; . (iii) draw a line indicating baseflow; . (iv) label the recession limb. (b) Explain how, in a catchment area, the shape of a hydrograph can be affected by: . (i) geology and soils; . (ii) drainage density. [6] [1] [1] [1] [1]

. (c) Using diagrams, show how soils and vegetation within a catchment area (drainage basin) can affect the shape of storm hydrographs. [8]

3. River channel processes and landforms 1 Fig. 5 shows the transportation of sediment within a river channel. (a) Identify the processes of transportation shown in Fig. 5 as: (i) A (ii) B (iii) C [3]

(b) Describe the operation of one of the processes you have identified in (a). [2] (c) Explain two ways shown in Fig. 5 by which the river obtains its sediment load from outside the channel. [5]

Hjulstrom curve

1.

(a) Using a labelled diagram, describe how the Hjulstrom curve can be used to show transportation and deposition in a river channel.

[8]

2.

(b) With the help of diagrams, explain how rivers pick up (entrain), transport and deposit sediment. [8]

Velocity and discharge: 1 (a) (i) Define the terms velocity and discharge as they apply to river channels. [4]

Patterns of flow (laminar, turbulent and helicoidal) (ii) Briefly describe helicoidal flow. [3]

Channel types (straight, braided, meandering), 1 Fig. 6 shows some features associated with the valley of a river channel. (a) (i) Name and briefly describe the feature marked as A. (b) (ii) Name and briefly describe the feature marked as B. [2] [2]

(b) Explain the development of this river channel and one of the landforms shown on Fig. 6. [6]

2 (a) (i) Define the terms riffle and pool.

[4]

(ii) Briefly explain how riffle and pool sequences may affect channel shape. [3] 3 (a) Describe the differences between a braided and a meandering stream channel. What are the causes of these differences? [10] 4. Photograph A shows features of a meander on the River Swale in North Yorkshire, UK. (a) Identify the features labelled in Photograph A. (i) A (ii) B [2]

(b) Describe the processes that lead to the features you have identified in (a). [5] (c) Briefly explain how a floodplain is formed. [3]

Landforms: (b) With the use of diagrams, describe and explain the formation of: (i) waterfalls; (ii) gorges. [8]

4 The human impact 1. How can the abstraction (removal) and the storage of water by humans affect flows and stores within a drainage basin? [10] 2. To what extent can human activities affect river channels? 3. Using examples, explain how human activities can affect channel flow. [10] 4 How might human activities affect the amount and speed of water flowing in a river channel? [10] Flood: 1. (a) What are the main causes of river floods and to what extent can their effects be limited by human actions? [10] (b) With the use of diagrams, describe and explain the landforms produced by river floods. [8] (c) Briefly explain what is meant by recurrence intervals in flood prediction. [3] [10]