2012

MARS CONSULTANCY

SOIL TESTING REPORT

[SUMMER TRAINING 2012]

[Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.]

 The portion of the soil sample retained on 4.75-mm IS Sieve, shall be weighed and the mass recorded as the mass of the sample uncorrected for hygroscopic moisture. The quantity of the soil sample taken shall depend on the maximum particle size contained in the soil. The sample shall be separated into various fractions by sieving through the Indian Standard Sieves specified in. Other sieves may be introduced between the sieves mentioned depending upon the additional information that may be desired to be obtained from the analysis. While sieving through each sieve, the sieve shall be agitated so that the sample rolls in irregular motion over the Sieve. Any particles may be tested to see if they will fall through but they shall not be pushed through. The material from the sieve may be rubbed, if necessary, with the rubber pestle in the mortar taking care to see that individual soil particles are not broken and re-sieved to make sure that only individual particles are retained.

 The quantity taken each time for sieving on each sieve shall be such that the maximum weight of material retained on each sieve at the completion of sieving does not exceed the values. The mass of the material retained on each sieve shall be recorded. If the sample appears to contain over 5 percent moisture, the water content of the material shall be determined in accordance with and the masses corrected accordingly. When the sample contains less than 5 percent moisture it is not necessary to determine the water content for dry weight computations and all the determinations may be made on the basis of wet weight only. If the soil contains more than about 20 percent gravel particles and the fines are very cohesive with considerable amounts adhering to the gravel after separation, the gravel shall be washed on 4.75-mm IS Sieve using sodium hexametaphosphate solution, if necessary. For further analysis a fresh portion of the fraction passing 475-mm IS Sieve shall be taken.

CALCULATIONS: The percentage of soil retained on each sieve shall be calculated on the basis of the total mass of soil sample taken and from these results the percentage passing through each -of the sieves shall be calculated. Significance: This test is carried out to know the gradation of fine soil, but calculating the percentage of soil retained and passing through the given sieve. Result: Sieve Size (mm) Weight of soil retained (gm) 4.75 2 0.425 0.075 14.62 12.65 32.29 10.98 Cumulative Weight of soil retained (gm) 14.62 27.27 59.56 70.54 14.62 27.27 59.56 70.54 85.38 72.73 40.44 29.46 % retained % passing

Gravel content: 14.62% Sand Content:55.92% Silt and clay content:29.46%

SIGNIFICANCE: This test is carried out to know the gradation of fine soil, but calculating the percentage of soil retained and passing through the given sieve.

EXPERIMENT 2
EXPERIMENT NAME : PROCEDURE: i) Take two specimens of 10g each of pulverised soil passing through 425m IS Sieve and oven-dry. ii) Pour each soil specimen into a graduated glass cylinder of 100ml capacity. iii) Pour distilled water in one and kerosene oil in the other cylinder upto 100ml mark. iv) Remove entrapped air by gently shaking or stirring with a glass rod. v) Allow the suspension to attain the state of equilibrium (for not less than 24hours). vi) Final volume of soil in each of the cylinder should be read out.

CALCULATION:

Sr. No.

Sample Level in Water (Vw) ml

Sample Level in Kerosene (Vk) ml 10 10 9

Free Swell in Water (Vw Vk) ml 1 2 2.7

Free Swell Inde = 100 x (Vw - Vk)/Vk % 10 20 30

1 2 3

11 12 11.7

SIGNIFICANCE: Hence this is the free swell index of the soil.

EXPERIMENT 3
NAME OF EXPERIMENT: SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATES (SOIL) AIM: To determine the specific gravity of fine aggregates APPARATUS: Two density bottles (pyknometers) of approximately 50 ml capacity with stoppers.

 A water-bath maintained at a constant temperature to within + or 0.2C. (If standard density bottles are used this constant temperature is 27C ) A vacuum desiccator (a convenient size is one about 200 mm to 250 mm in diameter). A desiccator (a convenient size is one about 200 mm to 250 mm in diameter) containing anhydrous silica gel. A thermostatically controlled drying oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 105 to 110C. A balance readable and accurate to 0.00l g. A source of vacuum, such as a good filter pump or a vacuum pump. A spatula (a convenient size is one having a blade 150 mm long and 3 mm wide; the blade has to be small enough to go through the neck of the density bottle), or a piece of glass rod about 150 mm long and 3 mm diameter. A wash bottle preferably made of plastics, containing air-free distilled water.

 A sample divider of the multiple slot type (riffle box) with 7 mm width of opening. A length of rubber tubing to fit the vacuum pump and the desiccator. PROCEDURE: The complete density bottle with stopper, shall be dried at 105 to 1l0 degrees C, cooled in the desiccator and weighed to the nearest 0.001 g (m1). The 50 g sample obtained as described in the procedure for the preparation of-disturbed samples for testing shall if necessary be ground to pass a 2-mm IS test sieve. A 5 to 10 g sub sample shall be obtained by riffling, and oven dried at 105 to 110C. This sample shall be transferred to the density bottle direct from the desiccator in which it has been cooled. The bottle and contents together with the stopper shall be weighed to the nearest 0.001 g (m2). Sufficient air-free distilled water shall be added so that the soil in the bottle is just covered. The bottle containing the soil and liquid, but without the stopper, shall be placed in the vacuum desiccator, which shall then be evacuated gradually. The pressure shall be reduced to about 20 mmHg. When using a

water pump, because of variation in mains pressure, care shall be taken to ensure that the required vacuum is maintained. Care shall be taken during this operation to see that the air trapped in the soil does not bubble too violently, so as to prevent small drops of the suspension being lost through the mouth of the bottle. The bottle shall be allowed to remain in the desiccator for at least 1 hour until no further loss of air is apparent. The vacuum shall be released and the lid of the desiccator removed. The soil in the bottle shall be stirred carefully with the spatula, or the bottle vibrated. Before removing the spatula from the bottle the particles of soil adhering to the blade shall be washed off with a few drops of air-free liquid. The lid of the desiccator shall then be replaced and the desiccator evacuated again. The procedure outlined in 4.3 and 4.4 shall be repeated until no more air is evolved from the soil. Alternately, the entrapped air can be removed by getting heating the pycnometer placed on a water-bath or sand-bath. The bottle and contents shall then be removed from the desiccator and further air-free liquid added until the bottle is full.

The stopper shall then be inserted. The stoppered bottle shall be immersed up to the neck in the constant-temperature bath for approximately 1 hour or until it has attained the constant temperature of the bath. If there is an apparent decrease in volume of the liquid the stopper shall be removed and further liquid added to fill the bottle and the stopper replaced. The bottle shall then be returned to the bath and sufficient time shall be allowed to elapse after this operation to ensure that the bottle and its contents again attain the constant temperature of the bath. If the bottle is still not completely full this process shall be repeated. The stopper bottle shall then be taken out of the bath, wiped dry and the whole weighed to the nearest 0.00l g (m3). The bottle shall then be cleaned out and filled completely with air-free liquid, the stopper inserted and then the whole immersed in the constant temperature bath for 1 hour or until it has attained the constant temperature of the bath. If there is an apparent decrease in the volume of the liquid, the stopper shall be removed and further liquid added to fill the bottle and the stopper replaced. The stopper bottle shall then be returned to the batch and sufficient time shall be allowed to elapse after this operation to ensure that the bottle and its contents again

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attain the constant temperature. This process shall be repeated. If the bottle is still not completely full, The bottle shall then be taken out of the bath, wiped dry and the whole weighed to the nearest 0.001 g (m4). CALCULATIONS: Specific gravity of given soil sample = (m2 m1) / (m4 m1) - (m3 m2) Where; m1 = mass of density bottle in g; m2 = mass of bottle and dry soil in g; m3 = mass of bottle, soil and liquid in g; and m4 = mass of bottle when fall of liquid only in g.

RESULT: SPECIFIC GRAVITY Type of soil : Fine grained soil 50 Fine, medium & coarse grained soil 400 2 mm 2 mm Amount of soil sample required ( g) Sample Passing IS Sieve

11

Flask No. Mass of empty clean bottle (gm) Mass of empty bottle +dry soil (gm)

59.6

60.1

83.3

86.0

Mass of bottle + dry soil + water (gm) 133.4 139.3 Mass of bottle + water (gm) Specific Gravity G = m2-m1 (m4-m1) - ( m3-m2) Average Specific Gravity G 2.915 2.56 3,27 117.5 121.3

. SIGNIFICANCE: -This test is carried out to determine the specific gravity of the given soil sample, which is the ratio of the weight in air of a given volume of a material at a standard temperature to the weight in air of an equal volume of distilled water at the same stated temperature.

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CONCLUSION: The specific gravity of given soil sample is 2.915.

EXPERIMENT 4
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT:- To determine the liquid limit of given soil sample. AIM:- To determine the liquid limit of the given sample of soil. APPARATUS : Mechanical Liquid Limit Device - It shall conform to IS : 9259 Grooving Tool - It shall conform to 1S : 9259-1979.

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 Porcelain Evaporating Dish - about 12 to 15 cm in diameter. Flat Glass Plate - 10 mm thick and about 45 cm square or larger ( alternative to porcelain evaporating dish for nlixing soil with water ). Spatula - flexible, with the blade about 8 cm long and 2 cm wide ( for mixing soil and water in the porcelain evaporating dish ). Palette Knices - two, with the blade about 20 cm long and 3 cm wide ( for mixing soil and water on the flat glass Pilate ). Balance - sensitive to 0.01 g. Oven - thermostatically controlled with interior of non-corroding material to maintain the temperature between 105 and 110C. Wash Bottle or Beaker - containing distilled water. Containers - air-tight and non-corrodible for determination of moisture content. Soil Sample - A sample weighing about 120 g shall be taken from the thoroughly mixed portion of material passing 425micron IS Sieve.

PROCEDURE:-

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 The liquid limit device shah be inspected to determine that it is clean, dry and in good working g order, that the cup falls freely and it does not have too much side play at its hinge. The grooving tool shall also be inspected to determine that it is clean and dry. Using tile gauge on the handle of the grooving tool or a separate gauge and by means of the adjustment plate of the mechanical liquid limit device, the height through which the cup is lifted and dropped shall be adjusted so that the point on the cup which comes in contact. About 120 g of the soil sample passing 425-micron IS Sieve shall be mixed thoroughly with distilled water in the evaporating dish or on the flat glass plate to form a uniform paste. The paste shall have a consistency that will require 30 to 35 drops of the cup to cause the required closure of the standard groove. In the case of clayey soils, the soil paste shall be left to stand for a sufficient time ( 24 hours ) so as to ensure uniform distribution of moisture throughout the soil mass. The soil should then be re-mixed thoroughly before the test. A portion of the paste shall be placed in the cup above the spot where the cup rests on the base, squeezed down and spread into position shown in Fig. 1, with as few strokes of the spatula as possible and at the same time trimmed to a depth of one

15

centimetre at the point of maximum thickness, returning the excess soil to the dish. The soil in the cup shall be decided by firm strokes of the grooving tool along the diameter through the centre line of the cam follower so that a clean, sharp groove of the proper dimensions is formed. In case where grooving tool, Type A does not give a clear groove as in sandy soils, grooving tool The cup shall be fitted and dropped by turning the crank at the rate of two revolutions per second until the two halves of the soil cake come in contact with bottom of the groove along a distance of about 12 mm. This length shall be measured with the end of the grooving tool or a ruler. The number of drops required to cause the groove close for the length of 12 mm shall be recorded. A little extra of the soil mixture shall be added to the cup and mixed with the soil in the cup. The pat shall be made in the cup and the test repeated as in 3.4.2. In no case shall dried soil be added to the thoroughly mixed soil that is being tested. The procedure given in 3.4.2 and in this clause shall be repeated until two consecutive runs give the same under of drops for closure of the groove.

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 A representative slice of soil approximately the width of the spatula, extending from about edge to edge of the soil cake at right angle to the groove and including that portion of the groove in which the soil flowed together, shall be taken iu a suitable container and its moisture content expressed as a percentage of the oven dry weight otherwise determined as described in IS : 2720 ( Part 2 )-1973. The remaining soil in the cup shall be transferred to the evaporating dish and the cup and the grooving tool cleaned thoroughly. The operations specified in 3.4.2 to 3.4.4 shall be repeated for at least three more additional trails (minimum of four in all ), which the soil collected in the evaporating dish or flat glass plate, to with sufficient water has been added to bring the soil to a more fluid condition. In each case the number of blows shall be recorded and the moisture content determined as before. The specimens shall be of such consistency that the number of drops required to ~close the groove shall be not less than 15 or more than 35 and the points on the flow curve are evenly distributed in this range. The test should proceed from the drier ( more drops ) to the wetter ( less drops ) condition of the soil. The test may also be conducted from the wetter to the drier

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condition provided drying is achieved by kneading the wet soil and not by adding dry soil. CALCULATION: Description Determination No. Container No. Empty Wt. of Container (W1), gm Wt. of Container and Wet material (W2),gm Wt. of Container and Dry material (W3), gm Wt. of Moisture (W4=W2-W3), gm Wt. of dry material (W5=W3-W1), gm Moisture Content W=100x(W4/W5), % Penetration 1 40 19.60 67.25 60.88 6.37 41.28 15.43 15 Liquid Limit 2 41 20.67 66.41 59.10 7.31 38.43 19.02 18 3 42 24.52 73.52 64.17 9.35 39.65 23.58 23 4 43 25.13 79.39 67.76 11.63 42.63 27.28 26

GRAPH:

18

50.0

40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 10

moistrue content (%)

45.0

Penetration (mm)
100 1000

SIGNIFICANCE: This test is done to determine the liquid limit of the given soil sample, which determines at what water content the soil starts flowing.

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EXPERIMENT 5
NAME OF EXPERIMENT: To determine the plastic limit of the given soil sample AIM: To determine the plastic limit of the given soil sample APPARATUS REQUIRED: Porcelain Evaporating Dish - about I2 cm in diameter. Spatula -flexible, with the blade about 8 cm long and 2 cm wide. Surface for Rolling - ground-glass plate about 20 x 15 cm. Containers -air-tight to determine moisture content

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 Balance - sensitive to 0.01 g. Oven - thermostatically controlled with interior of non-corroding material to maintain the temperature between 105C and 110C. Rod - 3 mm in diameter and about 10 cm long.

Soil Sample: Asample weighing about 20 g from the thoroughly mixed portion of the material passing 425-micron IS Sieve, obtained in accordance with-IS : 2720 ( Part 1 )-1983 shall be taken. When both the liquid limit and the plastic limit of a soil are to be determined, a quantity of soil sufficient for both the tests shall be taken for preparation of the soil. At a stage in the process of mixing of soil and water at which the mass becomes plastic enough to be easily shaped into a ball, a portion of the soil sample in the plastic state should be taken for the plastic limit test. PROCEDURE : The soil sample shall be mixed thoroughly with distilled water in an evaporating dish or on the flat glass plate till the soil mass

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becomes plastic enough to be easily moulded with fingers. In the case of clayey soils the plastic soil mass shall be left to stand for a sufficient time ( 24 hours ) to ensure uniform distribution of moisture throughout the soil. A ball shall be formed with about 8 g of this plastic soil mass and rolled between the fingers and the glass plate with just sufficient pressure to roll the mass into a thread of uniform diameter throughout its length. The rate of rolling shall be between 80 and 90 strokes/min counting a stroke as one complete motion of the hand forward and back to the starting position again. The rolling shall be done till the threads are of 3 mm diameter. The soil shall then be kneaded together to a uniform mass and rolled again. This process of alternate rolling and kneading shall be continued until the thread crumbles under the pressure required for rolling and the soil can no longer be rolled into a thread. The crumbling may occur when the thread has a diameter greater than 3 mm. This shall be considered a satisfactory end point, provided the soil has been rolled into a thread 3 mm in diameter immediately before. At no time shall an attempt be made to produce failure at exactly 3 mm diameter by allowing the thread to reach 3 mm, then reducing the rate of rolling or pressure or both, and continuing the rolling without further deformation until the thread falls apart. The pieces of crumbled soil thread shall be collected in an air-tight container and the moisture content determined.

OBSERVATIONS:

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Container No.

Wt of empty Container

Wt of container + Wet Soil 88.04 g 88.67g 15.77 g

Wt of container + dry soil 81.56 g 86.71 g 14.80 g

Water Content

Avg Water Content

44 45 15

24.47g 24.51 g 10.42 g

11.35 12.64 14.80

11.99

SIGNIFICANCE: This test helps in determining the plastic limit of the given soil sample, that is the limit from where the soil starts forming cracks. CONCLUSION: The plastic limit of the given soil sample is 11.99.

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EXPERIMENT 6
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT:-Determination of density of soil by core cutter method. AIM:-The method for the determination of the in-place density of finegrained natural or compacted soils free from aggregates using a core-cutter. REFERENCE CODE:-IS 2720- Part 26 APPARATUS: Cylindrical Core-Cutter - of seamless steel tube, 130 mm long and 10 cm internal diameter, with a wall thickness of 3 mm. The cutter shall bekept properly greased or oiled.

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 Steel Dolley - 2.5 cm high and 10 cm internal diameter with a wall thickness of 7.5 mm with a lip to enable it to be fitted on top of the core-cutter . Steel Rammer -Withsolid mild steel foot 140 mm diameter and 75 mm height with a concentrically screwed 25 mm diameter solid mild steel staff. The overall length of the rammer including the foot as well as the staff should be approximately 900 mm. The rammer should weigh approximately 9 kg Balance - Accurate to 1 g. Palette Knife -A convenientsize is one having a blade approximately 20 cm long and 3 cm wide. Steel Rule Grafting Tool or Spade or Pick Axe Straight Edge - A steel strip about 30 cm long, 2.5 cm wide and 3 to 5 mm thick, with one beveled edge will be suitable.

PROCEDURE The internal volume ( VC ) of the core-cutter in cubic centimeters shall be calculated from its dimensions which shall be measured to the nearest 0.25 mm.

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 The cutter shall be weighed to the nearest gram ( WC ). A small area, approximately 30 cm square of the soil layer to be tested shall be exposed and leveled. The steel dolly &all be placed on top of the cutter and the latter shall be rammed down vertically into the soil layer until only about 15 mm of the dolly protrudes above the surface, care being taken not to rock the cutter . The cutter shall then be dug out of the surrounding soil, care being taken to allow some soil to project from the lower end of the cutter. The ends of the soil core shall then be trimmed flat to the ends of the cutter by means of the straight edge.. The cutter containing the soil core shall be weighed to the nearest gram (WS ). The soil core shall be removed from the cutter and a representative sample shall be placed in an air-tight container and its water content ( w ) determined .

CALCULATIONS

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The bulk density ybthat is, the weight of the wet soil per cubic centimeter shall be calculated from the following formula:

Depth (Mtr) CORE CUTTER/SHELBY ht. (cm) CORE CUTTER/SHELBY dia. (cm) VOL OF CORE CUTTER/SHELBY (Vs) (CC) Wt. OF CORE CUTTER/SHELBY + WET SOIL (Ws) (Gm) Wt. OF CORE CUTTER/SHELBY (We)(Gm) Wt. OF Wet SOIL ( Ws - We ) (Gm) BULK DENSITY(rb) rb = Ws-We/Vs (Gm/CC)

0 53.5 6.9 1999.50 5784 2197 3587 1.79

CONCLUSION: The field dry density for the given soil sample is 1.79 gm/cc. SIGNIFICANCE: This test is done so as to determine the field dry density of the given soil sample.

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EXPERIMENT 7
NAME OF EXPERIMENT: Proctor Test AIM: To determine the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) of given soil sample APPARATUS: Cylindrical Metal Mould - It shall be either of 100 mm diameter and 1000 cm3 volume or 150 mm diameter, and 2250 cm3 volume and shall conform to IS : 10074-1982. Sample Extruder ( Optional) - It consists of a jack, lever frame or other device adopted for the purpose of extruding compacted specimens from the mould. Balances - One of 10 kg capacity sensitive to 1 g, and other of 200 g capacity and sensitive to 0.01 g. Oven -Thermostatically controlled, with interior of non-corroding material to maintain temperature between 105 and 110C.

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 Container - Any suitable non-corrodible airtight container to determine the water content for tests conducted in the laboratory. Steel Straightedge - A steel straightedge about 30 cm in length and having one beveled edge. Sieve 4.75-mm, 19-mm and 37.5 mm IS sieves conforming to IS: 460 (Part I)-1978. Mixing Tools - Miscellaneous tools, such as tray or pan, spoon, trowel and spatula, or a. suitable mechanical device for thoroughly mixing the sample of soil with additions of water. Metal Rammer - Heavy compaction rammer conforming to IS: 9189-1979. SOIL SPECIMEN: A representative portion of air-dried soil material and large enough to provide about 6 kg of material passing a 19-mm IS sieve (for soils not susceptible to crushing during compaction), or about 15 kg of material passing a 19 mm IS sieve (for soils susceptible to crushing during compaction), shall be taken.

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 This portion shall be sieved on a 19 mm IS sieve and the coarse fraction rejected after its proportion of the total sample has been recorded. Aggregations of particles shall be broken down so that if the sample was sieved on a 4.75-m IS sieve, only separated individual particles would be retained. PROCEDURE: A 5-kg sample of air dried soil passing the 1%mm IS test sieve shall be taken. The sample shall be mixed thoroughly with a suitable amount of water depending on the soil type. The mould, of 1000 cm3 capacity with base plate attached, shall be weighed to the nearest 1 g (m1). The mould shall be placed on a solid base, such as a concrete floor or plinth and the moist soil shall be compacted into the mould, with the extension attached, in five layers of approximately equal mass, each layer being given 25 blows from the 4.9-kg rammer dropped from a height of 450 mm above the soil. The blows shall be distributed uniformly over the surface of each layer. The operator shall ensure that the tube of the

30

rammer is kept clear of soil so that the rammer always falls freely. The amount of soil usedshallbe sufficient to fill the mould, leaving not more than about 6 mm to be struck off when the extension is removed. The extension shall be removed and the compacted soil shall be leveled off carefully to the top of the mould by means of the straightedge. The mould and soil shall then be weighed nearest to 1g (m2.) The compacted soil specimen shall be removed from the mould and placed on the mixing tray. The water content of a representative sampleof the specimen shall be determined as in IS: 2720. The remainder of the soil specimen shall be broken up, rubbed through the 19-mm IS test sieve, and then mixed with the remainder of the original sample. Suitable increments of water shall be added successively and mixed into the sample, and the above procedure shall be repeated for each increment of water added. The total number of determinations made shall be at least five, and the moisture contents should be such that the

31

optimum moisture content, at which the maximum dry density occurs, is within that range. Compaction in Large Size Mould - For compacting soil containing coarse material up to 37.5 mm size, the 2250 cm3mould should be used. A sample weighing about 30 kg and passing the 37.5 mm IS sieve is used for the test. Soil is compacted in fine layers, each layer being given 55 blows of the 4.9-kg rammer. CALCULATIONS:

Mould No. B C D E F G Trial No.

Wt. of mould Volume of mould(V)=1000/2250 cc 1 5476 1720 1.72 1 2 5539 1783 3 5649 1893 4 5722 1966 5 5715 1959 Mothod used : Modified

(A)= 3756 gm

Wt. of wet sample+mouldgm Wt. of wet sample(E=D-A) gm Wt. density of sample(F=E/V) gm/cc Container No

1.783 1.893 1.966 1.959 4 2 5 3 Rammer Wt. :

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Wt. of Container H I J K L gm Wt. of wet sample + Cont. gm Wt. of dry sample + Cont. gm Wt. of water (K=I-J) gm Wt. of dry sample (L=J-H) gm Water Content [M=100xK/L) M % Dry density N [N=100x(F/(100+M))] gm/cc
1.69 1.68 DRY DENSITY (gm/cc) 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.60 1.59 0.00 5.00

24.57 26.56 24.83 24.36 26.67 64.4 61.7 2.7 45.7 44.1 1.6 46.4 43.9 2.5 64.5 58.4 6.1 57.9 52.4 5.5

4.89 kg

No. of blows/ layer : 25/56

37.13 17.54 19.07 34.04 25.73 7.27 1.60 9.12 1.63 13.11 17.92 21.38 1.67 1.67 1.61 No. of layer : 5

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

MOISTURE CONTENT (%)

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Conclusion : Optimum Mositure Content (%) 7.27 9.12 3.11 17.92 21.38 Dry Density (g/cc) 1.60 1.63 1.67 1.67 1.61

Diameter of Mould=10 cm Height of mould= 12.73cm Volume of mould= 1000 cm3 MDD : 1.68gm / cc OMC : 15 %

SIGNIFICANCE : This test is done so as to determine the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and Maximum Dry Density (MDD) on field, for the given soil sample.

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EXPERIMENT 8
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: The laboratory method for determination of California Bearing Ratio ( CBR ). AIM: TO DETERMINE THE CBR FOR GIVWN SOIL REFERENCE CODE: IS 2720 Part 16 APPARATUS: Moulds with Base Plate, Stay Rod and Wing Nut Collar. Spacer Disc Metal Rammer Expansion Measuring Apparatus Loading Machine - With a capacity of at least 5 000 kg and

35

 equipped with a movable head or base which enables the plunger to penetrate into the specimen at a deformation rate of 125 mm/min The machine shall be equipped with a load machine device that can read to suitable accuracy. Penetration Plunger Dial Gauges - Two dial gauges reading to 001 mm. Miscellaneous Apparatus - Other general apparatus, such as a mixing bowl, straightedge, scales, soaking tank or pan, drying oven, filter paper, dishes and calibrated measuring jar.

PROCEDURE:PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN The test may be performed on: undisturbed specimens, and

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 remoulded specimens which may be compacted either statically or dynamically. Undisturbed Specimens Undisturbed specimens shall be obtained by fitting to the mould, the steel cutting edge of 150 mm internal diameter and pushing the mould as gently as possible into the ground. This process may be facilitated by digging away soil from the outside as the mould is pushed in. When the mould is sufficiently full of soil, it shall be removed by under digging, the top and bottom surfaces are then trimmed flat so as to give the required length of specimen read for testing. If the ,mould cannot be pressed in, the sample may be collected by digging at a circumference greater than that of the mould and thus bringing out a whole undisturbed lump of soil. The required size of the sample to fit into the test mould shall then be carefully trimmed from this lump. If the specimen is loose in the mould, the annular cavity shall be filled with paraffin wax thus ensuring that the soil receives proper support from the sides of the mould during the penetration test. The density of the soil shall be determined either by weighing the soil with mould when the mould is full with the soil, or by

37

measuring the dimensions of the soil sample accurately and weighing or by measuring the density in the field in the vicinity of the spot at which the sample is collected in accordance with the method specified in IS : 2720 (Part 28 ) - 1974* or IS : 2720 ( Part 29 ) - 1975t. Remoulded Specimens The dry density for a remoulding shall be either the field density or the value of the maximum dry density estimated by the compaction tests 1 see IS : 2720 ( Part 7 1 - 19805, and and IS : 2720 (Part 8) - 198311I , or any other density at which the bearing ratiois desired. The water content used for compaction should be the optimum water content or the field moisture as the case may be. The material used in the remoulded specimen shall pass a 19mm IS Sieve. Allowance for larger material shall be made by replacing it by an equal amount of material which passes a 19mm.IS Sievebut is retained on 475-mm IS Sieve. Statically Compacted Specimens - The mass ofthe wet soil at the required moisture content to give the desired density when occupying the standard specim:n volume in the mould shall be calculated. A batch of soil shall be thoroughly mixed with water

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to givs the required water content. The correct mass of the moist soils shall be placed in the mould and compxtiou obtained by pressing in the displacer disc, a filter paper being placed between the disc and the soil. Dynamically Compacted Specimen - For dynamic compaction, a representative sample of the soil weighing approximately 45 kg or more for fine-grained soils and 55 kg or more for granular soils shall be taken and mixed thoroughly with water. If the soil is to be compactedto the maximum dry density at the optimum water content determined in accordance with I IS : 2720 ( Part 8 )- 19831) the exact mass of soil required shall be taken and the necessary quantity of water added so that the water content of the soi sample is equal to the determined optimum water content. The mould with the extension collar attached shall be clamped to the base plate. The spacer disc shall be inserted over the base plate and a disc of coarse filter paper placed on the top of the spacer disc. The soil-water mixture shall be compacted into the mould in accordance with the methods applicable to the 150 mm diameter mould specified in IS : 2720 ( Part 7) - 1980* or IS :

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2720 ( Part 8 ) - 1983t. If other densities and water contents are desired, they may be used and indicated in the report. The extension collar shall then be removed and the compacted soil carefully trimmed even with the top of the mould by means of a straightedge. Any hole that may then, develop on the surface of the compacted soil by the removal of coarse material, shall be patched with smaller size material; the perforated base plate and the spacer disc shall be removed, and the of the mould and the compacted soil specimen recorded. A disc of coarse filter paper shall be placed on the perforated base plate, the mould and the compacted soil shall be inverted and the perforated base plate clamped to the mould with the compacted soil in contact with the filter paper. In both cases of compaction, if the sample is to be soaked, representative samples of the material at the beginning of compaction and another sample of the remaining material after compaction shall be taken for determination of water content. Each water content sample shall weigh not less than about 50 g.

40

 If the sample is not to be soaked, a representative sample of material from one of the cut-pieces of the material after penetration shall be taken to determine the water conteat. In all cases, the water content shall be determined in accordance with IS : 2720 ( Part 2 )-1973. Test for Swelling A filter paper shall be placed over the specimen and the adjustable stem and perforated plate shall be placed on the compacted soil specimen in the mould. Weights to produce a surcharge equal to the weight of base material and pavement to the nearest 25 kg shall be placed on the compact soil specimen. The whole mould and weights shall be immersed in a tank of water allowing free access of water to the top and bottom of the specimen. The tripod for the expansion measuring device shall be mounted on the edge of the mould and the initial dial gauge reading recorded. This set-up shall be kept undisturbed for 96 hours noting down the readings every day against the time of reading. A constant water level shall be maintained in the tank throughout the period.

41

 At the end of the soaking period, the change in dial gauge shall be noted, the tripod removed and the mould taken out of the water tank. The free water collected in the mould shall be removed and the specimen allowed to drain downwards for 15 minutes. Care shall be taken not to disturb the surface of the filter paper shall be removed and the mould with the soaked soil sample shall be weighed and the mass recorded. The mould containing the specimen, with the base plate in position but the top face exposed, shall be placed on the lower plate of the testing machine. Surcharge weights, sufficient to produce an intensity of loading equal to the weight of the base material and pavement shall be placed on the specimen. If the specimen has been soaked previously, the surcharge shall be equal to that used during the soaking period. To prevent upheaval of soil into the hole of the surcharge weights, 25 kg annular weight shall be placed on the soil surface prior to seating the penetration plunger after which the remainder of the surcharge weights shall be placed.

42

 The plunger shall be seated under a load of 4 kg so that full contact is established between the surface of the specimen and the plunger. The load and deformation gauges shall then be set to zero. Load shall be applied to the plunger into the soil at the rate of 125 mm per minute. Reading of the load shall be taken at penetrations of 05, 10, 15, 20, 25, 40, 50, 7S, 100 and 125 mm The plunger shall be raised and the mould detached from the loading equipment. About 20 to 50 g of soil shall be collected from the top 30 mm layer of the specimen and the water content determined according to IS : 2720 ( Part 2 )-1973. If the average water content of the whole specimen is desired, water content sample shall be taken from the entire depth of the specimen. The undisturbed specimen for the test should be carefully examined after the test is completed for the presence of any oversize soil particles which are likely to affect the results if they happen to be located directly below the penetration plunger.

43

CALCULATION:

Sr. No. A B C D E F G H J

Description No. of Layers No. of Blows / Layer Condition of Sample Soaked / Unsoaked Weight of Mould (gm) Weight of Wet sample + Mould (gm) Weight of Wet sample (E-D) (gm) Volume of Mould / Sample (cc) Wet Density (F/G) (gm/cc) Moisture Determination

Mould No. 1 Before 5 55 Soaked 6435 6435 After 5 55

13797.59 13920.16 7362.59 3094 2.38 Before Soaking After Soaking 7485.16 3094 2.42

44

K L M N P Q R S

Container No. Weight of Container (gm) Weight of Wet Sample + Container (gm) Weight of Dry Sample + Container (gm) Weight of Water (M-N) (gm) Weight of Dry Sample (N-L) (gm) Water Content [(P/Q) x 100] (%) Dry Density {H/[1+(R/100)]} (gm/cc)

3 41.43 171.41 157.77 13.64 116.34 11.72 2.13

35 41.57 182.53 165.85 16.68 124.28 13.42 2.133

Penetration (mm)

Corrected Load

Proving Ring

Reading

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 4

0 5 15 28

14.98 44.94 83.888

42 125.832 57.5 90.0 172.21 269.64

45

(kg) 0

5 7.5 10 12.5

106.8

319.96

129 386.484 149 446.404

GRAPH:
700 650 600 550 500 450 Corrected Load (Kgf) 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Penetration (mm) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 1010.51111.51212.5

46

Corrected Unit Load from Graph (kg) for 2.5 mm Corrected Unit Load from Graph (kg) for 5.0 mm CBR at 2.5 mm (%) CBR at 5.0 mm (%) 319.96 12.57 15.57 172.21

SIGNIFICANCE: This test gives the California Bearing Ratio of the given soil sample, which is helpful in designing of sub-grades during road and pavement construction. RESULT: The resultant CBR values of the given soil samples are 12.57 and 15.57 respectively.

47

EXPERIMENT 9
EXPERIMENT NAME: Box shear test AIM: To determine the shear stress of the soil.

APPARATUS : The shear box grid plates, porous stones, base plates, and loading pad and water jacket shall conform to IS : 1122919857. 3.2 Loading Frame - It shall satisfy the following requirements: a) The vertical stress on the sample shall remain vertical and constant during the test and there shall be arrangement to measure compression. b) The shear stress or strain can be applied in the dividing plane of the two parts of the shear box. c) It shall be possible to maintain a constant rate of increase in stress during the test ( irrespective of the strain rate ) with arrangement to get different rates of stress increase. d) In case of a strain-controlled apparatus, the strain rate should

48

remain constant irrespective of the stress. Suitable arrangement shall be provided to obtain different strain rates. e) No vibrations should be transmitted to the sample during the test and there should not be any loss of shear force due to friction between the loading frame and the shear box-container assembly. Weights - for providing the required normal loads, if necessary. IS : 2720 ( Part 13 ) - 1986 3.4 Prosing-Ring - force measuring of suitable capacity, fitted with a dial-gauge accurate to 0.002 mm to measure the shear force. Micrometer Dial-Gauges -accurate to 0.01 mm; one suitably mounted to measure horizontal movement and the other suitably mounted to measure the vertical compression of the specimen. Sample Trimmer or Core Cutter 3.7 Stop Clock 3.8 Bglance - of _1kg capacity, sensitive to 0.1 g. SPECIMEN : Undisturbed Specimens - Specimens of required size ( see shall be prepared in accordance with IS : 2720 ( Part 1 )-1983*. Remoulded Specimens a) Cohesive soils may be compacted to the required density and moisture content, the sample extracted and then trimmed to the required size. Alternatively, the soil may be compacted to the required density and moisture content directly into the shear box after fixing the two-halves of the shear box together by means of the fixing screws. b) Cohesionless soils may be tamped in the shear box itself with the

49

base plate and grid plate or porous stone as required in place at the bottom of the box. The cut specimen shall be weighed and trimmings obtained during cutting shall be used to obtain the moisture content. Using this information, the bulk dry density of the specimen in the shear box shall be determined.

PROCEDURE : Undrained Test - The shear box with the specimen, plain grid plate over the base plate at the bottom of the specimen, and plain grid plate at *Methods of test for soils: Part 1 Preparation of dry soil samples for various tests ( second revision ). IS : 2720 Part 13 ) 1986 the top of the specimen should be fitted into position in the load frame. The wrations of lhc grid plates should be at right angles to the direction of shear ( .wr Note ). The loading pad should be placed on the top grid plate. The water jacket should be provided so that the sample does not get dried during the test. The required normal stress should be applied and the rate of longitudinal displacement/shear stress application so adjusted that no drainage cln occur in the sample during the test. The upper part of the shear box should be raised such that a gap of about 1 mm is left between the two parts of the box. The test may now be conducted by applying horizontal shear load to failure or to 20 percent longitudinal displacement, whichever occurs first. The shear load readings indicated %y the proving

50

ringassembly and the corresponding longitudinal displacements should be noted at regular intervals. If necessary, the vertical compression, iF any, of the soil specimen may be measured to serve as a check to ensure that drainage has not taken place from the soil specimen. At the end of the test, the specimen should be removed from the box and the final moisture content measured. A minimum of three ( preferably four ) tests shall be made on separate specimens of the same density. Nom - As porous stones are not used for the undrained tests, plain plates of equal thickness should be substituted in their place so as to maintain the shear plane in the sample in the middle of its thickness. Consolidated Undrained Test - The apparatus should be assembled fin a way similar to that given in 4.1 except that instead of the plain grid plates, perforated grid plates and saturated porous stones should be used at the top and bottom of the specimen. The procedure is same as in 4.1 except that after the application of normal stress, the vertical compression of the soil with time should be recorded [ scc IS : 2720 ( Part 15 )-1986* 1. The shear test should be conducted only after complete consolidation has occurred under the particular normal stress. The rate of shear should be such that water does not drain from the specimen at the time of applica- tion of the shear load. At the end of the test, the specimen should be removed from the box and the final moisture content measured. A minimum of three ( preferably four ) tests should be made on separated specimens of the same density at different normal stresses.

51

Consolidated Drained Test -- The shear box with sample and perforated grid plates and porous stones should b~cfitted into the load frame as in 4.2. After application of ndrmal stress which is done in increments [ see IS : 2720 ( Part 15 )-1986* 1, the sample should be allowed to consoli~date. When the consolidation has completely occurred, the shear test should be done at such a slow rate that at least 95 percent pore pressure *Methods of test for soils: Part 15 Determination of consolidation properties ( first

revision ).
6 dissipation occurs during the test in this calculated time factor ( see Appendix A ). At the end of the test, the specimen should be removed from the box and the final moisture content measured. A minimum of three ( preferably four ) tests should be made on separate specimens of the same density at different normal stresses. 5.4 The normal stresses to be selected for the test should correspond to the field conditions and design requirements. CALCULATIONS:

52

Normal Stress Normal Stress 0.5Kg/cm2 Corrected Area (Kg) (2xPRC) Shear Stress Proving Ring Proving Ring =A0 [1-(/3)] (Division) Shear Force (Kg/cm2) Reading Normal Stress 1.0 Kg/cm2 Corrected Area (Kg) (6xPRC) =A0 [1-(/3)] Shear Stress Proving Ring (Kg/cm2) Shear Force (Division) Reading 1.5Kg/cm2 (Kg) (10xPRC) Corrected Area =A0 [1-(/3)] Shear Stress .2 5 .5 33 0.2 12 5.184 33.75 0.1536 20 8.640 33.75 56 44 19.008 0.3 272 0.183272 14 15 6.048 33 727 25 10.800 33 6.480 32.25 0.200930 30 12.960 32.25 727 27 48 20.736 33 0.628 3636 36 .7 0.563 5 2 (Division) Shear Force (Kg/cm2) 36 0.475 34 8260 87 Reading 10

2 6

3 2.592

4 36

5 0.072

6 7

7 3.024

8 36

9 0.0

11

12

13 0.18

84 15 0.1 225

6.480 36

35 0.343 1489

0.110297 9 3.888 35.25 872 10 4.320 35.25

531 91 28 12.096 0.1 878

0.137739 11 4.752 34.5 13 15 6.480 34.5

260 87 38 16.416

0.4 53 22.896 32 0.709

53

233

018 604 65 0.4 662

.2 5

9534 88

0.274285 20 8.640 31.5 714 34 14.688 31.5

857 14 63 27.216 0.6 462

31 .5 0.864 30 0.772 .7 5 6829 27 0.72

0.365268 26 11.232 30.75 21 9.072 30 293 0.3024 46 19.872 30.75 32 13.824

439 02 55 23.760 0.4

30 608 50 21.600 30 0.3 544

29 0.590 .2 5 28 .5 27 .7 7692 31 0

0.265846 18 16 7.776 29.25 6.912 28.5 154 0.242526 316 0.217945 14 6.048 27.75 27 26.25 946 0 0 27.75 27 26.25 28.5 24 10.368 29.25

615 38 40 17.280 0

0 0 0

5 27 26 .2

0 0 0

54

5 25 25.5 0 25.5 0 .5 24 .7 24.75 24 0 0 24.75 24 0 0 5 24 23 .2 23.25 22.5 0 0 23.25 22.5 0 0 5 22 .5 21 .7 21.75 21 0 0 21.75 21 0 0 5 21 20 .2 20.25 19.5 0 0 20.25 19.5 0 0 5 19 .5 18 .7 18.75 18 0 0 18.75 18 0 0 5 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

55

17 .2 17.25 16.5 0 0 17.25 16.5 0 0 5 16 .5 15 .7 15.75 15 0 0 15.75 15 0 0 5 15 14 .2 14.25 0 14.25 0 0.6 462 0.365268 0.64624 293 0.5 3902 1 0.864 1.5 439 02 1 0.864 1.5 5 0 0 0 0 0

GRAPH:

56

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Box Shear 0.8 1 Shear Stress 1.2 1.4 1.6

57