CCNA Exploration Module 2 Chapter 2

Static Networking
V 4.0
2.1.1

2.1.3

2.1.3.2

What are the primary

responsibilities of the router?

Determining the best path to send packets

Forwarding packets toward their

destination01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
What is the first serial
DB-60 port that can support five different cabling
connector described called at
standards01010101010101101010
the router end?
00111110100101101010
DTE10110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
What is the first serial
DCE101010101010101101010
connector described called at
001111101001010101010
the router end?
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
What are the five standards
Cisco routers support the EIA/TIA-232, EIA/TIAsupported by serial
449, V.35, X.21, and EIA/TIA-530 standards for
connections?
serial connections1111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
When will static routes and
Static routes and dynamic routes will not be
dynamic routes be added to the added to the routing table until the appropriate
routing table?
local interfaces, also known as the exit interfaces,
have been configured on the
router.01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010

111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
What command will show the
status and gives a detailed
description for all interfaces on
the router?

The show interfaces command shows the status

and gives a detailed description for all interfaces
on the router.001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
What does the administratively Administratively down means that the interface is
down out put mean?
currently in the shutdown mode, or turned
off.010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
What does the line down output Line protocol is down means, in this case, that
mean?
the interface is not receiving a carrier signal from
a switch or the hub. This condition may also be
due to the fact that the interface is in shutdown
mode.01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
What does the show ip
1The show interfaces command shows the status
interfaces brief command list?
and gives a detailed description for all interfaces
on the router.01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
0101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Why is show ip interfaces brief using show running-config is not necessarily the
command better than show
best way to verify interface configurations. Use
running config to see if the
the show ip interface brief command to quickly
state of the interfaces?
verify that interfaces are up and up

2.2.2

What is the default state of

router interfaces?

What are the commands and

prompt to enable an interface?

Even after configuring an

interface, what must be
received by the interface to
change the state to up?

What command will stop the

messages returned by IOS not
to interfere with your typing?

(administratively up and line protocol is

up).01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
By default, all router interfaces are shutdown, or
turned off01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
To enable this interface, use the no shutdown
command, which changes the interface from
administratively down to
up.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Although enabled with no shutdown, an Ethernet
interface will not be active, or up, unless it is
receiving a carrier signal from another device
(switch, hub, PC, or another
router).010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
In order to keep the unsolicited output separate
from your input, enter line configuration mode for
the consoled port and add the logging
synchronous command01111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101

010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
2.2.2.2

What does a C mean in the

output of show ip route?

What types of addresses are

seen in the routing table?

2.2.3

What must be true for the

network of each interface on a
router?

What is the default gateway for

a LAN?

2.2.3.2

What does a device send if it

does not have the ip address in
its ARP table?

2.2.4

What are the commands to

configure a serial interface?

that this is a directly connected network. In other

words, R1 has an interface that belongs to this
network.11101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Network addresses0101101010
00111110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
a router cannot have multiple interfaces that
belong to the same IP subnet. Each interface
must belong to a separate subnet.010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Typically, the router's Ethernet or FastEthernet
interface will be the default gateway IP address
for any devices on that LAN.101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
If the ARP table does not contain this IP address,
the Ethernet interface sends out an ARP
request.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
R1(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.2.1
255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
001111101001010101010

2.2.5

110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Why may a serial interface still
the state of the serial interface may vary
be down after it has been
depending upon the type of WAN
configured?
connection.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
After the other end of the
we have not yet configured and enabled the other
connection is configured, why
end of the serial link.101010101010101101010
is the line protocol down?
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
What end of a serial connection DCE is the service provider
is the service provider?
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
By default, Cisco routers are DTE
What end of the serial
connection is the router by
devices.101010101010101101010
default?
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
What device is used to convert The CSU/DSU (DCE device) is also
the data from the router (DTE
responsible for converting the data from
device) into a form acceptable
the WAN service provider into a form
to the WAN service provider?
acceptable by the router (DTE
device).101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010

What do serial interfaces

require to control the timing of
communication?

2.2.5.2

2.2.5.3

What two things must be done

to configure a serial interface
as a DCE?

111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Serial interfaces require a clock signal to
control the timing of the communications.
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
11. Connect the DCE end of the cable to
the
serial interface.
2. Configure the clock signal on the serial
interface using the clock rate
command.01010101010101101010

110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
What are the two types of serial 101010101010101101010
A DTE/DCE crossover cable on which one
cables used in the lab?
end is DTE and the other end is DCE
A DTE cable connected to a DCE cable
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
You can use the show controllers command
What command will tell you
which type of cable is
to determine which end of the cable is
connected to the interface?
attached to that interface.
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
show interfaces and show ip interface brief
What command will show the
status of the interfaces?
commands.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001

What is the second test to see

if the interface is operational?

What command will show if the

router knows how to get to the
network?

What command will show you

all the commands that have
been configured on the router?

2.3.1

What is the purpose of the

routing table?

What does the debug

command show?

010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
101010101010101101010
We can further verify that the link is up/up
by pinging the remote interface.
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
We issue the show ip route command
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
The show running-config
command.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
The main purpose of a routing table is to
provide the router with paths to different
destination networks.
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
The debug ip routing command will let us
see any changes that the router performs
when adding or removing
routes.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101

What debug command will

show you as networks are
connected?

What command is used to turn

off the debug command?

What two commands are used

to remove a directly connected
network?

2.3.2

What is the crucial step in

configuring your network?

What two commands should

you use before you continue
with more complex
configurations?

010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1debug ip routing command so that we can
see the directly connected networks as
they are added to the routing
table.01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1The undebug ip routing command or the
undebug all
command.01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
101010101010101101010
0To remove a directly connected network
from a router, use these two commands:
shutdown and no ip
address01111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
The crucial step in configuring your
network is to verify that all the interfaces
are "up" and "up" and that the routing
tables are complete.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
10Verify your initial network configurations
with the show ip interface brief command
and the show ip route command before
proceeding with more complex
configurations.1010101010101101010

What does a failed ping

display?

2.3.2.2

Why does the first ping fail and

the second ping succeed?

2.3.3

What is the network monitoring

and troubleshooting tool used
in this section?

Which device will information

be gathered about, be specific?

001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1It displays a request timed
out.01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1there are no more routes in the
routing table, the pings are discarded. It is
successful because R2 has a route in its
routing table that matches 192.168.1.1,
which is the ping packet's destination IP
address.01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is a
powerful network monitoring and
troubleshooting
tool.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
CDP is a proprietary tool that enables you
to access a summary of protocol and
address information about Cisco devices
that are directly
connected.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010

What information is contained

in the advertisements?

At layer 3, what do routing

protocols consider neighbors?

What layer does CDP operate

at?

Describe Cisco CDP

neighbors?

2.3.3.2

What are the commands to

display CDP information?

101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1These advertisements contain information
such as the types of devices that are
connected, the router interfaces they are
connected to, the interfaces used to make
the connections, and the model numbers of
the devices01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1At Layer 3, routing protocols consider
neighbors to be devices that share the
same network address
space.01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1CDP operates at Layer 2
only.01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
CDP neighbors are Cisco devices that are
directly connected physically and share the
same data link.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1The show cdp neighbors and show cdp
neighbors detail
commands01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010

What is the default setting for

CDP?

What are the 5 types of

information that CDP provides
information about?

2.3.4

What information is displayed

after issuing the show cdp
neighbors command?

110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
When a Cisco device boots up, CDP starts
up by default. CDP automatically discovers
neighboring Cisco devices running CDP,
regardless of which protocol or suites are
running. CDP exchanges hardware and
software device information with its
directly
connected CDP
neighbors.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1)Device identifiers - For example, the
configured host name of a switch
2)Address list - Up to one Network layer
address for each protocol supported
3)Port identifier - The name of the local and
remote port-in the form of an ASCII
character string such as ethernet0
4)Capabilities list - For example, whether
this device is a router or a switch
5)Platform - The hardware platform of the
device; for example, a Cisco 7200 series
router101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
For each CDP neighbor, the following
information is displayed:
Neighbor device ID
Local interface
Holdtime value, in seconds
Neighbor device capability code
Neighbor hardware platform
Neighbor remote port

What information will be

provided even if you can not
ping that interface?

What information can be

gathered if you telnet to a
neighboring device?

Can CDP be a security risk?

What command can be used to

shut off CDP on a router?
(command and prompt)

What command can be used to

shut off CDP on an interface?
(command and prompt)

ID101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
CDP will reveal the neighbor's IP address
regardless of whether or not you can ping
the neighbor.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Information can be gathered about
a1neighbor's directly connected Cisco
devices01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
0Yes1010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
If you need to disable CDP globally, for the
entire device, use this command:
Router(config)#no cdp
run101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1If you want to use CDP but need to stop
CDP advertisements on a particular
interface, use this command:

2.4.1

What are the two ways a router

can learn about remote
networks?

What is a stub route?

When are static routes used?

Why would dynamic routing be

a waste of resources for a stub
route?

2.4.1.2

What is the complete syntax for

entering a static route?

Router(config-if)#no cdp
enable01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1)Manually, from configured static routes
2)Automatically, from a dynamic routing
protocol101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
101010101010101101010
0A stub network is a network accessed by a
single route.01111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Static routes are commonly used when
routing from a network to a stub
network.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1Because it has only one way out for
sending non-local
traffic.01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Router(config)#ip route prefix mask
{ipaddress

What is the simpler version of

the command that we will use?

Describe the first 2 parameters

used.

Describe the choice for the last

parameter to use.

| interface-type interface-number
[ip-address]} [distance]
[name]
[permanent] [tag
tag]101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1Router(config)#ip route network-address
subnet-mask {ip-address | exit-interface }
01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
The following parameters are used:
1)network-address Destination network address of the remote
network to be added to the routing table
2)subnet-mask Subnet mask of the remote network to be
added to the routing table. The subnet
mask can be modified to summarize a
group of networks.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
One or both of the following parameters
must also be used:
ip-address - Commonly referred to as the
next-hop router's IP address
exit-interface - Outgoing interface that
would be used in forwarding packets to the
destination network.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101

2.4.2

List the output and explain

each element from entering the
static route.

List the output and explain

each element from entering the
show ip route command.

2.4.2.2

What are the 2 commands to

verify static routes?

What is recommended to do
after entering and verifying the
static routes?

010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Let's examine each element in this output:
ip route - Static route command 172.16.1.0
- Network address of remote
network
255.255.255.0 - Subnet mask of remote
network
172.16.2.2 - Serial 0/0/0 interface IP
address on R2, which is the "next-hop" to
this network101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1Let's examine this output:
S - Routing table code for static route
172.16.1.0 - Network address for the route
/24 - Subnet mask for this route; this is
displayed in the line above, known as the
parent route, and discussed in Chapter 8
[1/0] - Administrative distance and metric
for the static route (explained in a later
chapter)
via 172.16.2.2 - IP address of the next-hop
router, the IP address of R2's Serial 0/0/0
interface01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1Use the show ip route, and the show
running-config01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Now is a good time to save the
configuration to NVRAM:
R1#copy running-config startup-

2.4.2.3

What does principle 1 define

about where a router looks to
forward packets?

What does principle 2 define

about what other routers
routing tables contain?

What does principle 3 state

about the return route of a
packet?

2.4.4.1

Before a router forwards a

packet, what must be
determined?

config101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1Principle 1: "Every router makes its
decision alone, based on the information it
has in its own routing
table."01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Principle 2: "The fact that one router has
certain information in its routing table does
not mean that other routers have the same
information."101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Principle 3: "Routing information about a
path from one network to another does not
provide routing information about the
reverse, or return
path."101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Before any packet is forwarded by a router,
the routing table process must determine
the exit interface to use to forward the
packet. This is known as route
resolvability.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010

2.4.4.2

2.5.1.2

111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1) Find a route
List the two steps that the
router uses to forward a packet. 2) Find an exit
interface101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
When the router has to perform Recursive lookup.101010101010101101010
multiple lookups in the routing
001111101001010101010
table before forwarding a
110110101010110101001
packet, what is the process
010101011010101101010
called?
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Every route that references only a next-hop
How can a static route be
entered to stop the recursive
IP address, and does not reference an exit
lookup process?
interface, must have the next-hop IP
address resolved using another route in the
routing table that has an exit
interface.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
If the static route cannot be resolved to an
What happens to the static
route if the exit interface goes
exit interface, the static route is removed
down?
from the routing
table.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
What is the command to
10The no ip route
remove the static route with the command1010101010101101010
next hop ip address?
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001

What is the command to enter

a static route using an exit
interface?

2.5.2

What are the reasons to modify

a static route?

Can a static route be directly

modified? Explain your answer

What is the most efficient way

to enter a static route?

010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
No ip route (address) (subnet mask)
(address)
Ip route (address) (subnet mask)
(interface)
end101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1) The destination network no longer
exists, and therefore the static route
should
be deleted.
2) There is a change in the topology, and
either the intermediate address or the exit
interface has to be
changed.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
There is no way to modify an existing static
route. The static route must be deleted and
a new one
configured.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
It is more efficient for the routing table
lookup process to have static routes with
exit interfaces - at least for serial pointtopoint
outbound networks.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001

2.5.3

What are the three commands

listed to verify static route
configuration?

2.5.4

What is the destination MAC

address if the packet is to be
forwarded to the next hop
router?

If the ip address does exist in

the ARP table what type of
request is issued?

2.5.4.2

What is the difference between

entering an exit interface for a
static route on a serial interface
and an Ethernet interface?

Will a static route with an exit

interface on a Ethernet
interface always work?

010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Show running-config
Show ip route
Ping01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Destination MAC address will be the
address of the next-hop router's Ethernet
interface101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
101010101010101101010
Arp reply001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
The difference between an Ethernet
network and a point-to-point serial network
is that a point-to-point network has only
one other device on that network - the
router at the other end of the
link.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
The router will not have sufficient
information to determine which device is
the next-hop
device.101010101010101101010

What is the command to

configure both the exit interface
and ip address for a static
route?

2.6.1

Why does making a routing

table smaller improve the
efficiency of the router?

What are the 2 rules on when a

static route can be
summarized?

What are the six steps in

creating a summary route?

001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0
255.255.255.0 fastethernet 0/1
172.16.2.2101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Because there are fewer routes to
search.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
The destination networks can be
summarized into a single network address,
and
The multiple static routes all use the same
exit-interface or next-hop IP
address101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1. Write out the networks that you want to
summarize in binary.
2. To find the subnet mask for
summarization, start with the left-most bit.
3. Work your way to the right, finding all
the bits that match consecutively.
4. When you find a column of bits that do
not match, stop. You are at the summary
boundary.
5. Now, count the number of left-most
matching bits, which in our example is 22.

This number becomes your subnet mask

for the summarized route, /22 or
255.255.252.0
6. To find the network address for
summarization, copy the matching 22 bits
and add all 0 bits to the end to make 32
bits.10101010101101010

2.6.2

If two routes in the routing table

match the packet, which route
will the router choose?

What is a default static route?

What are the 2 times a default

static route is used?

001010101010
110110101010110101001
0101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
The most specific
match01010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
A default static route is a route that will
match all packets.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
1) When no other routes in the routing
table match the packet's destination
IP address. In other words, when a
more specific match does not exist. A
common use is when connecting a
company's edge router to the ISP
network.
2) When a router has only one other
router to which it is connected. This
condition is known as a stub
router.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110

111101010101010001100
Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
[exit-interface | ip-address ]
101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
What is the ip address and
10.0.0.0 0.0.0.001010101010101101010
subnet mask for quad-zero?
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
It is the candidate default
What does the * mean next to
the S in the routing table?
route101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
As long as a more specific match doesn't
What is true about a default
static route and matching
exist, the default static route will match all
packets?
packets.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
Definitely understand each step Through reading chapters and some
in the process explained. If any handson,
of the steps are confusing, list
helps me understand the process
your questions here
better.
What are some forces that can 1) An interface fails.
cause a networks status to
2) A service provider drops a
change?
connection.
3) There is an over-saturation of links.
4) An administrator enters a wrong
configuration.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
List the complete command to
enter a default static route.

2.6.2.2

2.7.1

2.7.2

What are some of the

commands you can use to
troubleshoot a network?

010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100
ping
traceroute
show ip route
show ip interface brief
show cdp neighbors detail
command.101010101010101101010
001111101001010101010
110110101010110101001
010101011010101101010
111111100101010101010
101010011111111010101
010100101111110011110
111101010101010001100