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Dalton used these "laws" to derive another "law" - the law of multiple proportions
(The ratios of the relative masses of each element in a compound = a small whole number)
J.J. Thompson (1897) measured the charge to mass ratio for a stream of electrons at 1.76 x 108 coulombs/gram.
Radioactivity
Wilhelm Roentgen (1895) discovered the "x" ray
They could pass unimpeded through many objects They were unaffected by magnetic or electric fields They produced an image on photographic plates (i.e. they interacted with silver emulsions like visible light)
Radioactivity
Ernest Rutherford studied alpha rays, beta rays and gamma rays, emitted by certain radioactive substances.
(1900)
(1910)
An atomic mass unit (amu) is equal to 1.66054 x 10-24 grams. Proton = 1.0073 amu Neutron = 1.0087 amu Electron = 5.486 x 10-4 amu The typical range for atomic diameters is between 1 x 10-10 and 5 x 10-10 meters (1 and 5 )
Periodic table
Elements are divided into the general groups of: Metals (everything on the left and middle region) Non-metals (upper diagonal on the right hand side green, salmon and red) Metaloids (atoms in the boundary between the metals and non-metals): Boron(B), Silicon(Si), Germainium(Ge), Arsenic(As), Antimony(Sb), Tellurium(Te), Astatine(At)). These are some of the more useful materials for semi-conductors. The majority of elements are metals: high luster high electrical conductivity high heat conductivity solid at room temperature (except Mercury [Hg])
Most molecular compounds (i.e. involving chemical bonds) contain only non-metallic elements.
Structural formulas
Ions
The nucleus of an atom (containing protons and neutrons) remains unchanged after ordinary chemical reactions, but atoms can readily gain or lose electrons. In general, metal atoms tend to lose electrons, and nonmetal atoms tend to gain electrons.
Ionic Compounds
The oppositely charged ions attract one another and bind together to form NaCl (sodium chloride) an ionic compound. An ionic compound contains positively and negatively charged ions
Ionic Compounds
The Na+ and Cl- ions are not chemically bonded together Cannot be described using a molecular formula. Use an empirical formula instead. The concentration of ions in an ionic compound are such that the overall charge is neutral.
Acids
An acid is a substance whose molecules yield hydrogen (H+) ions when dissolved in water. The formula of an acid consists of an anionic group whose charged is balanced by one or more H+ ions. The name of the acid is related to the name of the anion Anions whose names end in -ide have associated acids that have the hydro- prefix and an -ic suffix: Cl- chloride anion HCl hydrochloric acid S2- sulfide anion H2S hydrosulfuric acid
Acids (oxyanions)
Molecular compounds
Prefix Meaning 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
The element with the more positive nature in a compound is named first. The second element is named with an -ide ending. CO carbon monoxide (carbon mono oxide) CO2 carbon dioxide
MonoDiTriTetraPentaHexaHeptaOctaNonaDecaUndecaDodeca-