Ee Lab Manual

Sreyas Institute Of Engineering and Technology
Electrical Engineering lab Manual
Experiment: 01
THEVENINS THEOREM
Aim: To determine the Thevenins theorem theoretically and practically.
Apparatus: Voltmeter Ammeter 0-40 dc 0-200ma dc 1 Num 2 Num
Theory: Any two terminal active linear network containing energy sources (generators) and resistances can be replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source Vth in series with a resistance Rth. The value of Vth is the open-circuit voltage between the terminals of the network and Rth is the resistance measured between the terminals with all the energy sources eliminated (but not their internal resistances).
Circuit diagram
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Electrical Lab Manual

Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 1. 2) Measure the current through the load resistor in the linear circuit. 3) Calculate the Thevenins equivalent resistance of the circuit, when the source is set to zero. Rth = (82||150) + 47=100 ohms. 4) Calculate the open circuit voltage across the terminals A & B which is equal to the voltage across 150ohms resistor. Vth= 15 82+150 5) Measure the voltage drop across 150ohms resistor after disconnecting terminals A & C. 6) Find it to be equal to calculated value of Vth. 7) Now set the voltage to the obtained Vth in the Thevenins equivalent circuit using variable power supply. 8) Measure the current through the load resistor in the Thevenins equivalent circuit. 9) Note that both current measured through the load resistor in the linear circuit as well as in the equivalent circuit is same. Repeat the above procedure for different values of resistors provided on the board. Thus the Thevenins Theorem is proved. X150=9.69V
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Tabular column: S.no Voltage applied[Vs] Thevenins current[I] Thevenins voltage[Vth] Thevenins Resistance[Rth] Equitant ckt load current[Il]
Results and Graph:
Viva Questions:
1) 2) 3) 4)
What is the statement of Thevenins theorem? How you will calculate the Thevenins resistance?
Why Thevenins resister is connected in series with load resistance? What is the aim of the Thevenins theorem?
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Experiment: 02
NORTONS THEOREMS
Aim: To determine the Nortons theorem theoretically and practically.
Theory: Any two terminal linear active network containing energy sources (generators) and resistance can be replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source IN in parallel with a resistance RN. The value of IN is the short-circuit current between the terminals of the network and RN is the resistance measured between the terminals with all the energy sources eliminated (but not their internal impedances).
Circuit diagram
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Procedure: 1) Connect the linear circuit as shown in the figure 2. 2) Measure the current through the load resistor in the linear circuit by connecting ammeter between A & C. 3) Calculate the Nortons equivalent resistance of the circuit. RN= 82 X 150 82 + 150 4) Measure the Nortons equivalent current which is the short circuit across the terminals A & B by connecting current meter across A & B. This will be equal to 96.9mA. 5) Now connect the circuit as shown in Nortons Equivalent Circuit where RN=100 ohms and IN=96.9mA. 6) To get current source, after connecting circuit components Rload, RN and points A & C shorted connect variable supply in series with the current meter in place of current meter in place of current source shown. Adjust the voltage supply such that you read 96.9mA in the current meter. 7) Now, switch of the power, remove the meter short the positive terminal of battery to terminal A. Remove the short between A & C and connect the current meter between A & C. Note the current through RL. Observe it to be equal to through RL measured in the linear circuit. Repeat the above procedure for different values of resistors provided on the board. Thus the Nortons Theorem is proved. the current + 47=100 ohms
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Tabular column:
S.no
Voltage applied[Vs]
Load current[Il]
Nortons current[In]
Nortons Resistance[Rth]
Equitant ckt load current[Il]
Results and Graph:
Viva Questions:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
What is the statement of Nortons theorem? How you will calculate the Nortons resistance? How you will calculate the Nortons current?
Why Nortons resister is connected in parallel with load resistance? What is the aim of the Nortons theorem?
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Experiment: 03
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
Aim:
Verification of the Superposition Theorems.
Theory: In any bilateral linear network which contains more than one energy source, the current flowing through any element is the vectorial sum of currents that are caused to flow in the element due to individual energy sources at a time setting all other sources to zero. Circuit diagram:
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Procedure: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram figure (1). 2. Set V1=15V, for this connect fixed 15V supply. 3. Set V2=10V, for this adjust the variable supply to 10V. 4. Note the current (I) through E & F, when both V1 and V2 are applied.
5. For the same circuit apply voltage V1 and make sure that the V2 to be shorted (V2 =0) and note down the current (I1) through E & F. 6. For the same circuit apply voltage V2 and make sure that the V1 to be shorted (V1 =0) and note down the current (I2) through E & F. 7. The Superposition Theorem is verified i.e. I = I1 + I2. Repeat the above procedure for different variable supplies.
Tabular column:
Applied Voltage V1 12 10 8 6
Current I1
Current I2
Current I3
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Tabular column:
Current I1
Current I2
Current I3
Current I1
Current I2
Current I3
Results and Graph:
Viva Questions:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
What is the statement of Superposition theorem? How you will calculate the total resistance? State the super position theorem? What is meant by network? What is meant by bilinear network? Applications of superposition theorem?
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Experiment: 04
RECIPROCITY THEOREM
Aim:
Verification of the Reciprocity Theorems.
Theory: In any bilateral linear network containing one or more generators, the ratio of the voltage(V) introduced in one mesh to the current(I) in any second mesh is the same as the ratio obtained if the position of voltage and current are interchanged, other emfs being removed.
Circuit diagram:
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Procedure: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram figure (2). 2. Set the Voltage (say VI=10V) and connect it across A and B. 3. Connect C and D through current meter and note the current (I1). 4. Interchange the position of ammeter and voltmeter note the current (I2). 5. Observe that the both currents are same. 6. Calculate the ratio of voltage introduced between A& B to the current through C& D. 7. Calculate the ratio of voltage introduced between C& D to the current through A& B. 8. Note that the both ratios are equal. Thus the theorem is proved. Repeat the same procedure for different voltages
Tabular column:
Voltage at AB
Current at CD
Current at AB
Voltage at CD
12V 10V 08V 06V 04V
12V 10V 08V 06V 04V
Results and Graph:
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Experiment: 05
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
Aim:
Verification of the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.
Apparatus:
DRB
Voltmeter Ammeter
0-300
0-40 V Dc 0-200ma Dc
1 Num 1 Num 1 Num
Theory: A resistive load will abstract maximum power from a network when the load resistance is equal to the resistance of the network as viewed from the output terminals, with all the sources of emf removed leaving behind their internal resistances.
Circuit diagram:
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Procedure: 1. Connect the 5V to the terminals provided. 2. Connect the ammeter and voltmeter as shown in figure. 3. Calculate the power drawn by the circuit for different values of load resistors provided on board and tabulate them. PL=IL X VL 4. Observe that the maximum power is drawn when the load resistor is equal to the input resistance. 5. Thus the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is proved.
Tabular column:
S.No
Load current IL
P=I2R
Resistance
30 50 70 90 100 120 140 160 180 200
Results and Graph:
Viva Questions:
1. State maximum power transfer theorem? 2. When the maximum power transfer theorem? 3. What is meant by power? Mention its unit? 4. What is meant by Energy? 5. What are the applications?
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Experiment: 06
TWO PORT NETWORK PARAMETERS
Aim:
To determine the two port network parameters.
Theory: To represent the general nature of a network, it is normally represented by a rectangular box. If a conductor is fastened to a node in the network and brought for access the end of the conductor is called a terminal. Terminals are required for connecting driving force to the network, for connecting load or making measurements. The minimum number of terminals that are useful are two. One pair of terminals is given the name Port. In the two port network shown in fig 1 we have four variable identified by two voltages and two currents. We assume that the variables transform quantities and use V1 and I1 as variables at the input port 1, V2 and I2 as the variables at the output port 2. Now only two of the four variables are independent and the specific action of any two of them determines the remaining two. Procedure: PARAMETERS The two port networks are characterized by parameters in terms of voltage and current variables. The names of parameters are 1) Z-parameters, 2) Y-parameters, 3) H-parameters, 4) ABCD-parameters
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1) Z-PARAMETERS The Z-parameters are also called as Impedance parameters.Z11,Z12 ,Z21 ,Z22 are the Z-parameters of the two port network.. V1= Z11I1 + Z12I2 V2= Z21I1 + Z22I2 a) Input Impedance (Z11) Z11 is the input impedance when output is open circuited. Z11 = V1/I1 when I2=0 To measure Z11 open circuit the output side of the two port network and apply voltage in the input side of the two port network then measure the V1 and I1 and substitute in the above equation. b) Reverse Transfer Impedance (Z12) Z12 is the mutual or reverse transfer impedance when input is open circuited. Z12 = V1/I2 when I1=0 To measure Z12 open circuit the input side of the two port network and apply voltage in the output side of the two port network then measure the V1 and I2 and substitute in the above equation. c) Forward Transfer Impedance (Z21) Z21 is the mutual or forward transfer impedance when output is open circuited. Z21 = V2/I1 when I2=0 To measure Z21 open circuit the output side of the two port network and apply voltage in the input side of the two port network then measure the V2 and I1 and substitute in the above equation. d) Output Impedance (Z22) Z22 is the output impedance when output is open circuited. Z22 = V2/I2 when I1=0
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To measure Z22 open circuit the output side of the two port network and apply voltage in the input side of the two port network then measure the V2 and I2 and substitute in the above equation.
2) Y-PARAMETERS The Y-parameters are also called as Admittance parameters.Y11,Y12 ,Y21 ,Y22 are the Y-parameters of the two port network.. I1= Y11V1 + Y12V2 I2= Y21V1 + Y22V2 a) Input Admittance (Y11) Y11 is the input admittance when output is short circuited. Y11 = I1/V1 when V2=0 To measure Y11 short circuit the output side of the two port network and apply voltage in the input side of the two port network then measure the V1 and I1 and substitute in the above equation. b) Reverse Transfer Admittance (Y12) Y12 is the mutual or reverse transfer admittance when input is short circuited. Y12 = I2/V1 when V2=0 To measure Y12 short circuit the output side of the two port network and apply voltage in the input side of the two port network then measure the V1 and I2 and substitute in the above equation. c) Forward Transfer Admittance (Y21) Y21 is the mutual or forward transfer admittance when output is short circuited. Y21 = I1/V2 when V1=0 To measure Y21 short circuit the input side of the two port network and apply voltage in the output side of the two port network then measure the V2 and I1 and substitute in the above equation. Dept of EEE Electrical Lab Manual 16

d) Output Admittance (Y22) Y22 is the output admittance when output is short circuited. Y22 = I2/V2 when V1=0 To measure Z22 short circuit the input side of the two port network and apply voltage in the output side of the two port network then measure the V2 and I2 and substitute in the above equation.
3) H-PARAMETERS The H-parameters are also called as Hybrid parameters. H11, H12, H21, H22 are the H-parameters of the two port network.. V1= H11I1 + H12V2 I2= H21I1 + H22V2 a) Input Impedance (H11) H11 is the input impedance when output is short circuited. Z11 = V1/I1 when V2=0 To measure H11 short circuit the output side of the two port network and apply voltage in the input side of the two port network then measure the V1 and I1 and substitute in the above equation. b) Reverse Voltage Ratio (H12) H12 is the mutual or reverse transfer voltage ratio when input is open circuited. H12 = V1/I2 when I1=0 To measure Z12 open circuit the input side of the two port network and apply voltage in the output side of the two port network then measure the V1 and I2 and substitute in the above equation. c) Forward Current Transfer Ratio (H21) H21 is the mutual or forward current transfer ratio when output is short circuited. H21 = I2/I1 when V2=0
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To measure H21 short circuit the output side of the two port network and apply voltage in the input side of the two port network then measure the I2 and I1 and substitute in the above equation. d) Output Admittance (H22) H22 is the output impedance when output is open circuited. H22 = I2/V2when I1=0 To measure H22 open circuit the input side of the two port network and apply voltage in the output side of the two port network then measure the V2 and I2 and substitute in the above equation. 4) ABCD-PARAMETERS In this system of parameters voltage and current at port 1 are expressed in terms of voltage and current at port 2. a) A is defined as the ratio of input voltage to the output voltage when the output is open circuited. A=V1/V2 when I2=0 b) B is defined as the ratio of input voltage to the output current when output is short circuited. B= V1/I2 when V2 =0 c) C is defined as the ratio of input current to the output voltage when the output is open circuited. C=I1/V2 when I2=0 d) D is defined as the ratio of input current to the output current when output is short circuited. D= I1/I2 when V2 =0
Results and Graph:
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Experiment: 07
SERIES & PARALLEL RESONANCE
Aim: To determine series and parallel resonance
Apparatus: Inductors of different value Copacitor of different value Resistors of different value 3Num 3Num 3Num
Circuit diagram:
Theory The voltage across the inductor is the voltage across the capacitor is the voltage across the resistor is VL = I XL VC = IXC VR = IR
Phase relations among these voltages are shown in Figure 2. The voltage across the resistor is in phase with the current. The voltage across the inductor leads the current by 90 degrees.
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The voltage across the capacitor lags the current by 90 degrees. The total voltage across the resistor, inductor and capacitor should be equal to the emf supplied by the generator.
Figure 2 From Figure 2 we can see that
If we divide both sides of this equation by current, we will get E/I = Z = R2 + (XL - XC) 2, Where (XL - XC) is called the total reactance and Z is called the impedance of the circuit. We know that the capacitive reactance XC = 1/C, and the inductive reactance XL = L depend on frequency. The value of frequency when XL = XC, L = 1/C, or = 1/LC = 0 = 2f 0 The frequency f 0 is called the resonance frequency of the circuit. At this frequency, the impedance is smallest and the maximum value of the current (and the voltage across the resistor V R) can
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be obtained. At this frequency, the circuit is said to be at resonance. At resonance, the current is in phase with the generator voltage. If we measure voltage across the resistor, depending on frequency, we will obtain a resonance curve of the circuit as shown in Figure 3. A resonance curve can be characterized by the resonance width f, the frequency difference between the two points on the curve where the power is half its maximum value or voltage is Vmax/LC = 0.707 Vmax
Figure 3 When the width is small compared with the resonance frequency, the resonance is sharp; that is, the resonance curve is narrow. The circuit can be characterized by the quality factor Q = f 0/f. If resistance is small and resonance is sharp, the quality factor is large. When the resistor is large, the quality is small. Q is a measure of the rate at which energy is dissipated in the circuit if the AC voltage source across the series circuit was removed.
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PROCEDURE 1. Connect a series LCR circuit as shown in Figure 4
V1
Figure 4 2. Calculate the resonance frequency of your circuit
3. Apply AC voltage to your circuit having the frequency being close to f 0. Measure the peak-to-peak voltage VR across your resistor. Also, measure the frequency using the oscilloscope (f = 1/T). 4. Decrease the frequency slowly and observe that VR decreases. Increase the frequency above f 0 and observe that VR decreases. Estimate the frequencies where VR stops decreasing both above and below f 0. Your data will be collected between these two frequencies. 5. Take at least 10 readings of VR for frequencies below f 0. Make sure that you take at least 5 readings in the vicinity of f0, since the data that is most meaningful is near f 0, in the upper region of the curve shown in figure 3. 6. Take 10 readings of VR for frequencies above f 0. Make sure to take at least 5 readings in the vicinity of the f 0.
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Tabular column:
FREQUENCY (Hz)
VOLTAGE VR (V)
Parallel Resonance Circuit:
Theory
The parallel RLC circuit is very common in radio and TV circuits. The circuit analysis follows from Kirchoffs laws, but is not in many beginning texts. The common terminal voltage V is across each element (see Fig. 5a), and the instantaneous current i is the algebraic sum of the instantaneous, iL, and ic. Since iR is in phase with V, but iL lags V by 900, and ic leads V by 900, we can describe the situation by the rotating vectors in Fig. 5b where I is the vector sum of IR, IL, and IC. Hence from Fig. 5b
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Figure 5: A parallel LRC circuit.
Where Substituting these gives
and
Resonance still occurs for XL=XC but the total current, Irms, is then just the current through R and is a MINIMUM. Since V is the same for all the parallel elements, the relevant phase differences are between the currents. To measure the total current Irms and the phase between it and the voltage Vrms, we will insert a sampling resistor RS in series with the signal generator. See Figure 6. Measure the voltage Vrms S across the sampling resistor RS by connecting the resistor ends to scope channel 2 via a differential amplifier. Since the voltage and current are in phase across a resistor, this signal Vrms S is proportional to the total current Irms.
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At resonant frequency fr the currents from L and C will cancel since they are of equal magnitude but (always) 1800 out of phase. Hence, at Fr the total current I will be just that thru R, i.e. I=IR, and V and Vs (or I) will be in phase. The smaller the sampling resistor RS, the less disturbance its voltage drop Vrms
S
will have on the net voltage Vrms applied across the parallel circuit. However, distortion in the generated
sine wave may bother when RS is small and large currents flow. Our suggested RS=10k is a compromise. Even so you may see a factor 2 change in Vrms as f varies; however we can compensate by adjusting the signal generator amplitude to keep Vrms constant as the frequency changes.
Rs
V L C R
Figure 6: A parallel LRC test circuit.
PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 6 and trigger the scope externally from the signal generator. 2. Set the frequency near fr adjust the signal generator amplitude for V in channel 1. 3. Vary the frequency f on both sides of fr by about 300 Hz. Adjust the signal generator amplitude to keep Vrms (i.e. Y1) constant as f and Vrms S change. Since Irms the resonant minimum in Irms at fr. Results and Graph: Vrms S, plot Vrms S versus f. Note
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Experiment:08 LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
Aim: To determine the efficiency of a DC shunt motor by conducting brake test. Apparatus: Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Tachometer 0 300V (MC) 0 30A (MC) 0 1A (MC) 1 No 1 No 1 No 1 No
Theory: The precondition to be set for the load test on DC shunt motor is to run the motor at the rated voltage and the rated speed. For Small motors the efficiency can be found directly by a brake test. The loading arrangement done to the motor is that a brake drum is attached to the shaft of the motor and spring balances are connected through which the brake drum is tightened so that the shaft is loaded. This set is said to be called as applied mechanical load. The torque can be determined and speed is measured from which the power out put can be calculated. The input to the motor is found by knowing the applied voltage and load current. Hence the efficiency can be known Let S1 and S2 are the spring balance readings. The pull on the brake drum = 9.81 (S1-S2) Newton Torque on the drum= Tsh = 9.81 (S1-S2) r Nw-m. Where r is the radius of the drum Motor power output = Tsh * 2 N/60 watts; where N is the rpm of the motor Let input voltage and current are V and I Power input to the motor is V*I The efficiency = = output/ input
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Procedure: 1. 2. 3. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram. Start the motor using the starter. Increase the load by tightening the brake band and note the observations of the ammeter, voltmeter, tachometer and the applied loads S1and S2 till rated current is attained. Take at least six readings 4. 5. Unload the motor by slackening the brake band. Switch off the supply to the motor by opening the DPST switch. Find the radius of the Brake drum.
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Precaution: Before starting the experiment pour some water into the brake drum and also while doing the experiment. Stay away from the brake drum when switching off the motor.
Tabular column:
S no.
V (Volt)
IL (Amp)
N (rpm)
S1 (Kg)
S2 (Kg)
W=S1-S2 (Kg)
T= 9.81 Wr (Nm)
Output= 2NT/60 (watts)
Input VIL (Watts)
= output/ Input (%)
(r is the radius of the brake drum)
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Expected graph:
Results and discussion: (to be written in the main laboratory)
viva Questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. What are the methods for finding the efficiency? What are the basic requirements to conduct the load test? Compare the load characteristics for different types of DC motors. If two motors are required to drive a common load, how will they share the total load?
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Experiment: 09
MAGNETISATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPAERTELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR
Aim: To obtain the open circuit magnetization characteristics (OCC) of a DC shunt generator and to find the following a) Maximum Voltage built up b) critical field resistance c) critical speed d) residual magnetism
Apparatus:: Voltmeter Ammeter Field regulator 0 300V (MC) 0 2A (MC) 600 /1.7A 1 No 1 No 1 No
Theory: This characteristic is also called as no load characteristic through which the generator performance parameters can be determined. This characteristic gives the value of maximum voltage the generator can give and to avoid the failure of excitation, the field winding resistance value which is called as critical field resistance can be determined. Also, the above parameters at various speeds can be determined. The basic set up for determining the above parameters is that the generator is run on separately excited condition. The basic requirement is that the prime mover ,the motor, is run at its rated speed and by varying the generator excitation in steps, the generator voltage is noted and the procedure is repeated in forward as well as reverse direction so that an observation can be made such the both the induced values will not be same.
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Circuit diagram:
Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. Keep the field regulator in the generator field circuit in the maximum resistance position. Start the motor with the starter and note the speed at which the MG set runs Keep the field switch open and note the voltmeter reading. Close the field switch and note the voltmeter and ammeter readings. Increase the field current by reducing the field regulator resistance in steps and note the voltmeter and ammeter readings at each step. Once rated voltage of the generator is reached start decreasing the field current in steps and note the voltmeter and ammeter readings at each step. Bring the generator field regulator to the maximum resistance position and open the field switch. Switch off the supply to the motor.
Precautions: While changing the field current to and fro motion must be avoided, i.e. decrease continuously.
either increase or
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Tabular column:
S.No
If( Gen filed

current)
Induced voltage Vg ( Increasing) Vg ( decreasing)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Sample calculations:
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Plot the graph of no load EMF (E0) Vs Field Current (If). Draw a tangent to the ascending curve. The slope of the tangent gives the critical resistance.
Results and Graph: (to be written in the main laboratory)
viva Questions:
a) b) c) d)
What are the merits of separate excitation If the generator does not build up voltage, what are the possible causes/ How are two generators operated in parallel? What are the different methods of excitation?
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Experiment: 10
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR
Aim: To control the speed of a DC shunt motor by armature control method and field control method. Apparatus:
Voltmeter Ammeter Rheostat
0 300V (MC)and 0 -15V (MC) 0 2A (MC)and 0 5A (MC) 40 5A and 600 1.7A
1 No 1 No 1 No
Theory: Speed control methods: The basic speed control methods are flux control methods, and Armature control method. The advantages of flux control method are that it provides smooth and easy control and above rated speed is possible. As the field winding resistance is high, the field current is small and hence the power loss in the external resistance is very small which makes the method more economical and efficient. As filed current is small, the size of the resistance required is small. The disadvantages of flux control method are that below the rated speed is not possible and at high speeds, the commutation problems are severe. The advantages of armature control methods smooth speed control below the normal speed is possible and the disadvantage is as the entire armature current passes through the external resistance, there is huge power loss. The armature current is more than the field current and the rheostat required is of large size and large power loss results. The above rated speed is not possible by this method.
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Circuit Diagram
Armature Voltage control Method
Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram given. Run the motor using starter. Keep the field current constant and vary the terminal voltage by varying the resistance in the armature circuit in steps of 5V Note down the terminal voltage and speed.
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Field Control Method
Keep the terminal voltage constant and vary the field current by changing the resistance connected in the field circuit in steps. Note the field current and speed
Tabular column: Armature control Method Field Control Method
S.No.
Vg (Volts)
N (Speed)
S.No.
If
N (Speed)
1. 1. 2. 3. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2. 3. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Graphs to be obtained are Draw the graph of (a) Speed Vs armature voltage (b) Speed Vs Field current Sample graphs:
Results and discussion: (to be written in the main laboratory)
Viva Questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Compare the efficiency of Generator and Motor .Comment on the result. Can the Swinburnes test be performed on a series motor? Why is it not possible to get higher speeds with armature voltage method? Can lower speeds be obtained by using field control method? What are the disadvantages of armature and field control methods?
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Experiment: 11
SWINBURNES TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
Aim: To control the speed of a DC shunt motor by armature control method and field control method. Apparatus: Voltmeter Ammeter Rheostat 0 300V (MC)and 0 -15V (MC) 0 2A (MC)and 0 5A (MC) 40 5A and 600 1.7A 1 No 1 No 1 No
Swinburnes test or no load test is indirect method of testing the dc motors in which the flux remains practically constant .In this test, actually without loading the motor the motor losses and hence the efficiency at different loads can be predetermined. In this method, the motor is run on no load at its rated voltage. At the starting, the motor is run at rated speed and the noload armature current I a is noted. The power fed tpo the motor is V(Ia + Ish). The field copper loss is Ish2 Rsh and armature copper loss Ia2 Ra. The total copper losses are Ish2 Rsh + Ia2 Ra. The constant losses are Wconst = V(Ia + Ish).- Ish2 Rsh + Ia2 Ra These constant losses are remaining constant even it is loaded. If the full load current is IL , the armature current flowing through is I L- Ish, Full load copper losses are Ish2 Rsh + Ia2 Ra The constant losses are already known. Hence the total losses are Constant losses + Full load copper losses. The input to the motor if the machine is motor is V IL The output of the motor is input _ losses The efficiency of the motor is the ratio output to the input.
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The advantage of this test is the efficiency of the machine either motor or generator can be predetermined at any load without conducting the actual test. The disadvantage is that the constant losses are not really constant but varies from no-load to full load and the efficiency computed can reliable.
Circuit Diagram
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Swineburnes method:
S.No.
Iao (amps)
Ifo (amps)
V (volts)
N Rpm
For finding armature resistance S. No. V (volts) I (amperes) Ra=V/I()
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Determination of constant losses: No load current ILo = Iao+ Ifo No load input = V* ILo W const= Constant losses = V * ILo Iao Ra
2
Assume suitable values of the load current
EFFICIENCY AS A MOTOR
SNo.
IL
If
I a= IL- If
I 2R losses Pcu= Ia2 Ra
Const. losses
Total Losses Pcu+ Pcon
Input V IL
Output = input total losses
= output /input (%)
W const
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EFFICIENCY AS A GENERATOR SNo. V IL If I a= IL+- If Armature coppeer losses Pcu= Ia2 Ra W const Total Losses Pcu+ Pcon watts Output = VIL
watts
Input = output +total losses watts
= output u/input (%)
Results and Graph: (to be written in the main laboratory)
Viva Questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Compare the efficiency of Generator and Motor .Comment on the result. Can the Swinburnes test be performed on a series motor? Why is it not possible to get higher speeds with armature voltage method? Can lower speeds be obtained by using field control method? What are the disadvantages of armature and field control methods?
Dept of EEE
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Experiment: 12
OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TESTS ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Aim: 1. To predetermine the efficiency of a single phase transformer, 2. To obtain the equivalent circuit of the transformer and 3. to find the regulation of the transformer
Apparatus:
Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter (LPF) Wattmeter (LPF) Transformer
0 150 V and 0 60V (MI) 0 1A (MI)and 0 15A (MI) 1/2A,300V 10/20A,75V 230/115V, 3 KVA
1 No 1 No 1 No 1 No 1 No
Theory: These two tests open Circuit test (O.C test) and Short Circuit Test( S.C test )are performed to find the no load magnetizing loss and full load copper loss of a single phase transformer. The open circuit test gives the iron loss. The test parameters give the core values of core resistance and reactance is determined. The short circuit test gives the copper loss and in turn gives winding resistance and reactance is determined. The equivalent circuit of a transformer can be deduced from the results of these tests. From the OC and SC tests the performance of the transformer at different power factors and load conditions can be determined. The maximum efficiency can be determined. .
Dept of EEE
43

Circuit Diagram:
Dept of EEE
44

Procedure: OPEN CIRCUIT TEST (O.C.TEST)
1.
Make the connections as per the circuit diagram, the 230V winding of the transformer is kept open 2. Apply the rated voltage,i.e.115V through the auto transformer. 3. Note down the voltmeter Voc, ammeter Ioc and wattmeter Woc readings and tabulate as shown . The wattmeter used in the OC test should be low power factor wattmeter, since it must be able to measure power at low power factor at which the transformer works on no load,
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST (S.C TEST)
1. 2. 3.
make the connections as per the circuit diagram and keep the 115V winding of the transformer short circuited Apply the low voltage to the 230V side through the auto transformer and increase the voltage gradually till the full load current (13A) flows in the 230V winding. Note down the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings and tabulate as shown
Tabular column:
OC Test: V sc (Volts) I sc (amperes) P sc (watts)
Dept of EEE
45

SC Test:
Vo Volts)
Io (amperes)
Po (watts)
To draw Equivalent circuit: P0 = Iron Loss = I0 V0 Cos 0 Cos 0 = P0/( V0 X I0), 0 = Cos-1 P0/( V0 X I0) R0 = V0 /( I0 Cos 0) = V0 / Iw X0 = V0 /( I0 Sin 0) = V0 /I Psc = Copper Loss = I2sc X R01 R01= Psc/ I2sc Z01 =Vsc/Isc
Dept of EEE
46

X01=
Sample Graph:
Load at which max efficiency occurs is the same whatever the power factor, However numerical value of decreases with decrease in P.F
TO CALCULATE THE EFFICIENCY AT U.P.F/0.8 PF/0.6 PF
SI.No
Load Current IL
Iron Loss P0
Copper Loss Psc
Total Loss P0+ Psc
Output KVA X P.f
Input = OutputLosses
=Output/Input
Dept of EEE
47

Plot the graph Output Vs
1) Efficiency 2) Iron Loss 3) Cu.Loss
And from the graph find the condition for efficiency to be maximum
To calculate the percentage regulation at UPF/0.8 lag/0.8 lead
% Regulation =
I 1 ( R01Cos V1
X 01 sin )
(or)
I 2 ( R02Cos V2
X 02 sin )
Where V1 = Primary Rated voltage I1 = Rated Primary Current Dept of EEE Electrical Lab Manual 48

Positive sign for Lagging Power factor Negative sign for Leading Power Factor
Results and Graph:
Viva Questions:
1) Explain why the wattmeter reading in O.C Test is taken as Iron Loss? 2) Explain why the wattmeter reading in S.C Test is taken as Copper Loss? 3) What re the uses of transformers, explain with example? 4) Why the efficiency of the transformer is high as compared to the electrical motor? 5) What are the materials used for making the core and winding of the transformer? 6) Explain why those materials are used? 7) What do you understand by an Auto-transformer? 8) Why transformer rating is in KVA not KW. 9)What is the all day efficiency of a transformer.
Dept of EEE
49

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Sreyas Institute Of Engineering and Technology

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