CPS 104 Computer Organization and Programming Lecture-2 : Data representations,

January, 9, 2004 Gershon Kedem http://kedem.duke.edu/cps104/Lectures

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Review: What is Computer Architecture?

Coordination of levels of abstraction
Application Operating System Compiler CPU Firmware

Software Interface Between HW and SW

Instruction Set Architecture, Memory, I/O

Memory I/O system Digital Design

Circuit Design

Hardware

Under a set of rapidly changing Forces

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Levels of Representation
temp = v[k]; High Level Language Program Compiler Assembly Language Program Assembler Machine Language Program
0000 1010 1100 0101 1001 1111 0110 1000

v[k] = v[k+1]; v[k+1] = temp;

lw $15, lw $16, sw$16, sw$15,

1100 0101 1010 0000
Rd Mux RegWr 5 busW 32 Clk Rs 5 5

0($2) 4($2) 0($2) 4($2)

1010 0000 0101 1100 1111 1001 1000 0110
ALUctr MemtoReg busA 32 busB 32

0110 1000 1111 1001

Rt

0101 1100 0000 1010

1000 0110 1001 1111

Machine Interpretation Control Signal Specification

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RegDst

Dont Care (Rt)

Rw Ra Rb 32 32-bit Registers

ALU

Mux

32 MemWr WrEn Adr

32

Mux

Extender

imm16

32 ALUSrc

16

Data In 32 Clk

Data Memory

ExtOp

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Instruction Set Architecture

. . . The attributes of a [computing] system as seen by the programmer, i.e. the conceptual structure and functional behavior, as distinct from the organization of the data flows and controls the logic design, and the physical implementation. Amdahl, Blaaw, and Brooks, 1964
-- Organization of Programmable Storage -- Data Types & Data Structures: Encoding & Representations -- Instruction Formats -- Instruction (or Operation Code) Set -- Modes of Addressing and Accessing Data Items and Instructions -- Exceptional Conditions
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SOFTWARE

Instruction Set Interface

software

instruction set

hardware

use use use

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Interface

imp 1 imp 2 imp 3

time

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MIPS I Instruction Set Architecture

Instruction Categories Load/Store Computational Jump and Branch Floating Point Memory Management Special

R0 - R31

PC HI LO

3 Instruction Formats: all 32 bits wide OP OP OP

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rs rs

rt rt

rd

sa

funct

immediate

jump target
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Summary

Goal Understand basic operation of a computer Why? Software performance is affected/determined by HW capabilities Future Computer Architects (Processor or System)

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Summary (Continued)

Agenda Map high-level software to instructions Instructions are composed of hardware primitives how to use them how to implement them why a particular primitive Memory for storing instructions and data Main memory Caches interaction with operating system Input/Output

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Summary (Continued)

All computers consist of five components Processor: (1) datapath and (2) control (3) Memory (4) Input devices and (5) Output devices Not all memory created equally Cache: fast (expensive, small) memory close to the processor Main memory: slower, cheaper, larger memory farther from processor Input and output (I/O) devices has the messiest organization Wide range of speed: graphics vs. keyboard Wide range of requirements: speed, standard, cost ... etc.

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Data Representation

Computers store variables (data) Typically Numbers and Characters or composition of these We reason about numbers many different ways The key is to use a representation that is amenable to hardware implementation and is efficient

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Data Representation

Question: How do computers store numbers?

When you write in a program: int x; float y; x= 10; y = 0.34;

What do the variables x and y actually hold?

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Number Systems

A number is a mathematical concept 10 Many ways to represent a number 10, ten, 2x5, X, 100/10, |||| |||| Symbols are used to create a representation Which representation is best for addition and subtraction? Which representation is best for multiplication and division?

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More Number Systems

Humans use decimal (base 10) digits 0-9 are composed to make larger numbers 11 = 1*101 + 1*100 weighted positional notation Addition and Subtraction are straightforward carry and borrow (today called regrouping) Multiplication and Division less so can use logarithms and then do adds and subtracts

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Changing Base (Radix)

Given 4 positions (4 symbols), what is largest number you can represent?

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Number Systems for Computers

Todays computers are built from transistors (Electronic Switches) A switch is either off or on. Need to represent numbers using only off and on
Use

only two symbols!

off and on can represent the digits 0 and 1

A bit can have a value of 0 or 1

Computer memory is organize in words. Each computer word has a fixed number of binary bits. Typical desktop computer uses 32-bit words. 32 bit computers operate on Bytes (8 bits), half words (16 bits), words (32-bits) and double words (64 bits).
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Binary representation

weighted positional notation using base 2 1110 = 1*23 + 1*21 + 1*20 = 10112 1110 = 8 + 2 + 1 What is largest number that can be represented, given 4 bits?

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Conversion from Decimal to Binary

N is a positive Integer (in decimal representation) bi i=0,...,k are the bits (binary digits) for the binary representation of N N = bk*2k ++b2*22 + b1*2 + b0 binary representation: bkb3b2b1b0 How do I compute b0? Compute binary representation of 11?

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Conversion from Decimal

i=0; while N > 0 do bi = N % 2; // bi = remainder; N mod 2 N = N / 2; // N becomes quotient of division i++; end while

Replace 2 by A and you have an algorithm that computes the base A representation for N

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Powers of 2
N
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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2n
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 (1K)

Binary
00000000001 00000000010 00000000100 00000001000 00000010000 00000100000 00001000000 00010000000 00100000000 01000000000 10000000000
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Binary, Octal and Hexidecimal numbers

Computers can input and output decimal numbers but they convert them to internal binary representation. Binary is good for computers, hard for us to read

Use numbers easily computed from binary Example: 120010 = 00000100101100002 Example: 120010 = 042608 Example: 120010 = 04B016 = 0x04B0 does not distinguish between upper and lower case

Binary numbers use only two different digits: {0,1}

Octal numbers use 8 digits: {0 - 7}

Hexidecimal numbers use 16 digits: {0-9, A-F}

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Binary and Octal

Easy to convert Binary numbers To/From Octal. Group the binary digits in groups of three bits and convert each group to an Octal digit. 23 = 8

Bin. Oct. 000 0 001 1 010 2 011 3 100 4 101 5 110 6 111 7

Example: 11 000 010 011 001 110 100 111 101 010 1012 3 0 2 3 1 6 4 7 5 2 58

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Binary and Hex

Hex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bin 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 Hex 8 9 A B C D E F Bin 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

To convert to and from hex: group binary digits in groups of four and convert according to table 24 = 16

Example: 1100 0010 0110 0111 0100 1111 1101 01012 C

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5 16
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Issues for Binary Representation

Complexity of arithmetic operations Negative numbers Maximum representable number

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Binary Integers

Unsigned Integers:

i = 1001012 ; i = 1*25 + 0*24 + 0*23 + 1*22 + 0*21 + 1*20

4 bits => max number is 15 What about representing negative numbers?

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Sign-Magnitude Representation for Integers

Add a sign bit Example: 0101102 = 2210 ; 1101102 = -2210 Advantages: Simple extension of unsigned numbers. Same number of positive and negative numbers. Disadvantages: Two representations for 0: 0=000000; -0=100000. Algorithm (circuit) for addition depends on the arguments signs.

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2s Complement Representation for Integers

Key idea is to use largest positive binary numbers to represent negative numbers Obtain negative number by subtracting large constant i = -an-1*2n-1 + an-2*2 n-2 + ... a0*20

6-bit examples: 0101102 = 2210 ; 1010102 = -2210 010 = 0000002; 110 = 0000012; -110 = 1111112

0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

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2s Complement

Advantages: Only one representation for 0: 0 = 000000 Addition algorithm independent of sign bits. Disadvantage: One more negative number than positive : Example: 6-bit 2s complement number. 1000002 = -3210; but 3210 could not be represented

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2s Complement Negation and Addition

To negate a number do: Step 1. complement the digits Step 2. add 1 Examples 1410 = 0011102 0100102 -1410 = 1100012 +1100102 + 1 0001002 1100102 To add signed numbers use regular addition but disregard carry out Example 1810 - 1410 = 1810 + (-1410) = 410

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2s Complement (cont.)

Example: A = 0x0ABC; B = 0x0FEB. Compute: A + B and A - B in 16-bit 2s complement arithmetic.

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2s Complement Precision Extension

Most computers today support 32-bit (int) or 64-bit integers

64-bit using gcc is long long 64-bit using Digital/Compaq compiler is long

To extend precision do sign bit extension precision is number of bits used to represent a number

Example 1410 = 0011102 in 6-bit representation. 1410 = 0000000011102 in 12-bit representation -1410 = 1100102 in 6-bit representation -1410 = 1111111100102 in 12-bit representation.

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