Personality:

others.

The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with

Determinants of Personality:-

Fig: - determinants of personality a) Biological Contribution The personality depends upon the biological factors which are as follows: Heredity:-Heredity refers to those factors such as physical stature, facial beauty, and muscle composition etc., which are considered to be determined as conception. It was found that both physical and psychological characteristics can be transmitted by birth. The traits such as leadership, traditionalism and obedience were strongly determined by heredity.

Genetic Engineering and Intelligence:-This factor also influences the changing and controlling human behavior. Genetic engineering is being refers to as the next revolution in the wings, like human clone. According to educational psychologists it is believe that intelligence is inherited to a great extent. Management thinking:-Through research studies, scientists have drawn conclusion that managers think differently from lay people. It differs on their ability to foresee future and accordingly they plan and identify steps. Split brain thinking:-This split brain psychology can be traced to Henry Mintzbergs article titled Planning on the left side and management on the right side. Whether a person is a planner or a manager can be determined by ascertaining which part of his brain was more developed and which part of the physical brain have control over emotions and aggression. Physical characteristics and the rate of maturing:-An individuals physical appearance such as tallness or shortness, fair skin or dark skin, etc, is biologically pre-determined and one cannot change that. b) Cultural and Familial Contribution: Learning content Values system Beliefs Traits such as independence and aggressiveness etc. Conventionally, it is believe that cultural factors have a stronger influence on ones personality as compared to biological factors. It is observed that there is a relationship between the learning process and the culture. What a person has content which in turn will be based on his on her cultural background. Certain personality traits such as independent, aggressive, competitive and co-operative can be culturally determined. Culture generally prescribes and sets limitations on what an individual can be taught. The task of selecting, interpreting and dispensing the culture usually is evolved around the family and later influenced by social groups.

c) Socialization process:Social groups Peer Organization The socialization process affects the individual throughout his or her life time. Through the socialization process, the individual is exposed to a wide range of behavioral potentials and patterns which are customary and acceptable according to the standards of his or her family as well as social groups. The socialization process starts with the initial contacts of an infant with his or her mother. Later on during childhood, the other members of family and friends influence and then as an employee or while working in an organization the peer and social group influence the socialization process. Such a process emphasize on the learning of those values, norms and patterns of behavior which are a part of the organization. d) Situational Factors: - An individuals personality can change in different situations. This situational requirement even gets extended to the place of the individual. Today the work environment has become very challenging and demanding for the employee. And this affects the employees behavior and personality. If one were to take the social learning perspective, it is the individual personality which acts as an important factor to the behavior According to Stanley Milgram A situation exerts an important press on the individual. It exercises constraints and may provide push. In certain circumstances it is not so much as the kind of person a man is, as the kind of situation he is placed, that determines his actions.

Big Five Model of personality

Factor 1: Agreeableness:-How do you react to others opinions? When you agree to them easily, you are considered agreeable. However, your strong reactions qualify you as challenger in the words of Howard and Howard (2001). There are some other correlated traits for agreeableness. A Higher Degree in agreeableness The five factor model of personality considers these types of people as good natured, sympathetic and forgiving. They are considered as tolerant, agreeable and courteous. They prove an excellent team member and strive to bring

harmony in work place. They are friendlier, approachable and appeasing and can ignore their own needs for others. However, they are not a good leader and prefer to work in background. They keep their opinions to themselves to avoid conflict and are easily influenced. A Lower Degree in agreeableness Five factor model of personality considers these types of people as critical, analytical and tough. They are expressive in their opinions and dont hide reactions. They want your efforts and achievements to be acknowledged. These types of people are a born leader. However, they may not prove a good team leader. Extreme degrees qualify them as a rude, callous and self-centered person and are viewed as hostile. They are not considered cooperative. They are considered suitable for those careers where they are given freedom to exercise their will. Factor 2: Openness to experience:- Five factor model of personality considers open to experience when a person accept new thoughts, ideas and changes. However, they are considered close to change when they avoid new experiments and follow rules and regulations very strictly. The other correlated personality traits with different degrees are mentioned below. A Higher Degree in openness to experience This type of person qualifies to be counted as original, creative and curious. They believe that change is more than essential for social evolution and love revolutions. They enjoy complexities of things and strive to find out their solutions. They can handle new systems, technologies and tools with great ease and always build a big picture but tend to ignore vital details. These types of people are considered suitable for the careers where a lot of creativity, novelty and originality are involved. A Lower Degree in openness to experience These types of people as a resistant to change, they are traditional and love peaceful. However, these people are not a good planner. They focus on details may cause them to ignore big picture. They accept change only when there is no way out. The careers where rules and regulations are to be followed very strictly are considered suitable for them.

Factor 3: Extroversion:-This characterized people who are outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive. The opposite of this type of personality is introversion. This personality trait affects the job related behavior very much. A Higher Degree in extroversion The five factor model considers person as social, friendlier and talkative. These people are often assertive and energetic. These people can do many tasks successfully at a time and prefer to lead others. They are charismatic. However, they rely upon others without knowing them very well. They are considered fit for politics, sales and public related careers. A Lower Degree in extroversion These people are considered private, serious and skeptic. They dont rely on others easily and keep their secrets to them self. They are often quiet and prefer environment where they can work alone. Production management, natural sciences and art related careers are considered suitable for these kinds of people. Factor 4: Conscientiousness:-These types of people are careful, dependable, self discipline. Some argue that this factor also includes will to achieve. A Higher Degree in conscientiousness The five factor model of personality considers person an organized, focused and timely achiever of goals. They plan things and follow that route strictly. They are not easy to be distracted. However, they tend to be workaholic. They are self-disciplined. They are considered confident, dutiful and reliable and often prove a strong executive in any organization. A Lower Degree in conscientiousness The five factor model of personality considers these people careless, relaxed and unorganized. They dont plan things and pursue their goals with a flexible approach. Some day they work a lot and other day they go on vacations. They are spontaneous. However, they are not considered good for projects where deadlines are to be followed. Factor 5: Emotional stability:- A personality dimension that characterizes someone as calm, self-confidences, secure, depress etc. This is dimension taps a persons ability to handle stress. A higher degree in emotional stability

A high degree emotional stable person is emotionally stable, strong nerved and composed person. These persons are often calm and optimist and recover from depression periods very easily. They can find out the best out of the worst. They love peace and security. A lower degree of emotional stability The model considers person nervous, unstable and vulnerable to negative emotionality. These are never satisfied with their life. They are reactive and often fail to recover from depression shock easily.

Major Personality Attributes Influencing

Organizational Behavior As we know that Personality can be influenced by certain attributes under Organizational Behavior. The main attributes that Influence OB is listed below. 1) Locus of control:- The Locus of control means the degree to which people can be believe they are masters of their own fate. It shows that they should be lead themselves and controls themselves. They may be lines with there own believes like it should be happened with the help of certain outside force like Luck, chance etc. There are mainly two types of Locus of control happened they are a) Internals: - Internals who believes that they control what happens to them. They can control themselves if what had happened. b) Externals: Externals means Individuals who believes that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chances. They believe that it should be happened with the faith of them. 2) Machiavellianism: - This attribute is derived from Niccolo Machiavellis writings, who wrote on how to gain and use power i.e., on an individuals ability to manipulate people. Thus such mach can easily be game for participating in organizational politics. A pragmatic, emotionally distant power-player who believes that ends justify the means. High Machs are manipulative, win more often, and persuade more than they are persuaded. Flourish when: Have direct interaction Work with minimal rules and regulations Emotions distract others

3) Self Esteem: - It means Individuals degree of liking or disliking themselves. It shows that the Individuals likes and dislikes also attract the personality of a person. If they like a thing the personal attitude towards that thing is very highly and if they dislike it vice-verse would happened. 4) Self Monitoring: - that a personality trait that measures an Individuals ability to adjust his or les behavior to external, situational factors. It would shows that a persons personality would measures the ability of a person to adjust his external situation which influence the personality of that person. 5) Propensity for risk taking Risk-Taking is an important attribute of personality. It shows that the ability of a managers risk-taking personality to job requirements should be beneficial to organizations. There are mainly two types of managers in an organization they are a) Highly risk-taking managers: - Highly risk taking managers who make quicker decisions and use only less information to make decisions and operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial organizations. Most probability managers take highly risk. b) Low risk-taking managers: - They are slower to make decisions and they need more information to take a decision. They are exist in larger organizations with stable environments. This type of managers cannot perform well in highly risk taking jobs like stock exchange trading like business. 6) Type A personality and type B personality Type A Personality: - Type A personality means an aggressive involvement in a chronic, incessant. Struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time and,if necessary, against the opposing efforts of other thing or other people. Difference between personality A and personality B Personality Type A 1) They are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly 2) They feel inpatient with the rate at which most events take place. 3) They strive to think or do two or more things at once. 4) They cannot cope with leisure time

5) They are observed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire. Personality Type B 1) They never suffers from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience. 2) They feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments unless such exposure is demanded by the situation; 3) They play fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost; 4) Can relax without guilt