NT 608/708 EXEGESIS OF GALATIANS ASHLAND THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY FALL 2012 DAVID A. DESILVA, PH.D.

ONLINE COURSE

Office Hours: F 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM Phone: (419) 289-5933 E-mail:ddesilva@ashland.edu

I. Course Description Together with Romans, Pauls Letter to the Galatians has stood at the heart of discussions of Pauline theology and the Pauline Gospel from Augustine through the Reformation to the present day. It is possibly Pauls earliest formulation (in writing) of his teachings about justification by trust, the opposition between faith and works of the Law, the role of Torah in Gods plan for humanity, salvation history, and life in the Spirit. Exegesis of Galatians invites students into a close reading of the text as the basis for analysis of its argument, its intertextual conversations and engagement with tradition, its rhetoric, and its theological and ethical contributions to Christian discipleship and community formation. The goal of the course is to understand Pauls meaning and purposes in writing as a basis for critical engagement with the interpretation and application of Paul throughout the Christian era and, in particular, in modern contexts. II. Relationship to Curriculum Model Galatians is a touchstone for the cultivation of each of the foundational pillars of the curriculum at Ashland Theological Seminary. The momentum of Pauls arguments from Scripture drives the hearers to the declaration: You all are one in Christ Jesus, and if you are Christs, then you are of the seed of Abraham, heirs according to promise (3:29). The significance of this focal affirmation of our core identity in Christ is further unpacked by Paul as he lays out what it means to be such an heir, and what it is to be graced with such an inheritance as the Holy Spirit that cries out within us of our adoption as Gods own daughters and sons and that dwells within us to guide us into all that pleases God. Galatians preserves one of the most fully developed depictions of the life we live between the power of the flesh and the empowering of the Spirit, and the contest into which all who are born are invited to contend, giving us both a general matrix by which to understand the development of Christian character (5:13-25) as well as practical guidance for the embodiment of this character within Christian community (5:266:10). And Galatians provides Pauls most extended first-hand account of his own calling and the formative experiences by means of which his understanding of that calling was tested, refined, and confirmed (1:11-2:21), a paradigm that has much to offer those of us who seek to discern our call and to sharpen our grasp of the same in the midst of both significant challenges and opportunities. As an exegetical course, our focus will consistently fall on developing

competency in the critical skills and practices necessary to discover ever more fully and reliably the texts vision for our core identity, character, and calling, as well as for its vision for our lives together as communities of disciples. III. Student Learning Outcomes 1. Core Identity rooted in Christ, the source from which life and ministry flow. Students will examine Pauls statements concerning the Christians new identity as part of the new creation, concerning Christ taking shape within or living in the disciple, as integral to his concept of justification. 2. Character that reflects maturity in Christ. Students will examine, and reflect on appropriating, Pauls vision for the character and practices of the Spirit-led disciple (Gal 5:13-6:10). 3. Calling that is foundational for servant leadership in the church, community and world. Students will reflect upon Pauls understanding of his calling and authority, the virtues and practices he prioritizes as an integral part of the noble fulfillment of his calling, and the shortcomings he identifies in the motivation and practice of his rivals as the basis for examination of their own calling, authority, and commitment to virtuous practices in Christian leadership. Competence in the disciplines and skills relevant to Christian ministry: 4. Understand the content and major themes of Scripture. The student who diligently engages this class will be able to (a) locate Galatians in the story of the emerging Christian church and its challenges; (b) articulate the argument of Galatians and describe its intended effects on the first-century hearers; (c) explain the case presented by the rival teachers, the reasons why they held to their position, and the reasons why it might have been persuasive to the Galatian Christians; (d) outline the theological and ethical contributions of Galatians to a biblical theology and practice. 5. Demonstrate proficiency in biblical exegesis and theological reflection Students will grow in facility in the practices of exegesis (particularly attending to the contributions of the study of intertexture, rhetoric, sociology, and ideology) and in addressing significant theological questions (the meaning of justification, the role of the Holy Spirit, the historic opposition of faith and works). 6. Integrate biblical, historical, and theological reflection with the practice of ministry. Students will (a) grow in their facility in reading the Christian Scriptures in Greek through weekly practice working through a complete book of the New Testament (NT
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708 only); (b) learn how to analyze and critique modern translations of the Bible; (c) practice the integration of scholarly resources as conversation partners for their own engagement with Scripture; (d) learn how to distill such study into well-supported and responsibly-crafted insights appropriate to be shared with other disciples in ministry settings; (e) practice a significant range of exegetical explorations of a text as a means of entering into its world, discerning its message and strategy, and extrapolating and recontextualizing a word for Christians in a new, modern context. 8. Analyze cultural contexts and make appropriate application to ministry. Students will engage and apply cross-cultural analysis as they (a) enter into the sociolinguistic world of a text in a foreign language from a distant land and a remote time; (b) seek to understand the church-splitting significance of ethnic markers of identity that have become largely irrelevant to the Christian church and the Western world; (c) listen to alternative perspectives on the text, through the readings and through one another; (d) challenge one anothers, and their own, ideas about Galatians fashioned through reading the text through 21st- century, largely Protestant Christian lenses, in dialogue with these alternative perspectives and with the evidence of the Greek text. IV. Teaching Strategies for Student Learning The course employs a variety of student-centered learning methods: (a) exegetical notebooks; (b) online discussion of key issues arising from the text and from secondary readings; (c) online and written assignments inviting students to evaluate and articulate their discoveries. These will be supplemented with (d) online lectures throughout the quarter as appropriate.

V. Course Requirements A. Textbooks and Other Readings

Textbooks 1. Martinus C. deBoer, Galatians. New Testament Library. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2011. ISBN-10: 0664221238; ISBN-13: 978-0664221232. 2. John M. G. Barclay, Obeying the Truth (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1991; reprint edition: Vancouver, B.C.: Regent College Publishing, 2005). ISBN 1-573-83355-X. 3. David A. deSilva, Global Readings: A Sri Lankan Commentary on Pauls Letter to the Galatians. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2011. ISBN-10: 1610977076; ISBN-13: 9781610977074.

Articles and Chapters (these will be made available to students in .pdf format under the provisions for fair use under the United States copyright laws): 1. John Chrysostom, Commentary on Galatians. The complete text can be found online here: http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2310.htm. A .pdf will also be posted in the online course folder. 2. Joop Smit, The Letter of Paul to the Galatians: A Deliberative Speech, New Testament Studies 35 (1989) 1-26. 3. Morna D. Hooker, PISTIS XRISTOU [Pistis Christou], New Testament Studies 35 (1989) 321-42. 4. John Byron, Slavery and Freedom in Galatians, in Slavery Metaphors in Early Judaism and Pauline Christianity (WUNT 2.162; Tuebingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2003), 181202. 5. Brad R. Braxton, Galatians, in True to Our Native Land: An African American New Testament Commentary (gen. ed. Brian K. Blount; Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2007), 333-347. All students are to have access to three modern translations of the New Testament: the ESV or NRSV (representing a formal-equivalent translation), the NIV (a mediating type), and the CEB or NLT (a functional-equivalent type). These and many other Bible translations are available for free online at www.biblegateway.com. NT 708 students are also expected to have one of the two standard editions of the Greek New Testament (Nestle-Aland 26th or 27th edition; United Bible Societies 4th edition) and access to a reliable Greek lexicon (whether a print edition or an electronic edition associated with a Bible Software program). B. Attendance Faithful viewing of lectures, reading of material and posts, and informed participation are expected of all, so that each of us may give his or her best to helping one another discover the multifaceted meaning of this text. According to the student handbook, attendance at all class sessions is expected unless the professor has been notified in advance. Any student missing the online equivalent of six class hours will be required to do additional work, receive a lower grade or withdraw from the class; this is at the discretion of the professor. C. Assignments/Assessment of Student Learning

Note: Students must place their student mailbox number on the cover page on all papers and assignments. Students without a mailbox - provide the professor with a self-addressed stamped envelope.

1. Translations and Exegetical Notebook Each week, students will prepare a section of an exegetical notebook, to include the following elements: a. (NT 708 only) your own translation and grammatical analysis of the assigned portion of the Greek text of Galatians b. an analysis of the ESV/NRSV, NIV, and CEB/NLT translations. NT 608 students will, of course, be working on the basis of their own observations of the English and the information they find in the course readings on the meaning of the Greek; NT 708 students will add to this basis their own firsthand engagement with the Greek text. The analysis should (i.) seek to explain variances between translations where these are based on different understandings of the grammar, resolutions of ambiguities, or lexical choices; (ii.) raise questions about the decisions made by the translators where appropriate. c. a list of exegetical issues that are important for the understanding of the passage. This may include (i.) issues of ambiguity in the Greek (whether in terms of how to understand a particular word or construe a particular grammatical/syntactical construction); (ii.) questions about context, meaning, reference, or logical flow; (iii.) issues identified in the history of interpretation needing resolution. Again, the course readings will be particularly important here. d. data and/or arguments relevant to the resolution of the same. e. reflections on how the passage (and its proper interpretation) contributes to our reflection on our core identity in Christ, the character of the well-formed disciple and community of disciples, and our calling both as disciples and as persons called into specialized ministries. These components will amount to the compilation of an exegetical notebook (this may be kept electronically, rather than in a print journal), which will be an important touchstone for discussion in class and, it is hoped, for your ongoing engagement with, and use of, Galatians in your ministry context. It will be submitted to the instructor at the end of class. If you keep this in a handwritten format, submit a copy, and NOT the original. It will also be the basis for much of our online engagement together. 2. Key Observations Each week, students will prepare a brief report (a few paragraphs) on the most salient observation they have made in the course of their study of the weeks passage, setting forth the observation, marshaling the data and argumentation pertinent to establishing the observation, explaining the significance of the observation for understanding the meaning

of Galatians (or a particular passage), and reflecting on the impact of this observation for our understanding of Christian identity, vocation, ethics, spiritual formation, and/or community formation. This assignment will help us contribute our best to each others reflection on issues pertinent to core identity in Christ, character, calling, and other facets of Christian formation. You might think of this exercise as resulting in a pool of (shared) resources for future devotionals, sermons, and the like. 3. Exegetical Paper In order to allow students to delve more deeply into a portion of the epistle, each student will write an exegesis paper of ten-to-twelve pages on a discrete unit of the text (between five and eight verses, as a general rule). The ATS Model of Exegesis should be taken as the document providing the guidelines for research and reflection on the passage; additional material on method will be presented in the course of the lectures and our analysis of each passage, and additional guidelines distributed in class. Students enrolled in NT 708 will include their own translation of the passage, with notes explaining grammatical, lexical, and syntactical decisions where relevant (some of which will, obviously, need to be developed at greater length in the body of the paper). All students will interact critically (both appreciatively and correctively) with existing translations throughout their analysis. Students must interact meaningfully with at least three critical commentaries (that is, commentaries of the caliber and genre of de Boers commentary) and three additional academic resources (e.g., journal articles or academic books on particular issues relevant to the passage under investigation). D. Calculation of Grade Learning Outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6, 8 Percentage 33% 33% 34%

Assignment Preparation/Participation Observation Highlights Exegetical Paper

VI. Tentative Course Schedule NOTE: Readings are listed under the week/class for which (not after which) they are to be read. Week One: The Situation in Galatia; Galatians 1:1-12 a. The Setting of Galatians Galatians (read slowly and thoughtfully in the ESV/NRSV) de Boer, Galatians, 1-18
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deSilva, Global Readings, 1-56 Barclay, Obeying the Truth, 1-8, 36-74 b. Galatians 1:1-10 Translate (NT 708) and work through (NT 608/708) Galatians 1:1-10 (see guidelines for exegetical notebook) de Boer, Galatians, 19-71 deSilva, Global Readings, 57-68 Braxton, Galatians, introductory sections and on Galatians 1 Week Two: Galatians 1:11-24; Galatians as Classical Rhetoric Translate and work through Galatians 1:11-24 de Boer, Galatians, 72-104 deSilva, Global Readings, 68-93 Barclay, Obeying the Truth, 36-74 Joop Smit, The Letter of Paul to the Galatians: A Deliberative Speech, New Testament Studies 35 (1989) 1-26. Week Three: Strategic Autobiography: Galatians 2:1-14 Translate and work through Galatians 2:1-14 de Boer, Galatians, 104-138 deSilva, Global Readings, 94-112 Braxton, Galatians, on Galatians 2:1-14 Material on circumcision in OT, Apocrypha, and other Jewish Literature Week Four: Pauls Thesis Statement and Opening Sortie: Galatians 2:15-3:6 Translate and work through Galatians 2:15-3:6 de Boer, Galatians, 139-184 deSilva, Global Readings, 112-157 Morna D. Hooker, PISTIS XRISTOU, NTS 35 (1989) 321-42. Braxton, Galatians, on Galatians 2:15-3:6 Week Five: Exegesis 101 with Paul: Galatians 3:7-22 Translate and work through Galatians 3:7-22 de Boer, Galatians, 184-236 deSilva, Global Readings, 157-178 Barclay, Obeying the Truth, 75-105 Braxton, Galatians, on Galatians 3:7-22 Week Six: Pauls Sense of Time: Galatians 3:23-4:11 Translate and work through Galatians 3:23-4:11 de Boer, Galatians, 237-277

deSilva, Global Readings, 178-208 Braxton, Galatians, on Galatians 3:23-4:11 John Byron, Slavery and Freedom in Galatians, in Slavery Metaphors in Early Judaism and Pauline Christianity (Tuebingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2003), 181-202. Week Seven: Pathos and Allegory: Galatians 4:12-31 Translate and work through Galatians 4:12-31 de Boer, Galatians, 277-310 deSilva, Global Readings, 208-242 Braxton, Galatians, on Galatians 4:12-31 Barclay, Obeying the Truth, 178-215 Week Eight: Pauls Main Appeal: Galatians 5:1-12 Translate and work through Galatians 5:1-12 de Boer, Galatians, 310-328 deSilva, Global Readings, 243-255 Barclay, Obeying the Truth, 9-35 Braxton, Galatians, on Galatians 5:1-12 (you might want to get a head start on next weeks reading or make some significant progress in your exegetical paper, since this weeks focus is lighter) Week Nine: Life in the Spirit: Galatians 5:13-6:10 Translate and work through Galatians 5:16-6:10 de Boer, Galatians, 329-392 deSilva, Global Readings, 255-294 Barclay, Obeying the Truth, 106-177 Braxton, Galatians, on Galatians 5:13-6:10 Week Ten: Closing Statements: Galatians 6:11-18 Translate and work through Galatians 6:11-18 de Boer, Galatians, 393-412 deSilva, Global Readings, 294-314 Barclay, Obeying the Truth, 216-251 Braxton, Galatians, on Galatians 6:11-18 EXEGETICAL NOTEBOOKS AND EXEGESIS PAPERS ARE DUE DECEMBER 15, 2012, BY 5PM. THESE ARE TO BE SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY ON THE COURSE SITE AND AS E-MAIL ATTACHMENTS TO THE INSTRUCTOR, DDESILVA@ASHLAND.EDU. I CAN RECEIVE .DOC, .DOCX, .PDF, AND .RTF FILES. IF YOU USE A GREEK FONT, BE SURE TO EMBED THIS OR TO USE SPIONIC, A PUBLIC DOMAIN FONT AVAILABLE (ALONG WITH MANY OTHER USEFUL FONTS FOR BIBLICAL STUDIES) ON THIS PAGE: HTTP://WWW.SBL-SITE.ORG/EDUCATIONAL/BIBLICALFONTS_SPLEGACYFONTS.ASPX NO LATE PAPERS WILL BE ACCEPTED APART FROM SUCCESSFUL PETITION TO INSTRUCTOR EXCEPT
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IN CASES OF SERIOUS, UNFORESEEN CIRCUMSTANCES. MOST OF YOUR WORK SHOULD BE COMPLETED IN ADVANCE OF THE LAST WEEK OF THE QUARTER.

VII. Recommendations for Lifelong Learning Students are encouraged to continue to grow in their engagement with the Greek Scriptures in general and with Galatians in particular. The practices you followed in the preparation of the exegetical notebook are commended to you as a model for such future engagement, and can readily be incorporated into (a) the study of another New Testament book in a future course within the Biblical Studies department; (b) the execution of the exegetical component of an assignment involving engagement with Scripture in a course beyond the Biblical Studies department; (c) the preparation of a New Testament passage upon which you will preach or teach in a ministry setting; (d) your own personal study of the New Testament. It is important that all such study strike a balance between your own engagement with the text itself and your ongoing conversation with those who have made the study of these texts their lifes calling (i.e., with critical commentaries and the like). Alongside such Scripture-centered work, it would be of great benefit to you to continue to grow in your grasp of the nuances of Greek grammar and syntax beyond what we are able to offer in the space of the curriculum. A reference grammar can be a significant conversation partner as you wrestle with words or phrases that present difficulties on the basis of what you learned in the first year of Greek during your seminary training. In order to facilitate your ongoing exploration of Galatians in particular, a fuller bibliography on Galatians is appended to the syllabus below. VIII. Seminary Guidelines A. ATS Academic Integrity Policy Ashland Theological Seminary seeks to model servant leadership derived from biblical standards of honesty and integrity. We desire to encourage, develop, and sustain men and women of character who will exemplify these biblical qualities in their ministry to the church and the world. As members of the seminary community, students are expected to hold themselves to the highest standards of academic, personal, and social integrity. All students, therefore, are expected to abide by the academic integrity standards outlined in the Student Handbook. B. Academic Support Services If you need assistance with writing projects for your coursework, contact the ATS Academic Support Center. The center provides free sessions with a peer consultant who can help you with all of your concerns about academic support including writing, critical thinking, documentation, reading skills, study skills, test taking skills, time management. Contact the center if you have a question about how to complete your assignment, if you have documentation questions, or if you would like to have your paper evaluated for areas needing improvement. The ATS Academic Support Center can be reached at 419289-5162 or by e-mail at atswc@ashland.edu.

C. Students with Disabilities For students who have specific physical, psychiatric or learning disabilities and require accommodations, please let the professor know at least a week prior to the first day of class so that your learning needs can be appropriately met. In order to receive accommodations, documentation concerning your disability must be on file with Classroom Support Services, 105 Amstutz Hall, Ashland University, 419-289-5953. Please contact them with any questions you may have. D. ATS Grading Scale
Grade A Percent 97-100 Description Superior achievement of course objectives, diligence and originality, high degree of freedom from error, outstanding evidence of ability to utilize course knowledge, initiative expressed in preparing and completing assignments, positive contributions verbalized in class.

AB+ B

92-96 89-91 86-88

Good work submitted, commendable achievement of course objectives, some aspects of the course met with excellence, substantial evidence of ability to utilize course material, positive contributions verbalized in class, consistency and thoroughness of work completed.

BC+ C

83-85 80-82 77-79

Acceptable work completed, satisfactory achievement of course objectives, demonstrating at least some ability to utilize course knowledge, satisfactory class contribution.

CD+ D DF

74-76 71-73 68-70 65-67 Below 65

Passing but minimal work, marginal achievement of course objectives, poor performance in comprehension of work submitted, inadequate class contributions. Unacceptable work resulting in failure to receive class credit, inadequacy of work submitted or of performance and attendance in class.

IX. Selected Bibliography or References Books and Commentaries: John M. G. Barclay, Obeying the Truth. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1991. C. K. Barrett, Essays on Paul. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1982. C. K. Barrett, Freedom and Obligation. London: SPCK, 1985. H. D. Betz, Galatians. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979. F. F. Bruce, Galatians. NICNT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982. Martinus C. deBoer, Galatians. New Testament Library. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2011. David A. deSilva, Global Readings: A Sri Lankan Commentary on Pauls Letter to the Galatians. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2011.

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J. D. G. Dunn, The Epistle to the Galatians. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1993. J. D. G. Dunn, The Theology of Paul's Letter to the Galatians. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1993. Ronald Fung, Galatians. NICNT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988. George Howard, Paul: Crisis in Galatia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. George Kennedy, New Testament Interpretation Through Rhetorical Criticism. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1984. R. N. Longenecker, Galatians. WBC. Dallas: Word, 1990. Dieter Luhrmann, Galatians. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1992. F. J. Matera, Galatians. Sacra Pagina. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1992. Ben Witherington, III, Grace in Galatia: A Commentary on Pauls Letter to the Galatians. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998. Articles: MISCELLANEOUS D. C. Allison, "The Pauline Epistles and the Synoptic Gospels: the Pattern of the Parallels," NTS 28 (1982) 1-32. L. Baeck, "The Faith of Paul," JJS 3 (1952) 93-110. M. Barth, "The Kerygma of Galatians," Int 21 (1967) 131-146. M. Barth, "Jew and Gentile: The Social Character of Justification in Paul," JES 5 (1968) 241-67. H. Boers, "We Who Are By Inheritance Jews, Not From the Gentiles, Sinners," JBL 111 (1992) 273-81. E. R. Goodenough and A. T. Kraabel, "Paul and the Hellenization of Christianity," pp. 23-68 in Religions in Antiquity (essays in memory of E. R. Goodenough), ed. J. Neusner (Leiden: Brill, 1968). W. A. Meeks, The Social Context of Pauline Theology, Interpretation 36 (1982) 266-77. J. H. Neyrey, Bewitched in Galatia: Paul and Cultural Anthropology, CBQ 50 (1988) 73-100. S. K. Williams, Justification and the Spirit in Galatians, JSNT 29 (1987) 91-100.

THE RIVAL TEACHERS AND THE SITUATION IN GALATIA J. M. G. Barclay, "Mirror-Reading a Polemical Letter: Galatians as a Test Case," JSNT 31 (1987) 73-93. T. D. Gordon, "The Problem at Galatia," Int 41 (1987) 32-43. B. Lategan, The Argumentative Situation of Galatians, Neotestamentica 26 (1992) 257-277. T. D. Lea, Unscrambling the Judaizers: Who were Pauls Opponents? SWJT 37 (1994) 23-29. J. L. Martyn, "A Law-Observant Mission to the Gentiles: The Background of Galatians," SJT 38 (1985) 307-24.

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J. B. Tyson, "Paul's Opponents in Galatia," NT 10 (1968) 241-54. W. B. Russell, Who Were Pauls Opponents in Galatia? BibSac 147 (1990) 329-50. GALATIANS AND CLASSICAL RHETORIC H. D. Betz, "The Literary Composition and Function of Paul's Letter to the Galatians," NTS 21 (1974-75) 353-79. L. L. Cranford, A Rhetorical Reading of Galatians, SWJT 37 (1994) 4-10. Janet Fairweather, The Epistle to the Galatians and Classical Rhetoric: Parts 1 and 2, Tyndale Bulletin 45 (1994) 1-38. Janet Fairweather, The Epistle to the Galatians and Classical Rhetoric: Part 3, Tyndale Bulletin 45 (1994) 213-43. R. G. Hall, Arguing Like An Apocalypse: Galatians and an Ancient Topos outside the Greco-Roman Rhetorical Tradition, NTS 42 (1996) 434-53. Joop Smit, The Letter of Paul to the Galatians: A Deliberative Speech, NTS 35 (1989) 1-26. W. B. Russell, Rhetorical Analysis of the Book of Galatians, Part 1, BibSac 150 (1993) 341-58. W. B. Russell, Rhetorical Analysis of the Book of Galatians, Part 2, BibSac 150 (1993) 416-39.

GALATIANS 1 David Cook, The Prescript as Programme in Galatians, JTS 42 (1992) 511-19. B. Gaventa, "Galatians 1 and 2: Autobiography as Paradigm," NT 28 (1986) 309-26. T. L. Donaldson, "Zealot and Convert: The Origin of Paul's Christ-Torah Antithesis," CBQ 51 (1989) 655-82. B. Lategan, Is Paul Defending his Apostleship in Galatians? The Function of Galatians 1:11-12 and 2:19-20 in the Development of Pauls Argument, NTS 34 (1988) 411-30. J. Dupont, "The Conversion of Paul and Its Influence on His Understanding of Salvation by Faith," pp. 176-94 in Apostolic History and the Gospel (FS F. F. Bruce; ed. W. Gasque and R. Martin; Exeter: Paternoster, 1970). G. Bornkamm, The Revelation of Christ to Paul on the Damascus Road and Paul's Doctrine of Justification and Reconciliation," pp. 90-103 in Reconciliation and Hope (FS L. Morris; ed. R. Banks; Exeter: Paternoster, 1974). P. Borgen, "Paul Preaches Circumcision and Pleases Men," pp. 37-46 in Paul and Paulinism (Essays in honor of C. K. Barrett), ed. M. D. Hooker and S. G. Wilson (London: SPCK, 1982). J. D. G. Dunn, "`A Light to the Gentiles', or `The End of the Law'? The Significance of the Damascus Road Christophany for Paul," pp. 89-107 in Dunn, Jesus, Paul, and the Law (Louisville: W/JKP, 1990). J. D. G. Dunn, "The New Perspective on Paul," pp. 183-214 in Dunn, Jesus, Paul, and the Law (Louisville: W/JKP, 1990). J. S. Vos, Pauls Argumentation in Galatians 1-2, HTR 87 (1994) 1-16.
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A. J. Hultgren, Pauls Pre-Christian Persecutions of the Church: Their Purpose, Locale, and Nature, JBL 95 (1976) 97-111.

GALATIANS 2 C. K. Barrett, "Paul and the `Pillar' Apostles," pp. 1-19 in Studia Paulina (FS Johannis de Zwaan), ed. J. N. Sevenster and W. C. van Unnik (Haarlem: Bohn, 1953). H. A. Brehm, Pauls Relationship with the Jerusalem Apostles in Galatians 1 and 2, SWJT 37 (1994) 11-16 J. D. G. Dunn, "The Incident at Antioch (Gal 2:11-18)," JSNT 18 (1983) 3-57. J. Lambrecht, "The Line of Thought in Gal. 2.14b-21," NTS 24 (1977-78) 484-95. J. D. G. Dunn, "The Relationship Between Paul and Jerusalem according to Galatians 1 and 2," NTS 28 (1982) 461-78. M. D. Hooker, " ," NTS 35 (1989) 321-42. R. A. Harrisville, : Witness of the Fathers, NovT 36 (1994) 233-41. D. W. B. Robinson, "The Circumcision of Titus, and Paul's `Liberty'," ABR 12 (1964) 24-42. J. D. G. Dunn, 4QMMT and Galatians, NTS 43 (1997) 147-53. H. Risnen, "Galatians 2.16 and Paul's Break With Judaism," NTS 31 (1985) 543-53. J. B. Tyson, "`Works of the Law' in Galatians," JBL 92 (1973) 423-31. P. Richardson, "Pauline Inconsistency: 1 Cor 9:19-23 and Gal 2:11-14," NTS 26 (1980) 347-61. R. M. Grant, "Jewish Christianity in Antioch in the Second Century," RSR 60 (1972) 97-108. J. D. G. Dunn, "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians," JBL 113 (1993) 459-77. L. W. Hurtado, "The Jerusalem Collection and the Book of Galatians," JSNT 5 (1979) 46-62. R. H. Gundry, "Grace, Works, and Staying Saved in Paul," Biblica 66 (1985) 1-38. N. A. Dahl, "The Doctrine of Justification: Its Social Function and Implications," pp. 95-120 in idem, Studies in Paul. Theology for the Early Christian Mission (Minneapolis, 1977). J. D. G. Dunn, "The Justice of God," JTS NS 43 (1992) 1-22. P. Fredericksen, "Judaism, the Circumcision of the Gentiles, and Apocalyptic Hope: Another Look at Galatians 1 and 2," JTS NS 42 (1991) 532-564.

GALATIANS 3 J. F. Johnson, Pauls Argument from Experience: A Closer Look at Galatians 3:1-5, Concordia Journal 19 (1993) 234-37. B. Corley, Reasoning By Faith: Whys and Wherefores of the Law in Galatians, SWJT 37 (1991/1) 17-22.

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C. H. Cosgrove, The Mosaic Law Teaches Faith: A Study in Galatians 3, WTJ 41 (1978) 146-64. C. H. Cosgrove, Arguing Like a Mere Human Being: Galatians 3:15-18 in Rhetorical Perspective, NTS 34 (1988) 536-49. M. A. Kruger, Law and Promise in Galatians, Neotestamentica 26 (1992) 311-27. T. L. Donaldson, "The `Curse of the Law' and the Inclusion of the Gentiles: Galatians 3.13-14," NTS 32 (1986) 94-112. M. Cranford, The Possibility of Perfect Obedience: Paul and an Implied Promise in Galatians 3:10 and 5:3, NovT 36 (1994) 242-58. H. R. Lemmer, Mnemonic Reference to the Spirit as a Persuasive Tool (Gal. 3:1-6 within the argument 3:1-4:11), Neotestamentica 26 (1992) 359-88. D. P. Fuller, "Paul and `the Works of the Law'," WTJ 38 (1975-76) 28-42. J. D. G. Dunn, "Works of the Law and the Curse of the Law (Gal 3.10-14)," NTS 31 (1985) 523-42. D. J. Moo, Law, Works of the Law, and Legalism in Paul, WTJ 45 (1983) 73-100. S. B. Hoenig, "Circumcision: The Covenant of Abraham," JQR n.s. 53 (1962-63) 322-34. F. F. Bruce, "The Curse of the Law," pp. 27-36 in Paul and Paulinism (Essays in honor of C. K. Barrett), ed. M. D. Hooker and S. G. Wilson (London: SPCK, 1982). H. D. Betz, "Spirit, Freedom, and Law: Paul's Message to the Galatian Churches," SEA 39 (1974) 145-60. S. K. Williams, "The Hearing of Faith: in Galatians 3," NTS 35 (1989) 82-93. S. K. Williams, Promise in Galatians: A Reading of Pauls Reading of Scripture, JBL 107 (1988) 709-20. R. N. Longenecker, "The `Faith of Abraham' Theme in Paul, James, and Hebrews: A Study in the Circumstantial Nature of New Testament Teaching," JETS 20 (1977) 203-12. M. Wilcox, "The Promise of the `Seed' in the New Testament and Targumim," JSNT 5 (1979) 2-20. L. L. Belleville, "`Under Law': Structural Analysis and the Pauline Concept of Law in Galatians 3.21-4.11," JSNT 26 (1986) 53-78. T. Callan, "Pauline Midrash: The Exegetical Background of Gal 3:19b," JBL 99 (1980) 549-67. D. B. Wallace, Galatians 3.19-20: A Crux Interpretum for Pauls View of the Law, WTJ 52 (1990) 225-45. N. H. Young, "Paidagogos: The Social Setting of a Pauline Metaphor," NT 29 (1987) 150-76. R. N. Longenecker, "The Pedagogical Nature of the Law in Galatians 3:19-4:7," JETS 25 (1982) 53-61. D. J. Lull, "`The Law was our Pedagogue': A Study in Galatians 3:19-25," JBL 105 (1986) 481-98. E. Schssler-Fiorenza, "Neither Male Nor Female: Gal 3:28 -- Alternative Vision and Pauline Modification," pp. 205-241 in idem, In Memory of Her (New York: Crossroad, 1984).
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B. Witherington III., Rite and Rights for Women Galatians 3:28, NTS 27 (1980) 593-604.

GALATIANS 4 F. Lyall, "Roman Law in the Writings of Paul -- Adoption," JBL 88 (1969) 458-66. B. Reicke, "The Law and This World According to Paul. Some Thoughts Concerning Gal 4.1-11," JBL 70 (1951) 259-76. C. K. Barrett, "The Allegory of Abraham, Sarah, and Hagar in the Argument of Galatians," pp. 1-16 in Rechtfertigung (FS E. Ksemann; ed. J. Friedrich, et al.; Tbingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1976). E. Schweizer, "Slaves of the Elements and Worshipers of Angels: Gal 4:3, 9 and Col 2: 8, 18, 20," JBL 107 (1988) 455-68. A. C. Perriman, The Rhetorical Strategy of Galatians 4:21-5:1, EvQ 65 (1993) 27-42. J. A. Loubser, The Contrast Slavery/Freedom as Persuasive Device in Galatians, Neotestamentica 28 (1994) 163-76.

GALATIANS 5 F. J. Matera, The Culmination of Pauls Argument to the Galatians, JSNT 32 (1988) 79-91. W. D. Dennison, "Indicative and Imperative: The Basic Structure of Pauline Ethics," Calvin Th J 14 (1979) 55-78. W. D. Davies, "Paul and the Dead Sea Scrolls: Flesh and Spirit," pp. 157-82 in The Scrolls and the New Testament (ed. K. Stendahl; New York Harper, 1957). S. Westerholm, "Letter and Spirit: The Foundation of Pauline Ethics," NTS 30 (1984) 229-48. C. F. D. Moule, "Obligation in the Ethic of Paul," pp. 389-406 in Christian History and Interpretation (FS J. Knox; ed. W. R. Farmer, et al.; Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1967). S. Westerholm, "On Fulfilling the Whole Law (Gal 5.14)," SEA 51-52 (1986-87) 229-37. J. L. Martyn, "Apocalyptic Antinomies in Paul's Letter to the Galatians," NTS 31 (1985) 410-24. W. A. Meeks, "Understanding Early Christian Ethics," JBL 105 (1986) 3-11. K. G. Kuhn, "New Light on Temptation, Sin, and the Flesh in the New Testament," pp. 94-113 in The Scrolls and the New Testament (ed. K. Stendahl; New York: Harper, 1957). I.-G. Hong, The Law and Christian Ethics in Galatians 5-6, Neotestamentica 26 (1992) 113-30.

GALATIANS 6 E. M. Young, "`Fulfill the Law of Christ'. An Examination of Galatians 6:2," Studia

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Biblica et Theologica 7 (1977) 31-42. R. B. Hays, "Christology and Ethics in Galatians: The Law of Christ," CBQ 49 (1987) 268-90. J. A. D. Weima, Gal. 6:11-18: A Hermeneutical Key to the Galatian Letter, CalvinTJ 28 (1993) 90-107. W. D. Davies, "Paul and the People of Israel," NTS 24 (1977-78) 4-39. More extensive bibliographies can be found in de Boer, Galatians, xix-xxxiv; deSilva, Global Readings, 315-328; Martyn, Galatians, 43-80; Witherington, Grace in Galatia, 49-68; and Longenecker, Galatians, xxix-xl. Longenecker very helpfully includes not only a general bibliography near the beginning of the commentary, but also specific bibliographies for each passage at the head of each section throughout the commentary. These should prove extremely helpful for researching your exegetical papers. Longeneckers bibliography, of course, will only include works written before 1990, so be sure to skim the more up-to-date bibliographies in de Boer and deSilva as well.

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