Health Safety and Environment

Copyright: HAMSAGARS 1
Part-1: Worldwide Development in HSE

Performance, Management &
Regulations- IEA’ s Guidelines
BY
DR. RAM S. HAMSAGAR
Visit us at: www.hamsagars.net
E-mail us at: hamsagar@vsnl.com or hamsagars@bol.net.in
Sub –topics:
1. HSE challenges,
2. Environmental & Health Safety Impacts,
3. HSE-Models & Integration with Business,
4. Safety Performance Standards,
5. Health Safety Guidelines,
6. Integrated Environment, Safety & Health,
Management System-Integrated ISO-14001, 2004 and OHSAS-18001, 2007,
7. Environment, Safety & Health (ES&H) Policy and Principles: Covered
under ISO-14001, OHSAS-18001 and Factories Act and Rules,
8. Global Energy Management,
9. Project work: Industrial Hygiene Index.
1. HSE-Challenges
i. Health, safety and Environment is a subject of Global concern,

ii. Nature Vs. Human activities: nature has no ultimate waste, Nature is full of
cycles,
iii. Nature is a system of infinite life technologies where there is total
interdependence, harmony and balance,
iv. The first Law of nature is no ultimate waste,
v. All human activities end up with wastes,
vi. The main HSE-Challenge is how we can respect the laws of Nature and blend
and harmonize with nature.
vii. Each specific HSE-Challenge has to address this basic need to blend and
harmonize with Nature.
The Fundamental Laws of Nature:
Nature is a system of infinite “Technologies” producing infinite range of complex

products in life systems where there in neither a single waste product nor any dead end
product for which no use exists! Everything proceeds in cycles. There is the primary
Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle that keeps plant and animal life going perpetually. There is
Licensed for use only in Programs conducted by Faculty from HAMSAGARS

2 Copyright: HAMSAGARS
the water cycle, food or nutrient cycle or chain as it is called, carbon cycle, scavengers
that eat up waste and so on. This harmony and cyclic system ensures perpetual self-
sustaining development. These Nature’s fundamental laws are the essential laws that need
to be followed by man in all his developmental activities to ensure a sustainable
development. In other words, we have to blend our development in harmony with the
Nature’s laws. We have systematically violated these laws of nature and continuing to do
so since the beginning of civilization 10,000 years ago.
The wonderful Ecosystem with no waste but interdependence, Harmony

and Balance! Let us blend and harmonise our selves for our own good
and preservation of the Ecosystem.
WATER CO2
SUN EARTH
from Air
Manure produced Herbivores are
from decomposers primary
feeds plants in turn Plants are PRODUCERS of Primary food from solar CONSUMERS
completing the energy, water, earth and CO2 from air plant food
cycle.
Bacteria, fungi Carnivores are

and insects secondary
DECOMPOSERS CONSUMERS of
of dead plant animal food
and animal
remains
Nature’s Harmony and Balance of Ecosystem with no waste no Hazard! Man in the middle meddling with this
Harmony and Balance by creating Hazards & Waste leads to disasters for our Health and the Ecosystem.
6-Specific HSE-Challenges:
i. Global warming challenge-The most important of all HSE challenges. Associated

issues: Sea level rising, Glaciers melting, Polar ice shelf receding, Cyclones,
Hurricanes and so on,
ii. Depletion of under ground water resources- Next HSE-Next Issue of Global
concern,
iii. Ozone Depletion- Next HSE-Issue of Global concern,
iv. Urban Pollution-Next HSE-Issue of Global concern,
v. Waste management issues: Industrial, Municipal and Biomedical.
vi. Industrial Work Environment issues-Occupational diseases
Cause of Global warming:
i. Global warming is mainly the result of extensive use of Fossil Fuels that
generate Carbon dioxide the main contributor for Global warming.

ii. There are other contributors also for Global warming and these include
Methane and moisture in the atmosphere that can trap heat in the Atmosphere!

Contributors to Global warming:
The major natural greenhouse gases and their contributions to Global Warming
are:
i. Water vapour: 36-70%

ii. Carbon dioxide: 9-26%,
iii. Methane: 4-9%,
iv. Ozone: 3-7%
1. Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and three groups of fluorinated gasses
(sulfur hexafluoride, HFCs, and PFCs) are the major greenhouse gases and the
subject of the Kyoto Protocol, which entered into force in 2005.
2. CFCs, although greenhouse gasses, are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which
was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their
contribution to global warming. Note that ozone depletion has only a minor role
in greenhouse warming though the two processes often are confused
How Global warming takes place?
When sunlight reaches the surface of earth some of it is absorbed and warms the earth.
Because the Earth's surface is much cooler than the sun, it radiates energy at much longer
wavelengths than does the sun and cools down again. The atmosphere however, absorbs
these longer wavelengths more effectively than it does the shorter wavelengths from the
sun. The absorption of this long wave radiant energy (Heat waves) warms the
atmosphere; the atmosphere also is warmed by transfer of sensible and latent heat from
the earth’s surface. Greenhouse gases also emit long wave radiation both upward to space
and downward to the surface and laterally. The downward and lateral part of this long
wave (Heat) radiation emitted by the atmosphere traps heat and is the "greenhouse effect
causing warming.
Global warming illustrated:

Up to 35 km: Stratosphere: Ozone
Solar Radiation absorbed by CO2, CH4,

Tropospheric Ozone and Moisture
and Reemitted as heat waves warming the
atmosphere
More warming->more moisture-> more warming
Up to15 km: Troposphere: Atmosphere
CO2 CH4 O3-Tropospheric
H2O
EARTH
Global warming leading to Hurricanes:
SST=Sea Surface Temperature.

SLP=Sea Level Pressure
Source: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory website.

Source: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory website.
Increase in Hurricane Category and intensity:
According to the latest study, an 80 year build-up of atmospheric CO2 at 1%/yr

(compounded) leads to roughly a one-half category increase in potential hurricane
intensity on the Saffir-Simpson scale and an 18% increase in precipitation near the
hurricane core.
Climate change and its consequences:

R is e in A tm . C O 2 fro m F o s s il fu e l: 1 .6 -6 p p m /d e c a d e , G lo b a l w a rm in g : 0 .1 to
0 .6 D e g . C /D e c ad e , H u rric a n e s 1 ,5 c a teg o ry ris e , p re c ip ita tio n 18 % ris e
2 % /yr 1 6 0 0 H a /yr (6 % /yr)
D is a p p ea rin g w e t la n d s : 0 .5% /yr

@ 3 ft/yr (In d ia n )
A n d s e a w a te r ris e
0 .2 to 0 .4 m m /yr (G lo b a l)
Adapted from: WHO-Global Environmental change website.

Main Climate change parameters revisited:
Sr. No. Main Global change parameter Rise level
1. Rise in Atmospheric CO2 from Fossil fuel use per +1.6-6 ppm
Decade
2. Global warming Deg. C /Decade +0.1 to 0.6
3. Stratospheric Ozone depletion/Year -2%
4. Disappearing wet lands/yr -0.5%
5. Ground water table fall in ft/year (Indian) -3
6. Rise in sea level in mm/Year (Global) +0.2 to 0.4

7. Desertification of land Ha/Year -1600 Ha/yr (-
6%/yr)
8. Fall in Ph of sea water due to CO2 dissolution per -0.14 to 0.5
100 Years
9. Rise in Hurricane category and (Rise in 1.5 (18)
precipitation at Hurricane in %)
Impact of Climate Change:
Adapted from: WHO-Climate Change and Human Health website

Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI):
ESI Is a measure of the Environmental Sustainability developed by Yale University, in

collaboration with World Economic Forum, Geneva, and Joint Research Centre,
European Commission, Ispra, Italy in 2005.. It provides a composite profile of
Environmental stewardship based on a compilation of 76 - indicators derived from 76 -
underlying data sets. Finland with ESI - Score of 75.1%, ranks highest among all
countries for ESI - Ranking but no country is on the “Sustainability - Trajectory”
meaning there is no 100% score for any country! There are 5 - Countries scoring more
than 70% in ESI - Score namely Finland, Norway, Uruguay, Sweden and Iceland and 11 -
Countries scoring 60s, 21 - Countries scoring 50s, 36 - Countries scoring above 40 % in
which India lies at a score of 45.2%.
ESI - Rank Country name ESI - Score OECD - Rank Non - OECD Components
Rank

Finally what you and I can do to prevent Global warming:
I have seen Text Books written for School Children in India and Abroad. All these talk of
Global warming, Glacier melting, Ozone layer depleting, Sea level rising and
Underground water level falling and so on. No where there is any mention on what the
individual should do at his/her level to contribute to reduction in Global warming.
Individuals can contribute to reduction in Methane levels in the atmosphere and thereby
contribute to reduction in Global warming. Methane is produced by the individuals in
not segregating kitchen waste in to biodegradable and non-biodegradable at source and
clean all contaminated non-biodegradable. This enables recycling all non-biodegradable
waste and composting of biodegradable. If this is not done by individuals, garbage has to
be dumped and these garbage dumps evolve methane, carbon dioxide contributing to
Global warming. Advanced countries are working on Zero dumping. There are no
dumping grounds available. Supreme court has directives on all Municipal Solid Waste to
be segregated and contaminated items cleaned for recycling. But who is following? Does
the Judges do it in their homes, does Canteen? Who is following? Methane is 21 times
more potent heat trap as compared to carbon dioxide!

Sustainable Development:
A term commonly defined as “Economic and Social development that meets the needs of
the current generation without undermining the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs”. This almost universally quoted definition was produced in 1987 by the
World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), otherwise known as the
Brundtland Commission (after its Chairwoman, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister
of Norway). In simple terms, sustainable development means “Achieving a quality of life
that can be maintained for many generations”
The essential features of a sustainable development are the following:
i. Renewable resource reserves of Nature: To be maintained and enhanced.

These include:
a. Forest wealth,
b. Water resources (Water cycle and pollution control),
c. Air resource (Oxygen-CO2 cycle and pollution control),
d. Soil resources (Conserve Flora and fauna and Pollution control).
ii. There is however, a renewal time in each case: A forest tree cut can be
renewed only after a decade or so. A seasonal crop can be renewed each
season. Water is renewed in cycles according to rainy days, air is renewed
day and night plants converting Carbon dioxide to Oxygen and man and
animals vice versa. But addition of carbondioxide by burning coal, wood,

petroleum etc. and deforestation has destabilised this Oxygen-Carbon
dioxide renewal cycle leading to global warming.
iii. Non-renewable resources reserves: Coal, petroleum, natural gas and

nuclear. These would get exhausted one day. Alternatives need to be found.
Ultimate solution is in sustaining renewable sources of energy and
exploiting perpetual sources of energy.
iv. Perpetual sources of energy: Solar energy, wind, hydro power and
geothermal energy are inexhaustible till the sun exhausts its nuclear fusion
reaction converting hydrogen to helium and earth cools down when all life
on earth ends. So in a sense nothing is perpetual!
Stages in the evolution of the concept of “Sustainable development”:
Since the mid 1970s, sustainable development has emerged as the preferred way of
dealing with the rapid degradation of the natural environment. The first global meeting on
this issue, the U.N. Conference on the Human Environment in 1972, focused mainly on
the environmental issues, such as pollution and waste,
The new concern for what later became labelled “sustainable development” is evident in
the Cocoyoc Declaration of 1974, which addressed the issue of how to respect the “inner
limit” of satisfying fundamental human needs within the “outer limits” of the Earth’s
Carrying capacity (see 1.2.4 for definition)
It was the World Conservation Strategy of 1980 that launched sustainable development
into the international policy arena, stressing the importance of integrating environmental
protection and conservation values into the development process.
The Brundtland Commission then paved the way for the UN Conference on Environment
and Development (UNCED), otherwise known as the Earth Summit, in Rio de Janeiro in
1992. This conference approved a set of five agreements:
a. Agenda 21—for the 21st Century, a global plan of action for sustainable
development, containing over 100 programme areas, ranging from trade
and environment, through agriculture and desertification, to capacity
building and technology transfer.
b. The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development—a statement

of 27 key principles to guide the integration of environment and
development policies (including the polluter pays, prevention, and
precautionary and participation principles).
c. The Statement of Principles on Forests—the first global consensus on

the management, conservation, and sustainable development of the
world’s forests.

d. The Framework Convention on Climate Change—a legally binding

agreement to stabilize greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at levels that
will not upset the global climate.
e. The Convention on Biological Diversity—a legally binding agreement to

conserve the world’s genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity and share
the benefits of its use in a fair and equitable way.
Achieving a Sustainable development: Sustainable development will entail

integration of the following three objectives:
Ecological sustainability of resources in the long term: Economical viability of

ecological sustainable technologies, Ability to meet social aspirations equitably.
Trade offs: A pragmatic way of tackling the question “how best to achieve sustainable
development?” is to start with the premise that development intrinsically involves trade-
offs between potentially opposing goals, such as between economic growth and resource
conservation, or between modern technology and indigenous practices. These conflicts
are often real, but vary according to circumstances. Poverty is frequently cited as a cause
of environmental degradation, but there are many examples of poor societies improving
their environment. The aim of sustainable development is thus to optimize the realization
of a society’s many different social, environmental, and economic objectives at one and
the same time. Preferably, this should be achieved through an adaptive process of
integration, but more usually it will require bargains (trade-offs) struck amongst the
different interest groups concerned. Critical to this process is the recognition that
different perspectives on environment and development are both inevitable and
legitimate. There could be, for example, very different environmental priorities between
aid donors, recipient governments, and the poor of developing countries. All these are
currently debated in several UN and intergovernmental agencies.
The Carrying Capacity and The Limiting Factors:
The limiting capacity of the Ecosystem to remain in balance and harmony with addition
of population, resource consumption and pollution.
The Limiting Factors: The Ecological delicate balance depends on a wide range of
closely related factors like temperature, Oxygen-CO2 balance, ground water levels,
harmony of food chain (see 1.5 below) through Trophic hierarchical proportion e.g.
insect-bird population, cattle vs. grazing land proportion etc. and so on. Any change in
the Ecological balance affects several features of the Ecosystem (see 1.4.4 on Ecological
Balance).

Ecological Disasters:
The civilization seem to re-enact itself over the decades:
i. 1930’s – Rivers turn in to sewage drains in England and USA,

ii. 1950’s – Uranium boom in Colorado led to cancer hazards due to
iii. radiation effects,
iv. 1960’s – Extensive use of pesticides resulted in danger to bird life – “Silent
Spring” – the best selling book,
v. 1970’s – First signs of environmental disaster: acid rains and auto smog in
California and England, Antarctic ozone layer depletion noticed, rivers in
USA extensively polluted by chemicals – the Love-canal disaster leading
to a national emergency by President Carter in 1978,
vi. 1980’s – Extensive forest cutting in India eliminated rain forests in Assam
– Chirapunji no longer the place of highest rainfall,
vii. 1980’s Coal seam fires natural and man-made are going on for centuries
and decades around the world releasing tons of soot and noxious gases. At
present there are 70-coal seam fires in Jharia, Bihar, India mostly man
made due to reckless opencast mining. Technologies now available to
isolate coal seam fires but not used in India!
viii. 1990’s – Awakening to global warming,
ix. 1990’s - All Rivers turn in to sewage drains all over India. History
repeating once again!
Landmarks of Environmental Hazard concerns:
i. 10,000 Years back - The cave man: Nature a hazard to mankind! Dreamt
of building a safe heaven on earth and invented Agriculture,
ii. 1952 - London fog kills over 3000 people. First realization of the
consequences of pollution,
iii. 1972 – UNEP created, London dumping convention banned dumping of
radio active wastes in to sea bed,
iv. 1973 - Convention on international trade on endangered species,
v. 1974 – UNEP-who collaborate to create global environmental monitoring
system (GEMS),
vi. 1979 – Convention on long range trans-boundary air pollution,
vii. 1988 – UNEP Convention on Bio Diversity (CBBD),
viii. 1992 – Earth summit (The Rio conference) on Bio Diversity conservation,
ix. 1987 – Montreal protocol on ozone layer,
x. 1989 – Basel convention “informed consent” on export of hazardous
wastes,
xi. 1997 – Kiyoto Protocol on Green House Gas (GHG) emission control,
xii. 2000 on wards – Several Committees of Parties (CoPs), conferences,
meetings and so on.

Limits to Growth:
Civilizations have grown to a peak and vanished-The Greek civilization, the Roman
Empire, Harappan civilization and so on. The simplest of limits to growth is the traffic
control systems at road crossings. During very low traffic of pedestrians and bullock
carts, simple road crossings without any control did very well. As traffic density and
speed grew the simple crossings failed. This led to roundabouts at road crossings. This
did well for some decades. Then they reached a peak and failed. Then came traffic
signals which are failing now and being replaced by flyovers and butterfly crossings. Are
these the final solutions? Nobody knows. Air traffic at major airports has reached a peak.
Space ventures have created debris that is creating concerns. Dinosaurs ruled the globe at
one time and suddenly vanished for causes not precisely known as yet. The Club of Rome
issued the first “Limits to Growth” concept for industrial growth. The following diagram
Limits to Growth (Source: “Beyond the Limits” by Meadows et al):
The prediction by computer modelling shows the collapse should start in a couple of
decades. The predictions are based on Carbon energy system of economy of non-
renewable resources. If a break through is made to change to a perpetual source of
infinite energy based on Nuclear Fusion Technology and Hydrogen as fuels, then the
scenario can change dramatically which is likely to happen in the next few decades if not
before the collapse of carbon based economy starts collapsing. So there is hope and mans
ingenuity has no limits! But there are limits to other non-renewable resources like
minerals where recycling is a potential answer in a limited way.
2025

The growth of population and projections Vs. agricultural growth over the
millenniums is depicted in the following diagram:
Population growth and projections over the millennium (Source: dieoff.org).
Environment, Ecosystem and Biosphere: We start with simplest definitions of these terms
and then come to formal definitions:
i. Environment: Refers to Surrounding earth, water and air in relation to life

existing therein,
ii. Ecosystem: Refers to life in relation to surrounding earth, water and air,
iii. Biosphere: Refers to that part of the surrounding earth, water and air
where life exists.
Following are more formal definitions:
i. Environment:
Surroundings in which organism, populations and communities operate. It

includes air, water, land, plants, animals humans and their interaction. (Text book
definition),

Thin layer of life and life-supports called the biosphere, including the Earth’s air,
soil, water, and living organisms. (Microsoft Encarta Encyclopaedia 2003),
Surroundings in which an organization operates, including air, water, land, natural

resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interaction. (ISO-14001 Clause-3.2).
The set of circumstances or conditions, esp. physical conditions, in which a

person or community lives, works, develops, etc., or a thing exists or operates; the
external conditions affecting the life of a plant or animal. Also, physical
conditions viewed in relation to the possibility of life. (Oxford Talking
Dictionary)
ii. Ecosystem:
A community of interdependent organisms and the environment they inhibit.

(Text book definition),
A relatively self-contained, dynamic system composed of a natural community
along with its physical environment. (Microsoft Encarta Encyclopaedia 2003),
iii. The concept of Ecosystem:
First developed in the 1920s and 1930s, takes into account the complex
interactions between the organisms—plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi—that
make up the community and the flows of energy and matter through it. (Microsoft
Encarta Encyclopaedia 2003),
iv. Biosphere:
The part of the earth, water and atmosphere that inhibits living organisms. (Text
book definition),
The Earth's relatively thin zone of air, soil, and water that is capable of supporting
life, ranging from about 10 km (6 mi) into the atmosphere to the deepest ocean
floor. (Microsoft Encarta Encyclopaedia 2003),

Nature:
Earth, water,
Atmosphere,
solar system, and
Life system.
Ecosystem:
Life system in
relation to
Biosphere:
Environment: Nature that
Surroundings in surroundings
inhabits Life
relation to life system
system
Nature, Environment, Ecosystem and the Biosphere.
Environmental Aspect and Impact: The following are the formal definitions of Aspect
and Impact under ISO-14001:
i. Environmental Aspect:
The word “Environmental Aspect” never came up in Text Books on “Environmental

Engineering” taught since decades. The word made its appearance in ISO-14001 and is
the only definition available:
Element of an organization’s activities, process, or services that can interact with the
environment. Note: A significant environmental aspect is an environmental aspect that
has or can have a significant environmental impact. (ISO-14001, Clause-3.3).
ii. Environmental Impact:
Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially

resulting from organization’s activities, products or services. (ISO-14001, Clause-3.4).
Environmental Pollution and Acid Rain: Environmental pollution is the greatest hazard of
industrialization. Acid Rain, a form of air pollution, currently a subject of great
controversy because of the widespread environmental damage for which it has been
blamed. It forms when oxides of sulphur and nitrogen combine with atmospheric
moisture to yield sulphuric and nitric acids, which may then be carried long distances
from their source before they are deposited by rain. The pollution may also take the form
of snow or fog or be precipitated in dry forms. In fact, although the term “acid rain” has
been in use for more than a century—it is derived from atmospheric studies that were
made in the region of Manchester, England—the more accurate scientific term would be

“acid deposition”. The dry form of such precipitation is just as damaging to the
environment as the liquid form.
Acid Rain (Source: Microsoft Encarta Encyclopaedia).
Ozone depletion and Montréal Protocol-1987
i. A British Antarctic expedition team observed the size of the ozone hole
over the Antarctic sky during October spring period between 1977-1984
and found 40% depletion of ozone as compared to the 1960 base line as
observed by the previous teams of Antarctic expedition. The results
published in “nature” during 1985 stunned the world.
ii. On the contrary, the arctic ozone hole is different and more stable!
Observations revealed only a 5-10% depletion of arctic winter ozone layer.
This is explained by the fact that the arctic stratosphere warms up faster in
winter as compared to the Antarctic stratosphere. This avoids winter cloud
and ice crystal formation in the arctic stratosphere necessary for ozone
depletion.
iii. However, in 1988-89, the arctic winter was unusual in being coldest in
25 years and resembled the Antarctic winter, and found much larger
depletion of ozone

Phasing out of Chlorinated Fluoro Carbons (CFCs) and use of alternative Hydro
Chloro Fluoro Carbons (HCFCs )
Developed world Ecological issues Developing world Solution
Ecological issues
Newer HCFCs have come in to the High cost and import 12-meetings of
market that have much lower Ozone dependence. The Parties of Montreal
Depleting Potential (ODP) amongst alternative HCFCs Protocol (PMP)-
Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) also belong to ODS 1989-2000 created
with ODP bench mark of CFC-11. and have ODP though Technology
less than CFC. Assessment Panel
(TeAP) on ODS-
destruction
technologies, control
illegal ODS trading.
There is no ultimate
solution on ODS!
Macro Ecological Issue-3: Industrial Wastes and Clean Technologies:
Developments in Clean Technologies:
Developed world Ecological issues Developing world Solution
Ecological issues
Large number of bulk and fine Developing countries Adoption of Clean
chemicals like detergents, and drugs are mostly depending Technologies
and pharmaceuticals are produced on old Unclean
using conventional reaction technologies
processes involving use of strong producing enormous
acids and alkalis like sulphuric acid, industrial pollution of
hydrochloric acid, caustic soda, environment.
solvents and so on. Recent
developments in Clean technologies
are replacing acids, alkalis and
solvents by solid catalysts and water.

OZONE LAYER DISTRIBUTION AROUND THE GLOBE:

ARCTIC OZONE HOLE
THE STRATOSPHERE
THE EARTH
SUN RAYS
THE TROPOSPHERE
ANTARCTIC OZONE HOLE OZONE SHIELD
Stratospheric and Tropospheric Ozone layer concentrations:

Waste Management Issues:
1. Waste dumping is posing enormous problems: Pollution hazards, Dump sites

getting exhausted. Ultimate solution is to abandon any waste dumping! Israel is
the first country to ban MSW Dumping.
2. Secured dump sites are not fully secure: They are not Earth quake resistant,
The liners may get ruptured by uneven sinking of earth and by slow brittling of
liners by loss of plasticizers.
3. Burial grounds are getting exhausted: Cities have grown and encircled all
Burial grounds which were outside cities.
Hazardous waste management includes a wide range of areas:
1. Industrial waste: Covered under Hazardous Waste Management Rules.

2. Municipal solid waste (MSW): Governed by Municipal Waste management
Rules. There are Supreme Court interventions in this area,
3. Plastic waste: a very special case of all solid wastes: Governed by Recycled
Plastics Manufacture and usage Rules, 1999,
4. Hazardous domestic and commercial wastes: These include Electronic waste,
Bulbs and Tube lights, Battery, Oils and Greases, Paints & Solvents covered
under different Rules,
5. Biomedical waste: Covered under Biomedical Waste management Rules,
6. Waste Electrical Electronic Equipments (WEEE) Guidelines: Being issued,
7. Battery Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2003: Covers only lead
acid batteries,
8. Battery waste other than Lead acid batteries: Being included in Municipal
waste.
The key factor of management of all these wastes is “Segregation at Source”
What is a hazardous waste?

A Legal Definition:
Definition of hazardous waste as given in the hwmh-rules-2000:
A. Waste substances which are generated in the process indicated in col-2 of

schedule-1 and consists of wholly or partly of the waste substances referred to in
col-3 of the same schedule.
B. Waste substances which consists wholly or partly of substances indicated in
schedule-2, unless the conc. Of the substances is less than the limit indicated in
the same schedule.
C. Waste substances indicated by character in part-a, list-a, and b of schedule-3
applicable only to rule-12, 13 and 14 unless they do not possess any of the
hazardous characteristics in part-b of the same schedule.

A generic definition:
Hazardous waste may be defined as a product or by-product that has no value and its
disposal is a hazard.
Nature’s own definition:
Anything not produced by nature and/or not compatible in quantity and/or quality
with nature’s first law of “No ultimate waste” and Natur’s handling capacity is a
hazardous waste
Status of hazardous waste generation and management in India:
1. No reliable data on hazardous waste generation and management in india.

2. Rough estimates indicate 7.23 million tones of hazardous waste generated
annually.
3. 4-major hazardous waste generating states: Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,
Maharashtra, and Tamil nadu.
4. CPCB has identified 12,584 units in 354 districts of 21-states generating
hazardous waste.
5. General form of hazardous waste is sludge containing heavy metals, highly
alkaline, acidic wastes, wastes from paint, dyes and organic manufacturing units.
Ecological disasters resulting from indiscriminate disposal of hazardous wastes:
1. Large scale mortality of fish life in aquatic streams and lakes often reported in
india,
2. Phyto toxicity due to heavy metal contamination in soil.
3. Ground water pollution and soil fertility degradation due to indiscriminate
disposal of hazardous wastes.
4. Health effects on human population and animals due to water pollution.
5. Health hazards on lungs & internal organs due to air pollution
Basic Two Technological Principles of All Waste Management:
1st Principle: Catch Wastes at source in Segregated and most concentrated forms.
2nd Principle: Establish individual specific treatment systems for recovery of

reusable products from all waste collected at source.
Some very common examples of waste management:
1. Heavy metal waste in Effluent aqueous waste: All heavy metals if collected at
source in concentrated form (See 1st Principle), then they can be selectively
precipitated and recovered for recycling. The technologies are based on pH

adjustment and precipitating according to qualitative analysis we all studies in

chemistry labs. As simple as that!
2. Solid Hazardous wastes by Embedding and encasing: Many common solid
hazardous wastes like Asbestos, asbestos sheets, silica gel, alumina, ion exchange
resin and so on are best managed by simply blending in concrete in suitable
proportions and using for non-building works like cement grills, bricks for
boundary wall, tree protection, garden benches and so on.
3. Tube lights and CFL lamps contain 2-3 mg of mercury vapour: Use bulb eater to
adsorbed mercury on to active carbon and recovery mercury. This is detailed later.
4. Waste glass wool and mineral wool: Glass wool and mineral wool are made by
fusion and spinning of glass and rock. So you can melt waste glass wool and
mineral wool back to glass and rock and dispose off!
Industrial hazardous waste segregation and treatment at source:
In-house stream segregation: this segregation at source in general applies to all in

industries, households, commercial establishments, hotels and hospitals. Not much is
done in this basic need for segregation and treatment at source. This is basic to handling
and management of hazardous wastes at all levels.
Industrial hazardous waste segregation:
Non Bio
COD Removal
degradable
and
Organics
Detoxification
Heavy
Metal Heavy Metal
precipitation and Final combined
Compound recovery Disposal
treatment
s
High BOD
Waste BOD Removal
High TDS
Waste TDS Removal

Municipal solid waste (MSW) i.e. Domestic and commercial hazardous waste
segregation:
Minimum Ideal Segregation Feasible Segregation

System System in India
Followed in most countries but Three Bin System
Not feasible in India Bin-2
Bin-1
Putrifiables Sent to
including making
kitchen organic Green Bin for Blue Bin for only
waste manure only Non-Biodegradable
Biodegradable Cleaned of all
Plastics To Biogas contaminated
plant Biodegradable
To separate For Recycling
Glass
Recycle Bin-3:
Metals
units Recyclables
For card Large bin to hold all durable waste

Paper All non-recyclable plastic to be
board units
shredded and used in Road laying
CATEGORY OF WASTE SEGREGATION TREATMENT DISPOSAL
Yellow: 1. Human anatomical

waste 2. Animal waste 3. Incineration or
Microbiology & Biotechnology Chemical treatment
waste
Red: 6. Solid waste: Items

contaminated with blood, body Autoclaving,
fluids, soiled plaster casts, linen, Micro-waving,
bedding etc. 7. Solid Waste: chemical treatment
Wastes generated from disposable
items other than sharps like
tubing, catheters, intravenous sets
etc.,
Deep Burial
Blue or White Translucent: 4. 2 m deep 1 m wide water
Waste sharps: Needles, syringes, Autoclaving, proof burial pit
scalpels, blades, glasses etc), 7. Micro-waving,
chemical treatment
Solid waste (Wastes generated and destruction /
from disposable items other shredding
than sharps like tubing,
catheters, intravenous sets etc.),
Land Fill
Black: Category-5: Discarded Covered water proof
medicines and cytotoxic drugs 9. No treatment land fill
Incineration ash 10. Chemical
waste
Treatment to
Liquid waste conform to Sewer
standard
OVERVIEW OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Plasma Gasification:
Plasma Gasification is the most Eco-friendly solution to all hazardous waste except
Radio active waste:
Plasma is ionized state of matter. Matter exists in four states:
Temperature 0 CÆ<300 Æ300-500Æ>500<2000Æ>2000-7000

Solid Æ LiquidÆ Gas Æ Plasma
Plasma is produced in high temperatures of Electric Arc.
Plasma gasification for hazardous waste converts matter as under:
i. All organics: Carbon monoxide and Hydrogen as main

products,
ii. All metal compounds in to their metallic forms.
iii. Rest is converted in to slag.
Carbon monoxide and hydrogen is used to regenerate Electricity, Metals are

recovered in molten form, Slag is disposed off.
The Plasma gasification does not apply for Radio active waste.
Comparing Plasma and Sun:
Plasma level
Photosphere:
5,500 deg C

A typical Plasma Gasification Unit:
HSE-Models and Integration with Business:
HSE-management Models that are Globally acceptable are the Following ISO-Certifiable
Standards about which we shall deal in detail in End Semester course:
i. ISO-14001, 2004 relating to Environment Management system,

ii. OHSAS-18001, 2007 relates to Occupational Health and Safety
Assessment series.
Integration with Business requires developing these Certifiable management Systems and
getting certified by a Certifying Agency.
Now it is possible to have an Integrated Certification for both ISO-14001 and OHSAS-
18001.

Safety Performance Standards:
OHS – standards & codes of practice:
Basically there are five codes of practices and Standards for OHS Audit:
1. IS-14489:1998 on “Code of Practice on Occupational Safety and Health

Audit.”
2. “Safety Audits – A “Guide for the Chemical Industries” from Chemical
Industries’ Association, UK.
3. “BS-8800:1997 & HS(G)65:1996 on OHSMS
4. “Standard for OHSMS:1997” from the Association of Certifying
Agencies.
5. OHSMS-18001 on OHSMS.
How to do an OHS-audit?
1. By carrying out a systematic and Critical appraisal of all potential hazards

involving Personnel, Plant and other assets, Services and the Operational and
Maintenance methods and practices including that of the Contractors.
2. To ensure that the Occupational Health and Safety standards fully satisfy the
moral, legal and economic requirements and meet the company’s stated
objectives, policies and Programs.
Scope of OHS-audit:
1. OHS-Audit is a Generally Qualitative exercise, but made partly quantitative

through application of Software.
.
2. OHS-Audit is all embracing from on-the-job to off-the-job-activities, from
policies, programs and practices, from floor level hazard control to training,
accident investigation, cause analysis and follow up and so on.
Health Safety Statutes Guidelines:
The following Acts along with their Amendments, Rules, Notifications, Codes and
Standards there under have OHS relevance:
i. Factories Act 1948 as Amended in 1987,

ii. The (Indian) Boilers Act, 1923,
iii. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986,
iv. The Personal Injuries (Compensation Insurance ) Act, 1963,
v. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974,
vi. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1974,
vii. The Air (Prevention of pollution act), 1981,

viii. The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986,

ix. Environment Tribunal Act, 1995,
x. Dangerous machines (Regulation) Act, 1983 (Applicable to only to agricultural
machinery),
xi. Explosives Act, 1884 and Rules,
xii. MSIHC-Rules, 2000,
xiii. Several Orders relating to EHS-Related Acts and Rules.
Petroleum Related Acts and Rules:
i. There are in the main 4-Acts, related Rules and several Regulatory Orders issued
by the Central Government,
ii. The main Act is the Petroleum Act, of 1934 and deals with Licensing, Production,
Blending, Imports, Testing, Storage and Inspections,
iii. Petroleum and Minerals Pipelines (Acquisition of Rights of User in Land) Act,
1962 deals with acquisition of land for petroleum pipelines,
iv. The Oil Fields Regulation Act, 1948, intends to Regulate the Oil Fields,
v. The Various Rules and Regulatory Orders provide for control over the entire
Petroleum Production, Transportation, Storage and Handling activities including
the specialized products like Motor Spirit, Diesel, Kerosene, ATF, HSD, LDO
Etc.,
vi. The Petroleum lays down classification of Petroleum Products in to Class-A, B
and C based on Flash Point (FP): A-FP<23 deg. C, B-FP>=23<65 deg. C. C-
FP>65 deg. C.
vii. The main Act lays down standards for storage, transport and import of A, B, C
class petroleum Products,
viii. All Petroleum Gases are covered under special Rules on Petroleum and Natural
Gas Rules-1959,
ix. All other specialized Petroleum Products are Regulated under respective Orders.
OHS Guidelines:
i. ILO has issued Health and Safety Guide lines for various industries. There is also
the “Encyclopedia of Occupational Health” by ILO which comprehensively deals
with Occupational Health issues in almost all industrial activities.
ii. Chemical manufacturers Associations in various countries have issued several

OHS-Guidelines. In India the Chemical Manufacturers’ Association have issued a
large number of OHS-Guidelines.
Global Energy Management-Consumption:
World marketed energy consumption is projected to increase by 50 percent from 2005 to

2030.Total energy demand in the non-OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development) countries increases by 85 percent, compared with an increase of 19
percent in the OECD countries.

Note: OECD Country Energy consumption is almost static while non OECD
consumption is rising. This is Developed Vs. Developing country scenario.
Global Energy Management-Use by Fuel Type:
Note: Consumption of all the three Fossil Fuels is rising while Renewable and
Nuclear is almost static. For sustainable development, it should be the other way

Global Energy Management-Oil Price:
Note: Oil price has two projections made consequent to Global meltdown of 2008.
One is Crude Oil prices may start rising right from 2009 and the other the
Recession may continue till 2015 and the one can expect rise in Oil prices.
Global Energy Management-Liquid HC Production:

Note: OPEC (Organization of Oil Exporting Countries) and Non-OPEC countries’

crude production is expected to rise very slowly and so also the unconventional
energy production. Shows impending energy crisis.
Global Energy Management-Gas Production:
Note: Gas production is expected to grow in Non-OECD areas.
Global Energy Management-Electricity Generation by Fuel:

Note: Coal continues to be major source of Power generation.
Global Energy Management-Liquid HC Consumption:
Note: Major rise in Liquid Fuel consumption is expected in Transport sector,

followed by Industry. Consumption in Buildings and Power generation is likely to
be static.
Summary of Energy sector projections till 2030:
i. OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) Country

Energy consumption is almost static while non OECD consumption is rising.
This is Developed Vs. Developing country scenario.
ii. Consumption of all the three Fossil Fuels is rising while Renewable and
Nuclear is almost static. For sustainable development, it should be the other
way,
iii. Oil price has two projections made consequent to Global meltdown of 2008.
One is Crude Oil prices may start rising right from 2009 and the other the
Recession may continue till 2015 and the one can expect rise in Oil prices.
iv. OPEC (Organization of Oil Exporting Countries) and Non-OPEC countries’

crude production is expected to rise very slowly and so also the
unconventional energy production. Shows impending energy crisis.

v. Gas production is expected to grow in Non-OECD areas.
vi. Coal continues to be major source of Power generation.
vii. Major rise in Liquid Fuel consumption is expected in Transport sector,

followed by Industry. Consumption in Buildings and Power generation is
likely to be static.

Topic: Environment, Health and Safety Related Issues: Industry Experience:
Prepare a Case Studies on the following with specific reference to India. Use
information from websites and Library work:
Group-1: Environmental Programmes and Projects,

Group-2: Sustainable Development Program under Agenda-21
Group-3: Environmental Awareness programs and information systems,
Group-4: Energy conservation programs,
Group-5: Eco Technologies,
Group-6: Eco Engineering,
Group-7: Energy and Environment related Budgeting,
Group-8: Future of Energy,
Group-9: Limits to growth,
Group-10: Energy Audit Techniques
Each Group of 7-8 Students be formed making a maximum of 10 Groups.
Each Group to have a Name, a Slogan and a Flag depicting some theme in Environment,
Energy, Ecology, Sustainability etc.
Depict in your Flag your Group Name, UPES Logo and your Slogan. Use this flag in
your presentation. Show in the first slide of your presentation your Flag, Names of all
students in the Group.
Each group will have 10 mins for presentation and 10 mins for discussions.

Part-2: Industrial Ecology

BY
DR. RAM. S. HAMSAGAR
E-mail us at: hamsagar@vsnl.com or hamsagars.bol.net.in
Topic: Energy & Industrial Ecology:
Sub topics:
i. Ecosystem Engineering
ii. Defining Industrial Ecology
iii. Industrial Ecology Design Principles
iv. Challenges of Industrial Engineering
v. The Ecological-Societal System Interface
vi. Adaptive Ecosystem Approach to Industrial Ecology: Industry Experience
Nature:
Earth, water,
Atmosphere,
solar system, and
Life system.
Ecosystem:
Life system in
relation to
Biosphere:
Environment: Nature that
inhabits Life
system
Defining Industrial Ecology:
We learnt in Part-1, about the nature’s harmony, Interdependence and balance and No-
Ultimate waste as the first law of nature. One waste is a feed to another. Industrial
Ecology is to obey the laws of Nature and making Industries free from waste generation.
i. Industrial ecology is the shifting of industrial process from linear (open loop)
systems, in which resource and capital investments move through the system
to become waste, to a closed loop system where wastes become inputs for new
processes.
ii. Industrial ecology is an interdisciplinary framework for designing and
operating industrial systems as living systems interdependent with natural

systems. It seeks to balance environmental and economic performance within

emerging understanding of local and global ecological constraints. Some of its
developers have called it "the science of sustainability".
Factors of Industrial Ecology:
Industrial Ecology is a dynamic systems-based framework that enables management of

human activity on a sustainable basis by:
i. Minimizing energy and materials usage;

ii. Ensuring acceptable quality of life for people;
iii. Minimizing the ecological impact of human activity to levels natural systems
can sustain;
iv. Conserving and restoring ecosystem health and maintaining biodiversity;
v. Maintaining the economic viability of systems for industry, trade and
commerce.
Focus areas of Industrial Ecology Management:
Much of the research focuses on the following areas:
i. Material and energy flow studies ("industrial metabolism")

ii. Dematerialization and decarbonization
iii. Technological change and the environment
iv. Life-cycle planning, design and assessment
v. Design for the environment ("Eco-design")
vi. Extended producer responsibility ("Product stewardship")
vii. Eco-industrial parks ("Industrial symbiosis")
viii. Product-oriented environmental policy
ix. Eco-efficiency.
Biosphere and Techno-sphere:

A case on Industrial Eco-Park:
The Kalundborg industrial park is located in Denmark. This industrial park is special
because companies reuse each others' waste (which then becomes by-products). For
example, the Energy E2 Asnæs Power Station produces gypsum as a by product of the
electricity generation process; this gypsum becomes a resource for the BPB Gyproc A/S
which produces plasterboards. This is one example of a system inspired by the biosphere-
techno-sphere metaphor: in ecosystems, the waste from one organism is used as inputs to
other organisms; in industrial systems, waste from a company is used as a resource by
others.
Project work: Develop possible Industrial Eco-Parks based on 5-Industrial wastes in

India. Example in India, Fly ash is now extensively used in blending cement and in
Fly ash Brick making
Eco-Systems are very sensitive interdependent balanced systems:
Chirapunji once worlds highest rainfall area became scant in rain as a result of cutting
down trees. In China, school children were asked to kill sparrows with Rubber band stone
ejector and get paid for each sparrow to prevent grains being eaten by sparrows. Result,
there was a surge of insects that the sparrows ate and these insects brought heavy
destruction of food grains. There are numerous cases of this kind.
Project work: Search website for “Silent spring” the best selling book of Rachel
Carson in 1962 and prepare a report on the delicate balance of Ecosystem.
Industrial Ecology examines societal issues and their relationship with both technical
systems and the environment. Through this holistic view , IE recognizes that solving
problems must involve understanding the connections that exist between these systems,
various aspects cannot be viewed in isolation. Often changes in one part of the overall
system can propagate and cause changes in another part. Thus, you can only understand a
problem if you look at its parts in relation to the whole. Based on this framework,
Industrial Ecology looks at environmental issues with a systems thinking approach.
Industrial Eco-System Engineering:
Engineering is designing and implementing a system. Industrial Eco-System

Engineering deals with integrated management of the following three Factors:
i. Social sciences, including economic science,

ii. Environment, Health and Safety,
iii. Technology.
In other words, Industrial Eco-System Engineering is tailoring Technology to optimize

Social and EHS benefits.

This calls for “Green Technologies” phasing out of Non-Renewable Resources and
involving use of Renewable resources, with Sustainable development allowing for
regeneration of Renewable Resources being consumed and Recycling of all Non-
Renewable Resources used..
Goals of Industrial Ecology:
The primary goal of industrial ecology is to promote sustainable development at the

global, regional, and local levels.
Sustainable development has been defined by the United Nations World Commission on
Environment and Development as “meeting the needs of the present generation without
sacrificing the needs of future generations.
Key principles inherent to sustainable development include:
i. The sustainable use of resources,

ii. Preserving ecological and human health (e.g. the maintenance of the
structure and function of ecosystems),
iii. The promotion of environmental equity (both inter-generational and inter-
societal).
Challenges to Industrial Eco Engineering:
Following are the some main challenges:
i. The challenge of reversing Global warming requires Industrial Ecological

Engineering and even after numerous UN-Efforts very little has been achieved,
ii. Reversing Depletion of water resources requires Rain water harvesting and
recharging under ground water. But the Ground water is dropping at alarming rate
of about 3 feet per year,
iii. Ozone Layer depletion requires elimination of all OD-Compounds but even the
OD-Substitutes are not fully immune to OD. So we still do not know how to
eliminate OD.
iv. On the Energy front use of renewable resources of energy namely Solar, Wind,
Hydro, Geothermal have not made significant progress,
v. No alternate low cost Energy resource still exists to substitute Fossil fuel energy
although Hydrogen and Hydrogen Fusion technologies are possible successors
Examples of Industrial Ecology:
i. Use of Plastic waste bin Road making-Approved by CPCB and first used in
Bangalore and Channai,
ii. Several Industrial wastes like Silica Gel, Asbestos and cement asbestos, can also
be used in Road making,

iii. Fuel storage tank sludge, Furnace residues containing heavy hydrocarbons, free
carbon and sand is a hazardous waste from which Heavy hydrocarbons and Free
carbon can be dissolved and suspended in lighter fuel like naphtha and the sand
separated and used in Road making,
iv. Effluent sludge and fly ash can be used in Brick making with added cement and
water proofing compound,
v. Poly phosphoric acid wastes from organo phosphate pesticide manufacturing can
be used as slow release phosphate fertilizer.
vi. Electrical insulation Lacquer residue can be used in Road making with Bitumen.
Industrial Ecology from Fly ash:
Fly ash: Fly ash has well-known

two applications as under:
i. Fly ash for blending in

Cement: This is now
widely used in Cement
plants and special Fly ash
carrying lorry tankers are in
use. A typical Fly ash
Tanker is shown. These are
also useful in carrying all
free flowing powders and
grains:
ii. Fly ash is also used in Brick

making and many steel
plants have set up fly ash
brick making plants. Bricks
are made by blending Fly
ash with about 10% cement
and 5% water proofing
compound and cast in to
bricks. The process is very
similar to Clay brick making.
Project work:
1. Prepare a report on “Green Technologies”

2. “Systems approach” for Industrial Ecology.
3. “Holistic view” on Industrial Ecology

Part-3: Strategic Planning, Corporate

Governance & Management of Energy
Sector (Case Study)
BY
DR. RAM S. HAMSAGAR

Topic : Strategic Planning, Corporate Governance & Management of Energy Sector

(Case Study):
Sub-topics:
i. Sustainable Management of Energy

ii. Benefits of Strategic Planning of Energy Resources
iii. Guidelines for Energy Management
iv. Strategic Action Plan for Energy Sector
v. Monitoring the Progress & Evaluation
vi. Health, Safety & Environmental Policy of an Industry
vii. Strategic Action Plan for Energy Sector
viii. Monitoring the Progress & Evaluation
Energy management Strategy in India:
Legislative measures:
In addition to legislation, there are various incentives and award schemes to

promote sustainable development:
i. National Energy Conservation award for various types of industries;

ii. Reward schemes for meritorious performance which include efficient
operation of Thermal Power Station (TPS);
iii. Incentive award for improved Station Heat Rate of TPS;
iv. Schemes for installation of energy saving lamps, computerized load
management, installation of Time-of-Day energy meters, rectification of
agricultural pump sets, etc.;
v. Incentives offered for installation of electrical gadgets deriving energy
from renewables; and
vi. Schemes for System Improvement and Transmission and distribution loss
reduction.

The major policy initiatives taken to encourage private/foreign direct investment to tap
energy from renewable energy sources, include provision of fiscal and financial
incentives under a wide range of programs being implemented by the Ministry of Non
Conventional Energy Sources, and simplification of procedures for private investment,
including foreign direct investment in renewable energy projects.
There is also a package of incentives for renewable energy projects. These include:
i. Concessional / nil customs duty on import of projects , equipment and

components related to renewable energy;
ii. 100% depreciation allowed in the first year of investment for the
installation of renewable energy projects (except for small hydro projects);
iii. liberalized foreign investment approval regime to facilitate foreign
investment and transfer of technology through joint ventures. Proposal for
up to 100% foreign equity participation in a joint venture qualify for
automatic approval; and
iv. Policy announcements by state governments/ SEB's for evacuation of
power generated from renewable energy projects with facilities for
wheeling, banking, third party sale and purchase of power by SEB's at
remunerative prices.
The fiscal incentives provided for this purpose include 100 per cent depreciation in the
first year of the installation of the project, exemption from excise duty and sales tax and
concessional customs duty on the import of material, component and equipment used in
renewable energy projects. In addition, the Government provides financial incentives,
such as interest subsidy and capital subsidy from the Ministry and soft loans from Indian
Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) . Fourteen states have so far
announced such policies in respect of various renewable energy sources.
While coal continues to be primary source of energy since it is in abundant supply in

India, there is an attempt to improve the energy derived from renewables including
hydro. India has a large hydro-power potential and only a small part of it has been
exploited. Similarly, a lot of work is going on in other renewable areas like bio-mass,
and solar energy but they are yet to be deployed on a large scale.
A three-fold strategy has been adopted by the Ministry of Non Conventional Energy
Sources for promotion of renewable sources of energy:
i. Providing budgetary support for demonstration projects and rural energy

systems.
ii. Extending institutional finance from Indian Renewable Energy
Development Agency (IREDA) and other financial institutions for
commercially viable projects, with private sector participation; and
external assistance from international and bilateral agencies.

iii. Providing private investment through fiscal incentives , tax holidays ,

depreciation allowance , facilities for wheeling and banking of power for
the grid and remunerative returns for power fed into the grid.
Insofar as the protection of environment is concerned, the Ministry of Environment &

Forests plays a pivotal role and administers the Environment Protection Act, 1980 and the
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. All power projects which are set up
in the country require the approval of the Ministry of Environment & Forests.
Power generation in India:
i. The present installed capacity for power in the country is about 1,00,000 MW.
ii. Almost 71% of this is from thermal sources,
iii. About 24% is from hydro.
iv. Nuclear accounts for about 2.9%
v. The rest is derived from wind.
vi. It has been estimated that in order to meet the demand for power by 2012, an
additional 1,00,000 MW of installed capacity would be required.
vii. This implies that the power sector has to grow by approximately 10,000 MW
every year for the next 10 years.
viii. This involves a huge quantum of investments which is estimated to be US$ 200
billion.
ix. This includes investments to be made for matching transmission and distribution.
x. The short term goals aim to fulfill the minimum energy needs of the entire
population and reach the remote and isolated corners of the country at the earliest.
Energy Conservation efforts in India:
i. The following programmes have been undertaken for promoting energy

conservation in India:
ii. Energy audit at selected Thermal Power Stations (TPS) to assess the
controllable losses, measures to improve efficiency and reduction of
secondary fuel oil consumption.
iii. Research project to mitigate GHG emissions from selected power sectors in
selected Asian countries.
iv. Renovation & Modernization at selected TPS.
v. Life extension assessment studies at selected TPS.
vi. Adoption of clean coal technology at selected TPS.
vii. Setting up of coal washeries at coal mines.
viii. Adoption of fluidized bed technology for boilers and super critical parameters
for some selected TPS.
Energy conservation and efficiency is an important thrust area of the government and the
Energy Conservation Bill was introduced in Parliament. The Bill, at present, is under
discussion and once it is passed by Parliament, the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
would come into being. This would be responsible for energy audits, labeling, setting of

standards, and undertaking an awareness campaign. Separately, the Government has

initiated measures to conserve petroleum products. These include an accent on fuel
efficiency; training programs in the transport sector; modernization of boilers;
replacement of furnaces and equipment, and standardization of irrigation pump sets.
These activities are the concern of the Petroleum Conservation Research Association
(PCRA) and of oil companies.
R&D Work on Energy sector in India:
Research & Development in cleaner fossil fuels is an ongoing activity and a number of
options regarding clean coal technologies are being explored. They include the Fluidized
Bed Combustion, Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion, Pressurized Fluidized Bed
Combustion Combined Cycle, and Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle.
In the renewable sector also, a number of new technologies are being explored in the
following areas:
i. Solar energy
ii. Energy from Urban and Industrial Waste
iii. Biogas Technology
iv. Biogas combustion based power generation
v. Biomass Gasification technology
vi. Small Hydro Power
vii. Wind power technology
viii. Fuel cell technology
ix. Hydrogen energy
x. Alternative fuel for surface transportation
xi. Ocean energy
xii. Geo-thermal energy etc.
R&D Achievements in Energy Sector in India:
R&D is of crucial importance for technology development and application of renewable

energy sources. Some of the key achievements of R&D have been the development of a
large number of high-efficiency smokeless wood stove designs; new and low-cost
designs of family-size biogas plants using ferrocement material and for leafy bio-mass
feedstock; development and application of single crystal solar photo-voltaic technology,
including polysilicon, ingots, wafers, cells and modules; low-grade solar thermal
technologies including selective coating for solar thermal collectors and alternative
designs of solar cookers; small-scale biomass gasifiers run on wood and agro-residues as
fuel; optimized cogeneration based on high-pressure boilers; development of high-rate
biomethanation processes; adaptation and indigenisation of wind turbines, including
indigenous development of rotor blades and intelligent power controller; development of
polymer electrolyte membrane and phosphoric acid fuel cell technology; and metal
hydrides for storage of hydrogen.

Control of CO2 Emissions in India:
The problem of C02 emissions is a major concern to the Indian energy sector where coal
accounts for over 60% of total energy resources used. In order to minimize C02
emissions, efforts are underway to improve efficiency levels in the generation and use of
energy. In addition, renewable energy technologies and afforestation measures to increase
the "carbon sink" function are being promoted. Coal India Limited (CIL), a holding
company of seven coal producing companies, coordinates the implementation of
sustainable development programs in the Indian Coal Sector. There is a special focus on
ensuring conservation of coal sources during exploitation and use, and conserving energy
in the production and transportation of coal.
Private Sector Participation in Power generation:
The Government of India had announced a policy in 1991 which allowed private sector
participation in power generation and distribution schemes. Since 1991, generation has
been thrown up to private including foreign investment. Twenty five power projects
(wholly) and one power project (partially) with an installed capacity of 5489.75 MW has
already been commissioned in the private sector and another about 5200 MW are under
construction. The private sector is likely to contribute about 40% of the generating
capacity of 1,00,000MW required to be added during 2002-12. The Government of India
has also enacted the Electricity Laws Amendment Act, 1998 to promote private sector
investments in transmission. The Government has also issued guidelines for private
sector participation in January, 2000.
Most large and Medium Industries now have their own Captive Power Plants (CPP) and
are also musing energy conservation techniques like Heat recovery and efficiency and
Pollution control techniques.
An overview of India's Renewable Energy Sources:
The importance of increasing the use of renewable energy sources was recognized in
India in the early 1970s. During the past quarter century, a significant effort has gone into
the development, trial and induction of a variety of renewable energy technologies for use
in different sectors. The country has today among the world’s largest programs for
renewable energy. The activities cover all major renewable energy sources of interest to
us, such as biogas, biomass, solar energy, wind energy, small hydro-power and other
emerging technologies. Several renewable energy systems and products are now
commercially available, and are also economically viable in comparison to fossil fuels.
The Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) created in 1992 is the nodal
agency of the Government of India for all matters relating to non-conventional/renewable
energy. It undertakes policy making, planning, promotion and coordination functions
relating to all aspects of renewable energy, including fiscal and financial incentives,
creation of industrial capacity, promotion of demonstration and commercial programs,
R&D and technology development, intellectual property protection, human resources
development and international relations.

Indian Power sector services to other countries:
India is now also in a position to offer its goods, technical expertise and services in this
sector, particularly to developing countries. Technical guidance and help has been
provided to many developing countries for the construction of bio-gas plants. Products,
which are being exported include solar photo-voltaic systems, wind turbine equipment,
selectively coated sheets for thermal applications and solar cookers. Indian made wind
turbine and wind turbine components have been exported to Europe, Australia and Sri
Lanka. Indian designs of gasifiers have attracted countries like Switzerland, Indonesia
and the USA. A Swiss company has installed Indian designs of gasifier based
decentralized power generation units in Switzerland.
Aforestation efforts in India:
Since a large part of energy needs in the rural economy is through collection of firewood
this leads to deforestation. The reduction of tree cover is a serious problem though
several programmes have been launched by the government towards afforestation.
Problems of deforestation are primarily on two counts. While the first is the lack of
access to commercial forms of energy, the second is the sheer lack of purchasing power.
The government has been trying to mitigate the problems by giving subsidized kerosene
to people subsisting below the poverty line. There is compulsory compensatory
reforestation for power projects and other projects which cause any forest degradation.
Government is taking several steps on the pollution control front and there are strict
pollution control norms for all energy generation projects.
The Economic growth and Environmental issues and Industrial Ecology:
Any effort towards economic growth comes in conflict with Environmental protection.
High economic growth entails high consumption of natural resources and environmental
pollution and contradicts the concept of sustained development. Economic planning for
sustained development should include the costs of maintaining environmental resources
and ecological services. In other words our planning budget shall include economic
growth budget along with ecological sustenance budget. This is planning and budgeting
for sustained development. As mentioned earlier, the concept of sustained development
came in to focus with report of the Brundtland commission-“Our Common Future (1987)
which stated that our economic growth has to be environmentally sustainable and there is
no economic growth without ecological costs. The national accounting and budgeting
should reflect both economy and environment. Industrial Ecology is a concept where
every industry complies fully with the fundamental laws of Nature where there is no end
product or waste product. Ultimate answer lies in ensuring zero discharge of solid, liquid
and gases pollutants and ensuring recycling everything at the micro and macro level
exactly as nature does it so efficiently and effectively.
Use of Waste as Energy:

Plastic, Rubber, saw dust and Agricultural Waste like paddy husk is now used in India
and in other countries for Power generation and in Cement Kilns by substituting up to
10% of coal in coal based boilers.
This is economical and is application of Industrial Ecology as it uses waste.

Details of this use of waste in Boilers and Kilns is given in the next slide.
Segregating, Compacting and burning in large

Boilers (Refused Derived Fuel-RDF Process)-
e.g. Cement Plants, and Boilers.
2. Primary 3. Magnetic
WSW 1. SORTING size Separation
reduction
Remove Remove large Ferrous metal
Greens Stones, etc. Separation
4. Rotary 5. Air 6. RDF-Fluff
screening Classification 150 mm size
Soil Remove Glass,
removal rubber, leather etc.
7. Secondary 8. Compacting 9-RDF Feed to
size reduction RDF-Pellet or Cement Kiln
25 mm size Bale
Source: Alternative Fuel Solutions, by S. K. Maheshwari,
Grasim Industries, World Cement, Aug. 2007
EHS-Policy:
EHS-Policy Requirements are governed by the following:
i. Factories Act and Rules,

ii. ISI-14001,
iii. OHSAS-18001.

ISO-14001 and OHSAS-18001 Requirements on EHS Policy:
Clause-4.2 : Integrated Environmental, Health and Safety Policy:
i. Is appropriate to the nature, scale and Environmental Impacts/ Risks of its

activities, products or services (ISO-14001 & OHSAS-18001),
ii. Includes a commitment to continual improvement (ISO-14001 & OHSAS-
18001),
iii. Includes a commitment to at least comply with Environmental
Regulations/ current applicable OHS-Legislations and other requirements
to which the organization subscribes (ISO-14001 & OHSAS-18001),.
iv. Provides the frame work for setting and reviewing Environmental
Objectives and targets (ISO-14001)
v. Be documented, implemented and maintained (OHSAS-18001),
vi. Is documented, implemented, maintained and communicated to all
employees (ISO-14001),
vii. Be communicated to all employees with the intent that the employees are
made aware of their individual OHS obligations,
viii. Is available to the public (ISO-14001),
ix. Be available to interested parties (OHSAS-18001).
Project work:
Develop a EHS-Policy for a Coal Based Thermal Power Plant.

Part-4: Environmental Science,

Ecological Principles & Ecological
Engineering
BY
DR. RAM S. HAMSAGAR
Topic: Environmental Science, Ecological Principles & Ecological Engineering:
Sub-Topics:
i. Ecology is the basic science in environmental life sciences:

ii. The Competitive Exclusion Principle
iii. Mutualisms & Community
iv. Trophic levels and energy flows
v. Factors affecting primary productivity
vi. Primary Productivity & Biodiversity
What is Ecology?
We have learnt about Ecology in both Part-1 and Part-2. Here we give more formal
definitions on Ecology:
Oxford Dictionary Definition:
i. The branch of biology dealing with the relations of organisms to one

another and to their physical surroundings (Environment).
ii. Human ecology is the study of the interaction of people with their
environment.
Definition in Microsoft Encarta:
Ecology is the branch of biology that deals with organisms' relations to one
another and to the physical environment in which they live; (the study of)
such relations as they pertain to a particular habitat or a particular species.
Oxford Talking Dictionary:
The study of the relationship of plants and animals to their physical and
biological environment. The physical environment includes light and heat or
solar radiation, moisture, wind, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients in soil,

water, and atmosphere. The biological environment includes organisms of the

same kind as well as other plants and animals.
Revisit our Graphic Presentation on Nature, Environment, Ecosystem and Bio-

system all in one:
Nature:
Earth, water,
Atmosphere,
solar system, and
Life system.
Ecosystem:
Life system in
Biosphere:
Environment: relation to
Nature that
inhabits Life
system

What is Ecological Balance?
The Ecological balance is the closely inter related, dependent and harmonious balance
amongst Biosystem and Environment in the Ecosystem. Rachel Carson’s best seller of
1962 “Silent Spring” had for the first time an immense awakening of the hard reality of
the Ecological Balance. She pointed out that resulting from extensive use of pesticides,
birds and beneficial insects have been destroyed and the spring time no more brings us
the sweet songs of birds and pollinating insects but the roar of helicopters spraying
pesticides! To prevent destruction of food grains by sparrows, the Chinese provided
incentives for children to kill sparrows and get paid, the result: insect population
multiplied immensely and destroyed all of food crops! They had to reintroduce sparrows
to keep insect population under control! So the Ecological Balance is so delicate, a small
change will lead to a chain reaction and destroy the delicate balance.
Biodiversity:
Term for variety or diversity within the biological world. In its widest sense, biodiversity
is virtually synonymous with “Life on Earth”. The word was coined in 1985 and during
the 1990s has become very widely used in the popular media and in government and
scientific circles. It has become customary, partly as a matter of convenience, to consider
biodiversity at three hierarchical levels that have special significance in human affairs:

i. Gene Biodiversity: Different genetic variations of a species in a given

region,
ii. Species Biodiversity:: Different species of life in the same region,
iii. Ecosystem Biodiversity: Different Ecosystems co-existing in the same
region.
It is important, however, to recognize that these are just some of the ways in which
biodiversity may be assessed, and that there is no precise definition of what the word
means and thus no agreement on how biodiversity can best be measured. (Microsoft
Encarta, 2003).
Habitat:
The natural environment characteristically occupied by a particular organism; an area

distinguished by the set of organisms, which occupy it. Also such areas collectively
called Habitat. (Oxford Talking Dictionary). Habitat is the place in the environment
where a species lives: Air, water and land are the main habitats for all kinds of life.
Specific habitats include sea, lakes, rivers, soil, swamps, forests, mountains and so on.
Biological clocks or Biorhythms:
All Natural time rhythms like breeding of animals and flowering of plants in springtime
linked to season, the menstrual cycle linked to the lunar cycle, precise time of flowering
of specific flowers (There is one or more flower varieties flowering every hour of the
day! and so on there are numerous rhythms that constitute the Biological clocks or
Biorhythms. All Biorhythms are, said to be, linked to some cosmic cycles. Our sleep-
wake cycle is linked to the diurnal cycle of day and night.

The Flower Clock of Carlos Linnaeus from “The Living Clocks” by Ritchie R Word
recreated by the Author using flower images from websites:

The Competitive Exclusion Principle:
In community ecology, the competitive exclusion principle, sometimes referred to as

Gause's Law of competitive exclusion or just Gause's Law, is a theory which states that
two species competing for the same resources, cannot stably coexist if other ecological
factors are constant. Either of the two competitors will always overcome the other which
leads to either the extinction of one of the competitors or an evolutionary or behavioural
shift towards a different ecological niche. As a consequence, competing related species
often evolve distinguishing characteristics in areas in which they coexist. This aids in
mate recognition, thus maintaining each species' superiority in exploiting slightly
different ecological niches.
Experimental basis for Competitive Exclusion:
Russian ecologist Georgii Frantsevich Gause formulated the law of competitive exclusion
based on laboratory competition experiments using two species of Paramecium, the
Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum. Following a lag phase, the Paramecium
aurelia was consistently able to drive the other to extinction. The conditions were to add
fresh water everyday and input a constant flow of food. However, Gause was able to let
the Paramecium caudatum survive by driving differently the environmental parameters
(food, water). This explains why the Gause law is valid only if the ecological factors are
constant. Also used were two species of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and
Schizosaccharomyces kefir. S. kefir consistently out-competed S. cerevisiae by producing
a higher concentration of ethyl alcohol.
Mutualisms & Symbosis:
i. Mutalism: Some populations interact in a mutalistic manner in

communities, one form of cooperation. In a mutalistic situation, two
populations benefit equally. One example of such a mutalistic cooperation
involves two insects, ants and aphids. Aphids feed on trees by sucking
sugary tree sap out of the tree's phloem. But aphids are not very neat, But
not all of the sap reaches your car. Some species of ants take advantage of
this smaller insect by effectively domesticating the aphids. The ants directs
the aphids from plant to plant, then milk them for the sap like a group of
dairy cows. This is Community relationship between species.
ii. Symbiosis: Two species who have a symbiotic relationship have a close,
long-term association. symbiosis can be mutalism, but there are two other
forms of symbiotic relationships. Commensalism describes a cooperation
between two species that is beneficial to only one species. In such a
relationship, the other species is not harmed. The third form of symbiosis is
parasitism,

The Food Cycle, Food chain, Food pyramids and Food webs:
i. The Producers: The Plants are Producers of primary food from solar
energy, water and minerals and Nutrients.
ii. The Primary Consumers: The herbivores are the consumers of this
primary plant food and produce enriched food for carnivores
iii. The Secondary Consumers: Carnivores are consumers of secondary food.
iv. The Decomposers: Bacteria and fungi are the decomposers of the dead
plant and animal remains producing primary nutrients for plants
completing the food chain or the food cycle. Fig. in the next slide illustrates
the overall Food cycle.
Revisit our Graphic presentation on Eco-Balance of Part-1:
The wonderful Ecosystem with no waste but interdependence, Harmony

and Balance! Let us blend and harmonise our selves for our own good
and preservation of the Ecosystem.
WATER CO2
SUN EARTH
from Air
Manure produced Herbivores are
from decomposers primary
feeds plants in turn Plants are PRODUCERS of Primary food from solar CONSUMERS
completing the energy, water, earth and CO2 from air plant food
cycle.
Bacteria, fungi Carnivores are

and insects secondary
DECOMPOSERS CONSUMERS of
of dead plant animal food
and animal
remains
Nature’s Harmony and Balance of Ecosystem with no waste no Hazard! Man in the middle meddling with this
Harmony and Balance by creating Hazards & Waste leads to disasters for our Health and the Ecosystem.
The Food Cycle (Source: www.stevetrash.com).

Food Pyramid:
i. The overall Food cycle looks simple and elegant but behind this simplicity
lies a very complex system of infinite Food pyramids and Food Webs.
Following is an example of a food pyramid
ii. An Example of Food pyramid: Grass and vegetation at the base of a Food
pyramid produce primary food consumed by rabbits snakes consume
rabbits Vultures consume snakes. There are pyramids within pyramids. For
example, snakes live on rats and frogs, frogs live on insects, insects live on
many types of food and so on.

iii. Note that a Food Pyramid is a vertically placed food chain where the
number increases down the pyramid with highest number at the base and
least number at the top of the pyramid. (Source: ww.explorelearning.com).
Note in the following example of Food Pyramid, rabbits are food to snakes and snakes in
turn are food to Vultures. The number of species in the lowest level of any food pyramid
e.g. Rabbits have to be largest for survival and the ones in the next food pyramid namely
Snakes have to be less than Rabbits and finally last top species in the Food Pyramid i.e.
the Vultures have to be least in number.

An Example of Food pyramid
What is a Food Web?
The Food chain looks pretty simple and straight forward. However, there are no simple
specific Food chains in the Ecosystem. In fact the use of the term “Chain” is a misnomer
as there are no chins and dead end processes in Nature (see 1.1 The Fundamental Laws of
nature). Ecosystem is a complex web of cycles. The Food web is a part of this system of
cyclic webs in the Ecosystem as depicted in the next slide. Food webs are essentially
composed of a number of discrete food pyramids. A Food pyramid is nothing but a
vertically placed food chain in which the number increases down the pyramid with
highest number at the base of pyramid and lowest at the top.

Energy Flow through Food Chain:
The following diagram illustrates the Energy flow through the food chain.

Tropic and Atrophic:
i. Atrophic: refers to an organism requiring only simple inorganic

compounds for nutrition. Plants are Atrophic.
ii. Trophic: refers to or pertaining to the feeding habits of, and the food
relationship between, different types of organisms in the food cycle.
Animals are Trophic.
iii. Trophic level: refers to any of a hierarchy of levels of an ecosystem, each
consisting of organisms sharing the same function in the food chain and the
same relationship to the primary producers. (All definitions from Oxford
Talking Dictionary).
The Trophic Pyramids-Pyramids of Energy, Biomass and Numbers:
i. Energy dissipation in Food Chain: Food Conversion efficiencies are

always much less than 100%. At each link in a food chain, a substantial
portion of the sun's energy - originally trapped by a photosynthesizing
Atrophic Plants - is dissipated back to the environment (ultimately as
heat).
ii. Trophic level: Trophic level is the level in Food Pyramid where the
population exists. Thus it follows that the total amount of energy stored in
the bodies of a given population is dependent on its Trophic Level. For
example, the total amount of energy in a population of toads must
necessarily be far less than that in the insects on which they feed. Toads are
in higher Trophic Level than insects.
iii. The insects, in turn, have only a fraction of the energy stored in the plants
on which they feed.
iv. Pyramid of energy: This decrease in the total available energy at each
higher Trophic level is called the pyramid of energy.
Biomass and Pyramid Number:
i. Biomass: is the weight of the body mass of a given species (number of

species multiplied by the average body mass). Biomass Pyramid shows the
Biomass relationship at Trophic levels.
ii. Pyramid of Numbers: is the relative population at each Trophic level.
These are Shown in Next slide.
(Source:http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/F/FoodChains.html#
The_Pyramid_of_Numbers):
Energy Balance in the Ecosystem:
Net production is only a fraction of gross production because the organisms must expend
energy to stay alive. Note that the difference between gross and net production is greater
for animals than for the producers - reflecting their greater activity.

i. Much of the energy stored in net production was lost to the system by
a. Decay,
b. Being carried downstream
ii. Note the substantial losses in net production as energy passes from one
Trophic level to the next.
iii. The ratio of net production at one level to net production at the next higher
level is called the conversion efficiency. Here it varied from 17% from
producers to primary consumers (1478/8833) to 4.5% from primary to
secondary consumers (67/1478).
iv. From similar studies in other ecosystems, we can take 10% as the average
conversion efficiency from producers to primary consumers.
Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Number Pyramid

The Trophic Pyramids of Energy, Biomass and Number
(Source: Kimballs Biology Pages).
The Ecological Pyramid:
There is the Principle of 10% Energy conversion at each Trophic level as brought out
earlier. This Principle is well depicted by the following Ecological pyramid:

The Ecological Pyramid (Source: www.archi.org).
Net Primary Production (NPP):
It is the Photosynthetic production of plants minus what they use for their own life
process. It is the GNP of the Ecosystem. NPP is measured in terms of Pg/yr where 1
Pg.(Pico gram) = 10^15 g. Total Terrestrial NPP=132 Pg/Yr. of which 39% is lost to
human exploitation. (Source: dieoff.org).
Ecological services:
Constitute the life sustaining and Ecosystem balancing services in the ecosystem.
Maintenance of right proportion of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide is essential for
maintenance of plant and animal life on earth. Maintenance of dissolved oxygen in water
is essential to marine life. Increased pollutants affect these balances destroying life on
earth and water.
Following are the main Ecological services:
i. Resources: Air, water food, and minerals are the primary services in the
Ecosystem,
ii. Eco-cycles: The Fundamental Laws of Nature.
iii. Regulatory services: Maintenance of temperature, pollination, climate
control, ozone layer maintenance are regulatory services in the Ecosystem.
iv. Scavenging services: Pigs, vultures, ducks, dung beetles are some of the
common examples of garbage scavengers of nature.

The above is a very simple listing of the categories of Ecological services. The entire
gamut of cycles and webs in the ecosystem is the totality of Ecological services.
Project:
Develop the model of Ecological Services using:
i. Services rendered by Honey Bees and other insects in the Ecosystem,
ii. Services rendered Birds in the Ecosystem,
iii. Services rendered by earthworms in the ecosystem,
The Economic growth and Environmental issues and Industrial Ecology: Revisited:
Any effort towards economic growth comes in conflict with Environmental protection.
High economic growth entails high consumption of natural resources and environmental
pollution and contradicts the concept of sustained development. Economic planning for
sustained development should include the costs of maintaining environmental resources
and ecological services. In other words our planning budget shall include economic
growth budget along with ecological sustenance budget. This is planning and budgeting
for sustained development. As mentioned earlier, the concept of sustained development
came in to focus with report of the Brundtland commission-“Our Common Future (1987)
which stated that our economic growth has to be environmentally sustainable and there is
no economic growth without ecological costs. The national accounting and budgeting
should reflect both economy and environment. Industrial Ecology is a concept where
every industry complies fully with the fundamental laws of Nature where there is no end
product or waste product. Ultimate answer lies in ensuring zero discharge of solid, liquid
and gases pollutants and ensuring recycling everything at the micro and macro level
exactly as nature does it so efficiently and effectively.
Population, Poverty, Health, Education, Environment and Economic growth:
These are at the very core of civilization and global issues. “Poverty is the greatest
pollutant” was the Indian stand at the Global meets on Pollution. Health and Education
are at the core of poverty elimination. India is endowed with rich resources. India is a
very large market. There are very few markets in the world of the size of India and China.
As for intellectual ability is concerned “Indians are one of the most intelligent people on
earth!” Why do we have a growth rate of just 6-7% against 10% of China? One of the
main problems not well recognized so far is that we have too many leaders and very few
followers. We are a country of leaders without followers at every stage. What is the
reason and what we can do about it? This takes us to Attitude and Culture.

Attitude and Culture:
As a nation we never agree or unite on any issue except when there is a Terrorist attack or
War!. An ideal Democracy indeed! The author had invited Dr. Groeberg a management
expert from USA who conducted a series of lectures on Productivity in leading industrial
organizations in India. The problem of productivity in India is depicted in the following
three pulls and pushes in three continents on any productive task
TASK ATTITUDES TASK ATTITUDES

INDIA USA
(CHAOS) (CREATIVE)
TASK ATTITUDES
JAPAN
(HARMONY)
Productivity and task attitudes in different

continents
(After Groeberg)
An Exercise in Attitude conducted by the Author:
On the whole what concerns you most?
1. FAMILY?
2. ORGANIZATION?
3. COMMUNITY?
4. SELF?
5. NATION?
Mark your top concern as “1”

Next what concerns you most of the rest?
Mark your second concern as “2”
Continue till 5.

Note: Never think what should be ideally but only think what you inherently feel and do.
For example if you need leave as your wife is not well or you have to help your child for
exams and you do not get leave do you accept this or simply go in for Medical leave?
Results of the Exercise in Attitudes world wide by the Author:
i. School children in India:
a. Family (parents),
b. Self,
c. Organization (school),
d. Community,
e. Nation.
iii. Adult males in India:
a. Self,
b. Family,
c. Community,
d. Organization,
e. Nation.
iv. Adult females in India:
a. Family,
b. Community,
c. Organization,
d. Self,
e. Nation.
v. School children, Adult male/female in Japan:
a. Nation,
b. Organization,
c. Community,
d. Family,
e. Self.
vi. Adult Male/Females in USA:
a. Organization,
b. Nation,
c. Community,
d. Self,
e. Family, (Family in the west has value till maturity of children).

Now check where you are?
What is Culture?
Culture is a complex phenomenon. In its simplest form it is the individual and

collective behaviour and actions in a society. Scientifically culture is built around
Attitudes, Beliefs and Value system in a society. Culture is the fertile delta of the
confluence of three behavioural rivers in Attitude, Beliefs and value system.
Diagrammatically one can depict Culture as given below:
ATTITUDES
CULTURE
BELIEFS VALUES
Culture as the fertile Delta of Attitudes, Beliefs and
Value system in a society.
SWOT-Analysis on the Concepts and History of Environment

STRENGTHS: WEAKNESSES:
1. All-round awareness about 1. Irony of man becoming a hazard to
Environment and Eco-system, Nature in the name of building a Safe
2. Sound understanding of Heaven on earth!
Interrelationships and Ecological 2. Civilization enhances inequality and
balance, world is contrasted by Poor and Rich,
OPPORTUNITIES: THREATS:
1. Education of masses in Poor 1. Limits to Growth a real threat,
nations, 2. Lifestyle sustenance among
2. Changing attitudes and culture of Rich nations.
Environment management among
masses.

Conclusions:
Environment Science and Ecology introduces the various concepts in Environment

Management. It provides definitions of all key terms used in Environment Management.
We are now ready to probe in depth the art and science of Environment Management.
Wish you a happy and entertaining learning.

Part-5: Integration of HSE in Business

Development with focus on Eco-
technology
BY
DR. RAM S. HAMSAGAR

Topic: Integration of HSE in Business Development with focus on Eco-technology
Sub- Topics:
i. Eco-technology & Sustainable Development

ii. Ecological Engineering
iii. Ecological Succession & Sustainability
iv. Economical and Financial Sustainability
v. Sustainability and Competitiveness
vi. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems (CSE)- A Case Study
vii. Implementing Agenda 21
viii. Sustainable Development and TES (Trans-disciplinary Environmental
Studies )
ix. A Strategy Using Sustainability Indicators
x. Eco-Technology & Biodiversity
End of Course for Mid Term Exam
Eco-technology & Sustainable Development:
i. Ecotechnology: is an applied science that seeks to fulfill human needs

while causing minimal ecological disrupution, by harnessing and subtly
manipulating natural forces to leverage their beneficial effects.
ii. Integration: Ecotechnology integrates two complementary fields of study:
the 'ecology of technics' and the 'technics of ecology,' requiring a
substantial understanding of the structures and processes of ecosystems and
societies.
iii. Sustainable Engineering: All sustainable engineering that can reduce
damage to ecosystems, adopt ecology as a fundamental basis, and ensure
an orientation of precaution in the implementation of the conservation of
biodiversity and sustainable development may be considered as forms of
eco-technology.

Sustainable Development:
Requires the implementation of appropriate environmentally friendly technologies which

are both efficient and adapted to local conditions. Eco-technology allows improvement
in economic performance while minimizing harm to the environment by:
i. Increasing the efficiency in the selection and use of materials and energy
sources,
ii. Control of impacts on ecosystems,
iii. Development and permanent improvement of cleaner processes and
products,
iv. Encouraging more environmentally-benign behaviour,
v. Introducing environmental management systems in the production and
services sectors, and
vi. Development of activities for increasing awareness of the need for
environmental protection and promotion of sustainable development by the
general public.
Ecological Succession Primary and Secondary:
i. Ecological succession: Is a fundamental concept in ecology, refers to

more-or-less predictable and orderly changes in the composition or
structure of an ecological community.
ii. Beginning of Succession: Succession may be initiated either by formation
of new, unoccupied habitat (e.g., a lava flow or a severe landslide) or by
some form of disturbance (e.g. fire, severe wind throw, logging) of an
existing community.
iii. Primary succession: Is Succession that begins in areas where no
habitation is initially present.
iv. Secondary succession: Is Succession that begins in areas where habitation
is already present which gets replaced by another species.
Autogenic succession:
Autogenic succession can be brought by changes in the soil caused by the organisms
there. These changes include accumulation of organic matter in litter or humic layer,
alteration of soil nutrients, change in pH of soil by plants growing there. The structure of
the plants themselves can also alter the community. For example, when larger species
like trees mature, they produce shade on to the developing forest floor that tends to
exclude light-requiring species. Shade-tolerant species will invade the area.

Allogenic Succession:
Allogenic Successions are caused by external environmental influences and not by the
vegetation. For example soil changes due to erosion, leaching or the deposition of silt
and clays can alter the nutrient content and water relationships in the ecosystems.
Animals also play an important role in allogenic changes as they are pollinators, seed
dispersers and herbivores. They can also increase nutrient content of the soil in certain
areas, or shift soil about (as termites, ants, and moles do) creating patches in the habitat.
This may create regeneration sites that favor certain species.
Climatic factors in Succession:
Climatic factors may be very important, but on a much longer time-scale than any other.
Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns will promote changes in communities. As
the climate warmed at the end of each ice age, great successional changes took place.
The tundra vegetation and bare glacial till deposits underwent succession to mixed
deciduous forest. The greenhouse effect resulting in increase in temperature is likely to
bring profound Allogenic changes in the next century. Geological and climatic
catastrophes such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, avalanches, meteors, floods, fires,
and high wind also bring Allogenic changes.
Clement's theory of succession/Mechanisms of succession:
F.E. Clement (1916) developed a descriptive theory of succession and advanced it as a

general ecological concept. His theory of succession had a powerful influence on
ecological thought. Clement's concept is usually termed . According to Clement,
succession is a process involving several phases:
i. Nudation: Succession begins with the development of a bare site, called

Nudation (disturbance).
ii. Migration: It refers to arrival of propagules (Propagating species).
iii. Ecesis: It involves establishment and initial growth of vegetation.
iv. Competition: As vegetation became well established, grows, and spreads,
various species began to compete for space, light and nutrients. This phase
is called competition.
v. Reaction: During this phase autogenic changes affect the habitat resulting
in replacement of one plant community by another.
vi. Stabilization: Reaction phase leads to development of a climax
community.

Seral Community:
A seral community is an intermediate stage found in an ecosystem advancing towards its

climax community. In many cases more than one seral stage evolves until climax
conditions are attained. A prisere is a collection of seres making up the development of
an area from non-vegetated surfaces to a climax community. Depending on the
substratum and climate, a seral community can be one of the following:
i. Hydrosere: Community in water (Hyacinth)

ii. Lithosere: Community on rock (Algae and Fungus)
iii. Psammosere: Community on sand (Grass)
iv. Xerosere: Community in dry area (Cactus)
v. Halosere: Community in saline body (marsh-weed)
The climax concept and Climax community:
i. The Climax: According to classical ecological theory, succession

stops when the sere has arrived at an equilibrium or steady state
with the physical and biotic environment. At this point the
community is stable and self-replication. Barring major
disturbances, it will persist indefinitely. This end point of
succession is called climax.
ii. The Climax Community: The final or stable community in a sere
is the climax community or climatic vegetation. It is self-
perpetuating and in equilibrium with the physical habitat. There in
no net annual accumulation of organic matter in a climax
community mostly. The annual production and important is
balanced in such a community.
Agenda-21 for the 21st Century:
Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and the
Statement of principles for the Sustainable Management of Forests during 21st
Century were adopted by more than 178 Governments at the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janerio,
Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992.
Section-I. Social and Economic Dimensions:
Chapter-1: Preamble
Chapter-2 International Cooperation for Sustainable Development
Chapter-3 Combating Poverty
Chapter-4 Changing Consumption Patterns
Chapter-5 Demographic Dynamics & Sustainability
Chapter-6 Human Health

Chapter-7 Human Settlements

Chapter-8 Decision Making
Section II. Conservation and Management of Resources for Development:
Chapter-9 Protection of the Atmosphere

Chapter-10 Land Resources
Chapter-11 Deforestation
Chapter-12 Desertification & Drought
Chapter-13 Sustainable Mountain Development
Chapter-14 Sustainable Agriculture & Rural Development
Chapter-15 Conservation of Biodiversity
Chapter-16 Biotechnology
Chapter-17 Protection of the Oceans
Chapter-18 Freshwater Resources
Chapter-19 Toxic Chemicals - Management
Chapter-20 Hazardous Wastes - Management
Chapter-21 Solid Wastes - Management
Chapter-22 Radioactive Wastes - Management

Health Safety and Environment

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Health Safety and Environment

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Copyright: HAMSAGARS 1

Part-1: Worldwide Development in HSE

i. Health, safety and Environment is a subject of Global concern,

The Fundamental Laws of Nature:

Nature is a system of infinite “Technologies” producing infinite range of complex

Licensed for use only in Programs conducted by Faculty from HAMSAGARS

The wonderful Ecosystem with no waste but interdependence, Harmony

Bacteria, fungi Carnivores are

i. Global warming challenge-The most important of all HSE challenges. Associated

Cause of Global warming:

Licensed for use only in Programs conducted by Faculty from HAMSAGARS

Licensed for use only in Programs conducted by Faculty from HAMSAGARS

Contributors to Global warming:

i. Water vapour: 36-70%

How Global warming takes place?

Global warming illustrated:

Solar Radiation absorbed by CO2, CH4,

Up to15 km: Troposphere: Atmosphere

CO2 CH4 O3-Tropospheric

Global warming leading to Hurricanes:

SST=Sea Surface Temperature.

Source: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory website.

Increase in Hurricane Category and intensity:

According to the latest study, an 80 year build-up of atmospheric CO2 at 1%/yr

Climate change and its consequences:

2 % /yr 1 6 0 0 H a /yr (6 % /yr)

D is a p p ea rin g w e t la n d s : 0 .5% /yr

Licensed for use only in Programs conducted by Faculty from HAMSAGARS

Main Climate change parameters revisited:

Sr. No. Main Global change parameter Rise level

6. Rise in sea level in mm/Year (Global) +0.2 to 0.4

Impact of Climate Change:

Adapted from: WHO-Climate Change and Human Health website

Licensed for use only in Programs conducted by Faculty from HAMSAGARS

Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI):

ESI Is a measure of the Environmental Sustainability developed by Yale University, in

Licensed for use only in Programs conducted by Faculty from HAMSAGARS

Finally what you and I can do to prevent Global warming:

Licensed for use only in Programs conducted by Faculty from HAMSAGARS

The essential features of a sustainable development are the following:

i. Renewable resource reserves of Nature: To be maintained and enhanced.

animals vice versa. But addition of carbondioxide by burning coal, wood,

iii. Non-renewable resources reserves: Coal, petroleum, natural gas and

Stages in the evolution of the concept of “Sustainable development”:

b. The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development—a statement

c. The Statement of Principles on Forests—the first global consensus on

Licensed for use only in Programs conducted by Faculty from HAMSAGARS

d. The Framework Convention on Climate Change—a legally binding

e. The Convention on Biological Diversity—a legally binding agreement to

Achieving a Sustainable development: Sustainable development will entail

Ecological sustainability of resources in the long term: Economical viability of

The Carrying Capacity and The Limiting Factors:

Licensed for use only in Programs conducted by Faculty from HAMSAGARS

The civilization seem to re-enact itself over the decades:

i. 1930’s – Rivers turn in to sewage drains in England and USA,

Landmarks of Environmental Hazard concerns:

Licensed for use only in Programs conducted by Faculty from HAMSAGARS

Limits to Growth (Source: “Beyond the Limits” by Meadows et al):

Licensed for use only in Programs conducted by Faculty from HAMSAGARS

Population growth and projections over the millennium (Source: dieoff.org).

i. Environment: Refers to Surrounding earth, water and air in relation to life

Following are more formal definitions:

Surroundings in which organism, populations and communities operate. It

Licensed for use only in Programs conducted by Faculty from HAMSAGARS