E L I M I N A T I O N O F NAWIOW-BCIND INTERFERENCE I N BPGK-IU)DU-ATED

SI6Wk RECEPTION'

Michael A. Soderstrand' Herschel H L w m i s . K. V. Rangarao E l e c t r i c a l and Computer Engineering Naval Postgraduate S c h w l Monterey, CA 93943-5100

CIBSTRI\CT
Four d i f f e r e n t classes o f adaptive signal cancelers can be used t o e l i m i n a t e narrow-band i n t e r f e r e n c e from (1) cascaded a broadband signal: second-order notch f i l t e r s , ( 2 ) highorder i n - l i n e notch f i l t e r s , (3) secondorder bandpass noise cancelers, and (4) h i g h - w d w bandpass noise cancelers. Of t h e four, a s t r u c t u r e based on secondorder bandpass f i l t e r s used t o cancel t h e narrow-band signal performed b e t t e r than t h e other structures. The adaptive algorithm f o r these f i l t e r s has been proposed by Kwan and Martin and modified We by Petraglia, M i t r a and Szczupak. propose a m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s t r u c t u r e t o improve t h e adaptation and s i m p l i f y t h e hardware. The new s t r u c t u r e i s applied t o narrow-band Bi-Phase S h i f t Key (BPSK) i n t e r f e r e n c e i n broadband BPSK s i g n a l s w i t h and without background noise. The s t r u c t u r e i s able t o remove i n t e r f e r e n c e under many d i f f e r e n t conditions.

I n t h i s paper w e compare several approaches t o e l i m i n a t e t h e narrow-band i n t e r f e r e n c e w h i l e preserving t h e desired broad-band signal. Section 2 describes four d i f f e r e n t s t r u c t u r e s f o r adaptive i n t e r f e r e n c e cancellation. The s t r u c t u r e s are compared and a b a s i s i s given f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e secondorder band-pass canceler as t h e best design. Section 3 gives d e t a i l e d information on t h e neu algorithm f o r t h e second-order band-pass canceler and experimental data t o demonstrate i t s advantages over other algorithms such as t h e algorithm by Kwan and M a r t i n C l l . Conclusions are given i n Section 4.

2.0

Adaptive Notch F i l t e r s

1.0

Introduction

A common signal processing problem i s t h e reception o f a r e l a t i v e l y weak broad-band signal such as a spreadspectrum Bi-Phase Shift-Key (BPSK) modulated s i g n a l i n t h e presence o f narron-band interference. These narrowband i n t e r f e r e r s m y have l e s s energy a than t h e broad-band signal, but because t h e energy i s concentrated over a narrow bandwidth they mask t h e broad-band signal

Notch f i l t e r s f o r removing m u l t i p l e narrow-band i n t e r f e r e n c e can be put i n t o four broad categories E21 i l l u s t r a t e d i n . The f i r s t two categories, Figure 1 Figures l a and lb, are cascaded second order notches w i t h each second-order section removing one frequency. The next two categories, Figures I and Id, C are higher-order notches t h a t e l i m i n a t e m u l t i p l e frequencies. I n a l l of the categories, i t i s possible t o use FIR f i l t e r s tie: a l l zero f i l t e r s ) which are e a s i l y p i p e l i n e d and can be made t r u l y l i n e a r phase. However, I I R f i l t e r s out perform FIR f i l t e r s . Thus I I R p i p e l i n i n g m y become an important a issue C21.

2.1

2nd-Ordw

Cascaded Notch F i l t e r s

' T h i s work was supported i n p a r t by a grant from t h e United States A i r Force. 'H.A. Soderstrand i s a V i s i t i n g Professor a t t h e Naval Postgraduate School from t h e Department o f E l e c t r i c a l Engineering and Computer Science a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a , Davis.

The second-order notch f i l t e r i s used i n cascade and i n - l i n e w i t h t h e signal as shown i n Figure la. The t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n f o r t h e notch f i l t e r i s given by:

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(lb) For r greater than 0 and l e s s than 1 t h e parameter ki can be adjusted betueen -1 and + l t o y i e l d a symmetric notch f i l t e r w i t h u n i t y gain a t DC and t h e Nyquist frequency and notch frequency determined I f r i s kept constant, then t h e by ki. 3db notch width i s a l s o kept constant and t h e parameter a i s a l s o constant. Thus ki m y be adapted t o r m v e one a narrow-band signal without e f f e c t i n g r , a, or t h e notch bandwidth. CI cascade o f such f i l t e r s can be used t o remove m u l t i p l e narrou-band signals.

filter. Instead t h e b m d - p r s s f i l t e r i s used t o detect t h e n a r r a r b a n d s i g n a l which i s then wbtractwd fram thr desired s i g n a l C 3 2. A c o n r $ m t 3db bandwidth notch can be r c h i e v r d by s e l e c t i n g a band-pass f i l t e r w i t h t h e transfer f u n c t i m r
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a.

Cascade-in-line

2nd Order F i l t e r s I n a r e c e n t paper 133 we proposed a modification t o t h e Kwan and Martin filter. This Soderstrand Notch F i l t e r usmi only 34-1 2nd order f i l t e r s t o f w m N notches r a t h e r than N(N+3)/2 required by Kwan and Martin. The Soderstrand algorithm i s ne11 s u i t e d t o removing narrou-band i n t e r f e r e n c e C23.

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Cascade of 2nd-order

Cancelers 2.3 H i g h e r - O r d r I n - L i n r Notch F i l t e r

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Notch F i l t e r s

C The notch f i l t e r o f Figure I has t h e advantage t h a t i t can be implemented as an FIR f i l t e r ( e g g tapped-delay-line) Such and thus i s more e a s i l y pipelined. a f i l t e r has t h e a d d i t i o n a l advantage o f l i n e a r phasp. Houevu, an FIR f i l t e r w i l l r e q u i r e many ueights t o obtain good p e r f wmance.

d .

High-ordw Signal Canceler Figure 1 . Four Notch F i l t e r s

h I I R i n - l i n e f i l t e r w i l l allow good performance w i t h much femr ueights. Houever, t h e I I R f i l t e r i s d i f f i c u l t t o make adaptive and p i p e l i n i n g o f t h e I I R f i l t e r i s more d i f f i c u l t than p i p e l i n i n g t h e FIR f i l t e r . This f i l t e r could be adapted by having a d i s c r e t e set o pref selected notches which could be switched i n by a detection c i r c u i t t h a t s i n p l y looks f o r maximums i n t h e spectrum o f the input signal C 3 2.
2.4 Higher-Ckdu Signal C I n c r l e r

2.2

2nd-Ordu Cascaded Signal Canceler

The cascaded second-order signal canceler approach shown i n Figure l b has t h e advantage t h a t t h e desired signal does not pass through t h e adaptive

The s i g n a l canceler o f Figure i d has most o f t h e b e n e f i t s and disadvantages of t h e higher-order i n - l i n e notch discussed above. However, since t h e

canceler i s not i n - l i n e w i t h t h e signal, t h e desired signal does not need t o pass cllsp, i t nay be through t h e f i l t w . easier t o dceign t h e adaptive p o r t i o n of this filter. ch a d d i t i o n a l advantage comes f r o a t h e a b i l i t y t o adapt t h e f i l t e r o f f - l i n e and then switch i t i n once t h e f i l t e r i s able t o enhance t h e performance of t h e o v e r a l l system C23.

e l i m i n a t i n g one s i n e wave, t h e f i r s t section of t h e notch f i l t e r centers i t s e l f h a l f way between t h e two s i n e waves. Then t h e second and t h i r d section each remove one of t h e sines leaving t h e t h i r d sine wave untouched.

2.5

IIR

V I

FIR R e a l i z a t i o n r

The second order notch of Figure l a and t h e second-order band-pass canceler of Figure l b would have t o be I I R r e a l i z a t i o n s t o achieve a s u f f i c i e n t l y narrow bandwidth t o cancel i n t e r f e r i n g s i g n a l s without adverse e f f e c t on t h e desired signal. The f i l t e r s of Figures I C and l d could be I I R or FIR. However, high-order FIR f i l t e r s provide l i n e a r phase and easy adaptation. Higher order I I R f i l t e r s would add great complication without s i g n i f i c a n t l y improving f i l t e r p e r f wmance..

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CI tapped-delay-line adaptive f i l t e r w w l d be w e l l s u i t e d t o t h e cascaded-inl i n e s t r u c t u r e o Figure lc. f An i n t e r e s t i n g approach, however, i s t h e use o f t h e recursive DFT t o r e a l i z e t h e s t r u c t u r e o f Figure Id. Using a Fast F w r i w Transfwm (FFT) chip or a Recursive DFT using Residue Number C k i t h r e t i c C21, w e could obtain a s e r i e s of band-pass f i l t e r s and t h e adaptive algorithm would simply adapt t h e weights of t h e output subtracter t h a t would cancel t h e various s i n e waves C23.
38 Men Znd-Ordw Signal Canceler .
The high-order r e a l i z a t i o n s of Figure l c and I d both suffer from d i f f i c u l t i e s i n adapting t h e f i l t e r weights. O f the second-order structures, t h e W e r s t r a n d f i l t e r o f Figure l b i s best C23. One example of a problem w i t h t h e f i l t e r of Figure l a occurs when two narrow-band signals a r e close t o one another, Figure 2 shows t h i s d i f f i c u l t y . The spectrum of t h e i n p u t signal i s shown i n Figure 2a and c m r i s t s of 3 s i n e waves a t 0. ifs, 0. 125fs, and 0.375fs (36O, 4S0, and 1 3 5 O ) i n Gaussian noise. Each s i n e nave and t h e noise have t h e same energy i n t h e signal. Figure 2b shows t h e spectrum of t h e output of t h e t h i r d stage of t h e f i l t e r . Y o u can see t h e attenuation of t h e t w o low-frequency narrowband signals, but t h e t h i r d narrow-band s i g n a l i s s t i l l present. Figure 2c shows t h e parameter adaptation f o r t h i s example. W e had hoped t h a t each of t h e three notch f i l t e r s would e l iminate one o f t h e narrorrband signals. However, instead of completely

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t Enhancement of M u l t i p l e Sinusoids," IEEE Trans. CAS, vol. CAS-36, no. 7,

pp. 937-9459 J u l y 1989. W e r s t r a n d , Rangarao, Bernstein, and L o o m i s , Now Algwithms for t h e f -taction and E l i m i n a t i o n o Sine Waves and Mhw Nurow-Band Signals i n t h e Resencr o+ Broadband Noise, Naval P w t g r a d School Technical Report, A p r i l 1991. Soderstrand, Loomis, and Rangarao, "Improved Real-Time M a p t i v e Detect i o n , Enhancement, or E l i m i n a t i o n o f M u l t i p l e Sinusoids," Proc. 1991 Midwest Symposium cA8, Ilonterey, May 1991. Schell and Spooner, C y c l i c Spectral Analysis Softuare Package UIwr Manual, S t a t i s t i c a l Signal Proc., Inc, Y o u n t v i l l e CA, June 38, 1990.

. Figure 3

The f i n a l t e s t of t h e new algorithm i s t o apply i t t o r e a l data. The 3-d p l o t s o f Figure 4 show t h e r e s u l t s o f applying t h e new Soderstrand algorithm t o a broad-band BPSK s i g n a l corrupted by t w o narrow-band B S s i g n a l s and by P K noise. These p l o t s are obtained using t h e C y c l i c Spectral Analysis Software Package C41. Figure 4a shows t h e desired B S signal. P K Figure 4b shows t h e corrupted signal. Figure 4c, which matches very c l o s e l y w i t h Figure 4a, is t h e corrupted signal a f t e r passing through t h e new f i l t e r . These r e s u l t s confirm performance of t h e new algorithm i n e l i m i n a t i n g narrow-band interference.

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