MATHS FORMULAS

Contents

Algebra formulas
Set identities - Union, Intersection, Complement,Difference, Cartesian product
Sets of numbers
Complex numbers - Multiplication, Division, Polar form, De Moivre's theorem, Roots
Factoring and product formulas
Solutions of algebraic equations - Quadratic, Cubic and Quartic Equation
Functions formulas
Exponents Formulas
Roots Formulas
Logarithm Formulas
Trigonometry Formulas - Right-Triangle Definitions, Reduction Formulas, Identities, Sum and
Difference Formulas, Double Angle and Half Angle Formulas, law of sines and cosines, area of
triangle
Hyperbolic functions - Definitions, Derivatives, Hyperbolic identities, Inverse Hyperbolic
functions
Analytic Geometry Formulas
Lines in two dimensions - Line forms, Distance, Concurrent lines, Line segment
Triangles in two dimensions - Area, Centroid, Incenter, Circumcenter, Orthocenter
Circle - Equation of a circle, Area, Circumference, Chord theorem, Tangent-secant theorem,
Secant - secant theorem
Conic Section - Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola
Lines in three dimensions - Line forms, Distance, Intersection
Planes in three dimensions - Plane forms, Angle between two planes, Equation of a plane,
Distance, Intersection
Limits and Derivatives
Limits
Common Derivatives +Basic Properties and Formulas
Higher-order Derivatives - definitions, properties and important formulas
I ntegration formulas
Common Integrals
Integrals of Rational Functions
Integrals of Exponential Functions
Integrals of Logarithmic Functions
Integrals of Trigonometric Functions
Series formulas
Arithmetic and Geometric Series
Power Series and Powers of Natural Numbers
Taylor and Maclaurin Series - definitions, binomial series, series for exponential, logarithmic,
trigonometric and hyperbolic functions
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Algebra Formulas
1. Set identities
Definitions:
I: Universal set
A: Complement
Empty set:

Union of sets
{ } | A B x x x B r A o =

Intersection of sets
{ } | A B x x x B d A an =

Complement
{ } | A x I x A =

Difference of sets
{ } \ | B A x x B x A and =

Cartesian product
( ) { }
, | A B x y x A and y B =

Set identities involving union
Commutativity
A B B A =

Associativity
( ) ( ) A B C A B C =

Idempotency
A A A =

Set identities involving intersection
commutativity
A B B A =

Associativity
( ) ( ) A B C A B C =

Idempotency
A A A =

Set identities involving union and intersection
Distributivity
( ) ( ) ( ) A B C A B A C =

( ) ( ) ( ) A B C A B A C =

Domination
A =

A I I =

Identity
A A =

A I A =

Set identities involving union, intersection and
complement
complement of intersection and union
A A I =

A A =

De Morgans laws
( ) A B A B

=

( ) A B A B

=

Set identities involving difference
( ) \ B A B A B =

\ B A B A =

\ A A =

( ) ( ) ( ) \ \ A B C A C B C =

\ A I A =


2. Sets of Numbers
Definitions:
N: Natural numbers
N
o
: Whole numbers
Z: Integers
Z
+
: Positive integers
Z
-
: Negative integers
Q: Rational numbers
C: Complex numbers
Natural numbers (counting numbers )
{ } 1, 2, 3,... N =

Whole numbers ( counting numbers + zero )
{ } 0, 1, 2, 3,...
o
N =

Integers
{ } 1, 2, 3,... Z N
+
= =

{ } ..., 3, 2, 1 Z

=

{ } { } 0 . .., 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3,... Z Z Z

= =

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Irrational numbers:
Nonerepeating and nonterminating integers
Real numbers:
Union of rational and irrational numbers
Complex numbers:
{ } | C x iy x R and y R = +

N Z Q R C


3. Complex numbers
Definitions:
A complex nuber is written as a + bi where a and b are
real numbers an i, called the imaginary unit, has the
property that i
2
=-1.
The complex numbers a+bi and a-bi are called complex
conjugate of each other.
Equality of complex numbers
a + bi = c + di if and only if a = c and b = d
Addition of complex numbers
(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
Subtraction of complex numbers
(a + bi) - (c + di) = (a - c) + (b - d)i
Multiplication of complex numbers
(a + bi)(c + di) = (ac - bd) + (ad + bc)i
Division of complex numbers
2 2 2 2
a bi a bi c di ac bd bc ad
i
c di c di c di c d c d
+ + + | |
= = +
|
+ + + + \

Polar form of complex numbers
( ) cos sin modulus, amplitude x iy r i r + = +

Multiplication and division in polar form
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
cos sin cos sin
cos sin
r i r i
r r i


( ( + + =

( = + + +


( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
cos sin
cos sin
cos sin
r r
r r



+
( = +

+

De Moivres theorem
( ) ( ) cos sin cos sin
n
n
r r n n ( + = +


Roots of complex numbers
( )
1
1
2 2
cos sin cos sin
n n
k k
r r
n n


+ + | |
( + = +
|
\

From this the n nth roots can be obtained by putting k = 0,
1, 2, . . ., n - 1

4. Factoring and product
Factoring Formulas
( )( )
2 2
a b a b a b = +

( )( )
3 3 2 2
a b a b a ab b = + +

( )( )
3 3 2 2
a b a b a ab b + = + +

4 4 2 2
( )( )( ) a b a b a b a b = + +

( )
( )
5 5 4 3 2 2 3 4
a b a b a a b a b ab b = + + + +

Product Formulas
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b + = + +

2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b = +

3 3 2 2 3
( ) 3 3 a b a a b ab b + = + + +

3 3 2 2 3
( ) 3 3 a b a a b ab b = +

( )
4
4 3 2 2 3 4
4 6 4 a b a a b a b ab b + = + + + +

( )
4
4 3 2 2 3 4
4 6 4 a b a a b a b ab b = + +

2 2 2 2
( ) 2 2 2 a b c a b c ab ac bc + + = + + + + +

2 2 2 2
( ...) ...2( ...) a b c a b c ab ac bc + + + = + + + + + +



5. Algebric equations
Quadric Eqation: ax
2
+ bx + c = 0
Solutions (roots):
2
1,2
4
2
b b ac
x
a

=

if D=b
2
-4ac is the discriminant, then the roots are
(i) real and unique if D > 0
(ii) real and equal if D = 0
(iii) complex conjugate if D < 0

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Cubic Eqation:
3 2
1 2 3
0 x a x a x a + + + =
Let
3 2
1 2 3 1 2 1
3 2 3 2 3 3
9 27 2 3
,
9 54
,
a a a a a a
Q R
S R Q R T R Q R

= =
= + + = +


then solutions are:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1
2 1
3 1
1
3
1 1 1
3
2 3 2
1 1 1
3
2 3 2
x S T a
x S T a i S T
x S T a i S T
= +
= + +
= +

if D = Q
3
+ R
3
is the discriminant, then:
(i) one root is real and two complex conjugate if D > 0
(ii) all roots are real and at last two are equal if D = 0
(iii) all roots are real and unequal if D < 0

Cuadric Eqation:
2
4
4 3
1 2 3
0 x a x a x a x a + + + + =
Let y1 be a real root of the cubic equation
( ) ( )
3 2 2 2
2 1 3 4 2 4 3 1 4
4 4 0 y a y a a a y a a a a a + + =

Solution are the 4 roots of
( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 1 4
1 1
4 4 4 0
2 2
z a a a y z y y a + + + =




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Functions Formulas
1. Exponents
... 0,
p
p
a a a a p N p a R if = >

0
1 0 i a f a =

r s r s
a a a
+
=

r
r s
s
a
a
a

=

( )
s
r r s
a a

=

( )
r
r r
a b a b =

r
r
r
a a
b b

=



1
r
r
a
a

=

r
s r
s
a a =


2. Logarithms
Definition:
( ) log , 0,
y
a
y x a x a x y R = = >

Formulas:
log 1 0
a
=

log 1
a
a =

log log log
a a a
mn m n = +

log log log
a a a
m
m n
n
=

log log
n
a a
m n m =


log log log
a b a
m m b =

log
log
log
b
a
b
m
m
a
=

1
og
log
a
b
l b
a
=

( )
ln
og og ln
ln
a a
x
l x l e x
a
= =




3. Roots
Definitions:
a,b: bases ( , 0 2 a b if n k = )
n,m: powers
Formulas:
n n n
ab a b =

nm m n n m
a b a b =

, 0
n
n
n
a a
b
b
b
=

, 0
m n
nm
n m
a a
b
b b
=

( )
p
n n m mp
a a =

( )
n
n
a a =

np
n m mp
a a =

m n mn
a a =

( )
m
n m n
a a =

1
1
, 0
n n
n
a
a
a
a

=

2 2
2 2
a a b a a b
a b
+
=

1 a b
a b
a b
=

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4. Trigonometry

Right-Triangle Definitions
Opposite
sin
Hypotenuse
=

Adjacent
cos
Hypotenuse
=

Opposite
Adjacent
tg =

1 Hypotenuse
csc
sin Opposite

= =

1 Adjacent
cot
Opposite tg

= =

1 Hypotenuse
sec
cos Adjacent

= =


Reduction Formulas
sin( ) sin x x =

cos( ) cos x x =

sin( ) cos
2
x x

=

cos( ) sin
2
x x

=

sin( ) cos
2
x x

+ =

cos( ) sin
2
x x

=

sin( ) sin x x =

cos( ) cos x x =

sin( ) sin x x + =

cos( ) cos x x + =


Identities
2 2
sin cos 1 x x + =

2
2
1
1
cos
tg x
x
+ =

2
2
1
cot 1
sin
x
x
+ =




Sum and Difference Formulas
( ) sin sin cos sin cos + = +

( ) sin sin cos sin cos =

( ) cos cos cos sin sin + =

( ) cos cos cos sin sin = +

( )
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan



+
+ =


( )
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan

=
+


Double Angle and Half Angle Formulas
( ) sin 2 2sin cos =

( )
2 2
cos 2 cos sin =

( )
2
2
tan 2
1
tg
tg

1 cos
sin
2 2

=

1 cos
cos
2 2
+
=

1 cos sin
tan
2 sin 1 cos

= =
+


Other Useful Trig Formulae
Law of sines
sin sin sin
a b c

= =

Law of cosines
2 2 2
2 cos c a b ab = +

Area of triangle
1
sin
2
K ab =



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5. Hyperbolic functions

Definitions:
sinh
2
x x
e e
x

=

cosh
2
x x
e e
x

+
=

sinh
tanh
cosh
x x
x x
e e x
x
e e x

= =
+

2 1
csch
sinh
x x
x
e e x

= =

2 1
sech
cosh
x x
x
e e x

= =
+

cosh
coth
sinh
x x
x x
e e x
x
e e x

+
= =

Derivates
sinh cosh
d
x x
dx
=

cosh sinh
d
x x
dx
=

2
tanh sech
d
x x
dx
=

csch csch coth
d
x x x
dx
=

sech sech tanh
d
x x x
dx
=

2
coth csch
d
x x
dx
=


Hyperbolic identities
2 2
cosh sinh 1 x x =

2 2
tanh sech 1 x x + =

2 2
coth csch 1 x x =

sinh( ) sinh cosh cosh sinh x y x y x y =

sinh( ) cosh cosh sinh sinh x y x y x y =

sinh 2 2sinh cosh x x x =

2 2
cosh 2 cosh sinh x x x = +

2
1 cosh 2
sinh
2
x
x
+
=

2
1 cosh 2
cosh
2
x
x
+
=



Inverse Hyperbolic functions
( )
( )
1 2
sinh ln 1 , x x x x

= + +

( )
1 2
cosh ln 1 [1, ) x x x x

= +

( )
1
1 1
tanh ln 1,1
2 1
x
x x
x

+
=

( ) ( )
1
1 1
coth ln , 1 1,
2 1
x
x x
x

+
=

2
1
1 1
sech ln (0,1]
x
x x
x

+
=



( ) ( )
2
1
1 1
csch ln , 0 0,
x
x x
x x

= +




Inverse Hyperbolic derivates
1
2
1
sinh
1
d
x
dx
x

=
+

1
2
1
cosh
1
d
x
dx
x

1
2
1
tanh
1
d
x
dx x

2
1
csch
1
d
x
dx
x x
=
+

1
2
1
sech
1
d
x
dx
x x

1
2
1
coth
1
d
x
dx x

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Analytic Geometry Formulas
1. Lines in two dimensions
Line forms
Slope - intercept form:
y mx b = +

Two point form:
( )
2 1
1 1
2 1
y y
y y x x
x x

Point slope form:
( )
1 1
y y m x x =

Intercept form
( ) 1 , 0
x y
a b
a b
+ =

Normal form:
cos sin x y p + =

Parametric form:
1
1
cos
sin
x x t
y y t

= +
= +

Point direction form:
1 1
x x y y
A B

=

where (A,B) is the direction of the line and
1 1 1
( , ) P x y lies
on the line.
General form:
0 0 0 A x B y C A or B + + =


Distance
The distance from 0 Ax By C + + = to
1 1 1
( , ) P x y is
1 1
2 2
A x B y C
d
A B
+ +
=
+


Concurrent lines
Three lines
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
0
0
0
A x B y C
A x B y C
A x B y C
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

are concurrent if and only if:
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
0
A B C
A B C
A B C
=


Line segment
A line segment
1 2
PP can be represented in parametric
form by

( )
( )
1 2 1
1 2 1
0 1
x x x x t
y y y y t
t
= +
= +


Two line segments
1 2
PP and
3 4
PP intersect if any only if
the numbers
2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1
3 1 3 1 3 4 3 4
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4
x x y y x x y y
x x y y x x y y
s and t
x x y y x x y y
x x y y x x y y


= =



satisfy 0 1 0 1 s and t


2. Triangles in two dimensions
Area
The area of the triangle formed by the three lines:
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
0
0
0
A x B y C
A x B y C
A x B y C
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

is given by
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
2 2 1 1 3 3
3 3 2 2 1 1
2
A B C
A B C
A B C
K
A B A B A B
A B A B A B
=


The area of a triangle whose vertices are
1 1 1
( , ) P x y ,
2 2 2
( , ) P x y and
3 3 3
( , ) P x y :
1 1
2 2
3 3
1
1
1
2
1
x y
K x y
x y
=

2 1 2 1
3 1 3 1
1
.
2
x x y y
K
x x y y

=



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Centroid
The centroid of a triangle whose vertices are
1 1 1
( , ) P x y ,
2 2 2
( , ) P x y and
3 3 3
( , ) P x y :
1 2 3 1 2 3
( , ) ,
3 3
x x x y y y
x y
+ + + +
=





Incenter
The incenter of a triangle whose vertices are
1 1 1
( , ) P x y ,
2 2 2
( , ) P x y and
3 3 3
( , ) P x y :
1 2 3 1 2 3
( , ) ,
ax bx cx ay by cy
x y
a b c a b c
+ + + +
=

+ + + +


where a is the length of
2 3
P P , b is the length of
1 3
PP ,
and c is the length of
1 2
. PP


Circumcenter
The circumcenter of a triangle whose vertices are
1 1 1
( , ) P x y ,
2 2 2
( , ) P x y and
3 3 3
( , ) P x y :
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
1 1
1 1
1 1
( , ) ,
1 1
2 1 2 1
1 1
x y y x x y
x y y x x y
x y y x x y
x y
x y x y
x y x y
x y x y

+ +

+ +


+ +

=








Orthocenter
The orthocenter of a triangle whose vertices are
1 1 1
( , ) P x y ,
2 2 2
( , ) P x y and
3 3 3
( , ) P x y :
2 2
1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1
2 2
2 3 1 2 2 3 1 2
2 2
3 1 2 3 3 1 2 3
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
1 1
1 1
1 1
( , ) ,
1 1
2 1 2 1
1 1
y x x y x y y x
y x x y x y y x
y x x y x y y x
x y
x y x y
x y x y
x y x y

+ +

+ +


+ +

=







3. Circle

Equation of a circle
In an x-y coordinate system, the circle with centre (a, b)
and radius r is the set of all points (x, y) such that:
( ) ( )
2 2
2
x a y b r + =

Circle is centred at the origin
2 2 2
x y r + =

Parametric equations
cos
sin
x a r t
y b r t
= +
= +

where t is a parametric variable.
In polar coordinates the equation of a circle is:
( )
2 2 2
2 cos
o o
r rr r a + =

Area
2
A r =

Circumference
2 c d r = =


Theoremes:
(Chord theorem)
The chord theorem states that if two chords, CD and EF,
intersect at G, then:
CD DG EG FG =

(Tangent-secant theorem)
If a tangent from an external point D meets the circle at
C and a secant from the external point D meets the circle
at G and E respectively, then
2
DC DG DE =

(Secant - secant theorem)
If two secants, DG and DE, also cut the circle at H and F
respectively, then:
DH DG DF DE =

(Tangent chord property)
The angle between a tangent and chord is equal to the
subtended angle on the opposite side of the chord.






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4. Conic Sections
The Parabola
The set of all points in the plane whose distances from a
fixed point, called the focus, and a fixed line, called the
directrix, are always equal.

The standard formula of a parabola:
2
2 y px =

Parametric equations of the parabola:
2
2
2
x pt
y pt
=
=

Tangent line
Tangent line in a point
0 0
( , ) D x y of a parabola
2
2 y px =
( )
0 0
y y p x x = +

Tangent line with a given slope (m)
2
p
y mx
m
= +

Tangent lines from a given point
Take a fixed point
0 0
( , ) P x y .The equations of the
tangent lines are
( )
( )
0 1 0
0 2 0
2
0 0 0
1
0
2
0 0 0
1
0
2
2
2
2
y y m x x and
y y m x x where
y y px
m and
x
y y px
m
x
=
=
+
=

=


The Ellipse
The set of all points in the plane, the sum of whose
distances from two fixed points, called the foci, is a
constant.
The standard formula of a ellipse
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ =

Parametric equations of the ellipse
cos
sin
x a t
y b t
=
=

Tangent line in a point
0 0
( , ) D x y of a ellipse:
0 0
2 2
1
x x y y
a b
+ =


Eccentricity:
2 2
a b
e
a

=

Foci:
2 2 2 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
1 2
( , 0) ( , 0)
(0, ) (0, )
if a b F a b F a b
if a b F b a F b a
> =>
< =>

Area:
K a b =


The Hyperbola
The set of all points in the plane, the difference of whose
distances from two fixed points, called the foci, remains
constant.
The standard formula of a hyperbola:
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
=

Parametric equations of the Hyperbola
sin
sin
cos
a
x
t
b t
y
t
=
=

Tangent line in a point
0 0
( , ) D x y of a hyperbola:
0 0
2 2
1
x x y y
a b
=

Foci:
2 2 2 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
1 2
( , 0) ( , 0)
(0, ) (0, )
if a b F a b F a b
if a b F b a F b a
> => + +
< => + +


Asymptotes:
b b
if a b y x and y x
a a
a a
if a b y x and y x
b b
> => = =
< => = =



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5. Planes in three dimensions
Plane forms
Point direction form:
1 1 1
x x y y z z
a b c

= =

where P1(x1,y1,z1) lies in the plane, and the direction
(a,b,c) is normal to the plane.
General form:
0 Ax By Cz D + + + =

where direction (A,B,C) is normal to the plane.
Intercept form:
1
x y z
a b c
+ + =

this plane passes through the points (a,0,0), (0,b,0), and
(0,0,c).
Three point form
3 3 3
1 3 1 3 1 3
2 3 2 3 2 3
0
x x y y z z
x x y y z z
x x y y z z

=


Normal form:
cos cos cos x y z p + + =

Parametric form:
1 1 2
1 1 2
1 1 2
x x a s a t
y y b s b t
z z c s c t
= + +
= + +
= + +

where the directions (a1,b1,c1) and (a2,b2,c2) are
parallel to the plane.

Angle between two planes:
The angle between two planes:
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
0
0
A x B y C z D
A x B y C z D
+ + + =
+ + + =

is
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
arccos
A A B B C C
A B C A B C
+ +
+ + + +

The planes are parallel if and only if
1 1 1
2 2 2
A B C
A B C
= =

The planes are perpendicular if and only if
1 2 1 2 1 2
0 A A B B CC + + =

Equation of a plane
The equation of a plane through P
1
(x
1
,y
1
,z
1
) and parallel
to directions (a
1
,b
1
,c
1
) and (a
2
,b
2
,c
2
) has equation
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
0
x x y y z z
a b c
a b c

=

The equation of a plane through P
1
(x
1
,y
1
,z
1
) and
P
2
(x
2
,y
2
,z
2
), and parallel to direction (a,b,c), has equation
1 1 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
0
x x y y z z
x x y y z z
a b c

=

Distance
The distance of P1(x1,y1,z1) from the plane Ax + By +
Cz + D = 0 is
1 1 1
2 2 2
Ax By Cz
d
A B C
+ +
=
+ +

Intersection
The intersection of two planes
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
0,
0,
A x B y C z D
A x B y C z D
+ + + =
+ + + =

is the line
1 1 1
,
x x y y z z
a b c

= =

where
1 1
2 2
B C
a
B C
=

1 1
2 2
C A
b
C A
=

1 1
2 2
A B
c
A B
=

1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
1
2 2 2
D C D B
b c
D C D B
x
a b c

=
+ +

1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
1
2 2 2
D A D C
c c
D A D C
y
a b c

=
+ +

1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
1
2 2 2
D B D A
a b
D B D A
z
a b c

=
+ +

If a = b = c = 0, then the planes are parallel.

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Limits and Derivatives Formulas
1. Limits
Properties
if lim ( )
x a
f x l

= and lim ( )
x a
g x m

= , then
[ ] lim ( ) ( )
x a
f x g x l m

=
[ ] lim ( ) ( )
x a
f x g x l m

=
( )
lim
( )
x a
f x l
g x m

= where 0 m
lim ( )
x a
c f x c l

=
1 1
lim
( )
x a
f x l

= where 0 l
Formulas
1
lim 1
n
x
e
n

+ =



( )
1
lim 1
n
x
n e

+ =
0
sin
lim 1
x
x
x

=
0
tan
lim 1
x
x
x

=
0
cos 1
lim 0
x
x
x

=
1
lim
n n
n
x a
x a
na
x a

0
1
lim ln
n
x
a
a
x

=

2. Common Derivatives
Basic Properties and Formulas
( ) ( ) cf cf x

=
( ) ( ) ( ) f g f x g x

= +
Product rule
( ) f g f g f g

= +
Quotient rule
2
f f g f g
g
g

=




Power rule
( )
1 n n
d
x nx
dx

=

Chain rule
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
d
f g x f g x g x
dx
=

Common Derivatives
( ) 0
d
c
dx
=
( ) 1
d
x
dx
=
( ) sin cos
d
x x
dx
=
( ) cos sin
d
x x
dx
=
( )
2
2
1
tan sec
cos
d
x x
dx
x
= =
( ) sec sec tan
d
x x x
dx
=
( ) csc csccot
d
x x
dx
=
( )
2
2
1
cot csc
sin
d
x x
dx
x
= =
( )
1
2
1
sin
1
d
x
dx
x

( )
1
2
1
cos
1
d
x
dx
x

( )
1
2
1
tan
1
d
x
dx
x

=
+

( )
ln
x x
d
a a a
dx
=
( )
x x
d
e e
dx
=
( )
1
ln , 0
d
x x
dx x
= >
( )
1
ln , 0
d
x x
dx x
=
( )
1
log , 0
ln
a
d
x x
dx x a
= >

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3. Higher-order Derivatives
Definitions and properties
Second derivative
2
2
d dy d y
f
dx dx dx

=



Higher-Order derivative
( ) ( )
( )
1 n n
f f


=
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
n n n
f g f g + = +
( )
( )
( ) ( )
n
n n
f g f g =
Leibnizs Formulas
( ) 2 . f g f g f g f g

= + +
( ) 3 3 f g f g f g f g f g

= + + +
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) 1 2
1
...
1 2
n n n n n
n n
f g f g nf g f g fg

= + + + +

Important Formulas
( )
( )
( )
!
!
n
m m n
m
x x
m n

( )
( )
!
n
n
x n =
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
1 1 !
log
ln
n
n
a
n
n
x
x a

( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
1 1 !
ln
n
n
n
n
x
x

=
( )
( )
ln
n
x x n
a a a =
( )
( ) n
x x
e e =
( )
( )
ln
n
mx n mx n
a m a a =
( )
( )
sin sin
2
n n
x x

= +



( )
( )
cos cos
2
n n
x x

= +








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Integration Formulas
1. Common Integrals
Indefinite Integral
Method of substitution
( ( )) ( ) ( ) f g x g x dx f u du =


Integration by parts
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x dx f x g x g x f x dx =


Integrals of Rational and Irrational Functions
1
1
n
n
x
x dx C
n
+
= +
+

1
ln dx x C
x
= +

c dx cx C = +

2
2
x
xdx C = +

3
2
3
x
x dx C = +

2
1 1
dx C
x x
= +

2
3
x x
xdx C = +

2
1
arctan
1
dx x C
x
= +
+

2
1
arcsin
1
dx x C
x
= +

Integrals of Trigonometric Functions
sin cos x dx x C = +

cos sin x dx x C = +

tan ln sec x dx x C = +

sec ln tan sec x dx x x C = + +

( )
2
1
sin sin cos
2
x dx x x x C = +

( )
2
1
cos sin cos
2
xdx x x x C = + +

2
tan tan x dx x x C = +

2
sec tan x dx x C = +

Integrals of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
ln ln x dx x x x C = +

( )
1 1
2
ln ln
1
1
n n
n
x x
x xdx x C
n
n
+ +
= +
+
+

x x
e dx e C = +

ln
x
x
b
b dx C
b
= +

sinh cosh x dx x C = +

cosh sinh x dx x C = +

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2. Integrals of Rational Functions
Integrals involving ax + b
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
1
1
n
n
ax b
ax b dx
a
fo n
n
r
+
+
+ =
+

1 1
ln dx ax b
ax b a
= +
+

( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
1
2
1
1
2
,
1
2
n n
a n x b
x ax b dx ax b
a n n
for n n
+

+
+ = +
+ +

2
ln
x x b
dx ax b
ax b a
a
= +
+

( )
( )
2 2 2
1
ln
x b
dx ax b
a ax b a
ax b
= + +
+
+

( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )
1
2
1
2
1
,
2
1
n n
a n x b
x
dx
ax b a n n
for n
ax b
n

=
+

( )
( )
2
2
2
3
1
2 ln
2
ax b
x
dx b ax b b ax b
ax b
a
| |
+
|
= + + +
| +
\

( )
2 2
2 3
1
2 ln
x b
dx ax b b ax b
ax b
a
ax b
| |
= + +
|
|
+
+ \

( ) ( )
2 2
3 3 2
1 2
ln
2
x b b
dx ax b
ax b
a
ax b ax b
| |
|
= + +
| +
+ +
\

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 2 1
2
2
3
2
1
3 2 1
1, 2, 3
n n n
n
ax b b a b b ax b
x
dx
n n
fo
n
a
r n
a
x b

| |
+ + +
|
= +
|
+
\

( )
1 1
ln
ax b
dx
x ax b b x
+
=
+

( )
2 2
1 1
ln
a ax b
dx
bx x
x ax b b
+
= +
+

( )
( )
2 2 2 3
2
1 1 1 2
ln
ax b
dx a
x
b a xb ab x b
x ax b
| |
+
= + |
|
+
+
\

Integrals involving ax
2
+ bx + c
2 2
1 1 x
dx arctg
a a
x a
=
+

2 2
1
ln
1
2
1
ln
2
a x
for x a
a a x
dx
x a
x a
for x a
a x a

<

+
=

>

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2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
arctan 4 0
4 4
1 2 2 4
ln 4 0
4 2 4
2
4 0
2
ax b
for ac b
ac b ac b
ax b b ac
dx for ac b
ax bx c
b ac ax b b ac
for ac b
ax b
+
>

+
= <

+ +
+ +

=
+

2
2 2
1
ln
2 2
x b dx
dx ax bx c
a a
ax bx c ax bx c
= + +
+ + + +


( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
ln arctan 4 0
2
4 4
2 2
ln arctanh 4 0
2
4 4
2
ln 4 0
2 2
m an bm ax b
ax bx c for ac b
a
a ac b ac b
mx n m an bm ax b
dx ax bx c for ac b
a
ax bx c
a b ac b ac
m an bm
ax bx c for ac b
a a ax b

+
+ + + >

+ +
= + + + <

+ +

+ + =
+

( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
2
2 2 2 2
2 3 2
1 2 1
1 4
1 4
n n n
n a
ax b
dx dx
n ac b
ax bx c n ac b ax bx c ax bx c

+
= +

+ + + + + +


( )
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
ln
2 2
x b
dx dx
c c
ax bx c ax bx c x ax bx c
=
+ + + + + +



3. Integrals of Exponential Functions
( )
2
1
cx
cx
e
xe dx cx
c
=

2
2
2 3
2 2
cx cx
x x
x e dx e
c
c c
| |
= +
|
|
\

1
1
n cx n cx n cx
n
x e dx x e x e dx
c c

=


( )
1
ln
!
i
cx
i
cx
e
dx x
x i i

=
= +

( )
1
ln ln
cx cx
i
e xdx e x E cx
c
= +

( )
2 2
sin sin cos
cx
cx
e
e bxdx c bx b bx
c b
=
+

( )
2 2
cos cos sin
cx
cx
e
e bxdx c bx b bx
c b
= +
+

( )
( )
1
2
2 2 2 2
1
sin
sin sin cos sin
cx n
cx n cx n
n n
e x
e xdx c x n bx e dx
c n c n

= +
+ +


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4. Integrals of Logarithmic Functions
ln ln cxdx x cx x =

ln( ) ln( ) ln( )
b
ax b dx x ax b x ax b
a
+ = + + +

( ) ( )
2 2
ln ln 2 ln 2 x dx x x x x x = +

( ) ( ) ( )
1
ln ln ln
n n n
cx dx x cx n cx dx

=


( )
2
ln
ln ln ln
ln !
i
n
x
dx
x x
x i i

=
= + +

( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )
1 1
1
1
1
ln 1 ln ln
n n n
for n
dx x dx
n
x n x x

= +

( )
( )
1
2
ln 1
n
1
1 l
1
m m
x
x xdx x
m
m
for m
+
| |
|
=
| +
+
\

( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
1
ln
ln
1 1
1 ln
n
m
n n
m m
x x
n
x x dx x x dx
m
r
m
fo m
+

=
+ +



( ) ( )
( )
1
ln ln
1
1
n n
x x
dx for n
x n
+
=
+

( )
( )
2
ln
ln
0
2
n
n
x
x
dx for n
x n
=

( )
( )
( )
1 2
1
ln ln 1
1
1
1
m m
m
x x
dx
x m x
m
for
x
m

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
1
1
ln ln n
1
l
1
1
n n n
m m m
x x x
n
dx dx
m
x m x x
for m

= +

ln ln
ln
dx
x
x x
=

( )
( ) ( )
1
1 ln
ln ln 1
!
ln
i i
i
n
i
n x
dx
x
i i
x x

= +

( ) ( )( )
( )
1
1
ln 1 ln
1
n n
dx
x x n
f
x
or n

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 1
ln ln 2 2 tan
x
x a dx x x a x a
a

+ = + +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
sin ln sin ln cos ln
2
x
x dx x x =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
cos ln sin ln cos ln
2
x
x dx x x = +

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5. Integrals of Trig. Functions
sin cos xdx x =

cos sin xdx x =

2
1
sin sin 2
2 4
x
xdx x =

2
1
cos sin 2
2 4
x
xdx x = +

3 3
1
sin cos cos
3
xdx x x =

3 3
1
cos sin sin
3
xdx x x =

ln tan
sin 2
dx x
xdx
x
=

ln tan
cos 2 4
dx x
xdx
x
| |
= +
|
\

2
cot
sin
dx
xdx x
x
=

2
tan
cos
dx
xdx x
x
=

3 2
cos 1
ln tan
sin 2sin 2 2
dx x x
x x
= +

3 2
sin 1
ln tan
2 2 4 cos 2cos
dx x x
x x
| |
= + +
|
\

1
sin cos cos 2
4
x xdx x =

2 3
1
sin cos sin
3
x xdx x =

2 3
1
sin cos cos
3
x xdx x =

2 2
1
sin cos sin 4
8 32
x
x xdx x =

tan ln cos xdx x =

2
sin 1
cos cos
x
dx
x x
=

2
sin
ln tan sin
cos 2 4
x x
dx x
x
| |
= +
|
\

2
tan tan xdx x x =

cot ln sin xdx x =

2
cos 1
sin sin
x
dx
x x
=

2
cos
ln tan cos
sin 2
x x
dx x
x
= +

2
cot cot xdx x x =

ln tan
sin cos
dx
x
x x
=

2
1
ln tan
sin 2 4 sin cos
dx x
x x x
| |
= + +
|
\

2
1
ln tan
cos 2 sin cos
dx x
x x x
= +

2 2
tan cot
sin cos
dx
x x
x x
=

( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
sin sin
sin sin
2 2
m n x m n x
mx nxdx
n m n
m n
m
+
+
+
=

( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
cos cos
sin cos
2 2
m n x m n x
mx nxdx
n m n
m n
m
+

+
=

( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
sin sin
cos cos
2 2
m n x m n x
mx nxdx
m n m n
m n
+
= +
+

1
cos
sin cos
1
n
n
x
x xdx
n
+
=
+

1
sin
sin cos
1
n
n
x
x xdx
n
+
=
+

2
arcsin arcsin 1 xdx x x x = +

2
arccos arccos 1 xdx x x x =

( )
2
1
arctan arctan ln 1
2
xdx x x x = +

( )
2
1
arccot arccot ln 1
2
xdx x x x = + +

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Series Formulas
1. Arithmetic and Geometric Series
Definitions:
First term: a
1

Nth term: a
n

Number of terms in the series: n
Sum of the first n terms: S
n

Difference between successive terms: d
Common ratio: q
Sum to infinity: S
Arithmetic Series Formulas:
( )
1
1
n
a a n d = +
1 1
2
i i
i
a a
a
+
+
=
1
2
n
n
a a
S n
+
=
( )
1
2 1
2
n
a n d
S n
+
=
Geometric Series Formulas:
1
1
n
n
a a q

=
1 1 i i i
a a a
+
=
1
1
n
n
a q a
S
q

( ) 1
1
1
n
n
a q
S
q

1
1
1 1 fo
a
S
q
r q

< < =

2. Special Power Series
Powers of Natural Numbers
( )
1
1
1
2
n
k
k n n
=
= +

( )( )
2
1
1
1 2 1
6
n
k
k n n n
=
= + +

( )
2
3 2
1
1
1
4
n
k
k n n
=
= +

Special Power Series
( )
2 3
1
1 . . . 1 1 :
1
x x x x
x
for = + + + + < <

( )
2 3
1
1 . . . 1 1 :
1
x x x x
x
for = + + < <
+

2 3
1 . . .
2! 3!
x
x x
e x = + + + +
( ) ( )
2 3 4 5
ln 1 . . . 1 1
2 3 4 5
:
x x x x
x or x x f + = + + < <
3 5 7 9
sin . . .
3! 5! 7! 9!
x x x x
x x = + +
2 4 6 8
cos 1 . . .
2! 4! 6! 8!
x x x x
x = + +
3 5 7
2 17
tan . . .
3 15 315 2 2
: for
x x x
x x x
| |
= + + + + < <
|
\

3 5 7 9
sinh . . .
3! 5! 7! 9!
x x x x
x x = + + + +
2 4 6 8
cosh 1 . . .
2! 4! 6! 8!
x x x x
x = + + + +
3 5 7
2 17
tan . . .
3 15 315 2 2
: for
x x x
x x x
| |
= + + < <
|
\


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3. Taylor and Maclaurin Series

Definition:
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
2
( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) . . .
2! 1 !
n n
n
f a x a
f a x a
f x f a f a x a R
n


= + + + + +

( )
( )( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
1
'
!
'
1 !
n
n
n
n
n
n
f x a
R Lagrange s form a x
n
f x x a
R Cauch s form a x
n

=

=

This result holds if f(x) has continuous derivatives of order n at last. If lim 0
n
n
R

= , the infinite series obtained is called

Taylor series for f(x) about x = a. If a = 0 the series is often called a Maclaurin series.

Binomial series
( )
( ) ( )( )
1 2 2 3 3
1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2
...
2! 3!
...
1 2 3
n
n n n n
n n n n
n n n n n
a x a na x a x a x
n n n
a a x a x a x



+ = + + + +
| | | | | |
= + + + +
| | |
\ \ \

Special cases:
( )
1
2 3 4
1 1 ... 1 1 x x x x x x

+ = + + < <
( )
2
2 3 4
1 1 2 3 5 ... 1 4 1 x x x x x x

+ = + + < <
( )
3
2 3 4
1 1 3 6 10 15 . 1 1 .. x x x x x x

+ = + + < <
( )
1
2 3
2
1 1 3 1 3 5
1 1 ...
2 2 4 2 4 6
1 1 x x x x x

+ = + +

<

( )
1
2 3
2
1 1 1 3
1 1 ...
2 2 4 2 4 6
1 1 x x x x x

+ = + + +

<

Series for exponential and logarithmic functions
2 3
1 ...
2! 3!
x
x x
e x = + + + +
( ) ( )
2 3
ln ln
1 ln ...
2! 3!
x
x a x a
a x a = + + + +
( )
2 3 4
ln 1 ...
2 3 4
1 1
x x x
x x x + = + <
( )
2 3
1 1 1 1 1
ln 1 ...
2 3
1
2
x x x
x
x x x
x
| | | | | |
+ = + + +
| | |
\ \

\



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Series for trigonometric functions
3 5 7
sin ...
3! 5! 7!
x x x
x x = + +
2 4 6
cos 1 ...
2! 4! 6!
x x x
x = + +
( )
( )
2 2 2 1
3 5 7
2 2 1
2 17
tan ...
3 15 315 2 ! 2 2
n n n
n
B x
x x x
x x
n
x

= + + + + + < <
( )
2 2 1 3 5
2 1 2
cot ...
3 45 94 2
0
5 !
n n
n
B x x x x
x
x
x
n

= < <
( )
2 2 4 6
5 61
sec 1 ... ...
2 24 7 2 20 2 ! 2
n
n
E x x x
x x
x
n

= + + + + < < + +
( )
( )
2 2
3
2 2 1
1 7
csc ... ...
6 360 2
0
!
n n
n
E x
x x
x
x n
x

= + + + + + < <
3 5 7
1
1 1 3 1 3 5
sin ...
2 3 2 4 5 2
1
4 6 7
1 x
x x x
x x

= + + + +

< <
3 5
1 1
1 1 3
cos sin ...
2 2 2 3 2
1
4
1
5
x x
x x x x


| |
= = + + +
|

<

<
\

3 2 3
1
3 5
3 5
...
3 5 7
1 1 1
tan ...
2
3 5
1 1 1
...
1
2
1
3
1
1
5
x x x
x
x
x
x x
if x
if x
if x
x
x x

+ + < <

= + +

+ +

<

3 2 3
1 1
3 5 7
3 5 7
.. .
2 3 5 7
1 1 1 1
cot tan
...
2
3 5 7
1 1 1 1
...
3
1
5 7
1 1
1
if x
if x
x x x
x
x x
x
x x x
x
x
i x
x
f
x

| |
+ + |
|

=
< <
=

+ +
<

+ + +

Series for hyperbolic functions
3 5 7
sinh ...
3! 5! 7!
x x x
x x = + + + +
2 4 6
cosh 1 ...
2! 4! 6!
x x x
x = + + + +
( )
( )
( )
1
2 2 2 1
3 5 7 1 2 2 1
2 17
tanh ... ...
3 2 15 2 2 15 3 !
n
n n n
n
B x
x x
x
n
x
x
x if

= + + < + < +
( )
( )
1
2 2 1
3 7
1 2
1 2
coth ... ...
3 45 945 2
0
!
n
n n
n
i
B x
x
f x
x x
x
x n

= + + + < + < +

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