GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

1.0 1.1 INTRODUCTION SCOPE 1.2.2 1.3 ISO 1101 INDEX

This standard specifies and describes the principles of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing as applied to engineering drawings. 1.2 REFERENCES

Index to the various sections can be found on page two. 1.4 REPLACED STANDARDS

The following standards were used as reference to establish this standard. 1.2.1 ANSI Y14.5M

This standard replaces the following company standard: Ford New Holland WS 49.06

NAME

STD GEO DIM & TOL

ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION

ALL ALL REL

C B A

TD EDF EDF

111649 110394 104739

980310 970723 950123 THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF NEW HOLLAND FRAME OF

69

INDEX
Section 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4. 4.1 5. 5.1 5.2 5.3 6. 6.1 6.2 7. 7.1 8. 8.1 8.2 Title Page

Symbology .......................................................................................................................... 3 Geometric Characteristics and Symbols ............................................................................. 3 Other Symbols (Relating to Geometric Tolerancing) ........................................................... 3 Identifying the Tolerance Zone............................................................................................ 6 Feature Control Frame & Datum Feature Symbol Placement ............................................. 7 Use of Notes ....................................................................................................................... 7 Datum Referencing ............................................................................................................. 8 Datum & Datum Feature ..................................................................................................... 8 Referencing Datums According to Importance.................................................................. 10 Datum Targets .................................................................................................................. 16 Tolerances of Form........................................................................................................... 21 Straightness Tolerance ..................................................................................................... 21 Flatness Tolerance ........................................................................................................... 24 Circularity (Roundness) Tolerance.................................................................................... 25 Cylindricity Tolerance........................................................................................................ 25 Tolerances for Profile Control ........................................................................................... 28 Profile Tolerance............................................................................................................... 28 Tolerances for Orientation Control .................................................................................... 35 Angularity Tolerance ......................................................................................................... 35 Parallelism Tolerance ....................................................................................................... 38 Perpendicularity Tolerance ............................................................................................... 41 Tolerances for Runout Control .......................................................................................... 47 Circular Runout Tolerance ................................................................................................ 47 Total Runout Tolerance .................................................................................................... 47 Tolerances of Location...................................................................................................... 52 Position Tolerance ............................................................................................................ 52 Free State Variation .......................................................................................................... 68 Specifying Circularity in a Free State with Average Diameter............................................ 68 Specifying Restraint for Non-rigid Parts ............................................................................ 69

SYMBOLOGY
SYMBOLOGY. Wherever possible, the use of internationally accepted symbols is recommended rather than 1. the use of notes. This eliminates the translation of notes into other languages and also eliminates the possibility of misinterpretation of the note. This section establishes the symbols for specifying geometric characteristics and other dimensional requirements on engineering drawings in accordance with ANSI Y14.5M and ISO 1101. 1.1 GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND SYMBOLS
TYPE OF TOLERANCE FOR INDIVIDUAL FEATURES FORM SYMBOL CHARACTERISTIC STRAIGHTNESS FLATNESS CIRCULARITY (ROUNDNESS) CYLINDRICITY FOR INDIVIDUAL OR RELATED FEATURES PROFILE PROFILE OF A LINE PROFILE OF A SURFACE ANGULARITY ORIENTATION FOR RELATED FEATURES RUNOUT PERPENDICULARITY PARALLELISM CIRCULAR RUNOUT TOTAL RUNOUT LOCATION POSITION CONCENTRICITY * * THIS CHARACTERISTIC WILL NOT BE USED BY NEW HOLLAND REFER TO 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1.2 4.1.2 5.1 5.3 5.2 6.1 6.2 7.1

1.2

OTHER SYMBOLS (RELATING TO GEOMETRIC TOLERANCING)

REFER TO OR DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL DATUM TARGET SYMBOL FEATURE CONTROL FRAME DIAMETER (CYLINDRICAL TOLERANCE ZONE WHEN USED WITH FEATURE CONTROL SYMBOL) 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6

M S P

MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION (MMC) ** REGARDLESS OF FEATURE SIZE (RFS) PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE BASIC (EXACT) DIMENSION

** FOR NEW HOLLAND APPLICATIONS UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: POSITION TOLERANCE AND RELATED DATUMS APPLY AT MMC. OTHER GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES APPLY RFS. NEW HOLLAND WILL NOT USE THE SYMBOL ON DRAWINGS SINCE IT IS NOT INCLUDED IN THE ISO STANDARDS. S

1.2.1

Datum feature symbol

The datum feature symbol consists of a frame containing the datum identifying letter. The letter is preceded and followed by a dash. The symbol frame is associated to the datum feature by one of the methods described in 1.4 for feature frames. Each datum feature requiring identification shall be assigned a different letter with the letters I, O, Q, and X omitted.

*
1.2.2 Datum target symbol

MIN. 5 MM MIN. .2 IN

GRAPHIC DRAWINGS

MIN. 8 MM MIN. .3 IN

BOARD DRAWINGS

The datum target symbol is a circle divided horizontally into two halves. The lower half contains a letter identifying the associated datum, followed by the target number assigned sequentially starting with 1 for each datum.

Where the datum target area is a circular area, the area size may be entered in the upper half. Otherwise, the upper half is left blank.

Where the datum target is a point, the location is indicated by an x and the other half of the datum target symbol is left blank.

1.2.3 Feature control frame. Geometric characteristic symbols, the tolerance value, and datum reference letters, where applicable, are combined in a feature control frame to express a geometric tolerance.

A geometric tolerance for an individual feature is specified by means of a feature control frame divided into compartments containing the geometric characteristic symbol followed by the tolerance.
MIN. 5 MM GRAPHIC BOARD MIN. .2 IN

MIN. 8

MM

DRAWINGS

MIN. .3 IN

DRAWINGS

Where applicable, the tolerance is preceded by the diameter symbol and followed by the maximum material condition symbol.

1.2.3

Feature control frame (continued)

Where a geometric tolerance is related to a datum, this relationship is indicated by entering the datum reference letter in a compartment following the tolerance.

Where a datum is established by two datum features (for example, an axis established by two datum diameters) both datum reference letters, separated by a dash, are entered in a compartment.

Where more than one datum is required, the datum reference letters are entered into separate compartments in the desired order of precedence.

Datum reference letters need not be in alphabetical order in the feature control frame.

A composite feature control frame is used where more than one tolerance is specified for the same geometric characteristic of a feature or features having different datum requirements.

Where a feature or pattern of features controlled by a geometric tolerance also serves as a datum feature, the feature control frame and datum feature symbol are combined.

1.2.4

Maximum material condition (MMC)

The maximum material condition symbol is specified in a feature control frame when the tolerance value is applied to the maximum material condition of the associated feature.
h = T EXT HEIGHT IN FEATURE CONTROL FRAME

1.2.4.1 Effect of maximum material condition. Where a geometric tolerance is applied a MMC, the tolerance is limited to its specified value if the feature is produced at its MMC limit of size. If the actual size of the feature is not its MMC, then the allowable tolerance will increase equal to the difference between the features actual size and its MMC. This principle also applies to a datum feature if it is referenced at MMC. The axis or centerplane of the datum feature may deviate from the axis or center plane of its datum by an amount equal to the difference between its actual size and its MMC. 1.2.4.2 Position tolerance and its related datums will apply at MMC unless otherwise specified. It is not required to show the symbol M in the feature control frame for this application since this note is specified in the general tolerance block on all drawings. 1.2.5 Regardless of feature size (RFS). The symbol will not be used on drawings since it is not an accepted S worldwide symbol and may be eliminated. 1.2.5.1 Effect of RFS. Where a geometric tolerance is applied on a RFS basis, the tolerance is limited to its specified value regardless of the actual size of the feature. Likewise, referencing a datum feature on a RFS basis means that a centering about its axis or center plane is required, regardless of the actual size of the feature. 1.2.5.2 RFS applies to the geometric tolerance, datum reference or both where no material condition is specified unless otherwise specified in the general tolerance block on the drawing. 1.2.6 Projected tolerance zone

Where a projected tolerance zone is applied to a position or orientation tolerance, a frame containing the projected tolerance zone symbol preceded by the zone height is placed below the feature control frame.

1.3 IDENTIFYING THE TOLERANCE ZONE. The diameter symbol will precede the tolerance value where the tolerance value represents the diameter of a cylindrical zone. No identification symbol is required where the tolerance zone is other than a diameter, as this tolerance value represents the distance between two parallel lines or planes, or the distance between two uniform boundaries.

1.4 FEATURE CONTROL FRAME AND DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL PLACEMENT. To relate the feature control frame and datum feature symbol to its associated feature, use one of the following methods. (a) Add the feature control frame or datum feature symbol below or after a leader-directed callout or dimension directed to the feature. Use a leader from the feature control frame or datum feature symbol to the feature. Locate a side or end of the feature control frame or datum feature symbol on an extension line from the feature if the feature is a plane surface. Locate a side or end of the feature control frame or datum feature symbol on an extension line of the dimension line relating to a feature of size.

(b) (c)

(d)

1.5 USE OF NOTES. Situations may arise in which the geometric requirement desired cannot be totally defined by use of symbols. In these situations a note may be used, either separately or to supplement a symbol, to describe the requirement.

DATUM REFERENCING
2. DATUM REFERENCING. Where the geometric tolerance requirement of a feature is related to another feature or features, a datum reference is used. This section defines methods of establishing those datums and the interpretation of them. 2.1 DATUM AND DATUM FEATURE

Surfaces of parts produced by normal manufacturing methods will, if magnified, have some irregularity in the surface. The actual part surface designated is the datum feature and the true geometric counterpart of that surface establishes the datum. The datum is the origin of the dimensional relationship between the toleranced feature and the related feature.

2.1.1 Datum feature selection. Datum features are selected to control the relationship between features of a part to insure proper fit, function, and assembly of parts. Where practical, corresponding features on mating or related parts should be selected as datum features. A datum feature should be accessible on the part and be of sufficient size for practical usage. 2.1.2. 2.1.3 Datums are used, as applicable, to control profile, orientation, runout, and location. Refer to 1.1. Datum feature symbol placement

Application to a plane surface

Where a plane surface is to be used as a datum feature, the datum feature symbol is located on an extension line directed to the surface or by a leader line directed to the surface. When using a triangle on an extension line to designate a plane surface, the triangle should not be centered on a dimension line.

2.1.3

Datum feature symbol placement (continued)

Application to a feature of size

Where the datum feature is a feature of size, whether a cylindrical surface or two parallel planes, the datum feature symbol must be clearly related to the size dimension or to the feature. When using a triangle to designate a feature of size, the triangle must be centered on the dimension line.

Partial surfaces as datum features For some design requirements, only a portion of a surface is required to be designated as a datum feature. In these situations, a chain line located by basic dimensions is used to identify that portion of the surface.

2.1.4 Compound datum features. Two datum features may be used to established a single datum. To accomplish this, each datum feature or portion of datum feature is designated with its own datum feature symbol. The datum reference letters, separated by a dash, are then shown in a single compartment of the feature control frame. A single datum plane can be established by simultaneously contacting the high points of two surfaces.

A single datum axis for two coaxial diameters can be established by simultaneously contacting the high points of both surfaces.

2.2 REFERENCING DATUMS ACCORDING TO IMPORTANCE. A feature can be referenced to up to three plane surfaces simultaneously if required. When this is done, and order of precedence must be defined in the feature control frame according to the importance of each plane to the toleranced feature. This first datum referenced is the most important or primary datum. The second datum referenced is the secondary datum and the third datum referenced is the tertiary datum. Refer to 1.2.3. Datum reference frame

2.2.1 Positioning a part on a datum reference frame. A part positioned on a datum reference frame must contact the primary datum plane at a minimum of three points, the secondary datum plane at a minimum of two points, and the tertiary datum plane at a minimum of one point. Shown below is a part with two 7..2 holes which must be located within 0.2 at MMC to a primary (D), secondary (E) 70 and tertiary (F) datum. To satisfy this geometric tolerance requirement, the finished part, when dropped over two 6.8 (7.0 MMC-0.2 total tol.) pins, must contact datum plane D a minimum of three points, datum plane E a minimum of two points, and datum plane F a minimum of one point.

Shown below is an inspection fixture that would check this part according to the specified geometric tolerance.

2.2.2 Positioning parts with a cylindrical datum feature on a reference frame. The datum established by a cylindrical surface is the axis of a true cylinder as established by inspection equipment. A cylindrical datum feature is always associated with two theoretical planes intersecting at right angles on a datum axis: therefore, a cylindrical datum feature uses two of the planes on a datum reference frame. Shown below is a part with four 11..2 holes which must be located within 0.8 at MMC to a primary (K) and secondary 10 8 (M) datum. To satisfy this geometric tolerance requirement, the finished part, when dropped over four 10 (10.8 MMC0.8 total tol.) pins, must contact datum plane K a minimum of three points and must fit within a 76.4 (MMC) datum M boundary.

Shown is an inspection fixture that would check this part according to the specified geometric tolerance.

2.2.3 Angular orientation. Where it is important to establish the angular orientation of a part about the datum axis, a tertiary datum feature is referenced in the feature control frame. In the example shown below, angular orientation of the two planes intersecting through datum B is established by the center plane of slot C, the tertiary datum feature.

The illustration below shows the development of the theoretical datum reference frame for the position tolerance shown above.

2.2.4 Effect of datum sequence and material condition. Where datums specified in sequence include a feature of size, the material condition at which the datum feature applies must be determined. The effect of its material condition and order of precedence should be considered relative to the fit and function of the part. As previously stated, position tolerances and their related datums will apply at MMC unless otherwise specified. Other geometric tolerances will apply RFS unless otherwise specified. The illustration below shows the different effects that changing the material condition of the datum features and the sequence of the datum references has on the allowable finished part.

2.2.4.1 Datum features designated RFS. Where a datum feature of size is designated as RFS, the datum is determined by physical contact between the surface or surfaces of the feature and inspection tools.

2.2.4.2 Datum features designated MMC. Where a datum feature of size is designated at MMC, the datum is the equivalent of the MMC limit of size of the datum feature. 2.3 DATUM TARGETS. Due to distortion caused by welding, forming, casting, etc., the entire surface of some features cannot be used effectively to establish a datum. Where this condition arises, the important points, lines, or areas of contact of that feature should be used to define the datum for that feature. These points, lines, or areas are called datum targets. 2.3.1 Datum target symbols (Refer to 1.2.2)

Datum target points The symbol X is used to indicate a datum target point on a surface. The X is located by dimensions on a direct view of the surface, or where there is no direct view it is located on two edge views.

Datum target lines A datum target line is indicated by the symbol X on an edge view of the surface and a phantom line on the direct view. Where the length of the datum target line must be controlled, its length is dimensioned in the direct view.

2.3.1

Datum target symbols (continued)

Datum target areas Where it is necessary to designate areas of flat contact rather than points to assure proper establishment of a datum, a target area of the desired shape is specified. The datum target area is indicated by section lines inside a phantom outline of the desired shape. If the datum target area is a diameter, its size may be specified in the upper half of the datum target symbol; otherwise, the desired shape is controlled by dimensions on the drawing. Where a circular target area is too small to show it on the drawing. it may be represented by an X and its diameter specified in the datum target symbol.

Single datum target areas (partial datums) In some situations, one datum target area is of sufficient size to be used to determine the datum and is also the only area of the surface that is important when referenced to a geometric tolerance. In such instances, that target area is shown and dimensioned on the drawing. The symbol should be used to designate it.

2.3.2 Datum planes created by datum targets. A primary datum plane is established by at least three target points or areas not on a straight line or by at least three points of contact within a single datum target area. Secondary datum planes are established by two target points or areas, and tertiary datum planes are established by one target point or area. The illustration below shows the establishment of a primary datum plane from three datum target areas.

2.3.3 Dimensioning datum targets. Locating dimensions and size dimensions, where required, can be expressed in the form of either basic dimensions or toleranced dimensions. Where basic dimensions are used, tooling or gaging tolerances are assumed to apply. The illustration below shows three perpendicular planes established by three points on the primary datum feature, two points on the secondary datum feature, and one point of the tertiary datum feature.

2.3.4

Step datums. A datum plane may be established by targets located on stepped surfaces

In the illustration below, a basic (gage) dimension defines the offset between the target points while a toleranced dimension controls the distance between the surfaces.

2.3.5 Circular target lines and cylindrical target areas. On rotating cylindrical parts, it is sometimes necessary to apply the geometric tolerance for a feature to only a portion of or circular line on a cylindrical datum surface. In these situations, a circular target line or cylindrical target area should be designated. An example of this would be the bearing area of a shaft.

2.3.6 Restraining of parts to a datum plane. Restraining is the application of a force to the free state condition of a part in order to simulate its actual assembled condition. In some situations, it is important to tolerance a feature of a part to the parts restrained condition rather than its free state condition. This is accomplished by adding a note to the feature control frame.

TOLERANCES OF FORM
3. TOLERANCES OF FORM. This section defines the methods of dimensioning and tolerancing to control the form of a feature or element of a single feature. Since form tolerances apply only to a single (individual) feature or element of a single feature, they are not related to datums. The geometric form characteristics are straightness, flatness, roundness (circularity), and cylindricity. (Refer to 1.1) 3.1 STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCE. Straightness is a condition where an element of a surface or an axis is a straight line. A straightness tolerance specifies a tolerance zone within which the considered element or axis must lie. The straightness tolerance is shown in the view where the elements to be controlled appear as a straight line. 3.1.1 Straightness individual line elements

A straightness tolerance directed by a leader to the surface of the feature controls individual line elements of the surface. This control requires each line element to be within two parallel straight lines, separated by the specified tolerance.

Example

In the example to the right, each line element of the surface must lie within two parallel lines (0.02 apart) where the two lines and the nominal axis share a common plane. The feature must always be within the specified limits of size and the boundary of perfect form at MMC. The allowable deviation from straightness will become less than the specified straightness tolerance (for example, when the actual size of the feature is 19.99, the straightness deviation is 0.01 maximum).

3.1.2

Straightness axis control

A straightness tolerance directed to a size dimension, either by attachment to the dimension line or by placement immediately adjacent to the dimensional value, controls the straightness of the axis of the feature. This control requires the axis of the feature to lie within a cylindrical tolerance zone equal in diameter to the tolerance. This method permits the straightness tolerance to exceed the MMC limit of size.

Example straightness of a feature of size RFS (recommended)

Where a straightness tolerance is applied to a feature of size RFS, the axis or centerline of the actual feature size must lie within the specified cylindrical tolerance zone (0.04). Additionally, each circular element of the surface must be within the specified limits of size. NOTE Straightness tolerance always applies RFS unless otherwise specified.

Example straightness of a feature of size MMC

Where a straightness tolerance is applied to a feature of size at MMC, the axis or centerline of the actual feature must lie within the specified cylindrical tolerance zone (0.04) at MMC. As the feature departs from MMC, the allowable straightness tolerance increases equally to the features departure from MMC. See the chart for examples. Additionally, each circular element of the surface must be within the specified limits of size.

3.1.3 Straightness unit length and total. In order to prevent an abrupt surface variation over a relatively short length of a feature, a straightness tolerance may be applied on a unit basis. When using unit control, a maximum straightness tolerance for the feature should always be specified because of the large variation that could occur if not controlled overall. Example straightness per unit length and total RFS

In this example, the diameter of the tolerance zone over any 20 mm length of the feature is 0.01 while the diameter of the tolerance zone over the total length of the feature is 0.04. Additionally, each circular element of the surface must be within the specified limits of size.

3.1.4

Straightness plane surfaces

Straightness may be applied to control line elements in a single direction or two directions on plane surfaces. It is designated by a leader line in a direct view of the surface that shows the direction the tolerance is to be applied. In this example, each longitudinal element of the surface must lie between two parallel lines 0.05 apart in the left view and 0.1 in the right view.

3.2 FLATNESS TOLERANCE. A flatness tolerance defines the permitted deviation of a surface from a theoretically flat plane. The feature control frame for a flatness tolerance is attached to a surface by either a leader line directed to the surface or by locating it on an extension line to the surface.

Example

In this example all the surface variation must lie within two parallel planes separated by the specified flatness tolerance (0.08). If the surface is associated with a size dimension, the flatness tolerance may not exceed the size tolerance.

3.2.1 Flatness unit area and total. In order to prevent an abrupt surface variation in a relatively small area of a feature, a flatness tolerance may be applied on a unit basis. When using unit control, as flatness tolerance for the entire feature should also be specified because of the large variation that could occur if not controlled overall. Example In the feature control frame to the right, any 3030 area of the surface it is directed to would have to lie between two parallel planes. 0.1 apart, and the entire surface would have to lie between two parallel planes 0.4 apart.

3.3 ROUNDNESS (CIRCULARITY) TOLERANCE. A roundness tolerance defines the permitted deviation of any circular element of a feature from a theoretically true circle. Any circular element must lie between two concentric circles whose radius difference is equal to the specified tolerance. Example

In this illustration, each circular element of the surface must lie within two concentric circles, one having a radius 0.25 greater than the other. Additionally each circular element of the surface must be within the specified limits of size. Also, the roundness tolerance may not exceed the size tolerance.

3.4 CYLINDRICITY TOLERANCE. A cylindricity tolerance defines the permitted deviation of any circular element of a cylindrical feature from a theoretically perfect cylinder. Any circular element of the feature must lie between two concentric cylinders whose radius difference is equal to the specified tolerance. Example

In this illustration, the cylindrical surface must lie between two concentric cylinders, one having a radius 0.25 larger than the other. Additionally, the surface must be within the specified limits of size. Also, the cylindricity tolerance may not exceed the size tolerance.

3.5

EXAMPLES WITH FORM TOLERANCES APPLIED

3.6

EXAMPLE WITH FORM TOLERANCES AND RUNOUT TOLERANCES APPLIED

TOLERANCES FOR PROFILE CONTROL

4. TOLERANCES FOR PROFILE CONTROL. This section defines methods of dimensioning and tolerancing to control the profile (outline) of a part or portion of a part. This control can be applied to either a single line element on the profile surface or to the entire surface. 4.1 PROFILE TOLERANCE. A profile tolerance defines a tolerance zone controlling the form of line elements or surfaces of a part outline or portion of a part outline as related to its own perfect counterpart. This control can be applied to a related datum if applicable. 4.1.1 Application of profile tolerances

Dimensions Basic dimensions are used to dimension the outline or portion of the outline to which profile tolerances apply. These basic dimensions represent the true geometric shape to which the profile tolerance is applied. Where there are many basic dimensions, the note untoleranced dimensions are basic may be used and the boxes around the dimensions may be omitted.

Line element control A line profile tolerance directed by a leader to the part outline controls individual line elements of the part outline on the part surface.

Total surface control A surface profile tolerance directed by a leader to the part outline controls the total surface of the part outline. All around or between points

Where the profile tolerance applies to the entire part periphery, the symbol is applied to the leader. See (a). If the tolerance applies to only a portion of the part periphery, it should be designated as shown in (b).

4.1.1

Application of profile tolerances (continued)

Profile tolerance no datum reference Where profile tolerancing is used only for feature form control, no datum reference is specified. This indicates that the feature is to be compared to its perfect counterpart without any positioning to a datum.

Profile tolerance with datum reference

Where a profile tolerance for a feature or features is related to another feature, that other feature should be specified as a datum. This requires the tolerance zone to be fixed in orientation to that datum.

Bilateral tolerance zone

Where no indication of tolerance zone is shown on the drawing, the profile tolerance is understood to be a bilateral tolerance. This means that the tolerance zone is centered on the perfect profile of the feature or features.

Unilateral tolerance zone

Where the tolerance zone is to apply to either one side or the other of the perfect profile, the zone is indicated by a phantom line adjacent to the side of the profile that the tolerance zone is to be on and by arrowheads indicating the zone. The phantom line should be drawn parallel to the profile and need only be long enough to clearly indicate to which side of the profile the tolerance must be.

4.1.2

Interpretation of profile tolerances

Profile of a line element

Where a line profile tolerance is specified, any line element of the designated surface must lie within the specified tolerance zone (0.3).

Profile of a surface

Where a surface profile tolerance is specified, the entire surface that is designated must lie within the specified tolerance zone (0.3).

4.1.3

Profile tolerances in part applications

Profile toleranced surface located by a toleranced dimension

Where a profile toleranced surface is located by a toleranced dimension only, the profile tolerance zone (0.3) may lie anywhere within the tolerance zone established by the locating dimension (1). The actual surface profile must lie within the profile tolerance zone (0.3).

Profile toleranced surface located by a toleranced dimension and related datum

Where a profile toleranced surface is located by a toleranced dimension and referenced to a datum, the profile tolerance zone (0.3) may lie anywhere within the tolerance zone established by the locating dimension (1) but must maintain its orientation to the referenced datum ( ). The actual surface profile A must lie within the profile tolerance zone (0.3).

Profile tolerance for coplanar surfaces

Where two or more surfaces have all their elements in one plane, the flatness of that total plane can be controlled by a surface profile note. The profile tolerance establishes a tolerance zone (0.1) defined by two parallel planes within which all elements of the indicated surfaces must lie.

4.1.3

Profile tolerances in part applications (continued)

Profile toleranced surface located by a basic dimension to datum surface Where a profile toleranced surface is located by a basic dimension, the profile tolerance can be applied either bilaterally or unilaterally.

Where a bilateral profile tolerance is applied to a feature or features, the tolerance zone (0.3) is equally disposed about the true profile of the designated surface at the basic dimension.

Where a unilateral profile tolerance is applied to a feature or features, the tolerance zone (0.3) is all located to either the outside or inside of the true profile of the designated surface at the basic dimension.

4.1.3

Profile tolerances in part applications (continued)

Profile tolerance all around

Where a profile tolerance is applied all around (), the tolerance can be applied bilaterally or unilaterally (the illustration shows a bilateral tolerance). The actual outside surface profile must lie within the specified tolerance zone (0.8).

Where it is necessary to relate the tolerance zone to another surface, that surface can be specified as a datum.

4.1.3

Profile tolerances in part applications (continued)

Profile tolerances to control alignment Where two or more parts are shown to align in a weld assembly or assembly, the allowable misalignment (determined by design and function) can be one of three conditions. Bilateral and unilateral profile tolerances can be used to express these allowable conditions.

TOLERANCES FOR ORIENTATION CONTROL

5. TOLERANCES FOR ORIENTATION CONTROL. This section defines methods of tolerancing to control the orientation of features to other features. The orientation tolerances are angularity, perpendicularity, and parallelism. They may also be referred to as attitude tolerances. When specifying orientation tolerances, the considered feature is related to one or more datum features. Orientation tolerances apply RFS unless otherwise specified. 5.1 ANGULARITY TOLERANCE. Angularity is the condition of a surface or axis at a specified angle (other than 90) from a datum plane or axis. The angularity tolerance is the distance between two parallel planes, inclined at the specified angle to a datum plane or axis, within which the tolerance surface or axis must lie. 5.1.1 Application of angularity control

Angularity for a plane surface Where an angularity toleranced surface is located by a toleranced dimension, the angularity tolerance zone (0.3) may lie anywhere within the tolerance zone established by the dimension, but must maintain its relationship to the referenced datum ( ). The actual profile of the surface must lie within the angularity tolerance zone (0.3).
A

Angularity for an axis (RFS) Where an angularity tolerance is applied to a feature of size, the axis or centerplane of that feature of size may lie anywhere within the tolerance zone (0.5) established by the angularity tolerance in relationship to the referenced datum.

5.1.1

Application of angularity control (continued)

Loose control of angularity between features For drawing purposes, features are sometimes shown on the same centerline or at 90 when in actual function a liberal angular relationship is allowable between those features. In such cases, the angular tolerance may be expressed in degrees instead of decimals. Position of these features in relation to the axis of the shaft is controlled by the standard shop practices manual: however, if a tolerance different from that specified in the standard shop practice manual is required, it must be specified in the form of an additional positional (!) tolerance.

No control of angularity between features.

Where the angularity between features may vary freely, a symbol may be used to designate that no angularity control is needed.

Angularity control between some features

On some parts the angularity between some features must be controlled while the angularity between others may vary freely. This can be designated as shown.

5.1.1

Application of angularity control (continued)

No angularity control specified

Where features are located on centerlines and no angularity control is specified, the angular relationship between the features shall be 1.

5.2 PARALLELISM TOLERANCE. A parallelism tolerance defines the permitted deviation from a theoretically exact parallel condition. A parallel tolerance specifies:

A tolerance zone defined by two planes or lines parallel to a datum plane or axis within which the considered feature (axis or surface) must lie.

A cylindrical tolerance zone parallel to a datum axis within which the axis of the considered feature must lie.

5.2.1

Application of parallelism control

Parallelism tolerance defined by two planes

Where a parallelism tolerance for a surface or line is referenced to a datum surface, the designated line or surface must lie totally within the tolerance zone established by two parallel planes separated by the specified tolerance. This tolerance zone in turn may lie anywhere within the size dimension of the part but must always remain parallel to the referenced datum.

5.2.1

Application of parallelism control (continued)

Parallelism tolerance defined by two planes (continued)

Where a parallelism tolerance for an axis is referenced to a datum surface, the designated axis must lie totally within the tolerance zone established by two parallel planes separated by the specified tolerance. This tolerance zone in turn may lie anywhere within the size dimension of the part but must always remain parallel to the referenced datum.

Parallelism tolerance defined by a cylindrical tolerance zone

Where a parallelism tolerance for an axis is referenced to a datum axis, the toleranced axis must lie totally within a cylindrical tolerance zone equivalent to the specified tolerance. This cylindrical tolerance zone in turn may lie anywhere within the size dimension of the part but must always remain parallel to the referenced datum.

5.2.1

Application of parallelism control (continued)

Parallelism tolerancing at MMC (effect of MMC)

Where a parallelism tolerance is applied to a feature of size at MMC, the tolerance zone within which the axis or centerplane of the feature of size must lie is the specified tolerance when the feature of size is at its MMC. As the feature of size departs from its MMC, the tolerance zone increases; however, the tolerance zone still must lie within the size dimension of the part and must always remain parallel to the referenced datum.

5.3 PERPENDICULARITY TOLERANCE. A perpendicularity tolerance defines the permitted deviation of a surface, axis, or centerplane from a theoretically exact 90 datum plane or axis. A perpendicularity tolerance specifies:

A tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes perpendicular to a datum plane within which the surface of a feature must lie.

A tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes perpendicular to a datum plane within which the centerplane of a feature of size must lie.

A tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes perpendicular to a datum axis within which the axis of a feature of size must lie.

A cylindrical tolerance zone perpendicular to a datum plane within which the axis of a feature of size must lie.

A tolerance zone defined by parallel, straight lines perpendicular to a datum plane or datum axis within which an element of the surface must lie (radial perpendicularity.)

5.3.1

Application of perpendicularity control

Plane surface to a datum plane

Where a perpendicularity tolerance for a surface or line is referenced to a datum surface, the designated surface or line must lie totally within the tolerance zone established by two parallel planes separated by the specified tolerance and at 90 to the referenced datum. This tolerance zone must lie within the size dimension of the part.

Plane surface to two datum planes

Where a perpendicularity tolerance for a surface is referenced to two datum surfaces, the surface must lie within the specified tolerance zone perpendicular to each datum when the part is resting on at least three points on the primary datum plane and touching at least two points on the secondary datum plane. This tolerance zone must also lie within the size dimension of the part.

Feature of size (rect.) to a datum plane

Where a perpendicularity tolerance for a rectangular feature of size is referenced to a datum plane, the centerplane of that feature must lie within the tolerance zone established by two parallel planes separated by the specified tolerance and at 90 to the referenced datum. Also, the feature centerplane must be within the location dimension.

5.3.1

Application of perpendicularity control (continued)

Feature of size to a datum axis

Where a perpendicularity tolerance for a cylindrical feature of size is referenced to a datum axis, the axis of that feature of size must lie within the tolerance zone established by two parallel planes separated by the specified tolerance and at 90 to the referenced datum axis. Also, the axis of the feature must lie within the location dimension.

NOTE: The perpendicularity tolerance does not control the intersection of the feature axis and the datum axis. If this control is required, a position tolerance should be used instead. See 7.1.3. Perpendicularity for an axis at a projected height In some situations (holes for dowel pins, tapped holes for bolts, etc.) it may be necessary to control the axis of a hole for a distance beyond the datum surface equal to the thickness of the mating part. This is accomplished by specifying a perpendicularity tolerance at a projected height. The feature axis must lie within the specified cylindrical tolerance zone which is perpendicular to and projects from the referenced datum plane for the specified height. Also, the axis of the feature over the projected height must lie within the location dimension.

5.3.1

Application of perpendicularity control (continued)

Cylindrical feature of size to a datum plane

Where a perpendicularity tolerance for a cylindrical feature of size is referenced to a datum plane, the axis of that feature must lie within the specified cylindrical tolerance zone which is at 90 to the referenced datum plane. Also, the axis of the feature must lie within the location dimension.

Perpendicularity for a line element of a surface to a datum plane Where a perpendicularity tolerance is applied to any line element of a surface in relationship to a referenced datum plane, any line on that surface must lie within the specified tolerance zone which is perpendicular to the referenced datum plane. Also, any line element of the surface must lie within the location dimension. This approach can also be used to control perpendicularity of radial elements to a datum axis.

5.3.1

Application of perpendicularity control (continued)

Perpendicularity tolerancing at MMC (effect of MMC)

Where a perpendicularity tolerance is applied to a cylindrical feature of size at MMC and referenced to a datum plane, the axis of the feature must lie within a cylindrical tolerance zone that is perpendicular to the datum plane. The diameter of the cylindrical tolerance zone is the specified perpendicularity tolerance when the feature is at its MMC. As the feature departs from its MMC, the diameter of the cylindrical tolerance zone increases accordingly.

Shown to the right is an inspection gage that would check this part.

5.4 CONTROL OF FLATNESS BY ORIENTATION TOLERANCES. Where an orientation tolerance (angularity, parallelism, or perpendicularity) is applied to a plane surface, the flatness of that surface is also controlled within the tolerance zone specified by the orientation tolerance. An additional flatness tolerance is specified only where a more limiting flatness control of that surface is required.

5.5

EXAMPLES WITH ORIENTATION TOLERANCES

TOLERANCES FOR RUNOUT CONTROL

6. TOLERANCES FOR RUNOUT CONTROL. This section defines methods of tolerancing to control the runout of a feature or single element of a feature to another feature or combination of features. The features controlled by runout tolerances are located either around a datum axis or perpendicular to a datum axis. A datum is always required. The runout tolerances are circular runout (single element of a surface) and total runout (total surface). Runout tolerances always apply RFS. 6.1 CIRCULAR RUNOUT TOLERANCE. A circular runout tolerance specifies the maximum allowable deviation from perfect form of a line element of a surface as it rotates 360 about a datum axis. 6.2 TOTAL RUNOUT TOLERANCE. A total runout tolerance specifies the maximum allowable deviation from perfect form of an entire surface as it rotates 360 about a datum axis. 6.3. ESTABLISHING DATUMS FOR MEASURING RUNOUT

Datums for measuring runout should be selected according to the function of the part. Generally for a shaft they will be the bearing diameters, since they determine the center of rotation of the shaft in actual application.

Where the shaft is supported by two bearings on the same diameter, the datum for measuring runout should be designated by datum targets centered on the bearing mounting area. This will simulate actual part function.

6.4

FULL INDICATOR MOVEMENT CIRCULAR RUNOUT AND TOTAL RUNOUT

Runout is the full indicator movement (FIM) of a measuring device as the part is rotated on its datum axis. Reading direction is taken normal (90) to the toleranced surface. NOTE: FIM is the term used internationally and should replace total indicator reading (TIR) which is a United States term.

Circular runout is the FIM on a single location on the surface over one revolution.

Total runout is the FIM as the indicator traverses the total surface while maintaining the normal attitude, measuring one continuous tolerance zone. NOTE: Total runout also controls straightness of the feature within the continuous tolerance zone.

6.5

APPLICATION OF CIRCULAR RUNOUT

Circular runout can be applied to a cone, a perpendicular plane surface, or a radiused groove in addition to a cylinder. In the illustration shown, each circular line element taken normal (90) to the indicated surfaces must lie within 0.05 FIM when the part is rotated 360 on datum axis AB.

6.6

APPLICATION OF TOTAL RUNOUT

Where total runout is applied to a cylindrical surface, the entire surface must lie within the specified total runout tolerance when rotated on the datum axis. In the illustration shown, the entire surface must lie within 0.1 FIM while the part rotates on datum axis A and the indicator transverses the total surface and maintains normal attitude. This same procedure applies to conical surfaces and again the indicator transverses the total surface maintaining normal (90) attitude to it.

Total runout applied to datum surfaces Where datum features are required by function to be included in the runout control, runout tolerances must be specified for these features. This will indicate any misalignment of the individual datum feature axes to each other. In the illustration shown, the entire surface of each datum feature must lie within 0.02 FIM while the part rotates on datum axis AB.

Total runout can also be applied to a portion of a surface as shown to the right.

6.6

APPLICATION OF TOTAL RUNOUT (continued)

Plane surfaces perpendicular to a datum axis

Where total runout is applied to a plane surface that is perpendicular to a datum axis, the entire surface must lie within the specified total runout tolerance when rotated on the datum axis. In the illustration shown, the entire surface must lie within 0.1 FIM while the part rotates on datum axis A and the indicator transverses the total surface and maintains normal attitude. NOTE: The concavity and convexity of this surface is also controlled within the specified total runout tolerance.

6.7

APPLICATION OF RUNOUT CONTROL TO MULTIPLE DATUMS

A multiple datum for runout control may be used as follows:

In some situations due to part function it is important to control runout to a plane surface as well as to an axis. This is illustrated by the example to the right.

In other situations, the cylindrical surface referenced as a datum may be of insufficient length to properly determine a datum axis so a plane surface is used in conjunction to it to properly orient the part. This is illustrated by the example to the right.

6.8

EXAMPLES OF RUNOUT TOLERANCES

TOLERANCES OF LOCATION
7. TOLERANCES OF LOCATION. This section defines methods of tolerancing to control the location of a feature of size in relationship to another feature. The tolerances of location are position, concentricity, and symmetry; however the only one used by New Holland will be position. 7.1 POSITION TOLERANCE. A position tolerance defines a zone within which the center, axis, or centerplane of a feature of size is permitted to vary from its theoretically exact position. Position tolerancing provides a method of location to ensure assemble-ability and interchangeability at maximum tolerance. 7.1.1 Conventions related to positional control

Exact relationship

Basic dimensions are used to establish the exact location of the tolerance zone of a feature of size to its datum or to another position toleranced feature of size.

Features shown at 90 have an implied exact 90 relationship between their tolerance zones when a position tolerance is specified.

Material condition All position tolerance will be applied at MMC for the designated features of size and their related datums unless otherwise specified. A note is included in the title block of each drawing stating this. The symbol will not be used M with the feature control frame for position tolerance since through use of the note it is understood to apply. Tolerance zone Where the symbol precedes the tolerance value, the tolerance zone is cylindrical in shape. Where no symbol is specified, the tolerance value represents the distance between two parallel planes.

7.1.2

Benefit of position tolerancing

Coordinate system versus position system

The top figure shows a part dimensioned by the coordinate system. Under this system the tolerance zone within which the axis of the hole must lie is a square (or rectangular) zone equivalent to the specified dimensional tolerance. This tolerance zone must be small enough so that hardware will always fit between it and its mating part when both are at MMC. This tolerance zone is constant and does not increase as the holes depart from MMC, so the potential for increasing tolerance is not used.

The bottom figure shows the same part dimensioned by the position system. Under this system the tolerance zone within which the axis of the hole must lie is a cylindrical zone specified by a position tolerance. The diameter of the tolerance zone can be equivalent to the across corner dimension of the coordinate tolerance, thus providing 57% additional tolerance at MMC in the four segments of the diameter as shown. Additionally, as the holes depart from MMC toward their LMC, the diameter of the tolerance zone increases accordingly. This provides BONUS TOLERANCE without affecting fit up to mating parts.

7.1.2

Benefit of position tolerancing (continued)

Further illustration

The top figure further illustrates the allowable location of the holes in the part shown on the previous page.

The bottom figures show a gage that would check the hole location to the allowable tolerance. Functional gaging techniques are fundamentally based on the MMC position concept; however gages are not mandatory to fulfill MMC position inspection.

7.1.3

Application of position tolerance

Series of holes Where a series of holes are located by a position tolerance, the axis of each hole when at MMC must lie within a cylindrical tolerance zone equivalent to the specified tolerance diameter. Each cylindrical tolerance zone must be centered on the perfect center distance between holes. As the holes depart in size from MMC toward their LMC, the diameter of the cylindrical tolerance zone will increase accordingly.

Additionally A series of holes that are position toleranced to each other can also be position toleranced to datum features by the use of a composite feature control frame. In such situations, the centers of those zones in relationship to each other must fall within the cylindrical tolerance zones established in relationship to the referenced datums. The centers of the holes must fall simultaneously within both tolerance zones.

7.1.3

Application of position tolerance (continued)

Series of holes (continued) Where the same tolerance is required between holes in a series and between those holes and other features, a single feature control frame can be used with the related features referenced as datums. In such situations, the axis of each hole at MMC must lie within a cylindrical tolerance zone equivalent to the specified position tolerance. Each cylindrical tolerance zone must be centered on its perfect location in relationship to the datum features. As the holes depart in size from MMC toward their LMC, the diameter of the cylindrical tolerance zone will increase accordingly.

7.1.3

Application of position tolerance (continued)

Bolt circle punched holes

It is a common practice for a number of holes to be located on a bolt circle that shares a common axis with a related cylindrical feature of size. In such situations, a position tolerance will be assigned to the holes on the bolt circle with the related cylindrical feature referenced as a datum. In the example to the right, the axis of each hole at MMC must lie within the specified cylindrical tolerance zone which is centered on perfect dimensions in respect to datum plane A and the MMC of datum D. As the holes depart in size from MMC toward their LMC, the diameter of the cylindrical tolerance zone will increase accordingly. Also as the diameter of datum feature D departs from MMC toward LMC, the allowable position will be affected.

7.1.3

Application of position tolerance (continued)

Bolt circle punched holes (continued)

The figures to the right show a gage that would check the hole locations of the part on the previous page to the referenced datums by the allowable tolerance.

Additionally *NOTE: (See preceding page also.) If the angular rotation of the hole pattern to other part features is not critical, it will be controlled by the implied 90 angle with the angular tolerance specified in the title block applied. If a more restrictive tolerance to control rotation to a part feature is required, that feature should also be referenced as a datum. See the example to the right.

The figures to the right show a gage that would check the hole locations in the above part to its position tolerance.

7.1.3

Application of position tolerance (continued)

Bolt circle referenced to a machined datum

Where holes on a bolt circle are position toleranced to a machined feature of size, the virtual condition of that feature of size must be considered. Shown to the right is an example of such a part and shown below is an example of a gage to check the part.

7.1.3

Application of position tolerance (continued)

Projected tolerance zone Where the variation in perpendicularity of a threaded hole or dowel pin hole could cause interference between the screw or pin and the mating part, a projected tolerance zone may be specified. Where a projected tolerance zone is specified, the projected axis of the hole must lie within the specified cylindrical tolerance zone for the height above the part surface that is specified with the feature control frame. The leader for the callout must be directed to the side of the part that the projected zone must be. A projected tolerance zone should be considered when the mating part is of sufficient thickness that an assembly problem could exist.

7.1.3

Application of position tolerance (continued)

Coaxial features

Where a cylindrical feature is given a position tolerance to a cylindrical datum that shares the same axis, the axis of that feature at MMC must lie within the specified cylindrical tolerance zone. That cylindrical tolerance zone is centered on the axis of the datum feature at MMC.

As the toleranced feature or datum feature depart from MMC toward their LMC, the cylindrical tolerance zone will increase accordingly. Shown below is a gage that would check this part according to the specified tolerance and the illustration of the worst allowable misalignment condition of the axis of the two bores.

7.1.3

Application of position tolerance (continued)

Coaxial features

Where cylindrical features of the same diameter are shown on a common axis with a position tolerance to each other, a pin equal to the MMC of the features minus the specified tolerance zone must pass through all features simultaneously. Additionally, each feature must lie within the specified dimensional tolerance.

Additionally The position tolerance shown above controls only the size of pin that the holes must accept. It does not control the relationship of the axis of the holes together to the rest of the part any closer than the dimension tolerances. If a tighter relationship to another feature is required, an orientation tolerance can be added and referenced to the related feature. In the example to the right, the axis of both holes together must lie within a 1 mm tolerance zone to datums A and B.

7.1.3

Application of position tolerance (continued)

Coaxial features (continued)

The same method can be used to position tolerance cylindrical features of unequal diameter that are shown on a common axis. In this situation however, the note 2 holes together must be included with the feature control frame. A step pin equal to the MMC of each feature minus the specified tolerance zone must pass through all features simultaneously. Additionally, each feature must lie within the specified dimension tolerance.

Additionally As on the previous page, the position tolerance shown above controls only the size of pin that the holes must accept. It does not control the relationship of the axis of the holes together to the rest of the part any closer than the dimension tolerances. If a tighter relationship to another feature or features is required, an orientation tolerance can be added to the axis and referenced to the related feature or features. In the example to the right, the axis of both holes together must lie within a 1 mm tolerance zone to datums A and B.

7.1.3

Application of position tolerance (continued)

Bidirectional position tolerancing

Where the allowable tolerance between features is different in one direction than the allowable tolerance in its perpendicular direction, position tolerances can be specified bidirectionally. As illustrated in the figures to the right, the center of the slots must lie within a rectangular tolerance zone equivalent to the specified position tolerances when the holes are at MMC. This tolerance zone is centered on the centerplanes of the datum features. As the slots depart from MMC toward their LMC, the tolerance zone will increase accordingly.

7.1.3

Application of position tolerance (continued)

Holes in shafts Where a hole in a shaft is position toleranced to the O.D. of the shaft, the axis of the hole at MMC must lie within a cylindrical tolerance zone equivalent to the diameter of the specified position tolerance. The cylindrical tolerance zone must be centered on and perpendicular to the axis of the shaft. As the diameter of the hole departs from MMC toward its LMC, the diameter of the tolerance zone will increase accordingly. Additionally, the axis of the hole must lie totally within the locating dimension tolerance.

Keyways, tabs, spline teeth, sprocket teeth, etc. Where a tab, keyway, sprocket, or spline tooth, etc., are position toleranced to other part features, the centerplane of the toleranced feature at MMC must lie between two parallel planes separated by the position tolerance. The tolerance zone created by the two parallel planes must be centered on the perfect location to the MMC of the datum features. Another way of expressing this requirement is to define the boundary within which the part must lie (as shown below).

7.1.4 Calculation of position tolerances. This section defines the method of calculating the maximum position tolerances that can be applied. 7.1.4.1 Mating parts with floating fasteners (clearance hole in each part)

7.1.4.2

Mating parts with fixed fasteners (clearance hole in one, other pinned or drilled and tapped)

Since the fastener is fixed in one part and only one part has clearance holes, the 0.8 is the total allowable sum of the tolerance zones applied to both parts. The total allowable tolerance need not be divided evenly between the mating parts. It should be divided in the most useful amounts for manufacturing. The position tolerance for these mating parts could be 0.4 and 0.4, 0.5 and 0.3, 0.6 and 0.2, etc.

7.1.4.3

Two or more fixed diameters aligning for a shaft

8. FREE STATE VARIATION. Free state variation is a term used to describe distortion of a part after removal of forces applied during manufacture. This distortion is principally due to the weight and flexibility of the part and the release of internal stresses resulting from fabrication. A part of this kind is referred to as a non-rigid part. 8.1 SPECIFYING CIRCULARITY IN A FREE STATE WITH AVERAGE DIAMETER

In some cases, it may be required that the part meet its tolerance requirements while in the free state. In such situations, the maximum allowable free state variation should be specified with an appropriate feature control frame. Where form control such as circularity is specified for a circular or cylindrical feature, the pertinent diameter is qualified with the abbreviation AVG. An average diameter is the average of several diametrical measurements (usually not less than four) across a circular or cylindrical feature. Illustrations (a) and (b) (simplified by showing only two measurements) give the permissible diameters in the free state for two extreme conditions of maximum average diameter and minimum average diameter, respectively.

8.2

SPECIFYING RESTRAINT FOR NON-RIGID PARTS

In some cases, it may be necessary to simulate the mating part interface in order to verify individual or related feature tolerance. This is accomplished by restraining the appropriate features such as the datum features shown in the illustration below. In this illustration, the runout of the 1391 must be checked when the part is restrained to datums A and 1390 B. Additionally in the parts free state, the 1391 must be round within a 2.5 tolerance zone. The 1391 AVG would be 1390 1390 checked as described in paragraph 8.1.