Living Science (Second Edition) Supplementary Exercise

Unit 9

Unit 9 Space Travel

A Multiple-choice questions
1 Which of the following instruments can be used to measure force? A B

A 2 Which of the following correctly shows all forces acting on a block when it falls from a height in air? A No forces acts on the block. B

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Living Science (Second Edition) Supplementary Exercise

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Living Science (Second Edition) Supplementary Exercise

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*3

A ball is thrown upwards and it falls back onto the ground. What is the reason that the ball falls back? A The air resistance stops the ball from going up, so it drops. B The ball loses all its energy so it drops. C The force of gravity pulls the ball downwards. D The weight of the ball is large.

**E4

If a planet has a shape as shown in the following diagram, at which position is the weight of a person the greatest? B C

D B

E5 Which of the followings are correct about radiation? (1) It can be harmful to our health. (2) It carries energy. (3) It can travel in vacuum. A (1) and (2) only B (1) and (3) only C (2) and (3) only D (1), (2) and (3) D

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What is the magnitude of the frictional force acting on block X if the set-up is stationary?

10 N

A B C D C

0N 5N 10 N 20 N

Which of the following objects would sink at the fastest rate if they were dropped into a bucket of water? All objects have the same weight. A B

to water C D

to water

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to water

to water

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**8

What are the forces acting on the spacecraft with opened parachutes when it travels back from space to the Earth through the atmosphere? (The arrows represent the forces.) A B

C D

A 9

What is the change in energy when a spacecraft travels from space back to the Earth through the atmosphere? A Potential energy heat energy + light energy B Potential energy heat energy + light energy + kinetic energy C Kinetic energy heat energy + light energy + potential energy D Heat energy kinetic energy + potential energy

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*E10

Which of the following statements about mass and weight is correct? A Both mass and weight are forces. B Both mass and weight have the unit of kilogram. C The weight of an object can be different at different places. D The mass of an object can be different at different places.

E11 Which of the following design of spacesuit protect an astronaut by conduction? A Tinted visor () B Shiny spacesuit surface C Water-cooled underwear D Toughened overshoe C

12

Which nations have sent human to space? A China, USSR and USA B USA, Germany and France C USSR, USA and Japan D The UK, Germany and Australia

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13

As shown in the following diagram, Jenny places a block on a table and pulls it with 5 N towards the right. What is the reaction acting on Jenny?

5N

A B C D B

0 5 N (to the left) 5 N (to the right) 10 N (to the left)

14

What are the forces acting on the rocket as shown in the following diagram?

(1) (2) (3) A B C D D

Propulsive force moving the rocket upwards. Gravitational force pulling the rocket downwards. Air resistance opposing the motion of the rocket. (1) and (2) only (1) and (3) only (2) and (3) only (1), (2) and (3)

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15

What is the unit of measurement of the following instrument?

A B C D D 16

m N C g

The following diagram shows how a fish pushes water with its tail to swim forward as seen from above. Which of the following shows the direction of the reaction acting on the tail of the fish?

C movement of the tail D

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Unit 9

17

Which country has sent human to land on the Moon? A USSR B China C USA D Japan

18

Arrange the following rockets in the correct order of development.

1. Saturn V rocket 2. V2 missile

A B C D A

2, 1, 4, 3 2, 1, 3, 4 3, 1, 4, 2 4, 3, 2, 1

3. Long March 2F rocket

4. Space shuttle Columbia

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E19 Which of the following is not a spin-off of space technology? A Satellite communication B Pencil C Non-scratch glasses D Small lasers in CD driver B

20

Who was the first human sent to the space? A Yang Li-wei B Gargarin C Neil Armstrong D Michael Collins

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B True or false questions

1 F 2 T 3 F E4 F 5 F 6 T E7 F 8 T 9 T 10 F The first satellite was launched by USSR. Our masses decreases as we are falling down. Human has already landed on Mars.

The first Chinese manned spacecraft is Shenzhou 5.

Magnetic force holds the Moon in orbit around the Earth.

When measured on the Moon and on the Earth, the weight of an object is the same but the mass of it is different..

Rockets need to carry oxygen for burning fuels.

Heat can be transferred from the cold part to the hot part along an object conduction.

by

Friction always opposes the motion of an object.

Rocket was invented by the German.

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C
1

Fill-in-the-blanks

A ____________________ is used to measure force. The unit of force is ________________. newton balance / spring balance, newton (N) 2 A force can change the ________________ of a moving object. speed / direction 3 Electrostatic force and magnetic force are examples of ________________ forces. non-contact 4 A spacecraft continues to move in space without firing its engine because in the space there is no __________________ to slow down its motion. air friction / air resistance 5 USA has developed __________________ which are reusable and can travel between the Earth and the space stations. space shuttles E6 Astronauts wear ________________ for protection when they work outside the aircraft. spacesuits 7 The shape of an aeroplane is ________________ in order to reduce air friction during flight. streamlined, air friction 8 There is no air in the space between the Earth and the Sun, i.e. it is a ________________. vacuum 9 Energy can be transferred across a vacuum by ________________. radiation 10 Action and ________________ are equal and ________________.

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reaction, opposite

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Living Science (Second Edition) Supplementary Exercise

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D Short questions
1 When we skate on ice, there is a thin layer of water between the ice surface and the blades of the skates. From the information given, explain briefly why we can skate at a high speed on ice surface.

blade

_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Answer: The layer of water between the blade and the ice surface greatly reduces the friction acting on the blade. Hence, we can skate at a high speed on ice surface.

Is a seahorse designed to be a good swimmer? Give a reason for your answer.

_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Answer: Seahorse is not designed to be a good swimmer. It is because it does not have

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streamlined body. 3 List any two design features of a space shuttle that protect astronauts inside when they re-enter the Earth from the space. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Answer: The surface of a space shuttle is covered with insulating tiles that protect the space shuttle from burning. Parachutes are used to slow down the space shuttle so that the space shuttle can land more safely. (Or other reasonable answers.)

*4

Michael wants to open a window. He finds that he needs to push it hard before he can open it. Suggest a reason why Michael has to apply a large force to open the window and how he can improve the situation. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

Answer: Michael has to push the window hard before he can open it because the friction between the moving parts of the hinges of the window is large. He should apply some lubricating oil at the hinges to reduce the friction.

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A block is pushed on a plane as shown in the following diagram. a If the block moves towards the left, what is the direction of the friction acting on the block? Indicate the friction on the diagram by an arrow. b Is there any friction acting on the block if it rests on an inclined plane?

_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Answer: a

There is friction acting on the block if it rests on an inclined plane. Friction prevents the block from sliding down.

Why does a rocket need a streamlined shape while a lunar landing vehicle does not?

lunar landing vehicle rocket

_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Answer: Since the rocket has to fly in air, its body should be streamlined to reduce air resistance when it moves in air. However, since the lunar landing vehicle travels only
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in space (a vacuum), it does not need a streamlined shape. 7 Paul sits on a cart and pushes against a wall. By considering the force acting on the wall by Paul, determine the direction of force acting on Paul by the wall and the motion of Paul after the push.
wall

_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Answer: The force acting on the wall by Paul points towards the left. Hence, the reaction acting on Paul by the wall points towards the right and Paul will move towards the right after the push.

*E8

How does a spacesuit protect an astronaut when he faces the Sun in space? State two design features of the spacesuit. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

Answer: When an astronaut faces the Sun in space, the tinted visor reflects radiation and prevents excessive radiation from reaching the astronaut. Also the shiny surface of the spacesuit reflects radiation and reduces the absorption of radiation from the Sun.

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*E9

John said that he can lift up a block of 100 kg on the Moon but not on the Earth. What is his reason? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

Answer: Since the weight of an object on the Moon is only one-sixth of that on the Earth. Therefore, the weight of the block of 100 kg is much lighter on the Moon than that on the Earth and John can lift it on the Moon.

*10

If the fan cart in the following diagram is placed on the Moon, can it move when the fan is turned on?

_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Answer: Since there is no air on the Moon, even if the fan of the cart is turned on, no force (reaction) will act on the cart and the cart will not move.

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E
**1

Long questions
Tommy sits on a cart and throws sandbags of different weight.

Explain why the cart moves as Tommy throws a sandbag. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ In two trials, Tommy throws sandbags with 1 kg and 5 kg at the same speed. In which trial does Tommy move at a higher speed? Why? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ The cart can only move for a short while. Explain briefly. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

Answer: a When Tommy throws a sandbag, a reaction acts on Tommy by the sandbag and hence he, together with the cart, moves. b Tommy moves at a higher speed when he throws the sandbag with 5 kg. It is because he applies a larger force in throwing a heavier sandbag and a larger reaction force acts on him. Hence he can move faster. c It is because friction acts on the cart when it moves. Therefore, the cart slows down and stops.

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*2

The following diagram shows a water rocket. Before the launch of the rocket, air is pumped into the rocket. And when the rocket is launched, it flies upwards while water is ejected downwards.

water

trigger

Draw the forces acting on the water ejected and on the rocket when the rocket is launched.

What are the terms given to the forces in (a)? Do the forces have the same sizes? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Suggest a method to increase the launching speed of the rocket. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ When the rocket is launched, what energy of the rocket increases? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

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Answer: a
force on rocket

force on water

b c d

They are called action and reaction. They have the same size. Pump more air into the rocket. (or other reasonable answers) The kinetic energy and potential energy of the rocket increases.

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*3

The following diagrams show a space shuttle and a spacecraft when they re-enter the Earth through the atmosphere.

Write down the forces that act on them when they re-enter the Earth. Which force attracts them towards the Earth and which force opposes their motion? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Does the space shuttle or the spacecraft move faster across the atmosphere? Why? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ In order to avoid being burnt out, what has been installed to the space shuttle? _____________________________________________________________

Answer: a Force of gravity attracts them towards the Earth. Air resistance oppose their motion. b The spacecraft moves faster because its bottom has a smaller surface area than that of the space shuttle, the air resistance is also less than that of the space shuttle. c The surface of the space shuttle is covered with insulating tiles.

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E4 Armstrong together with Collins and Aldrin were sent to the Space and they successfully finished the mission of landing on the Moon in 1969. a When astronauts travel to the space, they would feel weightlessness. Describe this phenomenon briefly. _____________________________________________________________ b When Armstrong landed on the Moon, he felt himself much lighter than when he was on the Earth. Why? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ c Owing to the weightlessness, the life of astronauts in space is different from that on the Earth. Give an example of the change in life style of astronauts in space. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ d The technology used in space exploration has been used in our daily life. Give an example of such technology. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Answer: a Weightlessness is the situation in which we cannot feel our weight. b It is because the gravity of the Moon is only one-sixth of that of the Earth. Hence, Armstrong felt much lighter on the Moon than on the Earth. c In space, astronauts have to use specially designed toilet, astronauts have to themselves in beds, or astronauts have to add water through a long needle inserted into the sealed containers with foods in dried form. (any ONE or other reasonable answers) d Small lasers in CD driver Scratch-resistant lenses Dried food and high energy food (any ONE or other reasonable answers)

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*E5

A spacecraft travels to planet Y and is going to land on it. Planet Y has atmosphere and gravity similar to that of the Earth. As the spacecraft approaches planet Y, it may take path A or path B to travel through the atmosphere as shown in diagram 1. When it nearly reaches the ground, its parachutes are opened and its rocket engine is fired as shown in diagram 2.

atmosphere of planet Y

Planet Y

path B spacecraft

path A

Diagram 1 a

Diagram 2

List two problems that the spacecraft encounters when it passes through the atmosphere of planet Y _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

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Draw and label the forces acting on the landing spacecraft in the following diagram.

c d The oxygen content of the atmosphere of planet Y is only 10% of that of the Earth. How can astronauts survive outside the spacecraft? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ The force of gravity of planet Y is 3/4 of that of the Earth. If an astronaut weighs 800 N on Earth, what is his weight on planet Y? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

Answer: a The speed of the spacecraft is very high. And the temperature of the spacecraft is very high. b
air resistance air resistance

uplifting force of rocket engine

force of gravity

c d

Astronauts should put on spacesuits with oxygen tank. The weight of the astronaut on Planet Y = 800 N 3 /4 = 600 N

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