Introduction to Hadron Physics

ZHENG Chuan 2011.5.5

Matter in nature

Track of Modern Physics

Where is mass from

electron hydrogen

me = 0.511 MeV/c2 mp = 938.3 MeV/c2

1/1836

proton

mu = 1.5 to 3.3 MeV/c2 md = 3.5 to 6.0 MeV/c2

E = mc2

m = E/c2

px ~ & E = pc E ~ c/x = 197 MeVfm / 1 fm

Mass is from localization and field energy!

Strong force

Two protons in nuclues

Strong Electromagnetic Weak Gravitational

20

10-7

10-36

Nuclear force
p 0 p p p p +/n p n

Yukawa firstly predicted the existence of mesons.

Nuclear force: residual q-q interaction!

Bubble chamber
e-

Liquid hydrogen

Early tracking detector

K- beam

Bubble chamber
ee+

+ +

Liquid hydrogen K-

Bubble chamber
ee+

+ +

Liquid hydrogen

+ +
K-

Meson

decay mode

e + e

d Q=-1/3 s Q=-1/3

u Q=+2/3

Quark model
Hadron

s Q=-2/3 u Q=+1/3 d

Meson: qq

Baryon: qqq

J P = 0-

JP = (1/2)+

Prediction of -

e+ 2 0 Liquid hydrogen

e-

JP

(3/2)+

K-

Baryon - was predicted by quark model.

Prediction of + +

e+ 2
+

e-

+ +

0 Liquid hydrogen

JP

(3/2)+

K-

Baryon - was predicted by quark model.

Prediction of -

e+ 2 0 Liquid hydrogen

e-

K + p + K + + K 0 0 + 0 + 0 + p + 2
K-

Barnes et al. PRL 12(1964)204

Force carrier
QED (Quantum ee
Electrodynamics)

QCD (Quantum q
Chromodynamics)

Qq

= e2/4 ~ 1/137 Charge of QED is electric charge.

g s = gs2/4 ~ 1
s s s

Charge of QCD is called Color with 3 values labelled red, green and blue.

Gluon carry the charge of the strong interaction!

Experimental evidence of quarks and gluons

Deep inelastic scattering

e-

q2 = (k-k)2
Elastic scattering on spin 0

d d 2 2 = i F(q ) d d Mott F(q 2 ) = (r )ei q i r d 3 r

Q2 >> 1 GeV2
d ddE'

2 F(Q2 , ) d F2 (Q , ) = i + 2tan2 i 1 d Mott 2 M

Inelastic scattering on spin 1/2

Q2 = E-E' , x = 2M

F (Q2 ,x) 1,2

Structure functions

Deep inelastic scattering

F2 (Q 2 , x ) = 2 x F1 (Q 2 , x ) F2 (Q 2 , x ) = G (Q 2 ) x f(x )
x: the fraction of the entire proton momentum carried by the parton in nucleon When x is fixed, F2 is the dipole form factor.

Nucleon is composed of spin pointlike particles!

Quarks in
R=
e+ ee+ e q q + -

+ee

annihilation

color
cc

=3

2 1 1 2 Qi 2 = 3 [( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2 + ...] 3 3 3 3 i
u bb d s c

uu dd

ss

10/3

11/3

Quarks in
R=
e+ ee+ e q q + -

+ee

annihilation

color
cc

=3

2 1 1 2 Qi 2 = 3 [( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2 + ...] 3 3 3 3 i
u bb d s c

uu dd

ss

10/3

11/3

Proving the flavor and color properties of quarks!

Experimental evidence of gluons

Observation of 3-jets event in e+e- annihilation is the direct experimental evidence of gluons!

QCD Theory of strong interaction

QCD Asymptotic freedom

+ q q

k ~ 1 GeV/fm

V(r ) =

EM
r

4 s V(r ) = + k r 3r

0.8 fm

Asymptotic freedom is the most important feature of QCD!

QCD Asymptotic freedom

r ~ 1/Q

small r

Strong coupling becomes less at smaller distance!

QCD Quark confinement

meson

baryon

All hadron states and physical observables are color-singlets!

Chiral symmetry breaking

L Q C D = L gluon + L quark L quark =

q f ( i D + m f ) q f

Quark mass

L quark, f = u , d = ui D u + di D d + m u uu + m d d d
mu = md = 0 Chiral symmetry breaking

u u d Left d Right

M2 (mu + md ) 10 MeV m 2 = (mu + md ) f

Chiral symmetry is an approximate symmetry of strong interaction!

Standard model

Frontiers of hadron physics

Multiquark components

Exotic states

Quark Gluon Plasma

Hadron spectrum mesons

Very similar to electron configuration

JPC = 0-+, 0++, 1--, 1+-, 1++, 2++

Allowed combinations

JPC = 0--, 0+-, 1-+, 2+-

Not allowed: exotic

Hadron spectrum glueball

Amsler Phys. Reports 389(2004)61

q q

Glueball spectrum

g q g Lattice QCD
f0(1710) f0(1500) f0(1370) f0(980)

Glueball is allowed in QCD!

Hadron spectrum - baryons

Baryon spectrum is less understood!

Hadron spectrum - multiquarks

+ KN
PRL 91 (2003) 012002

2003-2004: 11 big accelerator labs reported Pentaquark findings, but 8 other labs found no evidence of it.

The Pentaquark is not in good health, but it is still alive! Proton: |p> ~ |uud> + 1|[ud][ud]d> + 2|[ud][us]s> +
Zou and Riska PRL 95 (2005) 072001

Nucleon has multiquark components?

Internal structure of proton

xf(x)

Nucleon has multiquark components!

Phases of quark matter

Relativistic heavy ions collision: Au+Au Pb+Pb at 100 GeV/nucleon (RHIC-STAR 2001) at 1380 GeV/nucleon (LHC-ALICE 2010)

(Net Baryon Density)

To know the early universe after the Big Bang!

Particle detector

Principle of particle detecting

Tracking chamber (1)

COSY-WASA MDC

Tracking chamber (2)

14

-HV

12

10

RHIC-STAR TPC

Drift volume
8 6

d rge Cha

t cle arti p

k rac

E
Drift field

Drifting electrons from primary ionization

Gating grid
4

MWPC
2

Cathode Anode & Field wires Cathode

Electromagnetic calorimeter (1)

CsI crystal
X0 = 1.86 cm L = 30 cm ; R = 5 cm

Yellow: Red: e+ Green: e-

Electromagnetic calorimeter (2)

beam

SLAC-Babar

COSY-WASA

Hadronic calorimeter (1)

Hadronic calorimeter (2)

IMP - Neutron Wall

Particle identification
dE z 2 1 2me c 2 2 2Tmax 2 2 ln 2 dx 2 I

P = m0 c

For long-lived charged particles!

Invariant mass
Example:

0 , Minv2 = (E1 + E2)2 (p1 + p2)2

For short-lived resonant particles!

Missing mass
Example: pd3He X
(782)

MX2 = (Ep + md - EHe)2 (pp - pHe)2

beam target beam

For the missed particles in the detection!

Experimental facility

Accelerator

SLAC (Standford Linear ACcelerator)

CERN Synchrotrons

Linear and Ring shape!

COoler SYnchrotron (Juelich)

COSY (Cooler Synchrotron) Circumference Beam (polarized and unpol.) Beam momentum Intensity (particles) Luminosity (cluster, pellet target) Preparation time Beam lifetime 184 m Proton /deuteron 0.3 3.7 GeV/c 1010 - 1011 ~1031 cm-2s-1 a few seconds a few minutes to an hour

COSY in ~1993

HIRFL-CSR (Lanzhou)

SFC: up to 10 AMeV SSC: up to 100 AMeV CSRm: 1.1 AGeV(12C6+) CSRe: 0.76 AGeV (12C6+) CSRm: up to 2.8 GeV proton beam for Hadron Physics

HIRFL-CSR (Lanzhou)
CSRe

CSRm

Giant detectors at LHC

WASA (Juelich)

Detector has the similar layer structure, no matter its big or small!

WASA (Juelich)

Superconducting solenoid

HPLUS (Lanzhou)

beam

p/d frozen-pellet target

Detector simulation

DAQ and Data

WASA DAQ system

Total channels: 3630; Data rate: 3~4 TB/day!

Summary
Quarks and gluons are in reality. Quantum ChromoDynamics is the basic theory of the strong interaction. Hadron spectrum, the internal structure of nucleon and the phases of QCD are the frontiers of hadron physics. Particle detectors are the experimental tools which have similar layer structure. Big experiment needs big collaboration.