8081

The University of Sydney

FACULTIES OF ARTS, ECONOMICS, EDUCATION,
ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE
MATH3914
Paper : Fluid Dynamics
June, 2005 Time allowed: Two hours
Lecturer: Dr. D.J. Galloway
INSTRUCTIONS
(i ) A list of vector identities is included at the end of the paper.
(ii ) Non-programmable calculators may be used.
(iii ) More marks will be awarded for reasonable attempts at whole questions.
(iv) All questions are worth equal marks.
(v) All questions may be attempted.
You may assume any formulae derived in lectures without proof unless otherwise
stated. You may also freely use without proof the vector identities and curvilinear
coordinate formulae given at the end of the paper.
1. The Rankine vortex is dened in cylindrical polar coordinates (r, , z) as a region
with uniform z-vorticity out to a radius a, surrounded by irrotational ow.
The velocity v = (0, v(r), 0) is purely azimuthal, and steady; also, far from the
vortex the ow tends to zero.
(i ) Show that within r = a , v(r) = r/2, whilst for r > a , v(r) = a
2
/(2r).
(You should assume v is continuous at r = a.)
(ii ) Assume now that the uid has a free surface, whose elevation is z = 0 in
the limit r . Above the uid is air with constant pressure p = p
0
. For
r > a, use a suitable form of Bernoullis equation to derive
p(r, z) = p
0
gz

2
a
4
8r
2
within the body of uid (where is the uid density and g the acceleration
due to gravity).
(iii ) For r < a, the ow is not irrotational, but the uids acceleration is due
solely to its circular motion, and therefore is v
2
(r)/r directed radially in-
wards. Write this as the gradient of an appropriate function, and hence
Turn to page 2
8081 June, 2005 2
derive the Bernoulli-type integral
p(r, z) = constant gz +
1
8

2
r
2
.
Determine the constant by matching this pressure to that of the surround-
ing ow at r = a.
(iv) Use the condition that p = p
0
on the surface to derive the depression of the
surface as a function of r in the two regions, showing that the depression
at the centre of the vortex is
2
a
2
/(4g).
2. A ow with circular streamlines has an axisymmetric pressure distribution and
velocity u = v(R, t)e

, referred to cylindrical polar coordinates (R, , z). Show

that the -component of the Navier-Stokes equation is
v
t
=
_

2
v
R
2
+
1
R
v
R

v
R
2
_
.
Use this equation to investigate how an initial line vortex singularity spreads due
to viscous diusion. Dening the circulation (R, T) at radius R as 2Rv(R, t),
reexpress the above equation in terms of , showing

t
=
_

2

R
2

1
R

R
_
.
The initial condition appropriate for a line vortex at time t = 0 is (R, 0) =
0
,
where
0
is the vortex strength. At any later time, viscosity ensures the velocity
v(0, t) is nite; thus the above equation is to be solved with the given initial
condition and the boundary conditions = 0 at R = 0 and
0
as R .
Seek a similarity solution = f(), where = R/

4t. Substitute into the

Turn to page 3
8081 June, 2005 3
problem just described, and show that the PDE becomes an ODE for f. Solve
it subject to the specied boundary conditions, and hence derive the result
v(R, t) =

0
2R
_
1 e
R
2
/4t
_
.
Deduce that when R

4t, the velocity is almost the same as for the original

line vortex, but that when R

4t, the velocity is close to rigid body rotation

(with an angular velocity you should specify).
3. (i ) Suppose a 2-D incompressible ow is irrotational except at isolated singu-
larities, and takes place with complex potential f(z). All singularities lie
outside the circle |z| = a. Show that w(z) = f(z)+f(a
2
/ z), where an over-
bar denotes complex conjugation, gives a suitable complex potential for the
same ow with the added insertion of a cylindrical boundary |z| = a, the
ow being understood to take place in the region outside the boundary.
(This is the Milne-Thomson Circle Theorem: to demonstrate it you should
show rst that the ow has the same behaviour for large z; second that the
circle |z| = a is a streamline with = constant, and third that any addi-
tional singularities introduced by the new term lie within |z| = a, so that
w(z) is analytic with real part satisfying
2
= 0 except at the location of
the original singularities. You do not need to demonstrate explicitly that
the Cauchy-Riemann equations hold.)
(ii ) A line vortex of strength is situated a distance b > a from the centre
of a cylinder of radius a; the ow satises the conditions for the theorem
in part (i) to be valid. Denoting the instantaneous location of the vortex
by z
0
, use the theorem to write down the complex potential for this ow,
and show that up to the addition of an arbitrary (physically irrelevant)
constant it may be written
w(z) =
i
2
_
log(z z
0
) + log z log(z a
2
/ z
0
)
_
.
Work out the complex velocity at the location of the original vortex, ex-
cluding the self-induced component in the potential. Hence show that the
vortex moves around the cylinder in a circle of radius b with angular ve-
locity given by
=
a
2
2b
2
(b
2
a
2
)
.
[Hint: without loss of generality one can calculate the complex velocity at
the instant of time where z
0
= b + 0i.]
Turn to page 4
8081 June, 2005 4
4. This question asks you to derive the solution for the boundary layer on a at
plate y = 0, in the presence of an external velocity whose x-component U(x) =
cx
m
(the Falkner-Skan problem). For this question you may not assume results
from the lecture notes (except for quoting the Navier-Stokes equation, Bernoulli,
etc.)rather you should derive the results requested.
(i ) Write down the x-component of the steady 2-D Navier-Stokes equation, and
state why, in the boundary layer, you can neglect one of the two viscous
terms compared to the other at high Reynolds number (ie low viscosity).
Use Bernoulli to estimate the form of the pressure variation as a function
of x outside the boundary layer, and state why this pressure may also be
used to estimate the pressure gradient term in the (thin) viscous boundary
layer.
(ii ) Dene a new variable = y/(x), where = (x/U(x))
1/2
is an estimate of
the boundary layer thickness. Seek a similarity solution in which u(x, ) =
U(x)f

(), where the hope is that f() can be shown to satisfy an ordinary
rather than a partial dierential equation. Introducing a stream function
having u = /y, v = /x, show that
=
_
U(x)xf() =

cx
(m+1)/2
f()
is a suitable form for it, in that it gives the right u.
(iii ) Making extensive use of the chain rule, calculate expressions for v, u/x,
u/y and
2
u/y
2
in terms of x, , and derivatives of f with respect to .
Substitute all these expressions into the approximated x-component of the
Navier-Stokes equation to show that the x-dependence does indeed cancel
out, yielding the Falkner-Skan ODE
f

+ (m + 1)ff

/2 + m(1 f

2
) = 0 ,
where f

= df/d etc.
(iv) What are the three appropriate boundary conditions for u and v, and how
do these translate into three conditions for f and f

? (Note that you are

not required to solve the problem beyond this stage; it can only be done
numerically.)
Turn to page 5
8081 June, 2005 5
Appendix-Vector Identities and Curvilinear Coordinates.
(a b) = (a )b + (b )a +a (b) +b (a)
(a )a = (a
2
/2) a (a)
(a) = a +a
(a b) = b a a b
(a) = a + a
(a b) = (b )a (a )b +a b b a
General curvilinear coordinates q
1
, q
2
, q
3
Let e
i
be a unit vector along the q
i
-axis, with
ds
2
= h
2
1
dq
2
1
+ h
2
2
dq
2
2
+ h
2
3
dq
2
3
.
Then =

i
1
h
i

q
i
e
i
F =
1
h
1
h
2
h
3

i,j,k

q
i
(h
j
h
k
F
i
)
(where here and subsequently the sum is over i with j and k selected cyclically,
so that for i = 1 j and k are 2 and 3 repectively, for i = 2 they are 3 and 1, for
i = 3 they are 1 and 2)
F =

i,j,k
1
h
j
h
k
_

q
j
(h
k
F
k
)

q
k
(h
j
F
j
)
_
e
i

2
=
1
h
1
h
2
h
3

i,j,k

q
i
_
h
j
h
k
h
i

q
i
_

2
F = ( F) (F)
(B )A =

i,j,k
_
B A
i
+
A
j
h
i
h
j
_
B
i
h
i
q
j
B
j
h
j
q
i
_
+
A
k
h
i
h
k
_
B
i
h
i
q
k
B
k
h
k
q
i
__
e
i
Turn to page 6
8081 June, 2005 6
Cylindrical polar coordinates (R, , z)
=

R
e
R
+
1
R

+

z
e
z
F =
1
R

R
(RF
R
) +
1
R
F

+
F
z
z
F =
_
1
R
F
z

z
_
e
R
+
_
F
R
z

F
z
R
_
e

+
1
R
_

R
(RF

)
F
R

_
e
z

2
=
1
R

R
_
R

R
_
+
1
R
2

2
+

2

z
2

2
F =
_

2
F
R

1
R
2
F
R

2
R
2
F

_
e
R
+
_

2
F

1
R
2
F

+
2
R
2
F
R

_
e

+
2
F
z
e
z
(B )A =
_
B A
R
B

/R

e
R
+
_
B A

+ B

A
R
/R

+B A
z
e
z
Spherical polar coordinates (r, , )
=

r
e
r
+
1
r

+
1
r sin

F =
1
r
2

r
_
r
2
F
r
_
+
1
r sin

_
sin F

_
+
1
r sin
F

F =
1
r sin
_

(sin F

)
F

_
e
r
+
1
r
_
1
sin
F
r

r
(rF

)
_
e

+
1
r
_

r
(rF

)
F
r

_
e

2
=
1
r
2

r
_
r
2

r
_
+
1
r
2
sin

_
sin

_
+
1
r
2
sin
2

2
F =
_

2
F
r

2
r
2
F
r

2
r
2
sin

_
sin F

2
r
2
sin
F

_
e
r
+
_

2
F

1
r
2
sin
2

+
2
r
2
F
r

2 cos
r
2
sin
2

_
e

+
_

2
F

1
r
2
sin
2

+
2
r
2
sin
2

F
r

+
2 cos
r
2
sin
2

_
e

(B )A =
_
B A
r
(B

+ B

)/r

e
r
+
_
B A

+ (B

A
r
cot B

)/r

+
_
B A

+ (B

A
r
+ cot B

)/r