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Conclusion about The Orbital Approximation For Lithium, Electron Shielding Of the Nuclear Charge in Many-electron Atoms, The

Use of Self-consistent Field Methods to Obtain Atomic Orbitals, Electron Correlation Energy, The Elements of The Periodic Table, Hunds Rule, and Ionization Energies of the Elements :
1. The spatial wavefunction,(1,2), for the helium atom can be written approximately as the product of two hydrogen-like wavefunction : (1,2) = : 1s(1) 1s(2). This is known as the oneelectron approximation. The numbers in parentheses refer to the two electrons. 2. Electron correlation is correlation between electrons which doesnt take proper account of the coulombic repulsion that exists between electrons and which causes them to avoid one another. 3. For hydrogen, orbitals which the same principle quantum number have the same energy, but this is no longer true for many electron atoms because of the effect of electron-electron repulsions which cause the effective nuclear charge seen by a particular electron to be different for electrons in different orbitals. Thus, for a given value of the principal quantum number n, tha orbital energies tend to be in the order: s<p<d. 4. Correlation energy is the total energy of a typical atom to be overestimated by an amount which can be of the order of 100 Kj/mol. 5. The electron configuration of each element in its ground state can be obtained by feeding electrons into the hydrogen-like atomic orbitals in order of increasing energy until the full compliment of Z electrons per atom is reached. 6. To a large extent this follows the order increasing energies for the one-electron orbitals, as calculated by the Hartree-Fock SCF method. However, there can be complications when two orbital energies have similar values, as happens for example with the 3d and 4s orbitals of elements between potassium and nickel. 7. The energies separating different orbitals are quite small, the one-electron approximation breaks down, and the electron configuration of the ground state can then be determined only by looking at the atom as a whole and treating the electrons collectively. 8. Hunds rule which states that: for an atom which a particular electron configuration, the most stable state is the one which has the maximum number of unpaired electrons. 9. Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron completely from the isolted,neutral atom.

NAMA KELOMPOK 4: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Aprilia Handayani Dina Warista Situmeang Fitri Ameita Sary B Juliana Rizky Lina Sundari Saudur

KELAS: KIMIA DIKA 2011 MATA KULIAH: KIMIA KUANTUM

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