Saliagos

EXCAVATIONS AT SALIAGOS: NEAR ANTIPAROS Author(s): J. D.
EVANS and COLIN RENFREW Reviewed work(s): Source: The British School at Athens. Supplementary Volumes, No. 5, EXCAVATIONS AT SALIAGOS: NEAR ANTIPAROS (1968), pp. iii-xi, 1-226 Published by: British School at Athens Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40855954 . Accessed: 21/08/2012 11:11
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EXCAVATIONS AT SALIAGOS
NEAR ANTIPAROS
BY
J. D. EVANS
AND
COLIN RENFREW
THE BRITISH
SCHOOL
OF ARCHAEOLOGY
AT ATHENS
THAMES AND HUDSON 1968
PRINTED AT THE BY PRINTER
IN
GREAT
BRITAIN OXFORD
UNIVERSITY VIVIAN TO THE
PRESS, RIDLER
UNIVERSITY
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF PLATES VU IX
INTRODUCTION I. THE II. THE SITE AND ITS LOCATION OF THE SITE
3 6 n 13 l5 18 20 21 22 27 29 29 34 62 65 "5 *>5 66 66 68 69 7 7 7 7 71 71 71 72
DEVELOPMENT
III. MATERIAL Stratum Stratum catalogue Stratum 2 2 Stratum catalogue Stratum1 or 2 Stratum1 or 2, catalogue Stratum 3 Stratum catalogue 3 Stratum1, 2, or 3 Stratum1, 2, or 3, catalogue IV. THE FINDS Pottery Industry Chipped-Stone Finds Small and 1. Anthropomorphic figurines amulets 2. Beads and adornments 3. Stone bowls 4. Axes workedstone 5. Otherfinely 6. Workedbone 7. Workedshell 8. Sherd 'burnishers' 9. Clay rods 10. Spindlewhorls 11. Discs of clay and stone 12. Pot lids 13. Waistedweights rubbers querns,pestles, 14. Mortars, 15. Mat-impressions 16. Various
vi CULTURE V. THE SALIAGOS Sitesof the Saliagos Culture The CulturalAssemblage Environment Life and CulturalAffinities Settlement Pottery Chipped Stone Small Finds The Place of the Saliagos Culture
CONTENTS 74 75 77 8i 8i 8i 84 86 88
APPENDIXES I. RelativeSea Level Changesin theSaliagos Area sinceNeolithic Times,by1.a. morrison, 92 University ofEdinburgh. m.g. oosterom, from ofArchaeological II. Mineralogical Saliagos,by Investigation Specimens Meinesz 99 Laboratorium, Vening UniversityUtrecht. of and III. Geological and PetrologicalObservations, j. e. dixon, Department Mineralogy of by 101 UniversityCambridge. of Petrology, and IV. The SourcesoftheSaliagos Obsidian,by r. cann, DepartmentMineralogy Petrology, of j. and University of of University Cambridge, e. dixon, Department Mineralogy Petrology, of j. and 105 UniversitySheffield. of History, Cambridge, a. c. Renfrew,DepartmentAncient of notes 1.w. Cornwall, Institute Archaeology, V. Soil Samples from University of by Saliagos,from 108 ofLondon. in VI. Pollen Analysis the Cyclades,a Preliminary of Survey,byjudith turner, Department 112 Botany, UniversityDurham. of and VII. The Animal Bones,bye. s. higgs,Department Archaeology Anthropology, University of of 1. 1. 114 of of Cambridge,m.glegg, UniversityCambridge,a. kinnes,UniversityCambridge. Museum p. h. greenwood, British VIII. The Fish-bones, j. m.Renfrew, New Hall, Cambridge, by 118 Museum and (Natural History). History), p. j. whitehead, British {Natural the IX. The Mollusca,the Crustacea, Echinodermata,n. j. shagkleton, Subof Department by 122 Research, Quaternary UniversityCambridge. of 139 X. The Cereal Remains,byj. m.Renfrew,New Hall, Cambridge. in Use ofPhotogrammetry theExcavationof Saliagos,by1.a. morrison, XI. The University of 142 Edinburgh. UniverXII. The RadiocarbonSamples,byRobert stugkenrath jnr., Radiocarbon Laboratory, *44 sity Pennsylvania. of NOTE ON THE MARKING TION OF LEVELS BIBLIOGRAPHY NOTES TO THE FIGURES FIGURES 31 TO 92 INDEX PLATES I TO LIX CONVENTION AND THE CORRELA145 147 151 159 221 at end
LIST OF FIGURES
. The locationof Saliagos and othersitesof the Saliagos Culture. sections. 2. Saliagos: the areas excavated,and the cliff sections. 3. Saliagos 4. The Roman 'dolmen'. 5. Saliagos sections. 6. House and Wall F of Stratum2. floors. the G, 7. Structure showing threesuccessive of 8. Structures Stratum1 or 2 in Square N3. clearanceof tumbledstones. Plan of the main excavatedarea before 9. finalexcavationand interpretation. 10. Plan of themain excavatedarea after and 'bastion'. wall withbuttress 11. The western cornerof the perimeter 12. The circular scoop of Stratum3 in Square S3. The excavatedarea Y, at the northend of the island. 13. wall in Square V. 14. The hearthand overlying histogram. 15. Pottery workedchippedstoneartefacts. of 16. Classification thewellof wasteindustry. Classification the chipped-stone 17. 18. Obsidian core size. blades. 19. Widthsofparallel-sided 20. The sizesof the obsidianovatesand points. for 2 1. Obsidian histogram variationby strata. 22. Marble bowl fragments. the 23. Roman lamp from 'dolmen'. of to 24. Map withevidencerelating sea-levelchangesin the vicinity Saliagos. sketch of Saliagos. map 25. Geological 26. Calcaneum size of caprini. size of caprini. 27. Astragalus of from 28. Size histograms limpets Saliagos. of Saliagos. 29. Size histogram top shellsfrom Grainimpressions (a) Einkorn;(b) Emmer; (c) Hulled barley. of 30. 31 to 59. Saliagos pottery. 60. Two largeobsidiancores.Scale 1:2. 61. Chipped-stone tools.Ovates and Slugs. tools.Tanged and barbed points(Form B). 62. Chipped-stone tools.PointsofForm C and D. 63. Chipped-stone of tools.Artefacts obsidian. 64. Chipped-stone 4 7 6 p. facing 8 facing 8 p. 16 17 21 p. facing 22 facing 23 p. 24 26 28 facing p. 30 35 51 53 54 55 57 62 65 72 95 103 116 116 130 131 139 159
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
tools.Ovates and points. 65. Chipped-stone tools.Tanged points. 66. Ghipped-stone tools.Pointsof Form D; Slugs ofForm F I. 67. Ghipped-stone tools.Flakes and blades withtwoworkededges (FormsF and G) . 68. Ghipped-stone tools.Flakes and blades of FormsG IV, H II, and H III. 69. Ghipped-stone tools.Flakes and blades withone workededge (FormsH and I). 70. Ghipped-stone blades (FormJ). of tools.Artefacts Form I and workedparallel-sided 71. Ghipped-stone flakes(Forms and L). and notch-sided tools.Nose-pointed 72. Ghipped-stone tools.Notch-sided blades, 'burins','burinspalls',and discs. 73. Ghipped-stone Vouni. from 74. Obsidian artefacts 75. The Tat Lady of Saliagos'. 76. Marble figurines. 77. Figurineand legsof clay. 78. Pendantsand beads. 79. Stone axes. 80. Bone tools.Narrowedtools,chisels, spatulae. 81. Bone tools.Bone pointsand chisel. 82. Workedshell. 83. Sherd 'burnishers'. 84. Spindlewhorlsand clay rods. 85. Discs of clay and ofstone. 86. Pot lids. 87. Waistedweights. workedstoneand pestles. 88. Carefully 89. 90. 91. 92. Querns. Mortars. Rubbers. tones. Hammers
LIST OF PLATES
(at end) the withSaliagos,from west. I (a) The channelbetweenParos and Antiparos from west. the (b) Saliagos II (a) Excavationsin progress. (b) View southalong the main section(Y-Y1). III (a) Spread ofstonesin the Main Area. (b) The Main Area at the end of the 1964 season. IV (a) View of the sectionat the westface of Square K3. the (b) The 'dolmen'from north-west. below the Stratum3 buttress. the Wall G in Stratum1, seen from south,running (c) the V (a) Cliff17, Pit A from east. the House of Stratum2, from north. (b) the VI (a) The westpart of House E, from north. the (b) House F from north. floor. the G the VII (a) Structure from east,after removalof the topmost floor. the the before removalof the topmost G (b) Structure from south-east VIII (a) Pots in Stratum2 of Square S4. in [b) Curvedstructures lowerlevelsof Square N3. the IX (a) The Main Area withthe perimeter wall, from north-east. the wall from south-east. The south-west lengthof the perimeter (b) of X (a) The westcorner the main structure. structure buttress. and (b) Bastion-like XI (a) Lines ofstonesin the northpart of the Main Area. (b) Lines ofstonesin the westpart of the Main Area. from east,showing the wall construction. XII (a) The north-west of the main structure insidethe westcorner, from south-east. the Tumble ofwall ofsimilarconstruction (b) in XIII (a) Circularfeature a highlevel of Stratum3 in Square S3. the Circularpatchesofstonesin Square Q3, from east. (b) the XIV (a) View ofArea Y, from south-east. the (b) View ofwall in Area Y, from west. in the Hearthwithbrokenpottery Square S3, from south. (c) the XV (a) Hearthin Square V, from north-west. 'b) Bowls. XVI Truit-stand'. XVII (a) Composite'fruit-stand.' top (b) 'Fruit-stand' with'caduceus' decoration. (c) 'Fruit-stand' withlozengedecoration. top (d) Bowls. (e) Carinatedbowl. XVIII Jars.
XIX (a) Large pithosfragment. top. (b) Large 'fruit-stand' XX White-painted sherds. sherds. XXI White-painted sherds. XXII White-painted XXIII
LIST OF PLATES
sherds. (a) White-painted decoration. sherdswithadditionalred crusted (b) White-painted XXIV (a) Various decoratedsherds. paintedsherds. (b) Dark-on-light XXV (a) Incisedsherds. top (b) 'Fruit-stand' withinciseddecoration. sherds. XXVI Finger-impressed
XXVIII Sherdswithplasticdecoration. XXIX (a) Pellethandles. (b) Tubular lug handles. XXX Various handles. XXXI (a) Tab handles. handles. (b) Crescentic XXXII Horn handles. XXXIII
ware. XXVII (a) Coarse paintedand rusticated circles. (b) Coarse ware paintedwithconcentric coarseware. (c) White-painted
(a) Bases. (b) Spout. (c) Double spout. XXXIV Two large coresof Melian obsidian. XXXV Fine flatflaking. Above: point (C I), ovate (A I). Below: points(C I). XXXVI Ovates (A I) and tangless points(D III and D IV).
XXXVII Tanged points(mainly I and II). of XXXVIII Slugs,artefacts flint, blades. parallel-sided withtwo workededges (G III and G IV). XXXIX Large flakes XL Large flakes withone workededge (I III and I IV). the XLI Chipped-stone artefacts (upper and middle). Roman lamp from 'dolmen' (lower). XLII The Tat Lady of Saliagos'. XLIII of i. The 'Fiddle' Figurine.2-5. Amorphous figurines marble. of XLIV Figurines stone(1) and bone (3), and bead. XLV 1. Clay torso.2. Marble figurine. Marble bowl fragment. 4-6. Clay legs. 3. XLVI Beads and adornments. XLVII 1-8. Stone axes. 9. Workedpumice. 10-11. Bone points.
LIST OF PLATES XLVIII XLIX L LI LII LIII LIV LV LVI LVII LVIII LIX bone. Worked shell. Worked 10-19.Clayrods. 1-9. Sherd'burnishers'. whorls. 1-8. Spindle weights. 9-20.Waisted 8-9. 4-7. Mortars. Querns. 1-3.Rubbers. Potlids. and 5-9. 1-4.Rubbers hammerstones. Discsofclayand stone. 6-1 burnishers. 1. Mat impressions. sherd 4-5. 1-3. Pestles. Painted from : Vouni. Below Obsidian the : Above Vounifrom south. d-e. illustrations, Fossilized a-c. Petrological grain. at Shells found Saliagos. from and fish-bones Saliagos. Whale-
xi
INTRODUCTION
in had been found theCyclades.The richEarly Until 1946no signs Neolithic of occupation in theAegean,made thislack all the BronzeAge finds from area, and itscentral the position levelsof the Neolithic moresurprising. abundantfinds Melian obsidianfrom earliest of The as at and Cretedemonstrated leastthatMelos was visited earlyas Southern Greece, Thessaly, findnear thevillageof Sangriin Naxos (Cook, thesixthmillennium But it was the stray b.c. 115) ofa marble a whichat lastgave grounds ofNeolithic 1946, figurine type, fatseatedwoman, of forhopingthatfurther would be made. Then in i960 the cemetery Kephala in discoveries and other excavated Professor L. Caskey, Kea, goods pottery J. produced pattern-burnished by to assignable the end of the Neolithic period (Caskey,1962; Caskey,1964). There are signs, culture in thattheKephala culture however, maybe contemporary partwiththeGrotta-Pelos of did solvetheproblem the oftheCycladicEarlyBronzeAge, and itsdiscovery nottherefore the finds from isletof Saliagos, in surface The recognition 1963,amongst Neolithic. Cycladic thus held promisethat exlithicindustry and a sophisticated of Neolithicpaintedpottery of and to filla serious cavationmight rewarding, might be gap in theknowledge Aegean help prehistory. for in visited 1959 by Mr. N. Zapheiropoulos, Ephor of Antiquities the Saliagos was first on and theexistence prehistoric of remains thesitewas indicated himin hisannual by Cyclades, drawnto the site,together was i960, 247). His attention apparently report (Zapheiropoulos, at witha number othersitesof laterdate, duringthe courseof his excavations the Early of on It at Zoumbariaon Dhespotikon. had beenoverlooked, perhaps account Cycladiccemetery in of its curiousposition, such earlierworkers the region as J. T. Bent,Tsountas,and by in Duncan Mackenzie.In 1963thesitewas visited ColinRenfrew, thecourseofa systematic by in settlements the Cyclades. The quantitiesof workedobsidian, site survey prehistoric for with the finds, pottery, white-painted together distinctive tanged among surface including points, while. would be worth made it clear thatexcavation of of and the Largelythrough encouragement co-operation Mr. A. H. S. Megaw, Director at this SchoolofArchaeology Athens, idea becamea practical theBritish sponsored possibility J. School,and itwas at thisearlystagethatProfessor D. Evansjoined theproject. bytheBritish for of and BothMr. Zapheiropoulos Mr. Ch. Doumas,Epimelete Antiquities theCycladesand claimto thesite,and waivedtheir a leadingauthority Cycladicprehistory, on prior generously . permission excavatewas obtainedfrom GreekArchaeological Administration. the to in The excavations 1964,whichran from Julyto 14 Augustwithan additionalweekfor 7 assemcultural of aim therecovery a complete had further of study thefinds, as their principal wouldbe recovered, it was hopedthatstructures the from CycladicNeolithic. Naturally blage of and thata secureand complete sequencefortheoccupation theislandwouldbe established. of in thebackground itsenvironment. also It was theintention to setthiscultural assemblage in of the regionwas initiated, the hope of For thisreasona projectforunderwater survey now an islet 100 Neolithicremainsare foundin so bizarrea situation, why understanding were and and in The aid was obtainedofa geologist palynologist, arrangements metres length. recovered. and mollusc fish oftheanimalbones, bones, the madefor specialist shells, grains study MissJane Bagenal,Miss Linda Beigel,Miss in of The staff the excavation 1964 comprised Mr. Mr. Ian Clegg,Mrs. EvelynEvans,Mr. Dino Gallis,Mr. Ian Morrison, BarbaraBender, of Bill Phelps,Mrs.Jane Renfrew, Mrs. CressidaRidley,withthe assistance Mr. Martin and
C 4316
and Mr. JohnDixon (geologist) The under. MissJudithTurner (palynologist) Hartmann, watersurvey(forwhicha special permitwas issued by the GreekArchaeological Service), Mr. Mike Gee, and Mr. Bob was by usingaqualungequipment, conducted Mr. FrankIrving, WardofImperialCollege,London,and Mr. Robin Crumpand Mr. MikeHassellofCambridge from from wereemployed withMr. Petros workmen Frangiskos University. Twenty Antiparos of Mr. VassilisAdamachos. Mr. PetrosPetrakis Naxos, under the supervision the foreman and the restored vases. Miss IphigeneiaDekoulakou,representing Ephor,was a frequent the welcomevisitor thesite. to two in witha further weeksfor Excavations werecontinued 1965,from Julyto 7 August, 5 of the obtainedfrom results the previous the in studyof the finds, orderto complete picture and of was season.Particularly remains, the investigation thestonebuilding necessary a further in excavation a greater of area in thedeeperlevels.The staff 1965were:Mrs.Evelyn Evans,Mr. Miss StephaniePage, Mr. Ian Morrison, Mr. Sven Gram, Mr. Ian Kinnes, Andrew Fleming, MissAnnStoves, Mrs. Cressida Mr. FredPetersen, BillPhelps,Mrs.JaneRenfrew, Mr. Ridley, of Mr. Ken Wardle,and Miss GayleWeverwiththeassistance Mr. N. J. Shackleton (shells). for Duringthisseasonthe finalplans and drawings the reportwere preparedby Miss Ann and obsidian),Mrs.Jane Renfrew Miss GayleWever(pottery and Stoves(pottery figurines), and Mr. Ian Morrison(plans), who and obsidian),Mr. Ken Wardle (sections), (smallfinds undertaken photogrammetric methods. Mr. for was responsible by throughout the planning, in record.Twenty-five workmen was responsible 1965 for the photographic Fred Petersen Naxos under the direction from from wereemployed with Mr. PetrosFrangiskos Antiparos and Mr. Stavros ofMr. SteliosKarathanasis. The vaseswererestored Mr. PetrosPetrakis by of of Kasandris.Miss Anna Kontsa,the representative the Ephor,made a number welcome and storage visits theexcavation. The villageschoolwas again made availableforthestudy to of of findsby the Greek Ministryof Education, throughthe courtesy the Headmaster, Mr. Vassilis Kaloudas. from British the the The excavation supported was by Academy, Wennerfinancially grants Gren FoundationforAnthropological Research,the FacultyBoard of Classicsof the Uniat Fund oftheBritish SchoolofArchaeology Athens, of the versity Cambridge, SeagerResearch and Institute Archaeology, theCrowtherof theChildeBequestFundoftheLondonUniversity has The costofpublication been metby a generous University. BenyonFund of Cambridge of the grantfrom FacultyBoard of Classicsof the University Cambridge.The Radiocarbon of of University Department Physics, sampleswereanalysedby the Radiocarbonlaboratory, the kindness Dr. E. K. Ralph and Dr. Robert Stuckenrath of Jnr. Pennsylvania, through the Professor J. Hopper has kindlyseen thepublication R. through press. of and helpers, who wereresponsible thesolution manyproblems for To all thosecolleagues and of and forthe successful of completion theenterprise, to thegenerosity theseinstitutions, in who made thetwo to our thanks due. We are verygrateful our manyfriends Antiparos are in their islandso veryagreeablean experience. seasonsofexcavation lovely March 1966 J. D. E. A. C. R.
I
THE SITE AND ITS LOCATION
to Antiparos, the ancientOliaros,an islandsome n kilometres lying immediately the long and for westof Paros,was bestknownin the eighteenth nineteenth centuries its cave, celebratedby Wordsworth (1850): a hathfrom As when Traveller openday With torches intosomeVaultofEarth, passed The Grotto Antiparos, theDen of or OfYordasamong Craven's mountain tracts; and seesthecavern He looks and . spread grow. . . ambassador Louis XIV to the Sublime of Here it was thatin 1673 the Marquis de Nointel, in thecave withhis entire Christmas of and celePorte, entourage 500 persons, spent sleeping massat 'le grandautel',formed stalactitic stalagmitic and accretions by (Tournefort, brating 1741). Traces ofoccupation the islandgo back, however, a muchearlierdate, and the to of of and collections Europeare thericher quantities goodsfrom Early of for the museums private of cemeteries: British the Museumfrom finds J. T. Bent(Bent,1884),theNational the Cycladic of from excavations Tsountas(Tsountas,1898) and numerous the collecMuseumat Athens ofwhoserecent researches stillvisible are of from finds lessscrupulous the tions workers, signs in manypartsoftheisland. is the of At its northend Antiparos separatedonlyby a narrowpassagefrom promontory whichtheBritish chartfor1889calls the Pounda on Paros(fig. i). This is thestrait Admiralty a In FootPass ofKastro'.It is shallowand remains difficult 'Fourteen passagefor shipping. this as channellie threesmallislands,now knownto the Antipariotes Epano, Mesaio, and Kato The termed Nisaki,butformerly Magrines, Saliagos,and Remmatonisi respectively. secondof in metres length, was thesiteofour excavations. one hundred these, barely of above thepresent sea The smallisletofSaliagosrisestodayto a height lessthan5 metres the north and in in level (plate i). Buffeted summer the briskMeltemi, prevailing wind, by of southwind, its rock,a conglomerate marbleset in a calcareous winterby the stronger some 3 metres in matrix(AppendixIII), has been cut at the northend to give sheercliffs that shouldbe left theislandat all, on to thesea. It is remarkable anysoil-cover height, falling in isletsof Magrinesand forlike so manylow prominences the Cyclades,the neighbouring soil are without (cf.AppendixV). Yet although highest the Remmatonisi almosttotally part and sidesare erodedalmostto the bare rock,leaving and muchof the north-east north-west a there at thesouth, considerable area wheresoilis preserved a a thick scatter obsidian, of to is, twometres. This soilis coveredand heldin place by a thick sometimes exceeding thorny depth a the from scrubwhichprovides homeforthe manyland snails, whichtheisland takesitsname (cf.AppendixIX). was rather It is clear thatthe area ofsettlement originally islet,for largerthanthe present eroded in the cliffs the northern at and remainsprojectand are being constantly building is scatter obsidianexposedon thebare rockat theeastand of southern ends,whilethere a thick traces human of westsides.The area ofoccupation was,however, localized,for onlyvery scanty
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THE SITE AND ITS LOCATION
are in of of activity, the form obsidianchippings, visibleon the near-by promontories Antito wherean obsidian was found. was to It point parosand Parosand on Remmatonisi thesouth, of the surveywas investigate originalconfiguration this area that a projectof underwater from with conducted divers ImperialCollege,London,and Cambridge University, together by of of Mr. Ian Morrison Edinburgh University. They made a systematic survey topographical a of for thesea bed in theneighbourhood Saliagosand collected considerable bodyofevidence area. Among the indications was a partially discovered sea-levelchangesin the Antiparos and in cut of system trenches, in therockof Paros,Antiparos, Remmatonisi Hellesubmerged These trenches for werethesubjectofa subsidiary excavation nistic times, probably viticulture. of in itself 1964,and theresults thisexcavation witha detailedaccount on Antiparos together willbe published oftheunderwater survey separately. to conclusion from work it is this : it For thepresent is sufficient statetheprincipal resulting to some 6 or moremetres probablethatthe level of the sea in relation the land is at present times.In consequence would area thanit was in Neolithic in Antiparos higher theAntiparos from whicha promontory, surmounted the thenhave been linkedto Paros by an isthmus, by to low hill of Saliagos,projected the north(fig. 24 (lower)). The evidenceupon whichthese in are conclusions based is summarized AppendixI. timesbecomesmore the of In thelightofthisinformation occupation Saliagosin Neolithic northThe understandable. sitewas thena low hillat thetipofa short promontory projecting It the and wardsintothemagnificent sheltered ofParos-Antiparos. commanded causeway bay withthemainbodyofParos,and had bayssuitableforthebeachingofships linking Antiparos is there todayan underbothto eastand to west.Freshwaterwas perhaps locallyavailable,for whoselocationwould thenhave been off sea fresh-water spring thewestside ofRemmatonisi one. the above sea level.In short, sitewas a veryattractive from thatsubsequently The samechanges Paros,and reducedthefertile Antiparos separated and rocky cut to for times systematic usedin Hellenistic viticulture, barren slopes, the land,still the in and promontory several places,forming smallislandsofSaliagosand Remmacauseway to Until1964,whenexcavations with began, dangerous shipping. tonisi, together manyshallows was used onlyfortheoccasionalgrazingofa fewundernourished sheep. Saliagos

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXCAVATIONS
Before anyexcavation was work was begunin 1964thematerial exposedon thesurface lying A studied. gridof 10-metre thewholeoftheislandwas laid out,and surface squarescovering in material was thencollectedsystematically a sampleselection these 1-metre from of squares in twomainareas. In practice material the collected was chiefly sincepolished chippedstone, stoneobjectswererare,and materials otherthanstone, including rapidly pottery, disintegrate A once exposedto weathering. considerable of quantity obsidianwas recovered thismeans, by and comparison thisin detailwiththematerial has of from excavations yielded the recovered useful results. After completion thesurface the of the the task collecting, first was todetermine depthofsoil in various oftheislandand to decideon themostfruitful areasfor extensive parts investigation. at wide trench, was cut southwards acrossthe island, Z, Beginning the northend a 1-metrebaulksevery The objectofthiswas to testthesoil-cover overthe fivemetres. leaving1-metre wholeislandand to givea complete section it (fig. 3). At thesame time, of surface from since, thesouthern oftheislandseemedto promise greatest the ofsoil,Squares inspection, part depth L and K, whosewestern sideslay on thelineofthewestern edgeofTrenchZ, werelaid out and excavation was begunin them(see fig. 2). In Trench bedrock metwitheverywhere a very was at shallow occasional depth(exceptfor in the rock) Archaeological materialwas foundin all the sections this . of irregular pockets but no tracesof structures from amorphous the ccairn' smallstones of whichlay trench, apart nearthehighest clearthatthewholecentre theisland of pointoftheisland.It was abundantly had very little soil-cover Thiswas truealso oftheextreme butitwas nevertheless north, (fig.3). decided to open an area here because surface materialwas relatively abundant,and the exof section thenorth cliff ofsoil at certainpoints. indicateda greater Area Y was posed depth therefore Zi intoa Square Yi and thearea was laterextended the begunbyincorporating by addition SquaresY2, 3, and 4. Verylittle theway ofstructural of in in remains was found this and thesoilprovedto be veryshallowovermostofit (fig. 13 and plate xiv). However, area, neartheeastern ofit a deep hollowin therockwas found end whichwas filled withoccupation richin archaeological material. deposit In thesouthern the partof theislandSquares L and formed nucleusofa gridof 10-metre whichwereeach dividedforexcavation baulks intofour 4-metre squares, squareswith1-metre between. The baulksleftbetweeneach of the large squareswere also 1 metrewide. Aligned on trench, the squares of the southern Z, grid have sides which originally the north-south and forthepurposes thisreport of suchcorreto the four cardinalpoints, correspond roughly this willbe assumed be exact.Severalofthesquaresforming gridwerelater to joined spondence as to up by theremovalof baulks,and thesewill be referred in what follows 'the Main Area'. in of somewhat Operations theMain Area wereat first impededby thepresence a partially the wrecked ofmegalithic character whichwas christened 'dolmen'(fig.4 and plate cist-grave examined.The small cairnof loose stones this'dolmen'was carefully iv, b). Before removal, was and thedepositin thechamber itself aroundit was excavatedon thequadrantprinciple, of to containonlytheremains a disturbed sectioned. The monument burial, carefully proved
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Fig. 3. Saliagos Sections
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and a completelamp of a type of whoseRoman date was established fragments pottery by a.d. (fig. 23 and plate xli) whichwerefoundin the deposit. in current thesecondcentury
1 Ogg V5!ivf!**/-a9j
Fig. 4. The Roman *dolmen' Stones found in original position are shaded, i, indicates Roman sherds; 2, the findspot of the lamp; 3, human bones
p1 >^%-; 1 1
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was uniform Outsidethearea occupiedby the'dolmen'and itscairna fairly spreadofstones surface belowthe all metwithin nearly thesquaresoftheMain Area onlya little (plate hi,a). of the thatthesestones itself The possibility suggested might represent remains collapseddrytakenin dealing withthem.To proceed with the wallingand great care was accordingly
METRES
12
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NORTH AND WEST FACES OF SQUARE R3
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXCAVATIONS
sincethe the to examination, 'dolmen'and itscairnhad first be removed delicateoperation, (a stones this of structure immediately topof, tosomeextent on and with, lay intermingled thestones oftheoverall spread).Severalofthe4-metre squares(R4, Li and 2, P3, Q2, Ki and 2, and Ni) themin orderto werethen joined up intoa singlearea by theremovalofthebaulksbetween of facilitate recognition anylinesofwall foundations. stonespreadwas thenexamined the The and first a stones, byremoving thesmaller looser keeping closewatchfortheappearanceofany indications stones of set deliberately in line.By theend ofthe 1964seasonit was clear thatwe in or werein factdealingwithbuilding-remains thecentral, Main Area (plate m, ), though souththeir remained Two longstretches wall,running of highly problematical. interpretation had and westand south-east respectively, been identified, theseseemedtojoin in the extreme on face smallrectangular north Square K3. Abutting thenorth-east ofthesecondwereseveral of and elsewhere, within space enclosed thelongwalls,rows stones, the of too, evidently by spaces, laid, could be seenin puzzlingprofusion, xi, a). deliberately (plate to werecarried Meanwhile, thesouthoftheMain Area,in SquaresK3 and Oi, excavations a maximum rather downto bedrock of over2 metres deposit(fig. 5, plate iv, a). of through in In 0 1 an irregular Pit B, was found thebedrock, whichprovedto be veryrichin wellpit, of pottery, some of whichwere later foundto be partiallyrestorable. preserved fragments but the depositin theseprovedto be Squares K4 and N3 were also excavatedto bedrock, forone area in the south-west cornerof K4 wheretherewas shallower, considerably except a deep hollowin the bedrock.In both K3 and N3 werefoundtracesof building-remains at a lowerlevelthanthestonespreadof theMain Area (plate viu, ), and theseraisedhopes of level extending the existence an earlierbuilding of overmuchofthesouthern area. in Workwas resumed 1965 withtwo main objectsin view,the further of elucidation the in A structures theMain Area and theexploration a larger on scaleofthedeeperlevels. number ofnewsquares(S4, R3, T2, Qi, T4, and Q3) werelaid outat thebeginning thesecondseason of to thewest theMain Area (fig.2), this chosen of becauseitseemed from surface partbeing likely be thattheremight a considerable ofdeposithere. indications depth to in of Square R3 provedto be ofgreatimportance thestudy thestructures theMain Area, sinceit was shownto containa cornerof what could now be regardedas a perimeter wall the wholeof the structures uncovered the Main Area in the previous in season. surrounding circular bastion-like This corner and of structure, traceswereobserved provedto be a massive of at leastone remodelling thebuilding thispoint.The north-west at section theperimeter of wall was pickedup hereby meansofTrenchRi /R2and was followed a fewfeet. for However, all tracesdisappearedas the soil became shallower the highergroundto the north-east. on An attempt locatethenorth-east oftheperimeter meansofSquaresUi and U2 (see wall to by fig. 2) was also unsuccessful, in in nothing havingbeen preserved theveryshallowdeposit this was also carried in 1965within area enclosed theperimeter work out area. Somefurther the by the wallwith objectofclarifying plan oftheinternal the walls.In addition, SquaresL3 and Ki half and thenorthern ofK3 wereexcavateddownto therock, whichin factprovedto be only a little in K3, wheretherockwas foundto belowthelevelofthebuilding foundations, except side. on dip sharply thesouthern evidenceabout the earlier Squares S3, S4, R3, T2, Qi, and T4 also providedimportant of in the habitation the site.The deeperlevelswhichwere foundin these,as also in phases in aroundtheedgeofthesloping of SquaresK3 and Oi, onlyexisted a fringe platform rockon uncovered theMain Areawas set.This platform in whichthecentral largerectangular building and it was beyondthisstepin therockthatthedeep on fellaway sharply thewestand south, In had accumulated. severalofthesquaresmentioned tracesofsmallstructures were deposits
10
EXCAVATIONS
AT SALIAGOS
from collapseofthemain central the The most foundbelowthelevelofthe tumble building. in S4 (fig. 6 and plates v, b' vi), weretwo small rectangular buildings examples important in circular structure T2 and T4 (fig.7 and plate vii) whichlayat approximately and a curious tracesof having been the same depth and which showed,like the rectangular buildings, In and renewed. R3 traces a wall and floors of morethanonce altered (plate iv, c) werefound at an even deeperlevel, not far above bedrock.These were the earlieststructural remains identified. and in to On thebasisofthestratigraphy building-remains thedeep squaresit was possible threemainphases(Strata1, 2, and 3) in thedeposit, and thematerial from three distinguish the and obsidian,was selectedfor of thesesquares (R3, S4, and Qi), in particular pottery theresults whichare setout belowin therelevant of intensive sections. study, quantitative in described theMain Area and thesquaresto thewestofit,the to In addition thework just on sides of erodedsection thedeposit thesouthand south-west oftheislandwas trimmed back more was dulyrecorded. the to exposethestratigraphy clearly(fig. 2) and thislongsection In of weremade,especially builthearth(fig. 14 and the courseofthisworkvariousfinds interest idol (plate xliii, i), and PitA (plate v, a), a secondirregular plate xv, a), themarblefiddle in embedded thesticky filling, made notableadditions hollowlikePitB, whosecontents, to clay of our knowledge thedietoftheSaliagospeople (see below,p. 79). The separation theoften of a the from matrix and remains the presented delicate problem, was achievedby sieving fragile whenfilled withthematerial of contents thepitin baskets, entire from pit,wereheld the which, in the sea and gently were gradually washed away, agitated.In thisway the soil-particles in of behindall othermaterial thebottom thebasket. leaving workin 1965 theexcavatedareas wereleft At theend oftheexcavation open,but a certain amountofworkwas done withthe objectofhelpingtheconservation the excavatedstrucof to The westhalfofR3, whichhad beenexcavated bedrock, filled to thelevelofthe tures. was in of wall the base oftheperimeter tostabilize position the'bastion'and itsbuttress, toprevent and half intothewestern ofthesquare,whichthey themfrom mustotherwise soonhave collapsing structure T3 and T4, whichlay right the in done. The southand westsidesofthecircular on fresh stones aroundas a protection wereprotected laying waveby edge ofthedeposit, against was and damage,whilethewholestructure coveredup withbrushwood soil to givesomeprostorms. tection againstwinter was carriedon during excavations bothseasons, found The processing thematerial of the in thecessation workon thesite.All pottery sorted of after and completed was and immediately the as described it camein,whilein the 1965seasonthatfrom three selected squaresmentioned feature sherd in above was analysed detail,every sometimes morethanonceifit beingcounted, A traits. detailedrecord a of was also keptoftheweight pottery of displayed number distinctive was subjected a detailedanalysis, from variouslevelsin all areas.All theobsidianfound the to beingpaid notonlyto finished pieces,but to thewastealso. Again a detailed specialattention of the weightof materialfound.All feature recordwas kept sherdsand all obsidianwith selection the wastematerialof both categories of as working well as a systematic secondary wastematerial The werepreserved. sheerbulkoftheremaining made its disposalimperative, in to and itwas returned theislandand discarded thedeeppitin SquareK4, already mentioned. while non-artefactual Small findswere also recordedand classified, materials such as bone of shell,grain,etc.,werestudiedby a variety specialists. fish-bone), (including Drawingand withtheotherwork, thatby the end of thesecond ofthe material so keptpace photography and of devoted nineweeks excavation three to of the season,after exclusively thestudy thefinds, in the Paros Museum. wholematerial was readyto be deposited finally
Ill
MATERIAL
division theconcluding it stagesoftheexcavation provedpossibleto make a stratigraphie These westof the Main Area. Stratum is the earliest. intothreestratain the deep deposits to but theyweremade withdue attention the werenecessarily somewhat divisions, arbitrary basis (see figs. 3 and 5), reliably buildinglevels,and theyrestupon a sound stratigraphie forthe Squares R3, S3, S4, Qi, Q3, Q4, T2, and T4. It provedpossiblealso to extrapolated thesestratigraphical divisions Squares K3 and Oi. In Squares N3 and K4, however, to carry it was notpossible distinguish to Strata 1 and 2. In the Main Area,in Area Y to the between in thelongseries trenches to Z9 and in Vi it was notpossible makea correlation to of Z2 north, withthe stratadefined the deep squares west of the Main Area. Finds fromtheseunfor as differentiated squares,mostof whichhave onlya limiteddepthof soil, are thusclassified to Strata 1, 2, or 3, and are cataloguedin a separatesection. belonging in In the accountwhichfollows, principalfindsare listedby stratum the catalogue the detailsoffindspotswill be thedescription thebuilding-remains. Further sections of following in and in thenotesto thefigures. found thesections devotedto thefinds, count was made all of from site,a careful the To givean over- quantitative impression thefinds a from chosen4-metre of all the excavatedmaterial, wastematerialof everykind, including in of are square,Square S4. The results summarized Table 1 wherean estimate thevolumeof in variation thedensity soilin each excavated levelis also given.Although there was naturally offinds betweensquares,and S4 was one of the deepersquares,the results may be takenas of for broadlytypical finds thesiteas a whole. STRATUM 1
in correThe base of Stratum is defined an over-allspreadvisible Square S4, doubtless 2 by The and overlaidby considerable ofpotsherds. level to a habitation level, quantities sponding 1 to could be tracedin adjoining squares.Materialsbelowit are classedas belonging Stratum figs.3 and 5). (see Sections, in 1. wereremains remains werefew theexcavated of deposits Stratum More typical Building ofhearthareas,whichwerefoundin bothSquares S3 and S4, associatedwithor underlying a clear and thickwhitefloorin Square S3 (see Section,fig. 3). The white materialfrom was made was in factthe decayedlimestone whichthisfloor (see AppendixV) whichis the in observed overmuchof bedrock overmuch of the site.The manydeclivities thisbedrock, excavationof the materialby the original the excavatedarea, may be due to the deliberate inhabitants constructional for purposes. 1 werepreserved In Square R3 was a declivity, through earlier cut the levelsofStratum which in thenorth halfofthesquare. In thishollowwereremains a floor of withan associated wall, was preserved Wall C, ofwhichonlya short 6; plate iv, c). It was formed a by length (fig. in withonlya singlecoursenow preserved, doublerowofstones, /southrunning a north-west At end to eastdirection. thenorth-west it ranbeneaththebuttress 3, belonging Stratum while end beneaththebaulkdividing at thesouth-east it disappeared Square R3 from Square Qi. It
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MATERIAL
13
in of of was nottraced Square Qi . No evidence was found thenature thesuperstructurethis for wall. In Square h, to the east, no building-remains were found,but threewhole pots were tracesofa floor, above bedrock. recovered, immediately resting upon scanty In general,below the tracesof floors Stratum1, deposits wastematerialwerefound, of of in These deposits often within hollows thebedrock, someofwhich often blackened fire. lay by contained appearedto have been made by humanaction.Such hollowsand scoopsfrequently In the of level. underlay main floor largequantities stones. Square S4 theyclearly in 1 Stratum in SquaresK3 and Oi was likewise represented mainly deposits by lying hollows in thebedrock. these, most Of was the slightly important PitA (see fig.2 and plate V, a)9lying in shore to thesouth-west Square Oi. It was found cleaningthelow cliff of alongthesouthern in and occupied Pit section. was similar nature, oftheisland,in orderto producea vertical as witha rich sticky muchof the area of Square Oi. Both were filled deposit,waterlogged blackappeara result their to thesea. The fillshowedlocalizedtiplevelsofsticky of proximity determination ance, whichweresampledforradiocarbon very (AppendixXII). It contained in of potsherds exceptionally with food refuseof condition, good together large quantities in in These pitswereveryirregular outline, undercut variouskindsin excellent preservation. containedno naturaland sterile whichsuggests thattheywere silting places. They deposit, the made.Theymayhave beendug to provide naturalwhitemarlwhichwas usedon humanly and sometimes thepackingofwall foundations. thesiteforfloors for 1 In K3, as elsewhere, Stratum- deposits immediately withlittle no or the lay upon bedrock, This circumstance thattheprosoilor humusofnaturalformation. wouldsuggest intervening of no of montory Saliagoshad, at thetimeofitsinitialoccupation, verydeep covering soil.
CATALOGUE OF PRINCIPAL MATERIAL FROM STRATUM I.
Complete and Restored Pots burnished surface. Small bowlwithreddish-brown lightly Height:7 cm. Diameter:10-7cm. Oi L44 (fig. 35. 15 and plate xvii,f, right). Square surface. Shallowround-based bowlor saucerwithmottled brownburnished Height:3-2cm. Diameter:13 cm. Square Oi L71 (fig. 35. 10). in withpatterns white Chalicewithmottled brownand black burnished decorated surface, cm. Diameter(of bowl): 18 cm. Square Oi L72 (fig. 31. 4 and paint. Height: approx. 27 plate xvii,b). in withpatterns whitepaint. Bowloflargechaliceofdarkbrownburnished ware,decorated withbase from Diameter(ofmouth):20-5cm. Square Oi L72. Probably goes Square Oi L12: see belowp. 30 (fig. 32. 1 and plate xvii,a).
14
EXCAVATIONS
AT SALIAGOS
Chipped-Stone Industry
TABLE 2. FINDS OF WELL-WORKED OBSIDIAN IN STRATUM 1 Class of Working Category A. Ovate . Point, tanged, barbed C. Point, tanged D. Point . Slug F. 2 edges, 1. < 4 cm. G. 2 edges, 1. > 4 cm. . edge, 1. < 4 cm. . edge, 1. > 4 cm J. Parallel-sided blade . Nose-ended L. Notch-sided M. 'Burin' . 'Burin spall' . Disc P. Fragment Total I 8 5 o .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 2020 22 II 4 2 2 .. .. .. .. III 2 4 .. 7 4 2 2 4 2 .. IV .. 6 2 8 2 3 5 2 2 .. Total *4 6 7 15 6 11 5 7 7 2 2 6 4 95 % X4'7 6*3 7'4 i5'8 6-3 11*7 5*3 7*4 7 '4 2 2 6-3 4*2 ()
11
31
31
Slightly worked obsidian from Stratum I numbers 26 pieces. Waste totals 2,132 pieces.
Small Finds 2. Beads and adornments. Tubular bead ofgreenstone, 1-5cm. in length,fromSquare S3 L7 (fig. 78. 4; plate xlvi, 7). Small annular bead, diameter 0-9 cm., grey stone, from Cliff17, Pit A (fig. 78. 8; plate xlvi, 5). Annular bead fromvertebra of a shark of ray. External diameter, 2-1 cm. Cliff17, Pit A
(FIG. 78. 5; PLATE XLVI, 2).
4. Axes. Broken,parallel-sided, of emery ore, fromSquare S4 L13 (fig. 79. 2). Another similar,fromSquare S3 L10C (fig. 79. 1). stone. worked finely 5. Other Oblong pebble of polished marble, ? figurine,from Square Oi L72 (fig. 88. 5; plate xliii, 5). fromCliff17, Pit A (fig. 88. 6). Small rectangle of polished marble, ? figurine, Bone. 6. Worked Perforated:incompletelyperforatedist phalange of a goat, ? whistle. Chisel-ended: 8 large sheep/goattibias, all damaged (e.g. fig. 80. 5; plate xlvii, 6) ; a sheep/ goat metapodial fragment;a pig-size long-bone fragment;a canine tibia (fig. 80. 7). Narrowed: an ulna of a bovid, perhaps Bos primigenius (fig. 80. 3; plate xlvii. 5); a sheep 80. 1); a cow-size long-bone fragment;3 sheep/goatlong-bones. metatarsal (fig.
MATERIAL
15
Points: 5 sheep metacarpals (fig. 81. 2, 6, and 7); 1 sheep/goat tibia shaft, broken; 16 sheep/goatlong-bone fragments. shell. 7. Worked Eight spoons of Patella', 7 scrapers of Patella principally fromSquares S3 and S4; 1 Patella, pierced forsuspensionand worked at the edge, fromSquare S4 L12 (fig. 82. 13); 19 carefully worked mussel (Mytilus)spoons of which 11 are fromSquare S3 L7 to L12, 3 fromSquare S4, Li 1, L12, and L14, 1 fromSquare Oi L72 (fig. 82. 3); 1 fromSquare Oi L9, 1 fromSquare worked, fromCliff17, Pit A. K3 L17B; and 1 fromSquare R3 Liia. A cowrie fragment, 8. Sherd'burnishers'. Eighteen in all (see fig. 83. 1-4, and Notes to the Figures). One, fromCliff17, Pit A, is of rectangularshape (fig. 83. 12 and plate l, i). Six are fromCliff17, Pit A, including two with dark paint on pale fabric,and 2 more of importedpale fabric; 5 are fromSquare S4 L13 and Li 4; 5 are fromSquare S3 L8 and Lio; and 2 fromSquare Oi, L44 and L66. 10. Spindle whorls. Two, cut frompotsherds,fromSquare S3 L7 and Square S4 Lu (fig. 84. 1 and 2). 11. Discs ofClay and Stone. Small dish of baked clay from Square Oi L58 (fig. 85. 3); disc cut frompotsherd, from Square S4 L12 (fig. 85. 4). 12. Pot lids. Four, circular, of schist. etc. rubbers, 14. Pestles, of Five hammerstones marble,3 small rubbers(up to 12 cm. in length)ofmarble,or muscoviteand of another stone; one large rounded rubber of muscovite-biotite-gneiss. biotite-gneiss STRATUM 2
a The base of Stratum 2 is definedby the over-all spread in Square S4, representing habitation level (Square S4 Lio). This spread and the whole pots lying on it belong to Stratum 2. The top of Stratum2 is definedin Square R3 by a habitation-spreadon the floorlevel running up to the rounded corneror 'bastion' of the principal edificein the Main Area, which belongs in its presentformto Stratum 3. In Square S4, remains of a wall (Wall D), of which five stones were preserved,run westfromthe east baulk of the square. Only a single course of this wall was preserved. south-west of Its widthwas about 30 cm. (fig. 6). To the north-west the wall lay a small, roughlycircular heartharea, about 1 metrein diameter.This hearthformedpart of a general habitation-spread seen in most of Square S4 and runningup to Wall D. Upon thisspread, about 1 metre to the of north-west the hearth,threewhole pots were found. Some 22 cm. above the top course of Wall D lay the foundationsof a room, StructureE, roughlysquare in plan, also belonging to Stratum 2. The original floorof thisroom was a very
l6
the hard pebble and clay mixture, whichcould be seen overlying top of Wall D in the east in section thesquare.It was notwellpreserved thenorthern oftheroom.Resting of upon part About 30 cm. thisfloor was a tumbleofstones withsomeblack earthand tracesof burning. above the originalfloorlevel of Structure and level withits thirdcourseof stoneswas a visibleonlyin the secondfloor, cm. in thickness, hard clean whiteplaster.It was clearly of 2 The south-east the corner thesquare,and was notpreserved against wallsofthestructure. of up
~S4 * ^
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I.A.M.
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Fig. 6. House and wall f (left) of Stratum 2. Find spots of whole pots indicated with a cross. Wall c of Stratum 1 in Square R3 is shown in black
as betweenthesetwo floors, with tracesof burning, described, findof a tumbleof stones, a collapseor destruction, leastin part,oftheedifice. at represents presumably not in such good The east wall of Structure was clearlyvisiblein Square R3, although the doubtless beneath baulk in corner as theremains Square S4. The north-east lay preservation was at of and indeedonlythecorner thestructure thenorth-west exposed the between squares, the wallwas uncovered the However, during partial during excavation. partat leastofthesouth and Qi, so thattheapproximately of removal thebaulkbetween squareplan was SquaresR3 walls(fig.6; plates v, b; vi, a. of established theexposure at leastpartofall four by reliably to E, Lying1 metre thewestof the westwall of Structure and parallel to it, ran Wall F in made withslightly . This was similar structure, stones, packed larger although (plate vi, b) wallswerenotpreserved withwhitemarl.If it encloseda room,theother (unlessperhapsthe belowthebaulkbetween southwall,possibly Squares S4 and T2). The generalappearanceof be thatthe two might to thewall, and its parallelorientation Structure nearby, suggested contemporary.
MATERIAL
17
the A smallpartition wall within space enclosedby Wall F was represented a smallline by at west-south-westright of stones, anglesto it. They were embeddedin a clay floor running of foundation large flatstones.An earlierstructure indicated was whichhad an underlying stretch wall on thesamelinesas thepartition of stones a short this wall. beneath layerofflat by
li
I.A.M.
>
Fig. 7. Structure G showing the three successive floors
The topofthiswall,whichagain was preserved was on a levelwiththe course, onlyto a single flatstones whilebelowthewall lay remains a second,earlier of floor. described, Beneatha curvedstretch wall of Stratum3, Wall H, located in Squares T2 and T4, of a well-preserved circular Structure was uncovered. This structure verywell was structure, G, and boundedbya circular wall ofdiameter metres. was partly It built, 4 destroyed theaction by ofthesea at thesouth-west side. The circular to a height two courses, of was wall, preserved formed twolinesofstones, to givea widthofsome40 cm. The area enclosed by lying together was floored withcarefully stones, laid severaltimes renewed(fig. 7 ; plate vii).
C 4316 C
l8
flattish floor The earliest was ofrather stones, to about 25 cm. in length. up large,rounded, The stonesof this character. of above was a verywell laid second floor similar Immediately whichincludedat and patchesof burntmaterial, secondfloor weremuchblackenedby fire, and emmer wheat(Appendix layupon them. least100grains barley of above, Immediately X), well-laid came a regular, stones, spreadofsmaller again withno intervening depthofdeposit, ones in irregular shape,and ofquartz,whilethelarger up to 10 cm. in size.Theyweremainly The uppermost form. and wereofmoreregularand rounded of belowwereprincipally schist was overlaidby darksoil. floor includeda brokenterra: numerousthe finds in The sherds thisarea werenotparticularly was of cottafigurine 77. 1; plate xlv, i). The function thestructure notclear.It was surely (fig. be and theburnt of The burning thestones, rather smallforhabitation. material, might taken forsomespecializedpurpose.Therewas no evito indicatethedeliberate offire, use perhaps ifit was denceto establish whether superstructure, existed, ofstoneor clay.Buthad it been the of have been found.The drying grainis ofclay,tracesofburntand baked clay would surely It size and by the absenceofsuperstructure. could made unlikely therather large by perhaps would have been have been a grainstorage silo,in whichcase the observed burning perhaps levels in werefound theChalcolithic for Similar accidental. structures, apparently thatpurpose, Pis. m and iv). at Mersin(Garstang, 1953, corner of 2 No building-remains Stratum werefoundin Square S3, but in the north-west somedepthof was of a hearth witha greatquantity pottery recovered, area together occupying it to soil. They appearedto belong chiefly Stratum although is possiblethatthe build-up 2, form of 1. (fig. 76. 1 and plate beganin thelaterpartofStratum A marblefigurine schematic thisdeposit. and another red stone(fig. 78. 2 and plate xliv, i) also came from of xliii, 1) werealso foundin Squares K3 and Oi. ofStratum but no structures, 2, Deposits
CATALOGUE OF PRINCIPAL MATERIAL FROM STRATUM 2.
Complete and Restored Pots decoration. warewithwhite-painted burnished Tall rounded bowlofreddish-brown Height: cm. Diameter:15 cm. Square S3 L4A (fig. 36. 14). 9*5 in ware with tracesof decoration white burnished bowl of reddish-brown Straight-sided 12 cm. Diameter:20-5cm. Square R3 L6A (fig. 36. 13). paint.Height: Miniaturebowl of coarsebrownware. Height:4-25 cm. Diameter:8 cm. Square K3 L14 (fig. 35. 7). ware. Height: 7-5 cm. Diameter: 12 cm. Square Q,i L7 Rounded bowl of coarselight-red (fig. 35. 14). Small roundedbowl of coarsebrownware. Height: 5-5 cm. Diameter: 10 cm. Square Qi L8A (fig. 35. 13). in ratherirregular shape. Of jar Cylindrical-necked with singlelug-handleon shoulder, in brownware withremainsof decoration whitepaint. Height: 14 cm. Diameter: (Max.) 15 cm.; (Mouth) 9-5 cm. Square S4 L9C (fig. 34. 2 and plate xviii,a, right). ware with Of carinatedbowl withsinglehandle on shoulder. reddish-brown Tall, slightly in withpatterns whitepaint.Height:14 cm. Diameter: surface. Decorated mottled burnished (Max.) 16-5cm.; (Mouth) 15 cm. Square S3 L6A (fig. 34. 3 and plate xviii,0, left).
MATERIAL
ig
TABLE 3. FINDS OF WELL-WORKED OBSIDIAN IN STRATUM 2 Stratum2 numbers pieces.Waste totals1,660pieces. workedobsidianfrom 46 Slightly
Class of Working Category A. Ovate B. Point, tanged, barbed C. Point, tanged D. Point . Slug F. 2-sided, < 4 cm. G. 2-sided, > 4 cm. . -sided, < 4 cm. I. 1-sided, > 4 cm. J. Parallel-sided blade . Nose-ended L. Notch-sided M. 'Burin' N. 'Burin spall' O. Disc P. Fragment I 3200 10 3 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 0420 II 6 o 2 .. 1 .. .. .. III 2 12 .. 6 6 6 2 1 4 .. IV 5 .. 8 2 15 6 5 2 3 5 .. .. Total 5 8 4 19 2O 8 31 i2 5 5 4 5 4 3 6 % 3-3 12-0 2*7 12*7 0-7 13-3 5-3 20-7 8 3-3 3-3 2-7 33 2-7 2-0 4-0
Total
22
16
61
51
150
(100)
Small Finds
and 1. Anthropomorphic figurines amulets. Violin figurineof marble, fromhearth level of Stratum 2 and later Stratum 1 in Cliff20 (fig. 76. 1 and plate xliii, i). Red stone amulet from the same hearth level, of Stratum 2 and later Stratum 1 in the adjoining Square S3 L6a (fig. 78. 2; plate xliv, i). Torso of baked clay, fromSquare T2 L6a (fig. 77. 1 ; plate XLV,1). Leg of baked clay fromfigurine potteryvessel,fromSquare or PLATEXLV,5). K3 L15B (FIG. 77. 3; Bowl. 3. Stone Fragment of rim of open bowl or cup of white marble, fromSquare S4 L7E (fig. 22. 2). 4. Axes. Worked pebble of emeryore, fromSquare R3 L6a (fig. 79. 3). Parallel-sided chisel of emeryore fromSquare S3 L5 (fig. 79. 4). worked stone. finely 5. Other Well-worked green stone fragmentwith parallel polished faces, from Square Oi L7 (fig. 88. 3). Small rectangle of polished marble, ? figurine,from Square K3 L17 (fig. 88. 7; plate xliii, 3).
20 6. Worked Bone.
Spatulae: 2, fromcow ribs (e.g. fig. 8o. io). Chisel-ended: 5 fromsheep/goatlong-bone fragments. Narrowed tools: one frompig ulna, one sheep/goatulna, 3 sheep/goatlong-bone fragments. Points: 2 frompig-size long-bone; 2 sheep/goat metacarpal fragments;3 sheep/goat longbones. shell. 7. Worked Three Patella spoons, 1 Patella scraper, 1 Patella pierced with two holes forsuspension,from Square Oi L37 (fig. 82. 12). Three worked mussel spoons, fromSquare S3 L5, S3 L4A,and Square K3 L17B (fig. 82. 2). One oval cut-to-shapeof Charoniafrom Square Qj L8 (fig. 82. 7; plate xlix, 10). Two of fromSquare S3 L6. spoon fragments Spondylus One univalve (Cymatium) smoothed by rubbing from Square R3 L6a. One cockle scraper fromSquare Oi L24. (Cerastoderma) 8. Sherd'burnishers'. Five sherd 'burnishers',2 fromSquare Qjl L8 (fig. 83. 5; plate l, 8), others fromSquare R3 L6a, Square R3 L7B, Square K3 L27. 9. Clay rods. Three potteryrods, including one complete fromSquare Qjl L8 (fig. 84. 12-14). 10. Spindlewhorl. Unfinishedspindle whorl, cut frompotsherd,Square Qb L8 (fig. 84. 5) . 11. Discs. Two small discs of baked clay, fromSquare Qi L7A and L8 (fig. 85. 1 and 2). 12. Pot lids. One circular,of schist,and 1 circular,cut froma potsherd,fromSquare Q,i L18. 13. Waistedweight. One rectangular,of schistfromSquare Oi L33 (fig. 87. 1). etc. rubbers, 14. Pestles, One marble pestle fragment, rubber fragment muscovite-biotite-gneiss. 1 of STRATUM 1 OR 2
but it did not prove In Squares K4 and N3, deposits anteriorto Stratum 3 were identified, to possible to allocate them specifically Stratum 1 or Stratum2 with any confidence. Both squares contained a great deal ofobsidian, and in K4 in particularthe deposit contained a heavy spread of pottery, vessels,lying close to bedrock. including some reconstructible In Square N3 were two stretches curved wall lying upon bedrock (fig. 8; plate viii, b). of They were of very irregularconstructionand preservation,and were not associated with any recognizable floorlevels.
MATERIAL
21
are recovered givenin the for The soilfrom was sievedand figures theorganicremains N3 table,Table 23 on p. 79. comparative
- *
b~^
m.
CATALOGUE OF PRINCIPAL
ll
MATERIAL FROM
îy lam ~ 1
STRATUM I OR STRATUM 2.
Fig. 8. Structures of Stratum or Stratum 2 in Square N3
TABLE 4. WELL-WORKED OBSIDIAN FROM DEPOSITS ASSIGNED TO STRATUM I OR 2 Stratum1 or 2 numbers pieces.Waste totals2,076 pieces. 66 workedobsidianfrom Slightly Class of Working Category A. Ovate . Point,tanged,barbed C. Point,tanged D. Point E. Slug F. 2 edges, < 4 cm. G. 2 edges, > 4 cm. . edge, < 4 cm. . edge, > 4 cm. blade J. Parallel-sided
. L. M. . . P. Nose-ended Notch-sided 'Burin' 'Burin spalP Disc Fragment
I 0000 4 4 0042 .. .. .. ..
..012 ..
II 4 ..
.. .. ..
III 1 .. g 8 3 4
..
IV 1 .. 5 3 2
.. ..
Total 4 10 6 15 5 4
3
% 6*5 16-2 97 24-2 6 *7'& 8'1 6*4

4*8 6 6 6
.. 0000
Total
^2
()
22 Small Finds
(FIG. 78. 7; PLATE XLVI, 3).
2. Beads and adornments. Ring fragmentof chlorite schist, original external diameter 3-8 cm., from Square K4 L9
4. Axe. Roughly worked,parallel-sided, of emeryore, fromSquare N3 L7 (fig. 79. 5).

5. Other finelyworkedstone.
Fragment of marble with a circular edge and flat parallel faces, fromSquare N3 L8 (fig. 88. 2). 6. Worked bone. Narrowed tool: unidentified long-bone fragment. Points: 1 sheep metapodial; 1 goat metapodial (fig. 81. 5) ; 4 sheep/goatlong-bonesincluding fig. 81. 4. shell. 7. Worked Five mussel fragments, fromSquare N3 L7 to Lio, 1 fromSquare K4 Lio. 4 10. Spindlewhorls. Unfinishedspindle whorl cut from a potsherd,found in Square K4 L15 (fig. 84. 3); small pierced marble disc fromSquare K4 L8 (fig. 84. 4). etc. 14. Rubbers, 1 Three rubbers,2 of muscovite-biotite-gneiss, of grey marble. 16. Various. A piece ofground pumice, with flatsurfaces, roughlyin the shape of an axe, fromSquare K4 88. 8; plate xlvii, 9). Lg (fig. STRATUM 3
The top of Stratum 3, in those squares where a division into strata was feasible,was determined by the formation the topsoilon the site. Its base was definedin Square R3 by the floorof spread runningup to the circular corneror 'bastion' of the impressivewall in that square. This round cornerforms part of a large building complex, rectangularin plan, which covered much were of the Main Area of the excavation (fig. 10; plate ix). At least two phases of construction with the floor-spread the base at identifiableat the corner,ofwhich the earlieris contemporary of Stratum3. The cornerseems indeed to belong to the earliestidentifiablephase of the central building complex. almost the sum-totalof the building-remains This structural assignable to complex represents Stratum 3. Outside the complex in the Main Area no structuralremains of importance of this period were found, although there was a widespread stone tumble, to be related to the deremainsofany kind struction collapse of the central building complex. This lack of structural or in its immediate vicinitywas very striking. The building complex appears to have been enclosed by a roughlyrectangularwall, portions
3
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excavatedarea bei Fig. g. Plan of the main
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AREA BEFORE CLEARANCE OF TUMBLED STONES
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Cor
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MATERIAL
23
The area enclosedhad a breadthof 15 metres, and of threesidesof whichwereidentified. a length at least 17 metres. of No tracewas found the north-east of the to wall, whichlay outside excavatedarea. Efforts recover eastward the of for continuation thesouth-east wall, sought in squaresin Ui and U2 metwithno success. Bedrock was foundveryclose to thesurface, a depthof 20-40 cm.,in at these thatit was verymuchdeeperfurther thenorth-east to unlikely squares,and it seems (see section so couldwellhavebeenseriously YY1, fig.3). Anybuilding-remains closeto thesurface disturbed. The portion thesouth-east of the wall whichfellwithin excavatedarea consisted a single of of of there rowoflargestones, to a height about50 cm. and a thickness 30 cm.Although was up an no packingof smallerstonesbetween,theselarge stonesformed impressive row (plate somegaps in thislongrowofstones:they have been iii,b). Therewere,however, mayperhaps caused by the robbingof the wall forthe 'dolmen' in historic times.It was not possibleto determine whether section theouterwall may originally this of have had a greater thickness, of sinceno otherstones comparablesize werefoundin thearea. of wallwith south-east The southern corner thecomplex, of formed theintersection this the by thanthecorresponding We less western corner. werenotable wall,was notably wellpreserved wall at of tofollow faceofthesouth-east clearly all points the here,and indeedthecharacter the A sincethesouth-west is constructed smaller wall of stones. short ofstones line walling changed, from below thiscorner probablyto be assignedto is of an earlierdate whichran eastwards Stratum 2. The southern stretch builtofrelatively was smallbut The south-west was morecomplex. wall towardsthe south. It stoodin places some threeor four well-laidstones,becomingthicker norththese stonesbecame largerand the interpretation less easy was courseshigh.Further corner the buildingand the stretches of of laid. The western sincetheywerenot so regularly and thebestpreserved, on it wall adjoining were, theother hand,themost impressive portions, at of the wholecomplex.Here indeedit was possibleto distinguish least two constructional in themasonry (fig. ii). phases and of it The projecting buttress a stretch wall intersecting at right angleson thesouth-east face but running within line oftheearliersouth-west (fig. ; plate ) wereclearly the side, in in massive conThe corner was circular shape,and extremely latermodifications. original and a somewhatresembling bastion. The adjoiningportionsof the south-west struction, at of wallswereequallyimpressively built.The wholecharacter the masonry this north-west a the be corner though remaining lengths might reasonably held to suggest defensive purpose, in condition. have no suchcharacter their wall oftheperimeter certainly present of The north-west couldbe followed wall distance, owingto theshallowness onlyovera short was well preserved. The remaining about6 metres thesoilfurther north. stretch, however, long, wherea newouter it of Like thewestern corner itself showedtraces twophasesofconstruction, different facewas added at a slightly angle. of on the All thesemodifications suggest repairor reconstruction, at leastone occasion, the whichwas takento A in western corner. fewstones Square R3 whichlay upon thefloor-spread wereoverlaid construction thecircular of define base ofStratum and theoriginal the corner, 3 These maywell be evidenceof to the projecting buttress. a laterfloor-spread, running by up and the a partialcollapseof the corner preceding restorations, the additionof thesupporting line the wall The of buttress. position thenewouterfaceofthesouth-west within original ofthe the that thesereconstructions on a large scale, involving complete were outerface suggests of rebuilding a considerable partofthewall.
r^
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^^ iml c>^ 1-A.M.

ARE SHADED
ô(
Fig. ii. The western corner of the perimeter wall with buttress and 'bastion*. The rebuilt parts
MATERIAL
25
an the Whenfirst uncovered, upperpartofthecentral building complex presented amorphous at stones wereat once apparent several massofstones points. (fig.9). One or twolinesoflarger and wereclearedawaywherever did notappear to havebeen regularly stones The smaller they is stones and ofinterpretation of tumbled of laid. The result thisprocess clearing intentionally seen in theplan, Fig. 10. a of wall presents number of The interpretation the lines of stoneswithinthe perimeter since difficulties, theywere neverobservedto stand more than two or threecourseshigh. The linesin someareas (forexampleSquares L3 and L4) are Certainpoints at once apparent. all thatthey could notpossibly have beenwall foundations lie so close together (plate xi, a). a floor ofwood,in thisarea. structure, possibly Perhapstheysupported of the In other areas (for examplein Square Q2) thelinesare evidently foundations walls of that somekind,but thesmallsize of the areas enclosedand the absenceof entrances suggest - cellarsor storeroomswiththemainliving situated a higher at floor weresubstructures they level (plate xi, b). to of to twopatterns arrangement, We are thusforced recognize corresponding at leasttwo are as in theselinesofstones. The linesserving wall foundations most constructional functions, smallcomwhichtheyabut,forming seennear thesouth-west wall, against perimeter clearly was found, but the smallsize of the floor In partments. one of thesetracesof a whiteplaster area. The perithatthiswas not a living and theabsenceofan entrance suggest compartment to rooms. Further thesouththewallsofthe must haveformed sideofthese one wall itself meter intersect itclearly. with at are structures no longer right wall,nordo they anglestotheperimeter have been much disthe towards centreof the buildingcomplex,the remains Further east, a of so turbedby theconstruction theRoman 'dolmen5, thatit was notpossibleto form clear in natureoftheremains thisarea. oftheoriginal impression of in In thenorthern partofthe Main Area, principally Squares L3 and L4, linesofstones smallstonesran parallel, Lines of very floorsupports, werefound. theother pattern, perhaps to morethan40 cm. apart (plate xi, a). Some ran in a north-east south-west direction, rarely intersected them, with at right whileothers angles. approximately There was behindthe 'bastion'showedsomerather The area immediately specialfeatures. and thenorth-west southof lengthone and a halfmetres, a roughly adjoining squarespace, and at At of wall insidethe corner. the north-west, possibly the westportions the perimeter internal facesoftheperimeter are formed theoriginal thesidesofthis wall, south-west, by space is to of The dry-walling neat,and at thesouth-west courses. whichherestands a height several but still of flat of is formed rather stones(plate xii, a). A tumble suchstones, in their courses, a the ground, was found littleto thesouth(plate xii, b). fallenand standing vertically upon character. of It wouldcertainly appear to be a fallenportion a wall ofsimilar of littleevidenceforthe natureof the construction the main building There is, in general, to were abovefoundation level.Insufficient traces superstructure found allowofany of complex of stoneswereindeed foundas tumbleover much of thesite, certainconclusion. Quantities had theentire to but werenotsufficient accountforwallsofanyconsiderable building height, from the wereremoved thatstones of It is ofcoursepossible beenconstructed drystone walling. for which thatanyraisedfloor It siteat a timewhenit was stilla peninsula. seemslikely levels, absenceofanyremains were substructures indeedfound, weremade ofwood. But thecomplete Wood may thenhave been feature the excavations. of ofsolid wood charcoalwas a striking thatit in material the Cyclades, it certainly today,and it is not inconceivable as is a precious thatnonewas after abandonment thesettlement. it remains the of But was removed surprising the burnt anylargescale during lifeofthesite. on
26
A in at and unburnt small Bothburnt claywerefound smallquantities various points. single In was also recovered. Square Ki burntclay was foundassociatedwith wattleimpression of were that some but mayhave formed walling, several thefragments shaped,suggesting they on thanpart of the wall structure such as a hearthabutting the wall, rather itself. structure but in two cases small areas ofrather clean clay were There was no evidenceof mud brick, a and have derived from wall structure pisor of unbakedmud brick. of seenin section, might
Ok) KLV
mi
, ,
''
0 n0, I.A.M. (
o$$<O&Qoc
Fig. 12. The circular scoop (right) of Stratum 3 in Square S3
faceofSquare K3 of the One ofthese indeed, against foundations a wallin thewest lay deposits, seem to precludeitsbeinga major ofclayobserved V), (cf.Appendix butthesmallquantities On in basicallyof stoneis the component thestructure. balance it seemsthat a construction mostprobable. doubtless end were several lines of stones, wall near its southern Outside the south-west is whoseinterpretation not clear. These were the only some small structure, of foundations to it. outside Further the wall at traces anyconstruction all closeto theperimeter and lying of One of stretches wallwereidentified. ofthese inSquaresT2 and T4, twoshort lay however, west, curved. G Structure ofStratum and was itself the andjust within circular above 2, apparently at circular In Square S3 was a striking slabs, lying an angleof scoop,linedwithsmallflatschist the from collapseofthe derived set and about45o to thehorizontal apparently intothe tumble main building(fig. 12 and plate xiii, a). This and one or two circularpatchesof stonesof
MATERIAL
27
doubtful (plate xiii, b) are the only signsof continuing interpretation occupationafterthe for of of The onlyevidence lateroccupation thesiteis a thin abandonment themainbuilding. and Roman sherdsand the Roman burial,withits of Hellenistic scatter rather nondescript the associated clay lamp (fig. 22; plate xli) from 'dolmen'.
CATALOGUE OF PRINCIPAL MATERIAL
Complete and Restored Pots Miniaturebowl of coarsebrownware. Height: 5-5 cm. Diameter:8-5 cm. Square Qi L3 (fig. 35. 5). Miniaturebowl of coarse brownware. Height: 4-5 cm. Diameter: 8 cm. Square Qi L5 (fig. 35. 8). cm. Square Qi L4 Miniaturebowl of coarsebrownware. Height:4 cm. Diameter: 7/7*5 (fig. 35. 3). ware.Height:3-5cm. Diameter:7 cm. Square round-based bowlofcoarsebrown Miniature Qi L3 (fig. 35. 6). rim inturned and flat bowlwith base. Surface Smallrounded once slightly damaged,perhaps cm. Diameter: (Max.) 10 cm.; (Mouth) 9 cm. Square R3/4 L4 (fig. burnished. Height: 7-7 35 18). bowlofcoarsebrownwarewithmottled surface. Small rounded Height:8-5 cm. Diameter: cm. Square T2 L3 (fig. 35. 16). ii*5 Small roundedbowl withringbase of coarsebrownware withsmoothed surface. : Height 6 cm. Diameter:12 cm. Square Qi L3 (fig. 36. 11). Small dish or saucer of coarse brownware withpair of triangular ears on rim,perhaps a lamp. Height:2-5cm. Diameter:6 cm. Square K3 L7 (fig. 36. 4). Chipped-Stone Industry
TABLE 5. FINDS OF WELL-WORKED OBSIDIAN IN STRATUM 3 Slightly worked obsidian from Stratum 3 numbers 214 pieces. Waste totals 5,169 pieces. Class of Working Category A. Ovate B. Point, tanged, barbed C. Point, tanged D. Point E. Slug F. 2 edges, < 4 cm. G. 2 edges, > 4 cm. H. 1 edge, < 4 cm. I. 1 edge, > 4 cm. J. Parallel-sided blade K. Nose-ended L. Notch-sided M. 'Burin' . 'Burin spall' . Disc P. Fragment I 7 14 14 7 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 2 II 8 3 7 7 2 .. 4 1 .. 2 .. .. .. 5 III 2 3 3 16 .. 24 17 41 13 10 9 .. 8 IV 1 1 9 .. 18 5 30 9 30 17 8 7 .. 2 Total ij 21 25 39 45 22 75 23 40 28 8 7 8 17 % 4-5 5-6 6-7 IO-2 12-0 5-9 20-0 6 10-4 7-5 2 1-9 *3 2 4*5
FROM STRATUM 3.
Total
53
39
J37
376
()
28 Small Finds
Seated figureoffatlady, in marble, weathered. Square Qj$ Li (fig. 75; plate xlii). Pendant bead of green translucentstone, possiblytremolite.The bead is pierced and may be anthropomorphic. Square N3 L4 (fig. 78. 3; plate xliv, 2).
2. Beads and adornments. 78. 6; PLATE XLVI, i).
1. Anthropomorphic figurines and amulets.
bracelet. Original external diameter c. 8-0 cm. Square N3 L6 (fig. Fragments of Spondylus
4. Axes. Four, of emeryore. One is parallel-sided, fromSquare Qi L4 (fig. 79. 8). Another is small and splayed, fromSquare K3 Liob (fig. 79. 7). The thirdis no more than a worked pebble, fromSquare R3 L2. fromSquare N3 L3 (fig. 79. 6). The fourthis a fragment
stone. finely-worked 5. Other
with almost parallel faces. Square N3 L6 (fig. 88. 1). Well-worked green stone fragment
Bone. 6. Worked broken. Perforated:a pig humrus; a sheep radius fragment, cow rib. Square R3 L5 (fig. 80. 9). Spatula: Chisel-ended: 2 perforatedsheep/goat tibias, one from Square K3 L6 (fig. 80. 6); 1 unsheep/goattibia fromSquare K3 L6 (fig. 81. 12); 1 pig tibia; 1 cow and 1 cow-size perforated long-bone; 2 sheep/goatlong-bones,one fromSquare S4 L6 (fig. 80. 4). Narrowed: 2 pig-size long-bones; 1 sheep metapodial; 4 sheep/goatlong-bones. Points: 1 sheep metapodial; 7 sheep/goatlong-bone fragments, including one fromSquare 1 L22 (fig. 81. 1), and another fromSquare K3 Liob (fig. 81. 8). 0 shell. 7. Worked Three Patella spoons, 18 Patella scrapers; 2 mussel spoons fromSquare R3 L5 and Square S3 including fig. 82. 6-8; a Pinna cut to shape, from Square L3; 8 cut to shape fromCharonia, from a pierced univalve, Conusmediterraneus, Square K3 L8; a shaped Spondylus scoop S4 L5; fromSquare S3 L2; a bivalve with fromSquare R3 L3; a large univalve scoop, Venus verrucosa, aurea. bevelled edge, Venerupis
8. Sherd 'burnishers'.
Four examples, one with protuberances resemblingarm stumps from Square N3 L4 (fig. 83. 12) ; one of anomalous shape fromSquare Q3 L3, and two of 'imported' ware fromSquare K3 Liob and i2B.
9. Clay rod.
One example fromSquare Q4 L3 (fig. 84. 17).
10. Spindle whorls. 1 1. Clay discs.
Two, cut frompotsherds,fromSquare N3 L3 and Square Q; L3 (fig. 84. 6 and 7). Two, fromSquare K3 L7 and Lg (fig. 85. 5 and 6).
Fig,
Fig. 13. The excavated area Y, at the North end of the Island. The line of walls is shown in black
i 2'
1
.AND.
15
<^' ^___ |^
1 ^~m.
I.A.M.
MATERIAL 12. Pot lids. Six circular, of schist. weights. 13. Waisted Two plump, of marble, fromSquare K3 L5 and Square Qi L5 (fig. 87. 2 and 4). etc. 14. Rubbers, One of marble, 2 of muscovite-biotite-gneiss. OTHER MATERIAL 1, 2, OR
29
(STRATUM
3)
and findswhich could not be included in one of the This sectionis devoted to constructions Areas of deposit remotefromthose in which the division into threemain strata distinguished. stratawas made could not be related to it directly,although theyare doubtless contemporary. In the Main Area the absence in many squares of depositsrecognizablyof Stratum 1 or 2 does not implya lack of occupation duringthosephases or offindsfromthem.There is simplyno way of assigningthismaterialwith confidenceto a specificphase. All thismaterial presentsthe same as characteristics that fromthe betterstratified deposits, and there is no reason to believe that of it is later in date than the period occupied by Stratum 3. any The mostimportantarea of excavation outside the main (southern) area was at the northern of extremity the island, in Squares Yi to Y4. Over almost all this area the bedrock was found close to the surface,and although the entire area had clearly been inhabited, very little was foundby way of recognizable structures. The area had suffered fromerosion by the sea as well as fromdenudation of the soil, and it was impossibleto tell how much of the siteon the northern side may have been removed in this way. The remainsof structures identifiedare limited to two lines of stonesrunningeast to west in the northpart of the area (fig. 3 ; plate xiv) . The more easterlyof these had a cornerformed by anotherline of stones at rightangles. But thisorthogonalline has been almost entirelydestroyedby the collapse of the cliff througherosion. Below the eastern stretchof the wall was a deposit some 1-50 metres in depth, in a hollow in the rock. This was clearly stratified and contained much blackened material, including well-preservedsherds and a small figurineof burnt bone (plate xliv, 3). In Trench V, at the south-eastof the island, deposits 1-metre deep were found. Below a spread of stones,probably a tumble, was a stretchof well-made wall foundation (fig. 14). At a lower level, just above bedrock and near the sea-edge of the deposit, was a small, square, stone-builthearth of length 1 metre (plate xv, d). This contained a mass of black material, some of which was sampled forradiocarbon analysis.
CATALOGUE OF PRINCIPAL MATERIAL FROM STRATUM I, 2, OR 3.
Complete and Restored Pots Rounded bowl with inturnedrim of lightreddish-brown coarse ware with smoothedsurface. Height: 7-5 cm. Diameter (Max.) 12-3 cm.; (Mouth) 12 cm., Cliff2D (fig. 35. 20). burnishedware. Height: 5-5 cm. Diameter: 14-5 cm. Square Flaring bowl of reddish-brown L.2 L4 (fig. 35. 11 and plate xv, b, right).
30
Tall roundedbowl withslightly rim brownware withsmoothed surface. flaring oflightish Height: 10-5cm. Diameter:12 cm. Square Yi L21 (fig. 35. 19 and plate xvii, d, left). Miniature bowl unburnished ware.Height:2-7cm. Diameter: straight-sided ofcoarsebrown 6-3 cm. Square K4 L9 (fig. 35. 2). bowl of coarsebrownunburnished ware. Height: 7 cm. Diameter: 14-5cm. Straight-sided Square L2 L9 (fig. 35. 21).
I.A.M.& H.C.R.
Fig. 14. The hearth (shaded) and overlying wall in Square V, with burnt patch indicated by dots
Small rounded bowlofchiefly reddish-coloured burnished withwhite ware,decorated paint. cm. Diameter:12-5cm. Cliff Height:7 17A (fig. 36. 12). Carinatedbowl with burnished externalsurface, much worn. Height: 9 cm. Diameter: cm. Surface F11 (fig. 35. 17, and plate xvii,e). 15 grid Chalice of fine black highly-burnished ware with elaborate decorationin white paint. 28 cm. Diameterofbowl: 18 cm. Cliff Height:approx. 17A (fig. 31. 3). Tall chalicefoot dark-brown of burnished ware.Diameterof base: 14-5cm. Square Oi L12 (probablygoes withbowl fromSquare Oi L72 see above p. 13) (fig. 32. 1 and plate xvii, a). Constricted-neck withfour jar vertically piercedlugson thewidest partofthebody; rather in in burnished warewithtracesofdecoration whitepaint. irregular shape. Of reddish-brown Height: 20 cm. Diameter:(Max.) 16 cm.; (Mouth) 10 cm. Cliff17A (fig. 34. 1 and plate xviii,b, right). Constricted-neck withfour jar vertically piercedlugson thewidest partofthebody; upper Of in burnished warewithdecoration whitepaint.Present partofneckmissing. reddish-brown 20C (fig. 34. 5 and plate xviii,, left). height:16 cm. Diameter:(Max.) 16 cm. Cliff burnished waredecorated withwhitepaint.Height: Large chalicewithdeep bowl,ofbrown 23 cm. Diameterofbowl: 23 cm. Cliff 17A (fig. 31.2 and plate xvi).
MATERIAL
31
burnished ware withwhite-painted decoration Tall jar withsinglehandleofreddish-brown 20A (fig. 34. 4). whichis carriedoverthehandle.Height:23 cm. Diameter:19-5cm. Cliff vase of coarse greyware. Height: 6 cm. Diameter:4-5 cm. Cliff miniature Barrel-shaped 17A (fig. 36. 8). ware. Square R4 Lio (fig. 36. 1). raisedlobesofcoarsegrey-brown Small 'stand'withthree ware. Square R4 Lio (fig. 36. 3). raisedlobesofcoarsereddish Small 'stand'withthree had Small 'stand' whichoriginally fourlobes,of whichthreeremain.It is of coarsegreybrownware. Cliff 19A. ware. Height: 3*5cm. Diameter:6-8 cm. Square T2 Small 'stand' or lamp of coarsebuff L4 (fig. 36. 5). Small 'stand' or lamp withfourpeaks on rim. Of coarse brownware withgreyinterior. Height2-5cm. Diameter:6-4 cm. Square T2 L4 (fig. 36. 6).
Industry Chipped-Stone
TABLE 6. WELL-WORKED OBSIDIAN FROM DEPOSITS ASSIGNED TO STRATA I, 2, OR 3 Slightly worked obsidian from Strata 1, 2, and 3 numbers 348 pieces. Waste totals 12,758 pieces. Glass of Working Category A. Ovate B. Point, tanged, barbed C. Point, tanged D. Point . Slug F. 2 edges, < 4 cm. G. 2 edges, > 4 cm. H. edge, < 4 cm. I. 1 edge, > 4 cm. J. Parallel-sided blade . Nose-pointed L. Notch-sided M. 'Burin' . 'Burin spall' I 15 28 29 10 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. II 5 6 12 5 5 3 2 .. 1 .. .. .. III 15 3 6 53 .. 43 19 44 16 18 8 .. 7 IV 2 2 1 19 .. 40 12 37 17 30 28 13 14 .. Total 37 39 48 87 5 87 32 83 33 48 37 13 14 7 % 6-2 6-5 8 14-6 8 14-6 5*4 14-0 5-5 8 6-2 2*2 2*4 2
. Disc P. Fragment Total
15 4 102
15 11
2'5 -g (0)
46
233
25
59^
Small Finds
of from Thickschematic figurine marble, Square Y2U (fig. 76. 3, plate xlv, 2). Cylindrical from head ofmarbleviolinfigurine, Square L4 L4 (fig. 76. 2; plate xliii, 2). Amuletofbone, from 2 Square Yi L25 (fig.78. 1; plate xliv, 3). Bakedclayleg,round:Cliff (fig. 77. 2 ; plate withthepottery)Cliff (plate xlv, 6). : vessel(included xlv, 4). Bakedclayleg ofpottery 4 withirregular Buttonof red serpentine, fromSquare Y3 L4 (fig. 78. 10; V-perforation, plate XLVi, Plump, roughly bead of black marble,fromSquare 4). cylindrical perforated
Z9 Li (FIG. 78. 9; PLATE XLVI, 6).
and . Anthropomorphic figurines amulets.
2. Beads and adornments.
32
3. Stonebowl. Fragment of ring base of white marble, fromSquare Vi L8 (fig. 22. 1 ; plate xlv, 3). 4. Axes. Twenty-sixaxes and fragments (fig. 79. 9-16) (many were surfacefinds,which explains the see For further information p. 65, and, forthe materials,Appendix II. large number). worked stone. 5. Other finely Triangular polished pebble of white marble: ? figurine,from Square Y3 L3 (fig. 88. 4;
PLATE XLIII, 4).
6. Worked Bone. Perforated:pig humrus,fromSquare K3/O1 Li (fig. 80. 11). Chisel-ended: 1 cow and 2 sheep/goatlong-bones. fromCliff2 (fig. 80. 2). 8 sheep/ Narrowed: 1 sheep metapodial. 1 pig long-bone fragment goat long-bone fragments. Points: 1 jaw ofpig or cow, fromSquare Y4 L2 (fig. 81. 10). 1 sheep metapodial, fromCliff3 (fig. 81. 9). 1 sheep/goatmetapodial fragment.1 large bird long-bone (fig. 81. 3). 7 sheep/ goat long-bone fragments. shell. 7. Worked Five spoons and 7 scrapers Patella; 17 worked mussels (in view of the chronological significanceof this type,it seems worth while to list the contexts,as follows: Ki Lio; K3/O1U; Li L4;Li L5 (fig. 82. 4); L2 L3; L3U; I4 L2; P3 L4; Vi L8;Yi L25; Z7 L3; Cliff4; Cliff17; Cliff19; Cliff20 (fig. 82. 1). Two broad spatulae, one ofPinnafromSquare Li L4 (fig. 82. 10), one oCharoniafromSquare Z3 L2 (fig. 82. 9). Two cut-to-shapeovals oiCharoniafromSquare Y 1 L22 and Square Li L4. One cowrie fromSquare L4 L2. Two cockles; 1 pierced univalve, Conusmediterraneus Square Vi. 2 (fig. 82. 11); a univalve, Cerithium from originally vulgatum, from but burnt,fromCliff4; a smoothed univalve, Cymatium parthenopium, Square Yi ground, of fromSquare L4 L2; 2 fragments Cymatium Li 4; a large bivalve, Glycimeris parthenopium pilosus, fromSquare L3 Lu and Square P3 L4. 8. Sherd'burnishers*. Nine examples including 5 fromSquare L2 L2 to L4 of which 3 are 'import' wares; 2 from Square L3 Lu and 1 fromSquare Q2L 10 (see fig. 83. 6-10). 9. Clay rods. Three of flat section fromSquare Yi L2 and L4 (fig. 84. 15, 18, 20); the others of round section fromSquare QiU (fig. 84. 19). Square Vi L5 (fig. 84. 16) and Square Vi L2 (fig. 84. 21), the last being 10-5 cm. long. 10. Spindlewhorls. Three cut frompotsherds(fig. 84. 9-1 1), and 1 of marble (fig. 84. 8). 11. Discs. Four cut frompotsherdsincluding 2 of diameter larger than 7 cm. (fig. 85. 11-14) ; 2 small discs of stone, one of marble and one of schist(fig. 85. 9 and 10).
MATERIAL 12. Pot-lids. Four, circular,of schist. 13. Waisted weights. Two of schist(fig. 87. 8 and 9); 5 of marble (fig. 87. 5-7).
33
and , pestles, rubbers. 14. Mortars, querns of Five mortarsof marble (see fig. 90) ; 3 querns (see fig. 89), the first marble, the second of of ;2 schist,the thirdof muscovite-biotite-gneiss pestles (fig. 88. 9 and 13), the former marble; 16 rubbers of schist,marble, and muscovite-biotite-gneiss fig. 91); several hammerstones (see ore including 1 of quartz and 1 of magnetite-haematite-diaspore (see fig. 92). 16. Various. Roman lamp fromSquare L3 L6 (fig. 23; plate xli, b).
C 4316
IV
THE FINDS
The findsfromSaliagos were collectedand classedunder the categories:pottery, chipped The last-named includedall objectsof some parstone,bone,shell,and smallfinds. category and chippedstone,but including workedbone and worked ticularinterest, excluding pottery and of excludedfrom the shell.A description theunworked bone,fishbone, shell,is,however, and the cereal grain foundare dealt within since thesecategories accountwhichfollows, VII to X. Appendixes beloware nowin theParosMuseumor itsreserves, where and All thefinds described pottery in labelled withthe numberof the square and excavated obsidianare preserved containers and obsidianwas similarly listed wereallocatedserialnumbers, well-worked level.Small finds and The originalinventories card indexes,together withthe bone on a separateinventory. will be deposited the library the British in and of identification registers the sitenotebooks, at School of Archaeology Athens. used to markthefinds to be foundon p. 145. are Further detailsoftheconventions THE POTTERY to of at Conditions Saliagos werenot favourable the preservation whole pots. In fact,the or werea fewsimplecups (e.g. fig. 35. vasesto be foundcomplete, reasonably complete, only or it to either wholly in partover ultimately provedpossible restore 1-9 and fig. 36. 8), though in all was found theform sherds, of whichwereoften vases.Almost thepottery, therefore, sixty threeand a halftons (3,500 kg.) of potsherds were Approximately verymuch comminuted. the courseof the work.All of theseweresortedand recorded,1 the unearthed though during and Qi, was selected a samplefor in the1965season, as three from material R3, S4, squaresdug was aboutfour-fifths ton (812 kg.). ofa The totalweight thismaterial of moreintensive study. in to thetraits and the sherds thissampleweresorted All thefeature they according displayed selected recording levelbylevel.The traits for the wererecorded covered ofeach trait numbers of and bases),lugsand handles, indicated thefragments rims decoration, by rangeofshapes(as in terms fulla picture as rim The work was topresent quantitative and certain forms. aim ofthis of of as possible theceramicequipment the Saliagospeople,but it was also hoped thatin this the ofchangesoccurring someevidencemight emerge during lifeofthesite. way in of of was of The frequency occurrence traits measured twomainways:first all by relating and secondly, wherepossible,by exfoundin each stratum, themto the weightof pottery A of themalso as a percentage a groupofrelatedtraits. standardunitof 100 kg. of pressing but theactualweight found in the was usedin assessing frequency thefirst method, by pottery the The correlation between figures arrived at is each stratum givenin thehistogram (fig. 15). was each ofthesemethods foundto be in generalverygood. by The paste is stone-gritted inand is uniform. The fabricof the Saliagos pottery extremely in thesize ofthegrits, cludesa fairamountofmica. Thereis a moreor lesscontinuous range
1 The cleaning and sortingof thisformidablemass of material was undertakenby Mrs. Evelyn Evans.
THE FINDS
35
a in but even in the finest warestheyare quite obviousto the eye. There is often diffrence and outersurface, colourbetween coreand thepartsneartheinner the though quitefrequently In an even firing been achievedright has through. generalthe materialcan be dividedinto was notalwaysveryclearand and tablewares,but thedivision coarsehousehold pottery finer
Wt.(kg) 400
300
^^^^^^^B
200 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H
100 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H
Fig. 15. Histogram showing the weight of pottery (in kilograms) fromeach of the three strata in squares r3, s4, and q.i
stratum
doubtful cases.The shapesare comfor could be found settling reliablecriterion no absolutely is feature the variable.Perhapsthemostsignificant and thepasteis continuously monto both of whilethesurface the often Fine treatment. waresare usuallyburnished, surface quitehighly, Thincoarsewares is generally only smoothedor at mostgivena light'scribble-burnish'. and unburnished were sometimes fine walledvaseswhosepasteis comparatively are,however, of household meantforordinary coarse-gritted use,whileconversely examples thick, evidently In burnish. thesquareswhichweresubwhichhave a quite respectable waresare also found of of accountfor fine to mitted detailedanalysis sherds onlyone-eighth thetotalweight pottery, coarseones,theproportion outnumber rim fine-ware fragments be as might expected, though, threeto two (63 per centto 37 per cent). beingroughly
36
the full is dark-faced, mayrangefrom blackthrough though colouring Saliagospottery chiefly as and even yellow.Burnishing, is well known,deepens shades of greyand brownto buff so or brownor and darkensthe surface colouring, thatwhileblack or dark-grey sometimes ones are usually is red-brown the normalcolour of the burnished wares,the unburnished of or buff yellow.Special varieties the normalware, due mainlyto or light-grey, sometimes in in occurfrom timeto time.One ofthesevarieties pardifferences firing, deliberate, perhaps and core. is ticular very distinctive, havinga bright orangesurface a light-grey Small quantities its it at werefound all levelsin thedeposit. ofthistypeofsherd Apartfrom colouring, seemsto seemalso to be and where withthenormalSaliagosfabric, theshapes, be identical identifiable, and is to less Another immediately identical. variety fired a uniform right pink through, striking in to is probably chiefly a difference firing. due thedifferent is rather brittle. appearance Again This ware also was foundat all levels. of witha greatpreponderance open over The shapesofthevases are on thewholesimple, centof therimsbelonged openbowlsor chalices to In closedforms. thecounted squares92 per to at need someadjustment arrive the and onlyabout8 percentto closedshapes.Thesefigures thanthose bowls of of since trueproportions, it is obviousthatthemouths jars wouldbe smaller full to of number sherds vessel.Even giving weight and so would tendto producea lesser per accountedforonlya veryminuteproit is evidentthatjars and closedforms this,however, in of of shapescould be recognized both output.A number different portion thetotalpottery was not always betweenone and another but and closedforms, the line of distinction open of clear; while the majority examplestended to clusteraround certainnorms,variability so betweenrelatedshapeswas in factcontinuous, thata fairnumberof relatively arbitrary Rims weregenerally had to be takenin sorting. decisions simple(figs.40 ; 48 ; 49) ; the chief on of in elaboration was the provision, some coarsewares, a raisedplatform the exterior just decoration whichwas often below the rimfortheimpressed applied (figs.39. 6; 40. 15, 16; 42. 9 and plate xxvi, a). whichit is features theSaliagospottery theelaboratedecoration of One ofthemoststriking Withvery exceptions few or impressed. be painted, and which often carries, (most applied, may are the paintedpatterns in white.Bands of red incrustation, of whichare clearlyimports) rare are and overthewhitepatterns, there very often also however, occurin addition, running The white-painted of of red pigment used alone forthe decoration local fabrics. examples whichis unusualamongthe and of is decoration characterized a richness variety patterns by on is waresoftheAegean and WestAnatolia.Painteddecoration foundchiefly white-painted to coarsevases.Conversely, notvery butit is sometimes, fine wares, commonly, applied though to confined thecoarsewares, and is theimpressed applieddecoration almost exceptions entirely are of to thisrulebeingvery rare.The fewexamples incision distributed amongbothcoarseand finewares pointill : ribbons thefinewares,plain incisions on onlyon coarsewares. in in theappearanceofgreatuniformity thepottery use in thesettlement throughout Despite in to somedifferences the beenpossible discern it itsentire duration, has,as alreadymentioned, of in were of Markedfluctuations observed thepopularity strata. ceramiccontent thedifferent in all levels. trait whichcannotbe found is there hardly certain features, occurring any though in after whichthe be will the of In whatfollows, characteristics thepottery first described detail, stratum stratum be setout. to will from in of for evidence changes thepopularity features
SHAPES
but to found As alreadymentioned, 90 percentof therimsherds over belonged openvessels, in ware. muchmorefrequently coarsethanin fine it is noteworthy closedshapesoccurred that
THE FINDS
37
for of to For theopenshapestheproportion fine coarseis 65 percentto 35 percentwhereas the is so this proportion almostexactlyreversed, thatwe have only36 per centof closed forms to fine-ware fragments 64 per centcoarse. All potswhichdid notstandon a highfootseemto have had flatbases. and everted The open shapescan be dividedintorounded, rim, flaring, caristraight-sided, into one tendedto pass overalmostinsensibly as already natedbowls, indicated, form though, and The straight-sided flaring line so thenext, thatthedividing cannotbe clear-cut. categories for werebyfarthecommonest, accounting 75 percentto 90 percentof the totalin all strata. weremuchlesscommon in Roundedbowlswerealso present appreciable numbers, they though of of The percentage rimfragments thistypepresent two categories. of than either the first and bowlswereboth Stratum1 to Stratum Everted-rim carinated from increased 3. steadily in The commoner wererepresented a wide rangeofsizes. rareat all times. shapes very
Bowls
bowls Rounded (figs.32. 1; 35. 1, 3-6, 9, 10, 13, 16, 18; 36. 12-14; 40. 1-4; 48; 57. 19). withthe neververylargein comparison the of As alreadymentioned, number these, though 8 from per centof the and rosesteadily or flaring was nevernegligible bowls, straight-sided 1 in totalofbowl-rims Stratum to 19 per centofthetotalin Stratum (See Table 9.) 3. bowls Straight-sided (figs.35. 2, 7, 21; 40. 5, 6; 47. 1; 49. 1, 3, 7-10; 50. 1, 4-7, 9-12; 55. 22). show a slight The figures This was one of the best represented throughout. categories but in increase thelaterstrata, thisdoes not seemverysignificant. Table 9.) (See Everted-rim (figs.50. 13, 15-17). bowls of all Examplesof thisshape are rare throughout strata,and the proportion fragments is steady.(See Table 9.) present bowls Flaring-rim (figs.31; 32. 4; 35. 11, 12, 19; 38. 2; 40. 3; 42. 1-3; 51; 52. 1-4). of This elegantshapeis verycharacteristic thesite,and is, withthestraight-sided bowl,the in in the form. do commonest However, figures showthatit was declining steadily popularity Strata2 and 3. (See Table 9.) bowls Carinated (figs.35. 15, 17; 52. 5-8). 1 from Stratum in thecounted rare.No examplewas recorded These are extremely squares, whichshow of Strata2 and 3. The equallygreatrarity body-sherds and onlytwoeach from is withthisfeature not misdemonstrates the slight that incidenceof rimsherds a carination Table 9.) leading.(See Jars The closedshapesare all jars ofone sortor another. They can be dividedintohole-mouth constricted-neck (figs.40. 10-12, 15, 16, 19; 53. 5), conicaljars jars (fig. 40. 13, 14, 17, 18), neckjars (fig. 39. 6), cylindrical-neck (fig. 53. 4, 6, 8) and funnel-neck (fig. 53. 7). jars jars and Of thesethe only typesthat occur in any appreciablequantitiesare the hole-mouth for themthese shapesaccount over98 percentofthe two varieties. Between constricted-neck jar in the found each stratum. showthatwhilein Strata1 and 3 there However, figures fragments 2 of are abouttwiceas manyfragments constricted-neck as ofhole-mouth ones,in Stratum jars neverexceed and are the numbers about equal (Table 10). Cylindrical- funnel-neck shapes whiletheconical-neck did not occur at all in the squares 2 per centof the totaljar rims, jar from there wererareexamples otherpartsofthesite. counted, though
38 Bases
to As mentioned above, bowlsand jars seemnormally have had flatbases. There is no eviare rare and ring-bases extremely (Table 11). On theother rounded denceat all for hand, bases, of the bowls musthave stoodon highpedestals.The overall a veryconsiderable proportion in is littlevariation this of proportion bases to rimfragments to 3-5,and thereis relatively of us to obtain The establishment thisproportion from stratum stratum. to permits proportion of of a veryroughestimate theproportion thetotalnumber bowlswhichstoodon pedestals. of whichshouldhave belongedto pedestalled of vessels, Calculatingthe proportion bowl-rims we at of of intoaccountthenumber pedestal found, arrive a figure 39 percent fragments taking When the value is of of the total. So about two-fifths all bowlswere probablypedestalled. from thereis appreciablevariation, calculatedforthe variousstrataseparately, however, 31 2. in Stratum3 to 47 per cent,nearlya half,in Stratum per cent,or a littleundera third, nearthe witha figure 37 percent,very of 1 betweenthesetwoextremes Stratum fallsmidway average. forms mustbe mentioned. certain of Before exceptional leavingthequestion shapesentirely, small.These are often of There are a number examples spoonsor ladles,mostly of represented handlesalone, (fig. 59. 9-12). by the triangular conical sometimes a little with or three- four-lobed is Another stand, very specialform thelittle a to it mayhave beenintended support small whoseuse is very though problematical, pedestal, similar vessels someotherrather There are four ofthisform may (fig. 36. 1-3) ; examples pot. have been lamps (fig. 36. 4-6). in of made conicalvase witha largenumber perforations Thereis one exampleofa roughly as a of is thesides;this evidently portion a vaseofthewell-known known a 'cheese-strainer'. type
Handles
the of of Thereis a considerable beingvarieties variety types handlepresent, mostcommon all In of string-hole and lug-handles. the countedsquares thesegreatlyoutnumbered lugs was a for others, accounting 63 per centof the totalnumberof handlesof all kinds.There of ware. of of the considerable between numbers handles coarsewareand those fine discrepancy of 76 Taking all types handlestogether, percentwereof coarseware,as against24 percentof of alone the proportion fine-ware fineware,just overthreeto one. For lugs and lug-handles 20 it other was slightly 26 lower, per types was markedly examples higher, percent whilefor centonly. String-hole andlug-handles 37. 2; 44; 45. 1, 2, 7, 9, 10; 46. 1-4; 53. 5, 8; 57 and plates lugs (figs. xxix and xxx). of to jars. tinypellet-handles thelargetubularlug-handles largestorage Lugs rangedfrom whichoccurred in but ofthestring-hole werealso tubular form, another fairly type Many lugs in was frequently triangular section(figs.44. 4; 53. 8). This typeseemsto have been used on It or necked pierced. was sometimes vertically horizontally jars. String-hole couldbe either lugs but to thelugwas intended be on smallsherds, theproportions to difficult be surewhich wayup wereset moreor less equal. On the otherhand, veryfewlug-handles of each wereprobably - onlyabout 1 per cent in the countedsquares! The horizontal ones were mostly vertically or of (fig. waisting 'saddle' effect thougha smallproportion themdisplayed simplein form, also display varieties and plate xxx, 0, bottom left).Some ofthesmallstring-hole 44. 10-13 in to lug waisting, approximating form the 'trumpet' (fig. 57. 14, 15, 18). There werea few
THE FINDS
39
lugs examples(nineto be precise)ofsmallunperforated in thecountedsample,but onlyone sizeswerefound of of lug. lugs unperforated A number unperforated ofvarious example a larger not in otherpartsof the excavations, thistypewas certainly common.Two examplesof but corners had at decorative) each ofthefour (fig.45. 9, ordinary lug-handles knobs(apparently
10).
handles Strap (figs.45. 3-55; 57. 19; 58. 1 and plate xxx, a, middle row and bottomright, and b bottom right). from the after These werethenextmostcommon ordinary types lugs,though totalnumber a quarterof the totalnumberof ordinary thecountedsquarescame to onlyjust under lugs. handles(fig.45. 4 and plate are two Occasionally ormorepellets setat or nearthetopofthese werefound . xxx, 0, end ofmiddleand bottom rows) In thecounted sampleonlytwoexamples other comefrom from contexts late withthisfeature, bothin Stratum but examples 1, partsof effect of thesite.A smallproportion theexamples straphandlesdisplaythe 'saddle' of (plate handles the were whattypes vessel strap of to . xxx,b,bottom right)It is notpossible sayprecisely attachedto,sincetheywerenotfoundattachedto sufficiently piecesofpot. large and right). Ledge (fig.46. 6-17 and plates xxx,a, toprow,b,toprowright, xxxi,0, bottom lugs are well represented, ledge-lugs. Less commonthan the straphandles,but stillreasonably is in or Normally theyare semicircular, triangular, trapezoidal shape,but there also a horned whichoccursrarely(3 examplesout of a totalof 34 ledge lugsin the sample). Ledge variety lugsare quite often perforated out ofthetotalof34). (13 Crescentic (figs.47; 58. 2 and plate xxxi, b). lugs The crescentic are reallya specialvariety ledgelug and theymayalso be perforated of lugs in or unperforated; found thetest also theyare double-perforated. examples The occasionally areaswereall unperforated, as Crescentic seemtohaveserved handlesexclusively however. lugs forthe coarse household wares,and some of themare extremely large (fig. 47. 1, 11). The rather undernumbers these of found other on thatthey perhaps are ofthesitesuggest lugs parts in thetestarea. represented Tab handles (fig. 58. 3-10 and plate xxxi, a). Tab handlesoccurin variousforms, to corresponding thoseoftheledge lugs.They maybe The triangular onesmaysomehorned. semicircular, or, triangular, trapezoidal, occasionally, in timeshave occurred pairs.They,like the last two types, or may be either perforated unperforated. The types handlediscussed of above occurfairly the steadily throughout depositand therefore thelifeofthesettlement. there also a series related But is of of varieties handles throughout whichare ofrelatively occurrence, whichseemto be chiefly rare and characteristic thelatest of as phases.Thesehavebeenclassified nose-bridge (figs.44. 4; 58. 18 and plate xxxii.9), horned 19 and plate xxxii,5), pillar(fig.58. 16,17,20 and plate xxxn,3,4) and rudder (figs.57. 9 558. handles(fig. 58. 21, 24 and plate xxxii,6). Of thesethefirst theonlytypewhichoccursat is all in thelowerlevels thetest of area. Thereis one examplefrom Stratum twofrom Stratum 2 1, from in thedeposit), and three from Stratum Stratum also produced one (both fairly up high 3 3.
handles Specialized
40
of rudder but handles.These are verysmallnumbers, thepattern one horned, pillar,and four in as of found therest thesite of is occurrence interesting, especially an examination thepottery in One pillarhandlewasindeed does notrevealanyofthesespecialized types an earlycontext. in in fine found a Stratum context thetestarea, a particularly example(fig.58. 15 and plate 2 the xxxii,5), butit does notseriously damagethecase, becauseit comesfrom very levelof top 1 a thatstratum. Thereis also a remarkable handlefrom Stratum context A), from (Pit strap a theupperpartofwhichprojects conicalprong(fig. 45. 8 and plate xxxii,8), but it is not in it related form anyofthespecialtypes handlejust dealtwith, to of reallyclosely although is handles of and rudder theexpression a similar idea. On balance,therefore, horned, the pillar, of to mayperhapsbe provisionally thought as types belonging thelaterpartoftheoccupation have oftheSaliagossite.It is noteworthy thepillarhandlesare all offine that ware,though they been so badlyweathered Unfortusometimes thatthesurface been completely has destroyed. we no The evenmore wereattached. nately, haveat present clueto thekindofvasetowhich they remarkable rudder-handles seemto occurin bothfineand coarseware. A number tubular of werefound(fig. 59. 13-19). Two (fig. 59. 13 and 16) are fitted spouts witha small,horizontally at lug perforated beneath, thepointwherethey join thewall ofthe is to pot. In one case (fig.59. 13) there enoughofthevesselleft showthatit was a bowl.There is also one smallspoutwitha painteddecoration of consisting simplebands (fig. 59. 18). Leg A well-modelled and foot(fig. 59. 22) was evidently leg partof a pot whichwas probably A of which serves differentiate to anthropomorphic.smallportion thebodyofthepotis present, thisfrom otherfragments legsfound, of whichmayhave been partsofclay figurines.
DECORATION
Spouts
As alreadymentioned, chief the kinds decoration of used on theSaliagospottery painted are to thefinewares,but also used sometimes coarsevessels, on and impressed decoration, proper orapplieddecorationor a mixture both, of which almost is confined thecoarse to wares. ; entirely Painted decoration 31; 32; 41 ; 48-55; 56. 1-7 and plates xx-xxiv,xvii). (figs. One ofthechief hallmarks theSaliagospottery thefrequent of is of executed presence patterns in matt white The painting seems have beennormally to carried after burnishing out the paint. ofthepot.Thiscan be demonstrated manyinstances in wherethepainthas partially entirely or theburnished surface belowintact, different colourfrom rest but in the of disappeared, leaving the surface the pot, so thatthe outlineof the vanisheddecoration of showsup clearly.This colourdifference be due to the different conditions thesurface of belowthepaint, may firing but thepaintitself frequently an effect thesurface has had on belowit also,partially wholly or the'mechanical theburnishing Wherethishas happened destroying slip' producedby process. thepattern also clearly is defined thelimits thedamage to thesurface thepot. of of visible, by In thehighest levelsofthedeposit mostofthesherds have losttheir surface entirely through in of cannotbe known, thisconbut weathering thesoil,so thattheincidence paintedsherds dition affects aboutthefirst cm.ofdeposit 20 Belowthis levelbadlyworn sherds are only acutely. indeedfoundsporadically occurin all levels),and painting also sometimes is difficult to (they because of heavyincrustation the surface a sherd.Relatively, of of these recognize however,
THE FINDS
41
as effects randomand conto do and it is possible regardtheir factors notaffect manysherds, This is an of for siderthatthecounts each levelare roughly frequency. representative relative wares was of off because a verymarkedfalling in numbers white-painted important point, table: in as observed the testareas from Stratum onwards, can be seenin thefollowing 2
TABLE 7. WHITE-PAINTED SHERDS
Stratum 3 No. of occurrences Freq. per 100 kg. of pot 100 47 2 Stratum 547 198 1 Stratum ^257 389
in levelsofStratum 3, Now, whileit can be arguedthatbecauseofweathering thetopmost be muchtoolow,thesameargument be cannotreasonably used for thefigure thatstratum may betweenthe figures Stratum1 and Stratum2. for to explainthe verystriking descrepancy are in sherds twiceas frequent Stratum as in Stratum they 1 whilewhite-painted 2, Moreover, in at 2 are no lessthanfourtimesas frequent Stratum as in Stratum We could, therefore, 3. loss the without for leastdoublethefigures Stratum to allowfor due to weathering 3 impairing of the of throughout lifeofthesite. picture a steadydeclinein popularity painteddecoration are wide selection simpleeleof themselves characterized a fairly The paintedpatterns by in of from The elements combined a greatvariety different ments whichare veryfreely ways. or and are whichthepaintedpatterns made up maybe rectilinear curvilinear, solidas wellas includestraight linesor bands,zigzags,either are linearmotives used. Rectilinearelements and lozenges (plates xx, xxi); the basic or multiple, squares,rectangles, triangles, single likethestraight or ones curvilinear are swagsand wavylines, which, lines,maybe either single lineis popularfor A tight figs.50. 8; 52. io, wavy hatching (e.g. (plates xxii,xxiii,a). multiple also occurs(e.g. fig. 56. 1). hatching straight-line 11), though is to which from sherds, the The syntax theSaliagos decoration moredifficult reconstruct of which havepainteddecoration valuableaid here,but aregenerally small.The mended give pots so is the rangeof the combinations evidently greatthatmanymorecomplete paintedvessels The patterns from would be requiredto providea complete conspectus. simplecomrange and xx) to themost linesor bands (plates xviii,a, left;b,left, of binations bundles straight of are of motives. and motives Rectilinear curvilinear of elaborate combinations a number different used patterns ladders,zigare on combinedquite freely thesame vase. The mostfrequently horizontal, swags, lozenges, squares,etc., either diagonal,or vertical, zags, rowsof triangles, a of and parallelwavylines.A combination twoopposedwavylineswith single concentric arcs, 'caduceus' pattern(fig. 31. 4 and plate xvii, b) verticalproducesthe distinctive straight A variant occurrence. similarthoughless striking not common, whichis of regular, though the central one (plate xxiii,0, of whichoccursconsists thewavylinesalone,without straight rareis thechequer-board (fig. 55. 7, 8). pattern centre).Relatively and horizontal Chalicefeet often are dividedintopanelsby vertical lines,someofwhichare blank (figs.54. 14; 56. 4, 7). Painteddecoration is are whileothers left filled withdecoration, it generally on the innerlips of bowls,usuallybowlsof the flaring ; type frequently present takestheform a series doubleswagsat setintervals of of (figs.33. 1; 49. 2, 5, 6; 52. 4), though found(figs. 36. 7; 50. 6; 51. 7 and plate are moreelaboratedecorations also occasionally xxii,a). the of difficult estimate proportion vases on whichcurvilinear to It is extremely patterns of For whileonlyaboutone-tenth thewhite-painted sherds from testareashad any the appear.
42
curvedlines,it is clear from largersherds the and from restored the potsthatthe curvilinear is natureof a designmay be appreciableonlywhena fairly largearea of the paintedsurface inavailable forinspection it (e.g. fig. 31. 3). Nevertheless, is safeto say thatcurvedlines, rectilinear of cludingthecurvilinear appear onlyon a verysmall hatching otherwise patterns, seem as of is the of minority paintedvases,though effect these patterns so striking to makethem themostcharacteristic feature the Saliagospaintedwares. of the from testareas are coarseware.It is Only 1 percentto 2 percentof the paintedsherds of the possiblethatthissomewhat under-represents actual frequency paintedcoarsepots,but from different that is The style painting of common. certainly werenotvery they employed very of used forthefinewares.Generally patterns composed simplecombinations broad, of are the bands of paint laid directly the unburnished surface(fig. 41 and plate xxvii). on streaky coarsewaresweredecorated circles withconcentric Occasionally (fig.39. 1 and plate xxvii,0, or was combinedwithimpressed top left;b, left),and also occasionally painteddecoration inciseddecoration bottom left). (fig. 41. 7 and plate xxvii,<z, This In a number instances white-painted withred crusting. of is the decoration combined of only), alwaystakestheform a broadred band aroundtherimofa bowl,or (in one instance the bottom a chalice-foot of (fig. 52. and plate xxiii, b, top left).The red band usually showthrough covers so but decoration, is transparent, thatthewhite patterns partofthewhite bowlsof as pale pink.These bands of red incrustation occuronlyon smalland medium-sized it increasetheirutility, is fineware. Since thefugitive roundthetipwould scarcely colouring of even of the application the to of vessels ceremonial, as perhapspossible think these perhaps the formed red bandsduringa ceremony somekind.In twoinstances crusted red of triangles while sole decoration sherds smallish on of vessels(fig. 55. 4 and plate xxiii,b, bottom left), a there three are of beenusedto decorate potwhichis obviously examples realredpainthaving made ofthelocal dark-faced of unusualsherd a grey fabric. One rather fabric, partof an open in orange(fig. 56. 19 and plate xxiii,b, bottom centre). bowl,has a broadvertical stripe a with light from red-painted the are there justovera dozensherds sherds discussed Apart just fabricwith patterns red, brown,or purplishpaint,which are almostcertainly in imports (fig. 56. 20, 21 and plate xxiv, b). Their closest analogiesseemto be withthematt-painted other waresofthemainland .A Late Neolithic below, 82 , for light-coloured discussion) few p. (see are sherdsare present but whichnevertheless which bear no tracesof painteddecoration, Thesesherds akinin fabric thepaintedonesand mustevidently classedwiththem. be to closely as were foundsporadically the rightthrough deposit,and because of theirspecial interest a complete is givenat theend ofthissection. list probableimports Plastic decoration 42, 43 and plates xxvi, xxvii,a). (figs. on This type decoration of usedpractically exclusively coarsewares(it was,as already stated, and plastic was found rather on under2 percentof thefine waresin thetestareas). Impressed it decoration normally was concentrated andjust belowtherim, on appeared though occasionally in of also on otherpartsof the vase. The subjoinedtable showsthefrequency its occurrence thevariousstratain the testareas.
TABLE 8. IMPRESSED AND PLASTIC
Stratum 3
DECORATION
Stratum1
Stratum2
No. of occurrences Freq. per 100 kg. of pot
58 27
109 40
101 32
THE FINDS
43
Thesefrequencies a rise showno sustained but 2, trend, instead moderate in Stratum followed there no is to levelin Stratum Here,ofcourse, off belowtheoriginal bya fairly 3. sharpfalling it in ofthedecoration effaced theupperlevels;evenon verywornsherds is still question being quite plain. The patterns made up ofa number simple basicelements whichmayoccurin a variety are of of or ofdifferent The of is combinations. simplest theseelements scalloping slashing therimof thevase; theslashing at be either 90o to theline oftherimor diagonal (fig. 42. 10, 11). may witha variety and slashing or element, maybe combined maybe theonlydecorative Scalloping on and thesemaybe either ofother are also a verycommon element, types. Finger impressions therimitself, place ofslashing in orjust belowit (fig.42. 13),or evenon theouter (fig.42. 8, 9), rows two (fig.42. 4). Up to three of between other the edgeoftherim,a sort half-way position ofimprints occurbelowtherim,and they withother be combined on, impressions or may may rowsofimpressions on theedge of,therim(fig.42. 8, 9 and plate xxvi). Wheretwoor three occurtheyare sometimes or carriedon a raisedplatform an applied stripbelowtherim (e.g. fig. 42. 9 and plate xxvi, a). two in of occurs theform one or sometimes rowsofblobs most Applieddecoration commonly setjust belowtherim, and taking place ofthefinger the impressions (plate xxvii,a, topright). these blobswerereplacedbypastilles Occasionally (fig.42. 3 and plate xxvii,,bottom rough concave upper or ratherbutton-like, witha slightly right), even by discs of a special form, set surface. These normally like the blobs,just below the rim,but are occasionally occurred, on an everted (fig.42. 1, 2 and plate xxviii,a, topleft).These rowsof 'buttons' rim directly of sometimes to mindrather call on the strikingly rowsof suckers the tentacles the octopus, whichitself so common sight thevillageofAntiparos. is a in several Plasticdecoration occurred on onlyrarely thebodyofthevase. There are,however, ofnon-rim sherds withsingleapplied blobs,discs,or ovals (fig. 43. 11, 13, 14) and examples had there five are of thickwalledvaseswhichapparently applied of examples fragments rough, A few blobssetthickly overthesurface all and plate xxviii,b, bottom right). very (fig.43. 15 sherdsshow fragments applied cordons,generally decoratedwithslashingor themselves of finger (fig. impressions 43. 12). A smallgroupofsherds is whichhas a moreelaboratetypeofplasticdecoration ofconsiderof able interest. thesesherds On knobsare combinedwithcurvedstrips clay, semiapplied volutes(fig. 43. 3-8 circular section, in and usuallytapering theends,whichform at graceful in and plate xxviii,b). There are onlyabout a dozen ofthesefragments all; theycomefrom all levelsin thedepositand all seemto have been partsofcoarsevessels.
OTHER DECORATION Incised decoration
was always This was extremely on theSaliagospottery; whenit occursthedecoration rare on one sherd madebefore firing thevase.Simpleincision almost was the of except unrepresented of ofa coarsebowl,whichhas been decorated witha roughrepeatpattern concentric lozenges sherds from testareas,two the other incised linesalso occuron three (fig. 36. 10). Verysimple is a Stratum whilethethird, coarsesherd, ofwhich, fineand one coarsesherd, from one are 2, from 1 Stratum . Incisionwas equallyrareon therestofthesite. white and incrusted with Incisedpatterns withdots(pointill) originally formed bandsfilled of these sherds wereat to their are found a number sherds of on rarity paste, (plate xxv). Owing in but first from of islands, thefinding 1965in neighbouring thought as beingprobably imports
44
bears and PitA ofa largeportion a chaliceor fruit-standtypically of of Saliagosform warewhich a curvilinear in decoration thepointill technique(plate xxv, b) seemsto prove that vessels In withthiskindofdecoration weremade at Saliagos,although onlyrarely. thetestareasonly wereninein Stratum twofragments pointill-decorated werefound Stratum ; there in of wares in 2 and nonein Stratum The Stratum1 pieceswerebothfound thesamelevelofthesame 3. all 2 square,whilethe Stratum fragments came from adjacentlevelsin thesame square (Qi, levels6 and 7). Leavingaside thefragments thechalicefrom A, lessthana dozen other Pit of sherds withthistypeofdecoration werefoundon theotherpartsofthesiteinvestigated.
Pattern burnish
found The use ofburnish a decorative as is feature veryrare at Saliagos. The fewexamples and however right, displaya considerable variety, (fig.56. 14-18. and plate xxiv,a, middle, theuse with bottom on are row). Perhapsmostinteresting thetwosherds whichit is combined the ofwhitepaint,thepaintbeingused in thinlinesto define edgesofbroad bandsofburnish in In (fig. 56. 17, 18 and plate xxiv,0, middlerow,right). one case it is combined a different in (fig.56. 16 and registers waywithwhitepaint,to producea chevron pattern two different plate xxiv,0, bottom it row,middle).Otherwise is used alone (fig.56. 15 and plate xxiv,a, bottom and left). row,right
LIST OF FRAGMENTS OF DARK-ON-LIGHT PAINTED WARES
I964 Decorationin mattred on unburnished Two sherds jar of yellowware withdark grits. of plate xxiv, b, 8). surface. Square Oi L30 and 71 (fig. 56. 21 and band ofshiny rim.Fine yellowware; narrow Small fragment bowl withslightly of everted red paintjust belowrim.Square Yi and 10 (plate xl, ii). red of darkbuff with Sherdofrather ware,unburnished, chevron rather shiny paint.Square K3 L25 (plate xxiv, b, 7). whitepaint,on witha coat ofrather of chalky Fragment darkware coveredon theexterior Oi L71 (plate xxiv, b, 1). whichis painteda largered triangle. Square in brown with of Threesmallfragments traces light paint) paint(in one case outlined darker on a darkbuff ground.Square Oi L5 (plate xxiv, b>9, 10, 12). withwavylinesin mattbrown surface decorated warewithunburnished Sherdofbuff paint. Oi L48 (plate xxiv, b, 5). Square linesin mattbrown withtwocurved surface decorated warewithunburnished Sherdofbuff paint.Square Oi L27 (plate xxiv, b, 6). withdark ware of Two joiningsherds ivory-coloured witha slight tingedecorated greenish Oi L6 and 10 (plate xxiv, 3, 2). purplepaint.Square ware withdistinct Wornsherdofivory-coloured tingewithtracesof ? concentric greenish in purplepaint.Square Oi L36 (plate xxiv, , 3). circles band belowrim(? burnish). warewithdarker of Square Oi L7 Fragment neckofjar ofbuff xxiv, , 4). (plate
THE FINDS 1965
45
in a warewithdecoration mattbrownpaint. made from sherdofveryhardbuff 'Burnisher' Cliff Pit A. 17, of ware decoratedwithnarrowstripes black paint. The ware 'Burnisher5 soft of lightbuff L10B. smallblackgrits. contains Square K3 in ware withsmall black gritsdecoratedwithchevron red (paint Sherdof softlightbuff veryworn).Square R3 L3. warewithred warewithtracesofmattred paint.Cliff Sherdofbuff Small sherdofbuff 19. band. Cliff 19. in faint decoration mattred. Square K3 L21B. ware withrather Sherdoflightbuff
TABLE 9. COMPARATIVE OF VARIOUS TYPES
Flaring
FREQUENCY
OF BOWLS
Carinated
Rounded | Straight-sided Evertedrim
Stratum3
% of rims No. of rimsper 100 kg. % of rims No. of rimsper 100 kg. % of rims No. of rimsper ioo kg.
19 90 15 71 8 29
47-5 223 45 218 39 155
2-5 11 2 9 3 n
31 144 38 194 50 194
<i < 1
Stratum2
Stratum1
TABLE
10. COMPARATIVE
FREQUENCY
Constricted neck
OF VARIOUS TYPES
Conical neck Cylindrical neck
OF JARS
Funnel neck
Hole-mouth
Stratum3
% of rims No. of rimsper ioo kg. % of rims No. of rimsper 100 kg. % of rims No. of rimsper 100 kg.
34 16 48-5 18 26 8
65 31 47-5 17 72 21
022 < <
Stratum2
<i 2 <
Stratum1
46
TABLE II.
COMPARATIVE FREQUENCY
Flat base
OF VARIOUS
Splayed base Ring base
TYPES
OF BASES
High foot
Stratum3
% of rims No. of bases per 100 kg. % of rims No. of bases per ioo kg. % of rims No. of bases per ioo kg.
53 68 53 79 64 85
12 15 3 4 5 7
2 2
33 42 44 64 31 42
Stratum2
Stratum1
THE CHIPPED-STONE
INDUSTRY
of is The Saliagos chipped-stone industry unique in the Aegean. By the largeproportion the it bothfrom blade inof and workedartefacts thevariety the types, is removed carefully lithictraditions of rather the of rudimentary dustry theEarlyBronzeAge and from seemingly at as theGreekNeolithic seen at Dimini,Sesklo,Lerna, and Knossos.The moststriking type There are in addition or used as an arrowhead leister. Saliagosis the tangedpoint,probably witha considerable as also forms producedby flatflaking, wellas manyartefacts other degree from thatof the EarlyBronzeAge that so differs markedly The industry retouch. ofinvasive of the it is possibleto distinguish two on the sole basis of theirwasteproducts manufacture. a surface sites Prehistoric in theAegean are usuallydated,in thefirst collection, instance, by is so of consists whichofnecessity chiefly wasteproducts faras the lithicindustry concerned. at the For thisreasona studyhas also been made of the wasteindustry Saliagos,bothfrom and from stratified surface finds, deposits.
MATERIAL
worked was of used fortheindustry obsidian, which1,176wellraw material The principal kinds volcanicstones, ofquartz,and 56 ofvarious as 9 45 pieceswererecovered against ofother was thanamongtheworked in of The offlint. proportion obsidian thewastematerial yethigher pieces. fracture conchoidal do rockfound notshowtheglassy The fewworked piecesofacid igneous of reminiscent of obsidian.One (fig. 68. 10; plate xxxviii,4) is a broad flakeoflargesize, and is from nearby the in colour, thestone derived It flake tools. is red someMiddlePalaeolithic island of Fira (AppendixII). The otherillustrated example (fig. 71. 1) is again broad and : it is dark greyin colour.A veryroughpointof category muchsecondary without working wereall somewhat stone.The quartz artefacts IV was made ofsimilar irregular.
THE FINDS
TABLE 12. THE NUMBER OF OBSIDIAN FRAGMENTS COLLECTED FROM SQUARE H3 THE SURFACE IN EACH I-METRE SQUARE WITHIN THE -METRE
47
in are of obsidian (The quantities brackets those well-worked artefacts.) / / 38 I 38 I 25 I 25 I 21 I 20/ 1 7/I 0 I 0 I 0 40 44 44 21 54 38 0) 32 38 49 39 77 40 28 CO 43 42
/ <L/_7 35 5
' 8 _' 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(2)__ 26 29 55 32 32 34
10 C~~
55 27 18
y_
II 10
92/
10 7
wj
3'
_
L
41 56 33 57
44
v^
10 / 0
y
0
je 47
43
23 53 64
22 I 15 24
1 1ci) (AcdI 1 1 II 1
L^_ 33 /
!C ' 28^
8'
7 13
5'
3
0 0
darkred Variouskinds flint of werepresent theassemblage. Moststriking a handsome was in Two examplesbothofcategory or not (or chocolate)flint chert, certainly local to Antiparos. D III are illustrated was (fig. 67. 9 and 11). Perhapsof greater significance theoccurrence, in of flint, whichtherewerefiveexamples. predominantly Phase 1, of a finehoney-coloured The contexts wereas follows : 1. Category II, Square Oi L16, Stratum I, Square S4 Lu, Stratum1 (fig. 61. 6; plate xxxviii,2 and 9). Category J Category III, Square S3 L10A,Stratum1 (fig. 64. 7; plate xxxviii,8 and 12). 1, Category III, Square VI Li, Stratum 2, or 3. J There was a singleexampleof a verydistinctive mottled flint purplecolourwithgreenish of spots(fig. 66. 8; plate xxxv, 5). Some verywhitepieces(e.g. fig. 67. 10), and others a greenish of maynotin factbe tinge, trueflint, an opalizedsilicate, but ofigneous Therewerealso several origin. probably piecesof rather All brownflint. are ofinterest, sinceflint apparently nativeto is not however, ordinary Antiparos. The sourceoftheobsidianused at Saliagosis discussed AppendixIV. Essentially is of it in Melianorigin, withthetypical lustre seenin most theobsidian of from island.Other that pearly striations seenin Melos. Small lumpsofAntiparos also piecesare foundwiththe transparent obsidian found thesite, onlyone artefact thesubstance recognized are on but of was (fig.68. 4).
48
of at The presence Saliagos,albeitin smallquantities, obsidianfrom Giali, is ofgreatinterest. and to to has artefact beenfound, itseems be ofno importance theindustry. worked Butno wellis The totallithicindustry thuscomposedof at least95 per centof Melian obsidian,and the in The existence Melos of a siteof the Saliagosculture of remainder (see p. 75) is chiefly flint. in ofinterest thisconnection.
TABLE 13. THE CHIPPED STONE WASTE INDUSTRY AT SALIAGOS
collectionin Squares G2, H2, H3, and G9 and stratified deposits(amalgamated) in Squares N3 and K4. The (From surface is Vouni waste industry included forcomparison.)
V ll-s*!0^^^^Si^S^l
G2 G2 H2 H2 H3 H3 G9 G9 N3 N3 K4
K4
* . * ^ *
o o 3 o 8 o o o 2 1
s *
I *
|6 | ^ *
^ -8
No. Wt. No. Wt. No. Wt. No. Wt. No. Wt No.
Wt
2 o 2 o 9 5 4 o 2
_JLJL_* *_iL_s
30 10 12 10 54 35 7 10 ..5 ..8 5 5 10 15 19 40 2 o 106 100 96 rio 93 125 15 55 77 43 14 10 12 10 16 15 7 5 18 13 4 5 o o 6 15 1 o 1 4
g a
^
100 435 68 310 68 360 62 235 363 273
40 80 18 80 31 120 27 75 124 92
10 70 11 150* 18 95 6 45 12 16
.. 313 955 to 595 "45 294 1,082 10 645 710 742 187 579 15 1,005 285 29 124 257 5 170 300 771 1,084 454 167 320 19-8 / 31-4 25*7 3#4 34*3 #5 4l6 863 520 62 6 40-7 54'2 44'1 3#4 59*3
g a
4 50 6 30 7 50 2
1,583 ^3^5 ,86 2,200 1,836 2,145 484 960 2,471 4J25 ^323
3^00
^
35 95 gm. 30 75 gm. 52 130gm. 23 135gm. 71 220gm. *22
405 gm.
211 17 Vouni No. 7 25 7 Vouni Wt. 5 15 10 235 15 G2 %(No.) o-i 1-9 0-3 67 0-9 6 0-5 5-3 6 H2 5 9 0-5 2-9 H3 8 5 4 3 '5 Cg .. 2 3*3 *7 3 2 .. 6 3*2 4 Vouni 0-5 17 *5 4*5 >2
10 80 15 180 0-3 2-5 o-o, 3 0-9 '2 5'6 5* 3 6-g 7 5*5
11 2 50 o 105 345 o-o 6 6*4 2 6 3-8 3-7 o4 * #2 28 0> *5 4*7 26 8 2 *1 '8 3*4
.. 5 .. 45 .. o*3 6-2 o*4 2 0-3 6 1-5 0# * *3
1,455 76 1,810 195gm. 2-2% (100) 1-7 (100) 2-8 (ioo) 4*7 () 2*9 (0) (0) 9*4 5'2 (0)
* Includes a singlecore weighing75 gm.
can be no and blades,there of in was found theform wasteflakes Since mostofthematerial obsidianis extremely workedon the site.But,although doubt thatthe obsidianwas actually the abundant, smallsize ofthecoresfound(fig. 18) wouldindicatethatit was notusedwastein of in it Doubtless was imported theform largecores.One such(fig. .2 1),found square fully. cores The twomagnificent orcortex. withtheoriginal covered skin, K3 L10B,was stillpartially coresofMelian obsidianever are thelargest in illustrated fig. 60 are quite exceptional. They at on Melos.Theywerediscovered Mr. N. Zapheiropoulos thesurface Saliagos found outside by Core A weighs1,345gm.,and core 1,085gm Btri hiskindness. and are illustrated through blade cores,and theycannotbe regardedas typicalof the site.However, are seemingly they contactwithMelos enjoyedby the people of Saliagos. to trading certainly testify theefficient
THE FINDS
TABLE 14. PHASE-BY-PHASE WITH PRESENTATION SECONDARY OF OBSIDIAN ARTEFACTS
49
WORKING
The column headed 'Grand Total' includesunphased specimens.Note the frequency variationin categoriesA, B, F (with workedobsidianfrom G), H (withI), J, and O. Slightly Saliagos numbers700 pieces. Waste totals23,795 pieces. Numbers category A. Ovate B. Point, tanged, barbed C. Point, tanged D. Point E. Slug F. 2 edges, <4cm. G. 2 edges, > 4 cm. . edge, < 4 cm. I. 1 edge, J. Parallelsided blade K. Nosepointed L. Notch-sided M. 'Burin' . 'Burin spall' . Disc P. Fragment Total Stratum Stratum Stratum Total 1 2 1+2+3 3 1 14 6 7 15 6 11 5 18 4 19 20 8 31 17 21 25 39 45 22 75 23 53 35 65 2 80 36 117 Grand Total 60 99 90 158 7 182 69 211 Per Cent Stratum Stratum Stratum Total 1+2+3 123 i-o 14-7 6-3 7-4 15-8 6-3 11-7 3-3 12*0 2-7 12-7 0*7 13-3 5-3 20-7 4*5 5-6 6-7 10-2 12-0 5-9 20-0 3-7 8-5 5-6 10-5 *3 12-9 5-8 88 Vouni Grand Total No. 4-7 7-8 7-1 12-4 0-5 14-2 5-4 66 2 5 10 7 2 14 6 % 2-6 6-6 13-1 9-2 2*6 18-4 7*9
>4cm.
5
7 7 2 2 6 4 95
12
5 5 4 5 4 3 6 5
23
40 28 8 7 8 *7 37^
40
52 40 14 14 6 7 27 621
78
104 80 28 29 3 33 38 1,279
5-3
7-4 7-4 2-1 2 # 6'3 4'2 (0)
8-0
3-3 3-3 2-7 3'3 2'7 2' 4* (0)
6-1
10-4 7-5 2-1 #9 *3 2"8 4'5 (0)
6-5
8-2 6-5 2*3 2*3 1> 2'7 4'4 ()
6-3
8-2 6-1 2-2 2'3 2'6 3* (0)
1
10 5 4 3 * 6 7^
1-3
13-1 6-6 5-3 3*9 #3 7*9 ()
CLASSIFICATION
toolsrecovered, as The wasteofa lithicindustry sometimes as revealing thefinished can be It sincethe wastegenerally remains the site,whilethe toolsmay be used elsewhere. was on foundat Saliagos,whether therefore decidedto classify countall chipped-stone and fragments wasteor with In secondary working. selectedsquaresthe classesofwastewereweighedas well of as counted.The verylaborioustaskofcleaningand sorting over25,000fragments obsidian withsecondary was undertaken Miss Barbara Benderand Miss StephaniePage. Artefacts by and "slightly working (both 'well-worked' worked')were recordedon separatecards. It has will records been possible illustrate made. The complete to a proportion thedrawings of only and may be studiedthere. be deposited the British in at School of Archaeology Athens, with In thefirst : instance industry beendividedintotwogroups waste,and artefacts the has ofdeliberate In thelatter fallall thoseartefacts any showing signs secondary working. category withcoresadapted foruse as after theirdetachment from parentcore,together the working of flakes well as large quantities as tools.The former includes coresand rejuvenation category after blades and flakes. includes, It toolswhoseshape needed no further too,any adaptation waste these detachment for from core. There is no objective the criterion distinguishing from material.
C 4316
50
Artefactswith secondary workinghave been termed 'well worked' if they show systematic over at least half of one face, or retouchalong at least one-sixth working(definedas flat-flaking of the perimeter, some other striking or feature,such as a notch). 'Slightlyworked' artefacts - are often very those which, while showing some retouch, fall outside the above definition classified.They are listed by phase in the catalogue. irregular,and could not be further For artefactswith some fairlyextensivesecondaryworkinga classificatory systemhas been devised which does not depend on the subjective recognitionof types.Artefacts are classed by two criteria: class of working (whetherflat-flaking, invasive retouch,etc.), and form. It is not difficult be objective about the class of working.A distinctionis made between to invasiveretouch,and simpleretouch.'Flat-flaking' flat-flaking, designatesthesecondaryworking of the artefactleaving shallow flat scars runningalong the surfaceof the artefact,which continue some considerable way fromthe edge so that much of the surfaceis thus scarred (e.g. fig. 61. i; fig. 63; plate xxxv). 'Invasive retouch' (including 'steep retouch') describes working whereflakedetachmentscars run regularlyand consistently some way in fromtheedge, without, however,coveringa notable proportionof the surface(e.g. fig. 64. 1, 2, and 4; fig. 70). 'Simple retouch' (including 'blunting retouch') refersto simple trimmingalong the edges which does not have an invasive character (e.g. fig. 67. 12; fig. 71. 10). The columns of the categorical table (fig. 16) are as follows: I. II. III. IV. Artefacts worked with systematicflat-flaking over all or most of both surfaces. Artefacts worked with systematic over all or most of one surface. flat-flaking Artefacts with systematic or invasive retouch along one or more edges. steep Artefacts with systematic simple retouch along one or more edges.
The classification formis a more difficult of principle has been to avoid problem. The first termswhich would implya specificuse, which today mustbe uncertain.Thus forms and C are termed 'points' ratherthan arrowheads,form are 'slugs' rather than fabricators. The ovates The concept underlying instanceis that ofsymmetry. the arrangementin the first offormA have threekindsofsymmetrylateral (end-for-end), well as longitudinalsymmetry as : and symmetry section.The pointsofform and C have symmetry sectionand longitudinal of of Class D (points), (slugs), and J (parallel-sided blades with thinsection) have only symmetry. since theyare not similarly workedon both faces. The remainingclasses longitudinalsymmetry, fromthe discs of formO, have no symmetrical apart properties. These symmetricalproperties are sufficient set apart the ovates and points. For the to the artefacts, number of worked edges is an importantcriterion.The following unsymmetrical formdesignationswere adopted. It should be noted that theyare descriptiveratherthan strictly of typological.Any artefact whatevershape can be included, provided it shows some systematic working. and A. Ovates. Possessedofend-to-endsymmetry well as longitudinalsymmetry symmetry as of section. They are thus of approximatelyoval shape. B. Points with barbs and tang. The term 'point' includes all those artefacts,other than and symmetry section. They are all narrow, and of ovals, with longitudinal symmetry to one end. A tang may be recognized by a pronounced constrictionat the end taper opposite the apex. A barb is an acute prominence above the tang (acute implyingan angle of less than 90o) . C. Points with tang but not barbs. D. Points with neithertang nor barbs.
----Jtetouch Form^^^_
face faceslFlat.1 IInvasivel Simple |Flat,2 | || ||| |V
Point, barbed tanged, C Point, tanged
if
w*w
If
if
Slug
2 workededges, ' less than4 cm. 2 worked edges, 4 morethan cm. edge, 1 worked cm. n lessthan4 edge, , 1worked than4 cm. more blade J Parallel-sided Nose -pointed -sided L Notch M'Burin' 'Burin spall'
|J
^J|
| I=J |fi S % ^^ ff| W /' H^js ' ^
tf' f||| %tf |^| 1 ta A | ftv ^ ^ j
Fig. 6. Classification of the well- worked chipped stone artefacts
52
and but E. Slugs. Long narrowtoolswithlongitudinal symmetry, end-to-end symmetry, in is is asymmetrical section.The bulbar surface flatwhile the upper surface strongly convexand heavily worked. withsystematic F. Blades and flakes working along two or moreedges,less than4 cm. in length. G. Blades and flakeswithsystematic working along two or moreedges,morethan4 cm. in length. H. Blades and flakes withsystematic working along one edge. Less than4 cm. in length. withsystematic I. Bladesand flakes working alongone edge. More than4 cm. in length. blades. J. Thin parallel-sided narrowBladesand flakes witha pronounced asymmetrical and K. Nosedbladesand flakes. ing at thenose caused by deliberate working. notchin one bladesand flakes. Bladesand flakes witha deliberately worked L. Notch-sided side. the Bladesand flakes of M. Burins. alongone edge. showing removal a fragment (spall) from showsignsof N. Workedburin-spalls. which,however, Fragments resembling burin-spalls before detachment. systematic working withsignsof secondary O. Discs. Cores and core rejuvenation flakes, circular, generally working. work. too to P. Fragments broken classify, showing yet signsofsystematic in in This classification summarized tabularform fig. 16. It shouldbe notedthatnot all is ofform and classesofworking theclassesimpliedby the correlations actuallyhave members. clearer of becomes withtheuse ofsucha classithe or Naturally existence non-existence types is of The existence types in thetabledo notthemselves constitute But fication. categories types. discussed below.
THE WASTE INDUSTRY
was the of at The first operation thesiteofSaliagos,before beginning digging, thecollection werechosenforthis obsidian.Four 10-metre in certainareas ofall thevisiblesurface squares (fig. 2). These squareswerechosen gridestablished purpose C9, G2, H2, H3- on thesurface obsidian.In each ofthemthesoilhad been so erodedas toform abundanceofsurface fortheir above therock.The obsidianand otherchippedstonewas collected a verythincovering only of them 1-metre within (Table 12 forSquare H3) givesa by squares,and a plotofdensity finds and of distribution highdensity obsidianin thoseareas uniform of clear impression thefairly whereit had not been washedaway by the actionofthesea. and counted, all from theexcavated The wastematerial layerbylayer. squareswas collected All for and N3 was selected specialstudy. thesoilfrom That from Square N3 was Squares K4 in from figures Table 13 thatthe the a cm. sifted through sieveofo#8 mesh.It is clear,however, waste in was a higher outcomeof thissieving proportion the smaller procedure onlystriking in The resultof these countsis summarized Table 13. Naturallyfor the flakesrecovered. count was made (cf.Table 1 on p. 12 forSquare S4) but stratified by-layer squares a layerin of does not allow thepresentation theresults suchdetailhere. space of broadcategories cores(fig. 17. 19-21), dividedintothethree was The wastematerial first the thantwice breadth). and 16),and blades (fig. 17. 3 and 4) (length flakes greater (fig. 17. 15 blade scars Parallel-sided bladesweredistinguished 17. 1 and 2), as wereflakes showing (fig. keeledbladeswerecounted (fig. 17.5 and 6) as were separately 17. 7 and 8). Verythickly (fig.
3 ^
^^
5^
"
12
<=3 13
C7 14
<C=3 16
c:=b17
18
21
of stonewaste industry Fig. 17. Classification the chipped blades;3, 4, blades;5, 6, (Scale 1:2). 1, 2, parallel-sided keeled with 11, blades;7,8, flakes bladescars;9, 10,rod-like spalls;13,14,bladecores;15,16,waste fragments; 12,burin flake cores flakes; flakes; i8, rejuvenation 17, 19-21,
54
these 'burinspalls' (fig. 17. 9 and 10) and crod-like fragments' (fig. 17. and 12), although two categories probablywithout are greatsignificance. Typical examplesof thesedifferent forms seenin fig. y. are listedin Table 13,theflakes dividedintofour are Amongtheresults, by categories size. The belowsievesize,was collected were smallest, onlyin squaresH2, H3, and Co..The categories of weighedas well as counted.The number well-worked piecesis also given.
15
Lengthmm.
25
35
45
Fig. 18. Histogram showing the length of the obsidian cores recovered (from Squares Cg, G2, H2, H3, K4, and N3). Total: 78
It wouldseemthatthewastecollections from surface the from stratified the squares, squares, and from Vouni comparetogether rather well.The lowproportion largeflakes Vouni and of at thehighproportion fragmentary of bladesthere and in theSaliagossurface squaresis probably to be explained breakageand damage through whichwas notsuffered obsidian erosion, by by in thestratified deposits. In terms quantities of recovered Square N3, wherethe soil was sieved,is the mostimthe The effect the sievingseemsto have been ratherto increasethe totalquantities of portant. found thanto altertheproportions a very in manner. shouldbe remembered It that significant and K4 are, as dug, 4-metre whilethe others ofside 10 metres. is are It Squares N3 squares, from Table 12 thattheactionof thesea has removed least50 percentof the at clear,however, obsidianwhich likely is once to have beenin these surface The totalweight obsidian of squares. in the 1o-metre area mayonce have been in excessof4 kg.Although wouldbe hazardousto it makestatements soil-cover theseerodedsquareson thisbasis,someconof about theoriginal siderabledepth of soil, certainly (one would guess) over a metre,musthave been present to so of for originally harbour muchobsidian.A consideration thelevel-by-level figures Square in concentration the S4 on the otherhand (Table 1 on p. 12), wheretherewas no striking
THE FINDS
55
and overmuchofthesite,erosion notplayedso decisive that has suggests there, perhaps topsoil, a role. of had The coreswerenotin general largesize (fig. 8), and indeedmostofthoserecovered in out. Nor werelargeflakes numerous thewasteindustry fewwere worked been completely in of interest viewofits bladesis ofparticular than4 to 5 cm.The category parallel-sided longer Few werecomplete, of thoseunbroken but examplespresignificance. chronological possible was lessthan4 cm. It is easierto be preciseabout thewidths, and servedtheaveragelength blades forthewidthofworked 19,b) and unworked (fig. (fig. 19,a) parallel-sided histograms are givenbelow.
~i
HIHI[HIIHIh_jh_ HHHHIHHl. bL_

5 10 15 20 5 10
Width
15
mm.
Width mm.
20
Fig. 19. Widths of parallel-sided blades: (a) without secondary working (fromSquares Cg, G2, H2, H3), total 123;
(b) WITH SECONDARYWORKING(ALL SQUARES),TOTAL IO5
bladesweregenerally The wholeunretouched shorter thantheparallel-sided ones,withan of about 2-5cm. and a rangefrom1-5 to 4-5cm. The meanlength-breadth averagelength withblade scarswereofabout thesamelength, ratiowas about 2-5to 1. The wholeflakes with ratio justlessthan2 to 1. It seems a meanlength-breadth of cleartherefore thebladesinthe that werenotso muchdeliberate wasteindustry as A narrower wasteflakes. study products simply thus that in ofthewasteindustry confirms ofthefinished artefacts suggesting theSaliagos that is obsidianassemblage in no sensea blade industry. of about thesiteat first an impression colosThe great of quantities wasteobsidianlying give sal profligacy thepartoftheobsidian on Thisimpression corrected, is however, the knappers. by and smallsizeofthewasteflakes ofthecorerejuvenation morethan3-5cm. long. flakes, rarely cores(fig.60; plate xxxiv),theprevailing in Despiteone or twomagnificent economy theuse is ofthematerial emphasized theverysmallsize ofthe bulkofthosediscarded. by A phase-by-phase of whichseemsto be of study thewasteindustry producedonlyone result Parallel-sided bladesweregreatly morenumerous the thirdphase thanin the in significance. two the bladesform Takingall thephaseddeposits preceding periods. together, parallel-sided
56
O-OO2 centof the totalwastein Stratum 1-3per centin Stratum and 2-9per centin i, 2, per the is Stratum If onlythewell-stratified squaresS4, Qi, and R3 are considered, effect yet 3. hereis enhancedby the highconmorestriking fig. 21, and table forS4). The effect (cf. It bladesin S4 itself. is none thelessa generalone throughout the of centration parallel-sided significance. site,and is ofconsiderable chronological
WELL-WORKED ARTEFACTS
from surface wereclassedon thesystem those the All thewell-worked tools, including squares, is in ofthe complete outlinedabove. A phase-by-phase industry presented Table 14, synopsis sections thecatalogue.It willbe of is and a moredetailedbreakdown givenin theappropriate in to convenient takethevariouscategories turn. are worked flat on of Mostoftheartefacts thisform in fact AI toA IV. Ovates. by flaking one or in size and shape (fig. 20a) suggest thatcatebothfaces.This and the relative homogeneity of A gories I to A IV ofovatesmayin factbe takenas varieties a singletype.
TABLE
Phase 1 or 20 3 , 2, or 3 Total
2
15. OVATES FOUND

A II 8 5 15
2
AI
3
A HI 2 '5
OO
A IV 2 2
Total 17 37 6
5
7 15 25
are in Ovates are illustrated figs.61 and 65 and plate xxxvi,whereall classesofworking and . shown(see Notesto the Figures) The sample of ovatesfromstratified phased contexts The typeis alreadyseen in conclusions. is insufficiently to allowof firm chronological large in Phase 1 (fig. 65. 5), but would seemto becomemorecommon Phases2 and 3. in D a well-defined the class,thereare points categories I and Although ovatesform rather than the in D II whichdo approachthem shape.In general, however, ovatesare notnarrower The length/ 16 mm. in width.The lengthlies between6 and 3 cm., withfewexceptions. breadthratiolies between 9:4 and 5:4 (fig. 20a). the workedobsidian.It is, however, high The ovatesform per cent of the totalwell4-8 of as is which so very of 61, striking, an examination figs. 65,and plate quality theworkmanship xxxv makesclear. the as are If is tools notcertain. thepoints to be interpreted arrowheads, of The function these have been daggerblades. onescould conceivably The larger ovateswereprobably spearheads. has Points Categories C, D I, andD IL The classofpoints beendividedsomewhat arbitrarily B, of intobarbed and tanged(B), tanged(C), and tangless (D). At Saliagos none is hollow-based. are are of These categories certainly some descriptive power,but the boundaries notalways CI clear.Thus fig. 86. 8 ofCategory is closeto beingbarbed,whilethetangon fig. 86. 10 of of someofthepoints Categories line The C perceptible. dividing between Category I is scarcely clear. D I and D II (e.g. fig. 63. 9) and theovatesis not alwaysvery
A
60"
70]B
60-
50-
i40
.
200 10
::-<" : .
'
* g>
20*
iK V.
&S
20 30 0 10 20 30
Width mm.
Width mm.
7]C 6050
70l Dl-ll
60-
I 30
'
so
so-
.. :
10
vV|.V;.
;.;.;.

2b 3b
20
30
lb
Width mm.
TANGLESSPOINTS OF GLASSESD I AND D II
Width mm.
Fig. 20. The sizes of the ovates and points found: A, ovates; B, barbed and tanged points; G, tanged points; D,
58
It are thatforB, C, and D, thereallyneat The classesofworking moredistinct. is apparent on and flaking bothsurfaces, thatpiecesofClassesII, III, piecestendto be ofClassI, withflat versions them. of and IV are sometimes hasty simply in discussion of The points D III and D IV are notincluded this within since, although falling in different shape. Here is a case, then,wherethe classiof the definition D, theyare rather for of all useful therecognition type, without ficatory system proves condemning theobjectsof to to FormD to conform a singletype.In factit seemsreasonable regardall ofB, ofC, and of of D I and D II as variants a singletype.They are probablyprojectile points.ClassesDili and D IV musthave had a different purpose.
TABLE Phase
1 2
l6. CI
POINTS C II
FOUND CIII CIV DI DU Total

22 24
BI
II
BUI
BIV
1 or 2 3 , 2, or 3 Total
4 28 64
8420510002 10 620310020
3 6
3 3
2 3
4 29 55
4 7 2 25
3 3 7
! 3
7 0 9
7 5
14 6 99 219
19
10
in of Thereis no verystriking of the through development development theform thepoints in thesite.While theovatesare rarein the earlyphases,the pointsare verywell established in of Phase 1, and actually as decrease, a proportion thetotalworked industry, Phases2 and 3. in Phase 1 piecesofgood workmanship seen (fig. 62. 8; fig. 63. 2). are Already of of the suggesting Among examples Phase 1,theproportion piecesofform (barbed)is high, at The tendency emphasize tangin the thatthebarbedform wellestablished theoutset. was to somecasesin Phase 1 is seenin fig. 66. 2 and fig. 62. 8. The size ofpoints Class is seenin fig. 20 b, ofClass C in fig. 20 g, and of Class D I and of D II in fig. 20D. They are fairy twoverystriking long narrowpoints homogeneous, although 1 and 3). The smaller from others the ofClass C standrather (fig.63. points (e.g. fig.63. apart as well as for and 5) are often and would makegood tipsforleisters fishing or neat, 4 spears arrows. varies considerably. The shape, even within the classificatory categoriesestablished, and those witha curvedconvexedge (e.g. fig. 62. 1; thefinest mostregular Among examples a withthoseshowing more markedly fig. 63. 7; fig. 65. 10; fig. 66. 8) may be contrasted has no chronological 62. 3, 7, and 8; 66. 11). This distinction, however, straight edge (figs. significance. A further in factor terms shape is the length ratio (cf. fig. 20). A numberof of /breadth occur and spade-like 66. 1 and 2) whilethemoreslender arrowheads distinctly are (fig. squat of in Phase 3 (fig. 62. 6 and 9; fig. 63. 6 and 8; fig. 66. 15). The slenderest the principally from Phase 1 is fig. 62. 2. points is remarkable Once again the excellence the workmanship in somecases truly of (e.g. fig. of 62. 1 and 7; fig. 63. 1; plate xxxv, 3-5). In some instancesthe regularity the edgeeffect working givesa nice saw-edge (fig. 66. 3; plate xxxvii,20). A selection thepoints in of from by Saliagosis illustrated figs.62, 63, 65-67 and correlated and withtheplates,in Notesto theFigures. phase,
THE FINDS
59
The remaining Dili andD IV. Points. pointsare not to be considered Categories projectiles. and theshapeis nowtriangular, a the than Often nosesare very blunt, showing flatbase rather and in D III theworking usuallysteep. is bothedgesare worked, Generally narrowing. has There are two recognizable principaltypesin CategoryD III. The first a trapezoidal a the from parent the section(fig. 67. 8) produced removing blade before pointwas struck by section core.The secondhas a steeper (fig.67. 7) generally onlywitha singleworktriangular ing edge. of The artefacts usually retouch. D are simple Category IV is thecounterpart D III, butwith wouldhave been employed) and someare notfarremoved in thinner section steepretouch (or blades (fig. 67. 12 and 13). from parallel-sided D toolsofredflint in Category IV are twobeautiful (fig. 67. 9 and 11) and one Noteworthy in frequency Phases2 and 3. in increases The category ofwhiteflint slightly (fig. 67. 10). The moststriking and E. category comprises only7 members. Category Slugs.This distinctive whenunbroken. are thoseof II, all ofwhichwould have exceeded7 cm. in length important a is The entire worked, formingnoseat bothends(fig.61.8; fig.67. 14). uppersurface carefully also on thebulbarsurface, The two examplesof thisshape of Category II, withworking is flint. are lessthan4 cm. in length(fig. 61. 6 and 7). The former ofhoney-coloured
than retouch twoedges one. on or G I greater 4 cm.; with of steep Categories III andI III. Flakes blades, length
at the workedflat-flaked The moststriking aspectof the industry Saliagos, after beautifully of retouch. The is ovatesand points, thehighproportion pieceswithcareful steepor invasive to classification by according working, shape,and size. places thevariousartefacts categories in all and flakes bladeswhich lackother distinctive The forms G, H, and I include, fact, those F, of includea greatvariety shapes.One groupofpiecesstoodout,howand features, therefore of for ever,amongthem, boththeexceptionally largesize and theneatness theedge working. G into All these piecesfallnaturally categories III and I III, whichcontaina rangeofimpresone sivetoolspossessing or twosawingedges(see figs.68 to 71).
TABLE 17. TOOLS FOUND Phase 1 2 1 or 2 3 1, 2, or 3 Total OF CATEGORIES I III 6 3 13 16 40 Total 12 3 30 35 86 G III AND I III
GUI 426 6 *7 19 46
BothCategory withtwoworked I, G, edges(fig. 64. 4), and Category withone (fig. 64. 5), are in 1. in stratified Stratum Bothcategories morestrongly haveexamples represented Stratum saw The prominent edges are well seen in fig. 64. 2 and fig. 70. 9. Two wellhowever. 3, in rock(fig.68. 10; fig. 71. 1) are included these worked categories. piecesofigneous The examples G II, G IV, I II, I IV are muchlessclearlytools of importance. Categories oftheothers illustrated are are withflat-flaking very poor.Typicalexamples (fig. 69. 5 and 6; fig. 71.3 and 4) as is an exceptionally blade, oflength cm. (fig. 71. 2). 9-5 long
6o
Flakes less 4 CategoriesFandH. /blades, length than cm.These categoriesinclude fewpieces that are of
F on flatflaked. object,withcareful working Only fig. 67. 16,ofcategory I, is a sophisticated blow. It is flatand thin.Thereis bothfaces,and a finechiseledge,producedby a transverse a was found no otherpiece remotely it at Saliagos,although singleparallelin whiteflint like on on thesurface Kephala in Kea, and a similar at piecein obsidianwas found theslopesofthe Athenian Mitford. by Acropolis Mr. and Mrs. Timothy G is The othertool typesare not unlikethe largerones of Categories and I. A distinction witha keeledtriangular between thoseofflatsection(e.g. fig. 68. 2) and those section possible thatwhilethepieces situation on (fig. 68. 3). The percentages Table 14 showtheremarkable in withworking twoedges(F) are mostcommon Phase 1, thosewithone worked on edge (H) in less are morecommon Phases2 and 3. This effect seen, is amongthelarger although strikingly, G pieces,Categories and I. Blades (definedas of lengthgreaterthan twicetheir blades. Category Worked J. parallel-sided In less breadth)are notcommonat Saliagos,forming than 10 per centof thewasteindustry. blades flakes. Unworked are as parallel-sided anycase they tobe regarded no morethannarrow blades likewise not are less Workedparallel-sided form than 1 per centof thewasteindustry. 8*2 assemblage(and hence about strongly represented, forming per cent of the well-worked 0-4 per centofthetotalassemblage).
TABLE l8. WORKED
Phase 1 2 1 or 2 3 1, 2, or 3 Total
PARALLEL-SIDED
JIII 4 055 4 !o 36 54 J IV 3 30 68 106
BLADES
FOUND
Total 7 4 40 104 160
in on The chronological of pieceshas beendescribed thesection the disposition theunworked for is The effect less striking the and of wasteindustry, it is surely considerable significance. in in are worked blades,wherethey lesscommon Phase 2 thanin Phase 1. The increase Phase3 however. is again a marked one, of bladesvariesfrom to 5*5cm.,witha mean value of3-9cm. The length thecomplete 2*5 often are Theirwidths seenin fig. 19. The blades are usuallyworked length, along theentire are retouch seen,as well as the morecommon bothedges,and bothsteepand invasive along simpleretouch. blades These form6-6 per cent of the total assemblage.Two good . Nose-pointed andflakes. are examples seenin fig. 72. 3 and 5. There are veryfewindeedin Class II (fig. 72. 1) and nonein Class I. The blades flakes. There are no exampleswithflat-flaking. neatestexamples L. Notch-sided and In have simpleretouch. generaltheyare smallin size (fig. 72. 8 and 9; fig. 73. 1 to 3).
Categories to
THE FINDS
6l
The as M. Burins. Not all the 'burins'includedhereare to be regarded intentional products. an form does notconstitute important certainly typeat Saliagos (fig. 73. 4 and 5). ' worked seem to have been detachedfrom JV.Burin carefully spalls'.These curiousfragments be accidental(fig. 73. 6 and 7). artefacts. They may circular and 0. Discs.These are worked-out flakes, generally core-fragments corerejuvenation of on and fairly whichshowsomesigns working bothsides.Thus theycannotbe regarded flat, In are as merewasteproducts. factthere several very neatly shapedexamples(e.g. fig.64. 3), a and theymustbe takento constitute type.Doubtlesstheyservedas scrapers. They are proin mostnumerous Phase 1. portionally artefacts. well-worked These are piecesof undeniably P. Fragments. flat-flaked, they Generally cannotbe classedmoreprecisely.
STRATIGRAPHIG CONSIDERATIONS
artefacts so greatover muchof the was of The density wasteobsidianand of well-worked have beenused localities whichmight islandthatit did notproveeasyto recognize specific any in concentrations Squares G2, H2, of fortheactualworking obsidian.The surface consistently of upon somedepthofsoil and theconsequent H3, and C9 weretheresult, probably, erosion thantheresult localizedhumanactivity. of rather ofitsincludedobsidian, exposure Inside the main building to None theless,it appearspossible makecertain generalizations. amounted morethan200 pieces. to thetotalwasteobsidianper4-metre squarerarely complex In squaresoutsidethisarea, such as K4, N3, Qi, S4 (but not R), the waste mightamount to between1,000and 2,000 pieces. In Squares Yi and Y3, at the northend of the island was theconcentration also high,oftheorderof600 to 700 pieces. for is obsidian.Table 13 gives the figures The same generalization trueforwell-worked in werefound Square S4, 100in Qi, and about50 in Square several 126worked pieces squares. the as againstonlyabout 10 in each ofthesquareswithin central complex. outsidethe and say thatusuallyobsidianwas worked be to It may,then, possible generalize of would be supported a consideration the dearea. This suggestion settlement by principal Room in Square S4 (Table 1) . It maybe supposedthattheinhabiinsideand outside posits wentwithbare feet. Not surprisingly may tants Saliagos,likethoseofAntiparos of they today, of have preferred leave thesharpchipsand splinters obsidianoutsidethehouses. to for tableforSquare S4 (Table 1) illustrates a singlesquarewhatis true The stratigraphical in in seemsto have increased quantity Phase 3. of thesiteas a whole.The obsidianindustry the occupationof obsidianto wasteincreases of the proportion well-worked during Certainly thesite (fig. 21 a). the The industry very is homogeneous through threephasesofthe site(Table 14) and does trends be distinguished. can None thelesscertain radicalor striking notundergo change. any bladesto thetotalwasteincreases The proportion unworked of (fig. significantly parallel-sided obsidianlikeblades to the totalwell-worked of 21. b). The proportion worked parallel-sided in wiserises Phase 3. O vatesare morenumerous thelaterphases. in of On the otherhand the proportion points(Categories C, D I, and D II) is highestin B, if is Phase 1 and decreases later.The effect yetmoremarked thebarbedand tangedpoints(B) It are considered alone. Discs (CategoryO) also decreasein relative frequency. would seem
62
favoured the original therefore barbed and tangedpointswere amongthe tool types that by and thepoint became settlers Saliagos.In laterphaseslesscarewas excercised at uponthebarbs, in blade increased significance. lessimportant, whiletheovate and theparallel-sided
-i
2 5-
^^^^H
MM
Well worked
12
12
Parallel sided blades
Fig. 2i. The variation in Strata i, 2, and 3 of: (a), well-worked artefacts; (b), parallel-sided blades. (Squares R3, S4, and Qi only)
to in and are Thesevariations minor themselves, someofthemmaybe due simply chancein bladesin Layers4 and concentration parallel-sided of the thesampling instance, very high (for in occurred they 5 ofSquare S4) . None theless,takentogether, showthatchanges theindustry The same have been ofsomelength. of the occupation the site,whichmusttherefore during of the inference arisesfrom quantitative study thepottery. stratigraphical and theaffinities theSaliagosobsidian of ofthese The possible industry, changes, implications in are discussed latersections. SMALL
I. ANTHROPOMORPHIC FIGURINES
FINDS
(FIGS. 75~8; PLATES XLII-XLV).
AND AMULETS
no at the was An impressive rangeoffigurines foundduring excavations Saliagos.Although and the occurrence of the of is represented morethan two examples, variety forms by type in view ofits Neothe seriesa considerable knownelsewhere importance, give typesalready lithiccontext. in The mostbeautiful perhapsis the representation marbleof a fatwoman,seated with with and is crossed (fig.75; plate xlii) . The marble white medium-grained, a grainsizeup legs The the effect weathering. head and right of to about 1mm. The appearanceis rather rough,
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63
and are has shoulder missing, there also beendamageto theupperportion through weathering. in The preserved heightis 5-8cm. The formcorresponds postureand in some detailsto from of a chance-find Sangriin theislandofNaxos (Weinberg1951). The reconstruction the wouldpresent difficulty. elbowsare at thesides, no The withtheforearms placed missing parts armonly to overthewaistso as to allowthefingertips meetat themiddleofthebody.The left and modelledat thefront, withan incision the back ofthe bodyto at is preserved, is clearly is it the Belowthearmat thefront a thick offat.At thebacktwo roll demarcate from shoulder. indithe further incisedlinesarejust visiblebefore weathering obscures them:theyprobably in are cate rollsoffatat thebase oftheback. The upperparts, however, almostslender comwhichprotrude at the withtheportentous buttocks, heavily theback,whileat thefront parison is are crossed, overleft. This impression contrived modelling right the leg right by plumplegs to indiclearly, leg perhapswithsomenarrowing indicatethefoot.The left is not separately cated by any detail.The buttocks dividedat the back by a deep incision are whichrunsalso At acrossthebase ofthefigurine. right to thisincision thebase are twoincised on angles right and buttock. the between linesmarking distinction thigh was at The figurine found no greatdepthin Square Q3 Li. The weathered condition maybe for but the accounted byitsproximity thesurface, it couldequallybe due to exposure to during life thesite.In this of case thefigurine datefrom Phase 1 or 2 rather thanPhase3. Despite might the much-damaged the sense of bulgingvolume and the insistence curving on condition, makethisa verypleasing surfaces little workofsculpture. Such a find,of recognizably 'Neolithic'type,was less surprising than the discovery a of Violinfigurine' typically of 1; plate xliii, i). Such schematic BronzeAge form Early (fig. 76. life are feature theGrotta-Pelos and of that culture, it is important their figurines a prominent can now be carriedback to earlier in thisregion. The figurine offinegrainedwhite is periods blackened one side by burning. is 6-6cm. in height. on It The findwas made among marble, hearth debris Cliff of Section20, attributed Phase 2 or thelaterpartofPhase 1. Thereis no to and the figurine thinand flat a typical'Brettidol' althoughnone the less is modelling, than some of the Early BronzeAge examples.The outlinenarrowsat the waist, plumper and to to proceeds arm-stumps, thentapersmarkedly indicatetheneckand head. An unusual feature theincised at thefront, belowthetopofthetapering is slit This clearly just prominence. showsthe face or head (whichis not distinguished any wideningof this prominence), by in the beloweither noseor thechin.The reverse is plain. the side marking recession theprofile The deliberate austere and is as pleasing this in as theplumprealism the of simplicity figuration fatlady. The narrow neckofanother of in was also found, Square L4 L4, a deposit figurine thisform ofStratum 2, or 3 (fig. 76. 2; plate xliii, 2). It is simply narrow a of 1, cylinder whitefinecm. in length, at thetip.It maybe recognized a figurine as marble, grained 5 tapering lightly theincisedslitnear thetop. The complete wouldhave been muchlargerthanthe by figurine and slender. example,and theneckand head muchmorerod-like previous The fourth of marble,a surface-find Square Y2, is again schematic form, in from figurine in outline examplefrom the Cliff Section20 (fig. 76. 3; plate xlv, 2). It is larger resembling it (Length,6 cm.) and muchheavierand thicker (Thickness, cm.). In itslowerportions 2-5 resembles somewhat waisted the from site (fig. 87; plate li). The asymmetrical the weights to make its classification a figurine as shape and the resemblance otherschematic figurines a reasonable one. A torso bakedclay was foundabove thecircular of structure Square T2, in Level 6. It is in broken theneckand waist thepreserved at is 6*2cm. but thearm-stumps clear are height
64
and little is and not damaged (fig. 77.1; plate xlv, i). The surface rough, burnished, thegrit filler rather is micaand marble with The clayisdarkgrey coarse, to 1-5mm., up grains. throughat out. There is somethickening thesmalloftheback,probably a prominence thebutat for tocks.It is not clear,however, whether complete the would have been rather for flat figurine as itsentire or fat length, is perhapsmostlikely, rather belowthe waist. Threeterracotta werefound, and it is possible thatthey for legs mayhave been thesupports vessels.One, indeed,from Cliff Section4 (plate xlv, 6) showedan attachment for pottery such a vesselat thebroken withthepottery. end, and is described The second, from at Square K3 L15B,changesdirection markedly theknee,above whichit is broken.The footis well definedand almostrectangular, at withprominences bothsides the are is at and to indicating ankle.The biscuit black,burnished darkbrown thesurface, there tracesofred crusted paint (fig. 77. 3; plate xlv, 5). The third is plumpand roundin section, simple a leg heavycylinder (fig. 77.2; plate xlv, Cliff to Section2. The base is flat,witha prominence thefront indicatethe at 4). It is from and it is whiletheshape suggests thatthiswas theright foot.The kneeis notindicated, foot, was thattheentire oftheleg is missing there above thebreak.Butprobably possible upperpart neverany distinction the knee,so thatthe fragment of almostthe entire leg. The represents biscuitis dark red-brown, burnished mediumbrown,withvisiblemica grains.There is to a traceofred crusted paintat thefoot. The Pendants. principal smallfindof the 1964 seasonwas a schematic penanthropomorphic a The height dantin beautifully bone (probably bovidrib). Half thehead is missing. polished the is 4-4cm. The head, arms,and legs are outlined cuts by simply straightforward from flat bone surface, thehead was pierced(from and bothsides) to makea hole forsuspension (fig. It the 78. 1; plate XLiv, The figurine 3). essentially same appearanceback and front. presents Yi L25. is from Square A pendantof outlinesimilarto the last was foundin 1965 in a depositin Square S3 L6, of of closeto theviolinfigurine described above. Bothwereamongthedebris a hearth Phase 2 stone The material a soft homogeneous is red or thelatter ofPhase 1. It is 4 cm. in length. part of veryfinegrain,lookingnot unlikewell-fired clay. A thinflatpiece of stonehas been red and carvedto outline probably legs,arm-stumps, a head,whichhas twohorn-like prominences ears.It has been piercedat thehead and waist(fig. 78. 2; plate xliv, i). There representing and back, and an incisionon are incised lines crossing diagonallyat the waist at front is to it theright at bothfront back. This incision difficult explain,unless was intended and leg in someway to indicatea crossed The horizontal incisions thewaist,however, at maybe leg. of withthoseon some marblefigurines the EarlyBronzeAge, wheretheyseemto compared indicatefolds flesh. of in was A veryattractive tremolite, found greenstone, probably pendantbead oftranslucent the Found in Square N3 and maywell have been intended represent humanfigure. to 1964, bothsides),and incised it It 1-4, is 3-0cm. in length. is piercedat one end forsuspension (from whichcouldindicatethewaist.At the rather aroundthemiddleat a position irregularly right otherend it dividesin a mannerperhapsindicating legs,whichare further emphasizedby meet a shortincisedhorizontal theseincisions incision.Significantly line, forming perhaps, as of whatmight, comparison withmarblefigurines the EarlyBronzeAge, be interpreted by stonetakeson a browner a pubictriangle green (fig. 78. 3; plate xliv, 2). The veryattractive a so to tonetowards legs,and it is difficult envisage attractive pendantas havinga useful the it as however, was designed a weavingneedle. purpose.Perhaps,
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65
in are fortuitous, Figurines found bothPhases2 and 3. Theirabsencein Phase 1 is probably at as and all thefigurine represented Saliagos mustbe regarded broadlycontemporary. types of evidenceon the siteforthe construction any kindof typoinsufficient There is certainly evolution. logical amulets of adornment werefoundat Saliagos.Two anthropomorphic of Few items personal as withthefigurines, is a smallpendantbead whichmayalso be stoneand bone are discussed anthropomorphic. stones. The was A variety materials employed, of bone,fishbone, shell,and various including a to was or of vertebra a shark raywas pierced form bead (fig. 78. 5; plate xlvi, 2). A bracelet weretwoornathe carvedfrom shellSpondylus gaederopus 78. 6; plate xlvi, i), and there (fig. in on as of ments Patella, wellas other wear,whichare described thesection shells, adaptedfor WorkedShell. schist in the a (fig.78.7; plate xlvi, 3), green colour, stone Apartfrom smallringofchlorite and pierced was in of were adornments in theform beads.One,ofgreen stone, cylindrical shape, bead ofgrey-black stone quoit-shaped alongtheaxis (fig.78. 4 ; plate xlvi, 7) . Therewasa tiny piercedpebbleofblackmarble(fig. 78. 9; plate 8; plate xlvi, 5) and a smoothed (fig. 78. withwhat might be by xlvi, 6) . The groupis completed a bead or buttonof red serpentine The wereinsufficiently numerous allow ofanyphase-byto as described a V-perforation. finds of frequency. phase comparison their workedstonevesselswerefoundduringthe courseof the of Only two fragments carefully Bothare ofmarble,and regrettably excavation. incomplete.
3. STONE BOWLS (FIG. 22; PLATE XLV, 3) 2. BEADS AND ADORNMENTS (FIG. 78; PLATE XLVl)
Fig. 22. Marble bowl fragments.Left, no. 351 fromSquare VI L8; right, no. 394 fromSquare S4.CL7
the One is a ringbase, ofdiameter cm.,possibly footofan open bowl of circularshape. 3-5 hollowedon the inside.The marbleis the The ringstands8 cm. from level and is slightly 1 mm.) witha yellowish white, patina.It maywellbe oflocal origin(fig. medium-grained (to about20 cm. It isofgreyishof is The second a rimfragment an openbowlor cup,ofdiameter 22. 2). whitemarbleofmedium-grain (fig.
4. AXES (FIG. 79; PLATE XLVIl) 22. I ; PLATE XLV, 3).
Most smallin size,all lessthan6 cm. in length. The stoneaxes from Saliagosare all rather It structure. is of relatedstones schistose are made ofiron-rich ores,and a feware from emery
C 4316 F
66
thatanalysesby Dr. MartinOosterom ofgreatinterest (AppendixII) have shownthatthese are but Parosor,moreprobably, stones notnativeto Antiparos, derivefrom Naxos. Nearlyall in and of themare irregular shape,even whenunbroken, in manycases a flattish pebble has so been worked as to give a cutting othermodification form. of edge,withlittle simply Of 36 axes and fragments oresdescribed, ofpyroxene, and one recovered, are oftheemery 32 at leastone ofserpentine. the and werefrom surface, onlya smallproportion well stratified was :2 Many ofthefinds Stratum 1 from 1 Stratum 2 from Stratum or 2, and 4 from Stratum Theywere are from 1, 2, 3. the used throughout lifeofthesite. clearly in Whilemostoftheaxes showsomeirregularity shape,it is notablethatthetwocompletely ofunusualand softer stones(fig. 79. 14 and 15; plate xlvii, i) are more examples preserved all It and regular, are polished overthesurface. did notproveeasy to dividetheaxes typologiFourofthefiveexamples in 1 in a convincing manner. stratified Stratum or 2 are parallelcally in section(fig. 79. 1-3 and 5). The fifth sidedand roughly rectangular (fig. 79. 4) is narrow The from Phase 3 includea verysmalland neat axe (fig. 79. 8) and chisel-like. axes stratified and another short witha splaying example, edge (fig. 79. 7). only3-9cm. in length, The unphasedseriesincludesexampleswhichare veryflat(e.g. fig. 79. 10). Of particular withonlytheslightest modification 79. noteare thosemade from irregular piecesofstone (fig. fat 12 and 13; plate xlvii, 3 and 4). One unusually axe (fig. 79. 16) showssignsof having after been reworked breakage. are this of unless smaller the axeswereusedfor Withtheexception fig. 79. 4, there no chisels, There are no adzes. purpose.
5. OTHER FINELY WORKED STONE (FIG. 88)
sectionwere found.One is of workedpieces of stonewitha flattish Three verycarefully worked outeredge ofcircular whitemarbleofmediumgrain (about mm.) witha carefully It cm. in diameter. is flaton bothfaces,and itsuse is not clear (fig. 88. 2). form, 15 chlorite workedto give two almostparallel are The others of greenstone,possibly schist, as 88. 1 and 3). Bothfacesare wellpolished, is theedge,but witha rounded surfaces, edge (fig. thepurposeoftheseobjectsis not clear. Severalsmallmarblepebbles,all ofwhichseemto have been shaped or polishedwithdeare thatthey of are liberate intent, illustrated (fig. 88. 4-6, plate xliii, 4 and 5). It is possible thanpolishedpebbles,but objectsofthiskindhave been foundin cist moreimportance little servedthesame purposeas themorecaregravesoftheEarlyBronzeAge,wheretheyclearly in to whothrew ofmarble.It wouldbe a mistake follow Bent, this respect, shapedfigurines fully in suchobjects(Bent,1884,49), whichhe had discovered the cistgravesofAntiseveral away their significance. realizing paros,before are and witha practical below. worked less Stoneobjects, finely function, described 6. worked bone (figs. 8o and 81; plate xlviii) of of Bone toolsformed onlya limited partoftheequipment theinhabitants Saliagos.Most whichcouldbe removed weremuchencrusted a concretion oftheboneswhenexcavated only by and this of in aceticacid. It was during treatment, thestudy theanimalbones soaking through have whichwouldotherwise by Mr. Ian Cleggand Mr. Ian Kinnes,thatmostoftheartefacts, of were in fact recognized.The identifications species given below are been overlooked,
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67
of interof likewise to Mr. Cleggand Mr. Kinnes.The results their due study thebone refuse, pretedby Mr. E. S. Higgs,appear in AppendixVII. is The totalof 112 artefacts bone collectedduringthe courseof the excavations not a of of is one. The limited sign rangeoftypes produced a further thattheworking particularly large there wereno pinsor needleswhatever, In bonewas nota very industry. particular important in Knossos(Evans,J. D., 1964,236 and Fig. 55) and in and thebonespatulaefound Neolithic absent. theCave ofZa in Naxos werelikewise witha conspicuously is form thebonepoint, The commonest sharpend (fig.81. 1-10). Some tools(or gouges),witha broader, Chisel-ended ofthesepointstapermarkedly. bevilled, edge, as suchartefacts taper tools'includes 'narrowed are also common(fig. 80. 4-7) . The category or narrowmarkedly without comingto a sharp point (fig. 80. 1-3). They have in general thatservedbythe a bluntnose,and had surely different a narrow somewhat but purposefrom bonesare classed withvery broadends(fig.80. 8-10). Perforated Thereare five spatulae points. cannotbe classedintotypes. and beingin mostcases broken, are few, they They separately. showssome variationin the relativefreof The phase-by-phase comparison the industry in are It quencyoftypes. is notablethatbone artefacts mostcommon Stratum1, whilemost in in thelevelsofStratum werefound greater obsidiantools, other 3. finds, quantity including
TABLE Phase 19. THE WORKED Narrowed BONE Point BY STRATA Total
Spatula
Chisel-end
Perforated
2 3 or 2 , 2, or 3 Total
2 2 4
ii 5 6 4 26
5 5 8 10 29
22 7 9 6 12 56
4 1 6
39 ig 27 7 29 121
of The proportions worked bone by species correspondratherwell with the species the bone from site (see AppendixVII) : ofunworked frequencies 12 piecesofworked (fig. 80. 1; fig. 81. 2, 6, 7, 9). sheepbone wereidentified* bone wereidentified 2 ,, ,, goat (fig. 81. 5). undifferentiated. ,, sheep/goat, ,, 85 ,, bovid (fig. 80. 8-10). 7 6 pig (fig. 81. 11). bone. pig-size 5 canid (fig. 80. 7). 1 piece 1 ,, birdbone (fig. 81. 3). ,, of 1 ,, workedbone,probably wild bovid (? Bos primigenius) ,, (fig. 80. 3). werenotidentifiable. 2 pieces ,, long-bone choiceofbone used. is uninventive The somewhat rangeoftypes echoedin theconventional bovidribs.A mandible thespatulaeare from Withfewexceptions are long-bones, although they bonesare metapodials was in one case used (fig. 81. 10) to producea point.The commonest
* The distinction the one carried out in the fieldby Mr. Kinnes following here betweensheep and goat is a tentative criteriaof Boessneck,Mller, and Teichert (1964).
68
EXCAVATIONSAT SALIAGOS
(eg. fig. 80. 1; fig. 81. 2, 5, 6, 7, and 9) and tibias(e.g. fig. 80. 5 and 6; fig. 81. 12) ofsheep and goats. Further detailsoftheworked bone will be foundlistedin thecatalogueforeach phase.
7. WORKED SHELL (FIG. 82; PLATE XLIx)
A great numberof shells,worked principally make spoonsand scoops,was foundat to was required, casesonly slight a modification thenaturalshapeoftheshell to Saliagos.In many and wereit not forthe systematic by studyof the shells,undertaken Mr. N. J. Shackleton, to into diet(Appendix pieces IX), manyofthe worked principally gainan insight theNeolithic The identifications speciesare also due to Mr. Shackleton. of would have been overlooked. in usedforfood.Not surprisingly was thespeciesmostcommonly Patella the coerulea, limpet, used viewofitsconcaveshapeitwas frequently as a spoon.In somecasestheshellwas smoothed withgreatcare along the entire lengthof the circumference (plate xlix, i, 2). In a chosen in 1 in of suchspoonswerefound deposits Stratum and three each eight stratigraphical sample manuwouldthusseemto have been most ofthesecondand third Strata,and they commonly A different ofworking and factured used during first the ofoccupation. completely type phase in resulted a notablelength straight of edge at one side oftheshell(plate xlix, 3), whilethe the of is was This effect probably result usingtheshell remainder thecircumference unworn. of for as a scraper. The other mollusc collected foodwas theTop Shell,Monodonta very commonly Its was turbinata. shell,however, notworked. of for The use of the mussel,Mytilus galloprovincialis, the manufacture spoonsis of great in interest. was foundalmostexclusively Stratum1. The shellneededonly It chronological a little a alongtheedgeto produce neat,flatlip tothespoon(fig.82. 1-4; plate xlix, grinding of No fewer than 18 exampleswere foundin deposits Stratum1, withonly 3 from 15-18). of wasterefuse thisshell,and mostof Stratum and 2 from Stratum There was verylittle 2 3. in to thatwas restricted Stratum As observed Appendix 1. IX, it wouldseemthattheshellwas : of for collected theinhabitants Saliagos exclusively themanufacture spoons insufficient of by While 12 of the spoonsfoundin wastewas foundto indicateits use as a foodofimportance. in Stratum1 werefrom two hollowsin the naturalsoil,filledwithrubbish, Square S3, the seems striking so conclusion others weredistributed aboutthesite,and thechronological widely in Squares 1 to thatit wouldbe possible use it to allocateto Stratum or 2 theunphased deposits N3 and K4. at occurrence Saliagos again has considerable of of The thirdform shellartefact frequent It is oval in shape,rather flat, alwayswithsomeconcave although significance. chronological or Charonia thetriton a and distinctly to shapefrom largeunivalve, cut sp., curvature, generally which one conch(fig.82. 5-8; plate xlix, 10-13). The typeis a prominent in Stratum from 3, Stratum1. The Stratum and none from 8 examplesare known, whileonly 1 comesfrom 2, concentration withthesimilar be of restriction finds Stratum could conceivably connected to 3 for in Stratum forthe'cut to shape' wouldhave made a suitablesubstitute ofmussel 1, spoons withthatofthepottery The shapeis identical another thespoon.Thereis,however, possibility. in below.Theyare common Stratum described madeofcutand rounded burnishers, potsherds, shellsmayindeedhave servedthesame less later.These cut-to-shape 1, and notably frequent and in as to are Holmyard, purpose, they known have donein latertimes theHebrides(Singer, Hall, 1951, 390). whichthelimpets out The chronological is table,(from significance brought in thefollowing : has in whena specimen been worked) in are omitted viewofthedifficulty deciding
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TABLE 20. OCCURRENCE OF MUSSEL SPOONS AND CUT-TO-SHAPE BY STRATA
Musselspoon Cut-to-shapeOther Total 18 3 2 7 30 148 8 4 13 5 8 18 19 15 19 61
69
SHELLS
Phase 1 2 3 unphased Total
: comes Shellspierced suspension seenin all three for are phases a deliberately piercedlimpet from Stratum (fig. 82. 12). Stratum1 (fig. 82. 13), and an examplewithtwo holesfrom 2 A gasteropod, Conus from mediterraneus, Stratum has beenpiercedat thetopand sawnthrough 3 in at thesidein order producea hole directly linewiththefirst to (fig. 82. 14; plate xlix, 7). was Another, suspension (fig.82. 11; plate xlix, 9). unphased, similarly piercedat thetopfor werefound Two very cowrieshells, withsigns deliberate of Cyprea physis, fragmentary grindthe are to ingat theend (plate xlix, 6 and 8). Although remains too fragmentary allow us to be sureoftheappearanceofthefinished it clearthatthepurpose thegrinding of product, seems was to producea hole forsuspension. Probablyany othermethodof piercingwould have shattered veryfragile the shell. An The remainder theworked of shellfalls neatly less intocategories. interesting of fragment a bracelet, is described withthebeads and adornments, carvedfrom above. Spondylus gaederopus was Spondylus also used in threecases to make shellscoops,not alwaysverywell fashioned. Otherbivalvesless commonly used forthispurposeare: Venus and verrucosa, Glycimeris pilosus, one cut from Pinnanobilis aurea. beautiful Venerupis Two rather spatulae, (fig. 82. 9), theother from Charonia from cut-to-shape the ovals by their (fig. 82. 10) differ veryflatsurface. edule Three littlecocklescrapers, termed but Cardium, now classedas Cerastoderma formerly werefound. of Theyhad beensmoothed alongone edge.Two examples thegasteropod Cymatium with of the and of wererecovered, parthenopium, signs rubbing, perhapsfrom working leather, two prong-like fromthe centreof the spiral of the same univalve. The latter, fragments Of also are a burnt oCerithium however, maynothavebeenworked. doubtful purpose fragment
and stentina. vulgatum, a broken piece of Ostrea
8. SHERD 'BURNISHERS' (FIG. 83; PLATE l)
A largeseries potsherds found, of was an cut to carefully round, usually form oval shape,and smooth theedges.The use ofthese at is notclear,and themostlikely seems objects explanation to be thattheywere used forthe burnishing pottery. of threeof thisseriesof cut and Only smoothed sherds notoval. One from A, and thusbelonging Stratum , is rectangular are Pit 1 to An example from Stratum (fig.83. 12; plate l, i) has twoprotuberances the at (fig.83. 11). 3 and at sides,notunlikestump-arms, is broken the top. It is surely that of no than 18 are from Stratum 1, significant oftheseries 37 examples, fewer withonly5 and 3 respectively in stratified Phases2 and 3. Moreoverof these18, 6 are from PitA, 5 from pitin theSW. corner Square S4, and 5 from the of Square S3. These are notable and of in use concentrations, in a discussion their their predominance wastepitsofStratum1 mustbe takenintoaccount.Amongthe examplesattributable onlyto Phases 1, 2, or 3, five in werefound Layers2 and 4 ofSquare L2, again a notableconcentration.
70
to than The choiceofpotsherd be carvedagain does notseemto be a randomone. No fewer Pit three thesherd'burnishers' of Square K3 L16B) are ofthelight (twofrom A and one from an whichis recognizably import Saliagos (plate lv, 4 at fabric withdarkpainteddecoration white without traces paint,or of and 5). Sevenmoreare ofthesameimported fabric, although whichis likewise rare the oftheorange-surfaced ware,greyin thebiscuit, extremely amongst of fig. 83. 8; plate l, 3). The remarkably highproportion imported (e.g. Saliagos pottery seen in each phase,may perhapsbe explainedby their waresamongthe sherd'burnishers', and hardness. firing superior of of rather Ten fragments baked clay,in the form long thin, cylinders, irregular tapering from pillar-handles the seen on someof the potsof Stratum werefound.They are distinct 3, the of someoftheflatter therodsdo resemble closely broken tipsofthesmallvessels although with flap-handles (comparethe rods fig. 84. 15 and 18 withthe flapsof fig. 36. 1-3 and fig.59. 9-12). rodswerefoundin Square Yi (fig. 84. 15, 18, 20). Three suchflattened A notableconcentration threerods,one of themcompleteand 7-2cm. in length, of was in of found theStratum-2 (fig.84. 12 and deposit Square Qi L8. Two ofthemtapermarkedly is 14; plate L, 18 and 19) whilethethird moreroundedat theend (fig. 84. 13; plate l, 14). A large,rather clumsy Square Vi, although damaged,is now 10-5cm. long(fig. examplefrom as 84. 21; plate L, 13). There seemsno good reasonto supposethat the shape is intended is a phallus,and no satisfactory explanation as yetforthcoming.
10. SPINDLE WHORLS 9. CLAY RODS (FIG. 84; PLATE l)
in are wererepresented a fewexamples each phase.In generalthey made by Spindlewhorls worked a circular to from shape and piercedin themiddle.In twocases (fig. 84. 3 potsherds has and 5; plate li, 5) thepiercing beenleft The of lies incomplete. outerdiameter thewhorls between and 5-5cm. 4-0 of Two pierceddiscsof marblewere also found(fig. 84. 4 and 8 ; plate li, 4) . Although the It diameter smaller they mayhave served samepurpose. shouldbe notedthatnone slightly in common theAegeanBronzeAge, was found. biconicalwhorls, oftheplumper and three stone.They are notably in of smaller size Elevendiscsofbaked clay werefound, thatthetwolargest discsofclay,cut below. It is,however, thanthepotlidsdescribed possible and servedthatpurpose. from 7 potsherds approximately cm. in diameter, in whilefiveweredeliberately formed their Six oftheclaydiscsare cut from sherds, present and maybe described dishes(fig.85. 1-3, 5, 6; as and fired. These are slightly concave, shape plate liv, 6). Such discsand dishesoccurin all phases.They are all illustrated fig. 85. in 12. pot-lids (fig. 86; plate lui) in worked discsofstone, werefound all three strata. rather Pot-lids, Theyare almost roughly and theshapeis one to givea flatpiece ofstone, ofschist, whichsplits conveniently exclusively is but Some oftheseries thatoccursnaturally. mayindeedbe naturalproducts, there no doubt that manywereused,perhapsas lids or as flatstandsforpots. Included in thisgroup is an a 12 cut examplein pottery, from largesherd(fig.86. 7; plate lui, 2). Its largesize,diameter
11. DISCS OF CLAY AND STONE (FIG. 85; PLATE Liv)
(FIG. 84; PLATE
Li)
THE FINDS
71
A resembles. selection the above,whichit otherwise cm.,setsit aside from claydiscsdescribed ofpot-lids, one ofmicaceous quartzite(fig. 86. 4) is seenin fig. 86. including indentations each side,halfwaydown at withdeliberate A series rather piecesofstone, flat of stone(fig. 87). theheavierworked thelength, standsout clearly among In generalthe shape is an oval one, althoughone example fromPhase 2 is rectangular is and The form usually usedareschist marble. flat, very (fig.87. 1,plate li, 14). The materials from Stratum are plumper(fig. 87. 2 but lessthan2 cm. in thickness, twooftheexamples 3 in werefound Stratum one in Stratum and none and 4; plate li, 9 and 17). Fourexamples 2, 3, in in Stratum1, while fivewere unphased.The scarcity the lowerlevels could perhapsbe significant. in It is clearthatin each case a naturalpebbleor stonehas been adapted,presumably order it more the is a tofix cordtoit.Although form thesameas thatofwaisted hammerstones,seems wouldcertainly wereused as weights. that in viewoftheabsenceofbruising, they They likely, for nets. for have been suitable, example,as weights loomsor fishing all Five mortars werefound, ofmarble.Two are massive(fig. 90. 4 and 5; plate lii, 4) and The are and have been used as a door-socket. otherthree smaller, theformer mayconceivably stonebowls(fig. 90. 1-3; plate lii, 5-7). They indeedamountto verycrudeand unpolished and for would have made suitablereceptacles grinding, may have been used in conjunction withthepestles described below. use werefound thesite.In viewoftheir on Severallargestones, hollowed through as querns, not all of themwere retained.One verylarge example,60 cm. by 50 cm.,was of large size, wereofschist marble.Others (fig. (fig. 89. 3) and at leastone was ofmuscovite-biotite-gneiss 1) . A third be illustrated couldperhaps a very heavypotlid (fig.89. 2 ; plate lii, 3) . 89. example withsome of the rubbers,were used for the There can be littledoubt thatthese,together an imported care in of grain.The use of muscovite-biotite-gneiss, stone,suggests grinding thechoiceofmaterial. with of narrow Sevenpestles werefound, signs wearat theend (fig.88. 9-13; piecesofmarble naturalwater-rolled plate LV, 1-3). They are probably stones, adapted foruse. In addition made ofred stonewitha porphyritic there a further is appearance(fig. 88. 13). example 1 (fig. 92. 1 and 2; plate liv, 3) had also been Severalrubbers, two from notably phase in of sides. used as hammerstones. They showedmarks wear and bruising themiddleoftheflat fig.92. 6 and Therewereseveral stones whichshowedsigns beingused as hammers, of notably and 8, bothofquartz,fig. 92. 3, ofmuscovite-biotite-gneiss,fig. 92. 5, ofhaematite-limonite. withthe Severalof the rubbers wereof largesize, and had clearlybeen used in conjunction of Smaller and 5; fig.92. 7). Theywereusually schist. included examples querns(fig.91, 1, 4, one ofmuscovite-biotite-gneiss 91. 2). (fig. In all six mat-impressions found.Two, numbers were 259 and 260 (plate lv, 10 and 11), wereon thelowerpartofthebowl ofhigh-pedestalled bowls,at thepointwherethepedestal hadcomeaway.Clearly bowlwas first the on a mattodry, before beingseton itspedestal placed forfiring.
15. MAT-IMPRESSIONS (PLATE LV) 14. MORTARS, QUERNS, PESTLES, AND RUBBERS (FIGS. 89-92; PLATES LII, Liv) 13. WAISTED WEIGHTS (FIG. 87; PLATE Li)
72
EXCAVATIONS
AT SALIAGOS
wereon the One impression, 247 (plate lv, 9), was on a piece ofbaked clay,theothers no. bases ofpottery All of vessels. wereimpressions coiledmatting. Dr. G. H. S. Bushneil, and Curatorofthe MuseumofArchaeology Ethnology, Cambridge, note has kindly studied and the latexcastsoftheimpressions, written following : The Theseare notverydistinct, not were sincethesherds themselves evidently wellpreserved. that measurements give will it be some ideaofthefineness thematerial, of although must remembered this of in thewidth thestitchesliabletovary a single is The mainvariations apartfrom are example. of nature in thewaythesewing some tothe links coilstogether, the the clue and method give may strip In of thefoundation. thecase of259 and 260 thesewing to pierce foundation the the strip appears The would that of than (rather a stick). same coil, previous which imply itwassoft, a bundle grass e.g. or be mayapplyto 246,butI cannot sureofthis oftheremainder.
Plate SerialNo. LV 6 246 LV9 247 LV 11 259 LV 10 260 LV 8 423 LV 7 424 Context Cliff17, Pit A R3 L3 R3 L4 T2 L7 Ri /2 l_2 Width coils of About 3-2 mm. (whereseen). 3-3-4 mm. Approx. as last. 3-5 mm. 4-5 mm. Stitches cm. per ?7 6 3 3 5 5
five I wouldbe inclined quotethefirst as 3 to3-5mm.The fragto Sinceall these approximations are of over be of that width thecoils the of cannot averaged a number them ments 259and260aresosmall to It maybe observed thatthematson whichwereplaced thetwobowls, subsequently be set thantheothers. and coarserstitching perhapssofter on highpedestalbases,wereofrather is Dr. Bushnellhas pointedout that coiled matting not unusual in the Mediterranean, with severalexamplesbeing foundat the Early Neolithicsite of Nea Nikomedeiatogether commonin the Cycladic are technique.Mat-impressions particularly examplesof different in Chalandhriani Syrosand elseof EarlyBronzeAge. A largeproportion unbakedpotsfrom where(Tsountas,1898,pl. 9, 24) had been set to dryon matsbefore firing. A singleimpression wattlein daub, from of Square Oi L58,was recovered. 16. various these A fewfinds weremade whichcould not be classedin the above categories. Amongst plate xli, b) found insidethe 'dolmen',in association mustbe put theRoman lamp (fig. 23;
Fig. 23. Roman lamp fromthe 'dolmen'
THE FINDS
73
in burial.It resembles decoration numbers witha disturbed 129 and 130 in Miss Perlzweig's the the or seriesfrom Athenian Agora (Perlzweig, 1961), and shouldthendate from late first in found the secondcentury a.D. It may thusgive a closerdate to the ribbedRoman sherds a 'dolmen'area for whichMr.JohnHayeshas suggested rangefrom latesecondto thesixth the a.d. century is Of greatinterest a pieceofworked of pumicefrom deposits Phase 1 or 2 (fig.88. 8; plate an have been but doubtless xlvii, 9). In shapeitis notunlike axe ofrectangular section, it must in Piecesofunworked that werefound all three and it is likely used as a rubber. strata, pumice of in theLate Minoan periodwas from derive Santorin, whichthemostfamous they eruption by clearly no meansthefirst. includedalso one smallclay ball, whichservesto underline totalabsenceof The finds the thatroundstones ofclay.It is ofcoursepossible wereused as slingstones, many and slingstones suchwerefound.Only in one case, in Square Q3, weretheysufficiently numerous suggest to had beendeliberately and there no good evidence theuse ofthesling. is thatthey for amassed, in in Red ochreoccurred severaldeposits verysmall quantities. was doubtless It collected and keptforuse as a pigment.

THE SALIAGOS
SITES
CULTURE
CULTURE
OF THE SALIAGOS
The richand characteristic the nature theobsidian of of industry Saliagosmakes possible recognition three At of other related in finds. twoofthese sites theCyclades, known surface onlyfrom to there little no pottery, at thethird sufficient is or but have beenfound confirm just potsherds extends sites therelation thelithic of of material withthatfrom Saliagos.The distribution these the our from northern thesouthern to and seemssufficiently tojustify speaking wide Cyclades, oftheSaliagosculture(fig. i). and likenedto those The finds in from have alreadybeen published, Mavrispilia Mykonos of Saliagos itself(Belmontand Renfrew,1964). The point is again the dominanttype of flake Class L the whilesuchotherSaliagos forms the nose-ended as amongst chippedstone, (op. cit.,pl. 125; fig.4, 43 and 44) and thediscscraperofForm (op. cit.,Fig. 4, 30 and 33) wherethereare the corroborated supportthe equation. It is satisfactorily amongst pottery, thin-rimmed bowls (op. cit.,pl. 124; fig.3, 5-9), highstandbases (fig.3, 1-3), pierced open lug lugs (fig.3, 12-13), a hole-mouthed (fig.3, 10), a piercedcrescentic (fig.3, 14) and a jar ofwhite warein theSaliagosstyle(op. cit.,397; 111. Only thebowlwithhorizonfragment 1). tallypiercedtubular (op. cit.,pl. 124; fig.3, 16) is notseenat Saliagos,and mayperhaps lug indicatesomelater(Grotta-Pelos at culture)activity Mavrispilia. has In Antiparos in the itself, site of Vouni, discovered 1964 by Mr. Ian Morrison, given to theSaliagosculture. of and clearly evidence a closely similar belongs industry, chipped-stone The site is a highflat-topped on the westcoast of Antiparos(cf. fig. ; plate lvi) hill east to from the end dominating western ofthefertile valleyofKambos,whichcutsAntiparos west.On its easternside Vouni slopessteeply down to the valley,whileon the westit falls the sandy bay of in to some 40 metres height.It overlooks abruptly the sea in sheercliffs someprotection wouldoffer Leivadhito thesouth-west, not wellsheltered whichalthough very of reminiscent thatof and southerly from winds.The locationof the siteis strikingly easterly down abouthalfway in Mykonos. freshwater Thereis an excellent spring Mavrispilia perennial thehill to thesea. The chipped-stone withthatofSaliagoson thebasisofa surface industry maybe compared collection made in 1964, and now housed in Paros with the Saliagos material.The waste of blades.The proportion is industry similar (Table 13 on p. 48). There are fewparallel-sided This lastmay is and thesize oftheflakes in generalsmaller. bladesis higher, however, simple on be theresult weathering ofdamagecausedto theindustry of and through exposure theopen hill at Vouni. A is The well-worked obsidian formed4-9 per cent of the completeindustry. selection are in illustrated fig. 74 and in plate lvi, and theproportions category givenin Table 2 1. by of AI Therewas a single ovateofCategory (fig. 74. 1) and severalpoints Categories and C toolsof Form L Nose-ended tools,Form (fig. 74. 13-14) and notch-sided (fig. 74. 2-5). Morestriking The absenceofdiscsofCategory maynotbe significant. (fig.74. 15) arefound. As flakes. noted is the absenceof Categories III, G IV, and I III, the largeredge-worked G
THE SALIAGOS CULTURE
75
difference and a cultural are marks significant above,largeflakes fewatVouni, itmaybethatthis In of rather than a meredisparity preservation. any case, theindustry Vouni showsmany of similarities thatofSaliagos,and itseemsquite safeto relatethem,even in the absenceof with ceramicfinds from site. the
TABLE 2 1. WELL-WORKED OBSIDIAN FOUND AT VOUNI
Total waste at Vouni= 1,455. Per cent we^ workedin completeindustry=4*9 Class of Working Category A. Ovate . Point,tanged, barbed C. Point,tanged D. Point E. Slug F. 2 sides, < 4 cm. G. 2 sides, > 4 cm. . side, < 4 cm. I. 1 side, > 4 cm. J. Parallel-sidedblade K. Nose-pointed L. Notch-sided M. 'Burin' . 'Burin spall' . Disc P. Fragment Total I II III |lV_ 1 8 3 .. 23 1 5 3 9 4 3 .. 32 Total 2 5 2 14 6 1 10 5 4 3 6 7^ % 2-6 6-6 13-1 9-2 2-6 18-4 7-9 1-3 13-1 6-6 5-3 3-9 3 7*9 ()
.. 3 2 7 00527 011.. ..000 .... ..001 1 .. ..032 .. .. .. 8 .. 3 13
is site south-west the Agrilia, fourth oftheSaliagosculture, a low hilllocatedone kilometre in was of Phylakopi Melos. There is, of course,no reason to supposethat Phylakopiitself of at so earlya date. It is plannedthatthesurface-finds, exclusively obsidian, again occupied of sites as is willbe published partofa study theprehistoric ofMelos. The industry characterand Renfrew, 111. and otherfamiliar forms. ized by points(Belmont 1964, 399; 3) Again, it be the despite absenceofpottery, maysafely ascribedto the Saliagosculture. THE CULTURAL ASSEMBLAGE
all from the knownsitesof the Saliagos culture, of and the In viewofthe uniformity finds the it will be sufficient to give a of thosefrom type-site here itself, importance preponderant which have already beenlisted somelength this at of in brief summary theSaliagosfinds, report. in plan, and at Saliagosenclosedby werebuilton stone The houses foundations, rectangular has so our a perimeter wall.No burialoftheSaliagosculture yetbeendiscovered, that knowledge from is derivedentirely debris. ofthecultural assemblage occupation of with sherds pale fabric, was of which The pottery dark-faced, theexception a few imported decoration. Both coarse,unburnished bear dark-painted ware and a finer, sometimes usually of The greatmajority vessels wereopen bowls,ofwhichabout twowareare found. burnished, bowlshad flatbases. Most ofthese bowls fifths wereseton highpedestalbases.The remaining
76
had straight-sided flaring were less or and carinatedprofiles rims,while rounded,everted, common. Closedshapesaccountfor one-tenth thetotal,and all were of hole-mouthed, jars,principally or withconstricted necks. The handlesshowedan interesting variety, handlespredominatlug weretab-handles, and whilea variantof ing. Also well represented strap-handles, ledge-lugs, the latter,the crescentic is lug, althoughless frequent, a characteristic shape also foundat The lessfrequent and handlesappearat Saliagosto be horned, rudder Mavrispilia. nose-bridge, restricted thelaterlevels. to A striking is feature theSaliagospottery, themostfrequent of and decorative treatment, the use of matt-white is The decoration essentially surface. paint,applied on the dark burnished a linearone,witha considerable all and bothrectilinear curvilinear, of a georangeof motifs, metric nature.This white-painted and the frequency highpedestalbases, are of decoration, of perhapsthemostnotablefeatures theSaliagospottery. In a fewinstances red-crusted too,was paintwas appliedin a band roundtherim.Incision, of used in theform bands filled of withpointill dots.The fewsherds pale fabric occasionally than withdarkpainteddecoration considered be imports. are to moresignificant Numerically as or werethevessels withsomeform plasticdecoration, of whether scalloping these, however, in at or slashing therim, finger impressions appliedblobs.None ofthese compares importance in withthewhite-painted whichwas most decoration, frequent Stratum at Saliagos,declining in stratum. markedly thethird is of The chipped-stone of industry predominantly obsidian,and largequantities wasteare bladesform found.It was nota blade industry: onlya smallpartofthetotalat parallel-sided to Saliagos,rising 3 per centin Stratum 3. The well-worked the artefacts show a considerable variety. Numerically mostimportant This is one of form the tangedpoint,generally is on workedby flatflaking both surfaces. the moststriking forms the Saliagos culture.Ovates formanotherimportant of diagnostic invasive simple or and is careful flaking, there a rangeofforms flat groupexhibiting displaying retouch. for whichin somecaseswas imported the Of thevariousothertoolsused,mostare ofstone, not The axes are small and not verywell worked.Bone toolsare likewise veryimpurpose. either their for The or by variety their workmanship. use made ofshellis interesting, pressive, whilethe and at Saliagosto be limited thefirst to Stratum, contrast, themussel 'spoon'appears in is 'cut-to-shape' predominant the third. to an The sherd'burnishers' form interesting class,again limited phase. principally thefirst The purposeof the clay rods (plate l, 10-19) has not been adequatelyexplained.Waisted of and theusual complement pot and clay discswerefairly common, weights, spindlewhorls, and grinders found. was lids,mortars, rubbers, querns, adornof and wererecovered, a restricted Two fragments marblevessels of variety personal and more in Bothschematic interest werethefigurines. ments stoneand shell.Of considerable a naturalistic of figurines marblewerefound, flattorsoofclay,and two small,flatanthropofor whichhad been pierced, apparently wearing. representations, morphic in elsewhere the No metalobjects came to light. The absenceofsuchfeatures, manycommon axes and clay sling needles,shaft-hole stampseals, fish-hooks, Aegean,as animal figurines, is as stones, well as therestricted rangeofpottery shapesand decoration, ofnote.
77
ENVIRONMENT AND LIFE

bothfordefensive The fourknownsitesof the Saliagos cultureare well situated, purposes of and Vouni are bothon the summit steephillsoverand foraccessto the sea. Mavrispilia would make excellent broad bays,whichis someweathers Saliagos was anchorages. looking in situated a large, the Paros and Antiparos, a promontory commanding land bridgebetween of bay northward-facing withthe possibility beachingshipsboth to east and to west. The of of existence such shipsis surely by implied theextent theobsidiantradewithMelos.Agrilia on in Melos is likewise thetop ofa hill,within easyreachofa suitablehaven. times(AppendixVI). In the Littleis known of the climateof theAegean in Neolithic yet The presence indicators. climatic absenceofpollenwe are obligedto fallback on lesssensitive be in greater thanis seentodayin Antiparos, ofsheepat Neolithic might Saliagos, proportion takento indicateratherbetter However,the lowerrelativesea level (AppendixI) grazing. climateneed not be suitableforpasturage, thata wetter so moreextensive lowlands, implies the of On thecontrary, highproportion barleyto wheat (AppendixIX), a prepresupposed. thatofthe a and rather sunny fairly climate unlike not dry today, suggests persisting ponderance a dryclimate. The soil samples(Appendix D) likewise V, suggest present. less a willnone thelesshave presented morefertile, denuded times The islandsin Neolithic in Classicaltimes, is to thanthatoftoday.Deforestation thought haveproceeded rapidly aspect coverand left of have reducedthevegetational and sincethenthegrazing thegoatwillfurther on discovered The elaboratesystem Hellenistic of vine trenches the soil open to denudation. sea the 1964seasonis a proof onlyoftherisein relative level not Parosand Antiparos during whichhas takenplace on a largescale. sincethattime,but oftheerosion of the culturehave been recovered only at the typesite.They had rectangular Buildings Small withstonewalls and a lightsuperstructure. roomswithstonefoundations, probably and shelters thiskindare seenin theislandstoday. of dwellings cerealproduct barley, is mostofwhichis now sold to the In Antiparos todaytheprincipal to In nationalbrewery. the Cycladesin 1938,the ratioof barleyproduction wheatwas 9 : 1 of well withthe figure 84 per cent of barleyin Neolithictimes(AppendixIX). comparing in that thispreponderance evidenceto suggest There is literary persisted Classical and late emmer and In as elsewhere Greeceat thetime, in times. Neolithic medieval Saliagos,however, ofmorerecent thanthehexaploid weregrown rather wheatand six-row two-row barley barley at usedto produceflour from grain, the werefound thesite,as were times. Quernsand rubbers, used to scoop it up. little shellspoons, perhaps of were at No further mayinpartbe due plant-remains significance observed Saliagos,butthis in recovered Greeceare of of The to thespecialconditions preservation. earliest grapepipsyet and evidence to BronzeAge date (Mylonas,1959,39), but theyare difficult recognize Early as in Hellenistictimes,profor be forthcoming earlierviticulture. mayyet today, Antiparos ducesbothgrapesand wine. of the Although olive may proveto have been nativeto Greece,therehave been no finds A residue whichon analysis thantheLate BronzeAge (Vickery, olivestones earlier 1936,58). in in was apparently provedto be ofolive-oil found an EarlyCycladicvessel Naxos (Stephanos, and theimportant thusgoesback at leastto thattime.Thereis as 1906,88), Cycladicproduct in thattheolivewas grown theNeolithic yetno documented proof period. and Othervegetable foods suchas beans,peas,lentils, almonds, millet, figs, acorns pistachio, in fromNeolithiccontexts Greece (Renfrew, M., 1966). There is no are all reported J.
78
the signofthemat Saliagos,and it maybe thatwitha dietalreadyrichin protein, inhabitants had no need oflegumes. the of Mixed farming clearly basisoflife, there was for wereabundantremains sheep, goats, cattle,and pigs (Appendix VII). Capriniformed 83-5per centof the total.Fromthe figures givenin AppendixVII, theliveweight maybe calculated. percentages
TABLE 22. LIVEWEIGHT PERCENTAGES Cycladic Animals 1938 % l in 42-7+497 1*9 5-6
Species Sheep/goat Bovine Pig
Modern Ib. Animals Liveweight Liveweight % % 83-5 3*5 121 125 900 200 65 20 15
cautiousabout the natureof the bovines(todaytheyare, of Mr. Higgs has been properly islandgroupthere an and theratioofsheepto goat. Today in theAntiparos is course, cattle), herdofgoats,but veryfewsheep. important in examination the fieldof the caprinibones by Mr. I. A. Kinnes,on the A preliminary that over 90 per cent of the of criteria Boessneck, Mller, and Teichert(1964), suggested ofthehorncoresalone setsthefigure 50 per at werein factsheep.A comparative study caprini of thismorecautiousvalue, the proportion sheepis seen to be much and evenby taking cent, times. have theadvantage thanit was in Neolithic smaller Sheep,ofcourse, todayin Antiparos The of of producingwool, while goats are bettermilk-producers. high proportion young a wool-producing animalsfounddoes not,however, economy. suggest Wild at werefound. for Thereis no goodevidence hunting Saliagos.No deerbonesor antlers and Gioura in the Cycladesand in Crete,but it is possible are stillseen at Erimomilos goats In is of strain. anycase there no good evidence wildgoat at Saliagos,and thattheseare a feral the large numberof pointsfound it must be concludedthat game did not form despite a significant ofthediet. part in at has scientific werefound Saliagos,and their of study resulted Largequantities fishbones all the into the diet of the prehistoric islanders. and surprising a remarkable Nearly insight a in werethoseofverylargefish, bonesfound although morerapid deterioration thebonesof in could accountin partfor withthepracticaldifficulty collecting smaller them, fish, together identified wereof tunny, often verylarge of that. Ninety-seven cent of all the fishbones per of in size.The sieving PitA, Cliff and Square N3 has allowedthecomparison animalbones, 17, of calculation themeatweights involved. and fishbones, shell,and an approximate 88 In Pit A, tunnyrepresents per centof the totalmeat,in Square N3 28 per centThese of is thattheyare not typical the are astonishingly figures, there no reasonto suspect yet high an accumulation oversomelength time. of The deposits siteas a whole.PitA probably represents of is in Square N3 certainly and the proportion tunny uniformly bothin Stratum 3 do, high of and in thedeposits Phases 1 or 2. in thatbefore It has been estimated 1939,the fish-consumptionGreecewas 24 per centof fish and scombrid formed But thetotalmeatconsumed. tunny other only1 per centofthisfishmade up of smallersparids(maridhes), well as as farthe greater part being by consumption, fish at suchsmaller werenotpreserved Saliagos and redmullet.(Although anchovies, sardines,
1 Excluding donkey,quoted fromGreece, (1944), 418. iii
79
have augmented fish the they mayin factfurther diet.) Indeed, thetotalcatchofScombridae in Greecein the year 1936 was no morethan 400 metric ii tons {Greece, (1944), 91), only the times quantity recovered from A alone at Saliagos! Pit seventy
TABLE 23. WEIGHT OF MEAT REPRESENTED IN CLIFF 17, PIT A, AND IN SQUARE N3 BY SPECIES
CLIFF I 7, PIT A Species Min. number No. of of animals fragments Meat wt. per animal SQUAREN3 Total meat Min. number Total meat wt. (kg.) wt. (kg.) of animals
Sheep/goat Bovine Pig Tunny Other Fish Patella Monodonta Murex Cerastoderma
2595 32 96 1930 358 1900 340 140 90
17 1 4 48 1900 340 140 45
29 kg. (651b.) 210 kg. (450 lb.) 45 kg. (100 lb.) 135 kg. (300 lb.) 3*5gm. i-ogm. 5-0 gm. i-ogm.
490 210 180 6,500 6-5 0-35 0-70 0-05
22 6 10 7 !97 650 216 53
640 1,260 450 940 6-go 0-65 8 0-05
Note: (i). Minimum numberscalculated for livestockon the number of humrusfound,for tunnyon the number of at vertebrae, 39 vertebraeper fish. is (ii) . Meat weightforlivestock takenas halfmodernliveweight. (iii). Meat weightof tunnyis takenas 135 kg., a roughaverage forfishoflengtho*6 to 8 metres(2 to 6 feet). in cephalopod remainspreservedto allow of theirincorporation the table. (iv). There were insufficient
in not considered theprehistoric We are herein faceofa factor hitherto Aegean.These fish forstranding an adequate enoughexplanation the musthave been deliberately for caught, found could scarcelyaccountforsuch quantities forso regulara or two whale vertebrae six of was different thousand It pattern tunny very years supply. maywellbe thatthemigration in the one. Tunnyfishing important Classicaltimes(Michell,1957,288) was from present ago in to and Aelian refers tunny xv. Animalium, 5). In Etrurialook-out fishing Naxos {De Natura have forthe shoals {Thunnoskopeia) been found{RE vi. 719, s.v. 'Thynnos') and the posts as annual catchwas clearlyan eventof crucialimportance, is the case in Sicilytoday.The at situation Saliagosmayhave been thesame. therefore nothing the culturalassemblage that in can be associatedwith It is remarkable have been found, No fish-hooks indeedthere fewfinds are offish-hooks theNeofrom fishing. lithicAegean; in the Cycladestheyfirst in the EarlyBronzeAge (Tsountas,1899, appeared havebeennetsinkers. very Itis weights mayconceivably possible, pl. 10,38 and 19). The waisted thatthe numerous obsidianpointswerenot in factarrowheads spearheads but and however, Shouldthisbe so, thischaracteristic oftheSaliagosculture trait leister wouldindicate prongs. It a marked to thattunny was specialization. remains be shown fishing an important occupation whichwereindeedrecognized thefirst in at othersitesoftheculture, instance the typical by Thereis, however, in obsidianpoints. nothing inherently improbable thesuggestion. are usually fished from boats,whichwereundoubtedly available,and withtheuse of Tunny claimforflaxat EarlyNeolithic nets.The recent atal Hyk (Ryder,1965, 176) raisesthe thatthese wereoflinen.But if thiswerenotavailable,vegetable fibres thongs or of possibility wouldhave beenused.The unusually shallowand narrow ofthebaysat goathide configuration Saliagos (Map, fig. 24), both to northand southof the isthmus, may have been peculiarly
8o
could probably have been favourable tunny to Once insideeither thesebaysthefish of fishing. drivenashorewithnetsand boats,and thenclubbedand speared.Clearlya singlecatchwas of of enormous. wouldbe interesting knowhow earlywas theorigin theClassicalpractice It to curingthetunny 88). (Thompson,1947, Shellfish in werefound greatquantities aroundthesite,and 35 specieshave been identified or a muchsmaller thanthefish livestock, meatweight IX). Although (Appendix representing shows thatthey to thepresence, suchlargequantities, limpets, in of whichare difficult collect, did notsupplement dietin a merely morehighly valued at casual way. They wereclearly the Saliagos thanin present-day Antiparos. thatthecephalopods The interesting ofa cuttlefish find reminder mayalso guardis a useful traceofthem was found. little haveformed significant ofthediet,although a very naturally part the catchofoctopus Tsountasrecords (1898,200,n. 4) thatat theend ofthelastcentury yearly this in Antiparos of was 25,000 kg. The inhabitants Saliagos will scarcelyhave overlooked have servedto tip theprongs itemofdiet,and again theobsidianpoints used,in may savoury The sea certainly themodern to role, manner, catchtheunwary playedan important octopus. ifnot thedominant as a foodsourceforthepeople ofSaliagos. one, But the no of Thereis little evidence weavingat Saliagos,and certainly needleswerefound. evidencethat the classed above as spindle-whorls, be takenas sufficient may pierceddiscs, mentioned wool from sheepwas beingused. The waistedweights, the above,mayconceivably it use thedate ofthefirst offlaxis problematical, is have been used as loom-weights. Although and hideswereused. safeto assumethatskins in is The production basketry attested thefindofseveralmat-impressions thepottery of by the numerous for are . Such impressions alreadywellknown theCycladesfrom very (plate lv) and otherislands. in Chalandhriani Syros, on thebasesofpotsfrom examples The onlymaterial of The principal craft theSaliagospeoplewas theproduction pottery. of shell and of was on itsmanufacture theseries sherdburnishers cut-to-shape burnishers, bearing servedthesame purpose.No tracesofa kiln witha lumpofpumice,whichprobably together rare of with can werediscovered, there be no doubtthatthepottery, theexception thevery but was madelocally. imports, The of was The obsidianindustry a local one, as thegreatquantities wastetestify. worked is sincewastematerial also foundon to artefacts notlikely have been exported, are however, from occur.The obsidianwas brought mostAegeansiteswhereobsidianartefacts Melos, and the in thereis evidencethata fewfragments factderivedfrom East Aegean sourcein Giali Naxos (Appendix from for (AppendixIV) . The material the axes seemsto have come chiefly from the have been brought used whilethemuscovite-biotite-gneiss to makerubbers may II), ofthetime theParos-Antiparos Withthese sameisland(Appendix economy III, 3). exceptions one. seemsto have been a self-supporting thatsea travelhad long been a practicable There is no doubt,however, (Renproposition or in and Dixon, 1965,238), whether long boats,as in Early Cycladictimes, on Cann, frew, to established make sea whether trade was alreadysufficiently smallercraft.It is doubtful nature of the perimeter defensive wall, occupation.The apparently piracy a worth-while at whilea proportion leastof of was at anyratea risk marauders, indicates thatthere however, thana piscinequarry. for thepoints mayhave been destined a humanrather or life of Littleis known thesocialor religious oftheculture, ofthedisposalofthedead. No from art the and theabsenceofobjectsoftheSaliagosculture werefound, ofa cemetery signs On thatnone has everbeen discovered. theotherhand,in thewholeof the markets suggests datewerefound of of traces humanremains Neolithic few excavation, very and insignificant only
8l
removed weresystematically (in Square Oi, Pit B), and it would seemthathumanremains from settlement. is verypossible the It thatwiththerisein thesea levelsinceNeolithic times, and somesortofcemetery, has perhapson theslopesofthepromontory, been destroyed subin of find Certainly viewofthestratified at Saliagosofa violinfigurine EarlyCycladic merged. it similarto thoseof the Early to form, would cause no surprise learn that burial customs in cultures werealready operation. of Indeed,thefind a cist submerged, grave, partially Cycladic off lend support theidea, werethereany way ofdatingit. to Remmatonisi, might AFFINITIES
SETTLEMENT
OF THE SALIAGOS
CULTURE
in in occurrence manyregions Smallvillagesettlements thesizeofSaliagosare ofcommon of of an accurateestimate the size of the times.Oftencircumstances not allow of do prehistoric and theactionofthesea, but In settlement. thiscase also thetaskis made difficult erosion by thesize oftheislanditself thepresent at timegivesa lowerlimit. common In theCyclades, settlements this of on situated a lowhillnearthesea werefairly type in are Grotta Naxos in theEarlyBronzeAge. Excavatedexamples, theGrotta-Pelos of culture, The Late Neoin (Kondoleon,1959,i960, and 1961) and Pyrgos Paros (Tsountas,1898,170). of lithiccemetery Kephala in Kea (Caskey,1962 and 1964) was attachedto a settlement of similar this on tallerhill. scale,although was sethigher a rather interest. The discovery a perimeter at Saliagosis ofconsiderable of wall Walls,usuallywith CA' Hacilar a defensive are from Near East as earlyas Pre-pottery Jericho, the purpose, known for settlement whichsucha devicehas II, and MersinXVI. In Greece,Dhiminiis theearliest first been published(Tsountas,1908, pl. II). In the Cyclades,comparablestructures make of ofthe their wherethefortifications acropolis Chalanculture, appearancein theKeros-Syros in site dhriani(Tsountas,1899, 8) maynow be comparedwiththeimportant of Panermos South-east excavatedby Mr. Ch. Doumas (1964,41 1; fig.2 and pl. 483). The Naxos,recently farmstead makesit suitable smallsize of this'kastro' it is perhapsno morethana fortified for withSaliagos. comparison The 'bastion'at Saliagos may not,in reality, have been a truecirculartowerconstructed withChalandhriani witha defensive purpose.If indeedit was such,it can again be compared of and Panermos, and the muchearlierexampleat Jericho, well as the bastions the Early as Helladic II periodat Lerna (Caskey,1958, 125). there or For thestonefoundations, a superstructure mud-brick someothermaterial, with of are numerous Near Easternparallels:thefoundations Jarmo(Braidwoodand Howe, i960, at as in are regions, at pl. 13B)in particular similar appearanceto thoseofSaliagos.In lessstony as used forthe foundations Nea Nikomedeia, Karanovo,tauf piswas often or 'or atal Hyk, a cultural difference. well,but thisis hardly significant like It maybe ofinterest smallirregular that layers patchesofstones, thosein theuppermost at Saliagos (plate xiii,b) werediscovered Mersinin Level XXIV, wheretheywereinterat thatthelargerand moreregular pretedas silos(Garstang, 1953,pls. Ill and V). It is possible Structure at Saliagos (plate vii) servedthe same purpose. G
THE POTTERY
to The pottery at be assemblage Saliagoscannotat present relatedclosely anyother.Indeed itstwomost thefrequency openbowlsoften on a highpedestal set of base,and features, striking
C 4316 G
82
cannot of and witha great theuseofmattwhite variety motifs, paintappliedon a darkground in adequatelybe paralleledelsewhere theAegean. not Pedestal bowls are certainly foundin the Neolithic Aegean,although in such a high and proportion, indeedtheyare commonbothin EasternEurope and in Anatolia.They are not found, in however, NeolithicCrete,and are ratherunusualin the islandsoftheEastern 1936, pls. 31 and 64). Aegean (some rathershortexamplesare illustrated Heidenreich, by and Fruit-stands werenotfoundin the Chalcolithic Beycesultan, in Anatoliaitwouldseem at thatonlythecentral sites suchas Alaca and Alishar(Mellaart,1962,22) had highstandbases, whilethosein thewestdid not. Certainly low bases ofTroy,and thelittlefooted the cups of Poliochni makea poor parallel. cultures Eastern of and The shapeofthepedestal basesat Vinca and in theTripolye Cucuteni is but similar, thedecoration not,and indeed Europe (Vulpe, 1957,131 and 212) is strikingly are theonlyacceptableparallelscloseat hand fortheSaliagos 'fruit-stands' thoseofmainland of feature theDhimini as Greece.In Thessaly pedestal the base has longbeenknown a prominent culture(Tsountas,1908,pl. 10), although Saliagos the rimneverrisesto opposing at points. The form makesitsappearancein theArapi (DhiminiI) phase (Milojcic, 1959, 15) although in it is preceded theSeskloculture moresquat stand-bases (Milojcic, 1959,42, fig.12, 2). by In Macedonia theform a prominent in the Late Neolithic(Heurtley,1939, 161, no. is one of are south:fruit-stands foundat Elateia in the bothros Trench3, 145). It is seen also further ware Urfirnis in a variety fabrics(Weinberg,1962, 185) and similarshapesin Neolithic of sites.As in Chalcolithic come from Corinth(Weinberg, and otherPeloponnesian 1937,502) but Anatoliathestands sometimes in are technique, thisis notalwaysthecase. perforated ajour no examples thiskindwerefoundat Saliagos. of Certainly in late Dark burnished is decoration, ofcomparatively origin the ware,withwhite-painted of Crete, on Near East and in Greece.There is no painteddecoration the dark-faced pottery in decoration Anatolia would whichhas a veryearlyinception. The earliestwhite-painted seemto be thatofLate Chalcolithic p. Beycesultan (Lloydand Mellaart,1962,fig., 1 and p. 2) surface-finds further mightalso be earlyin date (Mellaart, 1954, 194f.). from east although The ratherscantywhitedecoration Samos (Heidenreich, of 1936, pl. 40), fromKalimnos this and from EmborioVII-VI in Chiosmaydate from time.This 1956,pl. XXIII) (Furness, of limitedto a sparse open network westAnatoliantradition white-painted of decoration, to theTroy I period(Lamb, 1936a, pl. XXV). lines,persisted straight In Greece, white-painted decorationis a commonfeatureof Larissa ware (Wace and earlierin theDhiminiI phase (Milojcic, seenrather 2, Thompson,191 105,fig.55). It is first its it and 43,figs.13,9. 12; 14 and 16). At Elateia,likethefruit stands, makes appear1959,14 wares(Weinberg, the ance before Late Neolithic 188,and pl. 62a, 2-5). It 1962, mat-painted of too is common in theLate Neolithic Macedonia (Heurtley, 1939, 153,fig.18) of ware forits greatvariety None of theseexamplescan rival the Saliagos white-painted decoration ladders,zigzags,rowsof triangles, swags,arcs, parallel wavy lozenges, squares, do Meandersand spirals, however, not occur at lines,chequerboards,and caduceusmotifs. to Anatoliais so richa repertoire be seen:indeed, in Nowhere SouthGreeceorinWest Saliagos. a can provide rival(e.g. Wace and Neolithic fortheentire periodin theAegean,onlyThessaly no 2, 95, fig.47 or 137, fig.83). There is, however, detailed resemblance Thompson,191 exuberthanto indicatea comparable further the between two,and theanalogycan go little ance ofspirit. for The import There are otherparallelswithmainlandGreeceamongthepottery. sherds, in unknown Neolithic a are paintedwithdarkpainton a light totally ground, fabric example,
83
Crete,WestAnatolia,or the islandsof the eastern Aegean. The paintedwaresofMacedonia withthe paintedwaresof offer good comparison. no Indeed, althoughthereare similarities ware of Centraland South the Thessaly, closestanalogywould seem to be the mat-painted fabric Greece(Weinberg, 1962,pl. 67; Weinberg, 1937,513-14; Kunze, 1931,38-44). The buff a whichwouldseemtolinkitwiththemattat Saliagos has in severalinstances greenish tinge rather thanwiththatof Boeotia and Phocis(Weinberg, 1962, 197). paintedware of Corinth in : is and have parallels Greece theformer likewise The finger-impressed applieddecorations in seen at Argissa theDhiminiIII period(Milojcic, 1959,46, figs.16, 19,and 25) and in the finds near Kastriin Kythera(oral information from Mr. J. N. Coldstream), Neolithic recent at was wherea doublerowofimpressions setintoa raisedplatform therim.Varioussitesshow in the to : somekindofapplieddecorationtheclosest style thatofSaliagosis perhaps moustachelike arrangement at Seskloand at Dhimini(Tsountas,1908,figs.124 and 125). Applied seen blobsare seen at Knossos(Evans, 1964,pl. 46, 1-6) and at otherAegeansites. whichcan be severaldistinctive of at The repertoire handle-forms Saliagos contains types, In particular, hornedhandles the in withfinds the islandsof the eastern Aegean. compared in and at A. Gala in Chios(Furness, closeparallels LevelsX-IX at Emborio (plate xxxii) find Similarshapes are foundat Tigani in Samos (Heidenreich, 1936, 1956, 198, fig. 14, 9-10). in in is 19 1939,figs. and 30) and is found pl. 44A,2). The type common Macedonia (Heurtley, in Otherexamples Creteand Anatoliahave been Thessaly(Tsountas,1908,279,figs. 214-17). in a collected Furness(1956, 204). The form, one, by although striking is thuswidespread its distribution. a of The pillarhandleis essentially variety thehornhandle,wherethehornis accentuated ; in shape.Againit from better differentiated thegripofthehandleand morenearly cylindrical less thanthesimplehorned of is foundin the islands the eastern Aegean,although commonly Similarexamples occurin Crete(Evans,1964,pl. 50 (2), 1956,pl. XVIII, 6). variety (Furness, Vessealso where of 3). Thereis a notableconcentration in theBalkans, pottery theBulgarian X and XI) and of therelatedParadimimoundinThrace linovoculture 1961,pls. (Georgiev, ornamented witha pillarhandle. (cf.French,1961,fig.7) is often at The tab handleagainhas eastern affinities: notableespecially Tigani(Heidenreich, Aegean 1 and 46, 4-6), and A. Gala (Furness, 8 and 10), it is foundalso 1936,pls. 45, 1956,pl. XXII, it in thesucceeding TroyI culture (Lamb, 1936a, pl. X, 111 and pl. XI, 8). In thesecontexts is often whichis neverthecase at Saliagos. pierced, The saddle handle (plate xxx, a) is seen at Knossos (Evans, 1964, pl. 45, 1-2) where The handle,ofwhicha fineexamplewas veryfrequent, crescentic parallelsare nototherwise its in is also found Mavrispilia Mykonos, surprisingly at unusualin theAegean,despite simple But similarhandlesare again foundin the easternAegean (Furness,1956, 202 and shape. in 1936,pl. 46, 1), notably Levels IX and VIII at Emborio. pl. XXII, 16 and Heidenreich, are foundalso in Thessaly(Tsountas,1908,264 fig.172). They a The handlesthusprovide number links of withtheislandsoftheeastern Aegean,although ware in the none of the parallelsis exclusive thatarea. The predominance dark-faced to of is from times another factor bear in mind,but at Saliagostheheavyburnished to early region withrolledrimand horizontally bowls,often piercedlug handles,are not seen.They develop at Emborioin Chios in Levels VII-VI, contemporary withKum Tepe Ib in theTroad, and at thusbe laterthanthe Saliagos culture. Nor is pattern burnished ware of significance may Saliagos. One or twootheraspectsof the Saliagos ceramicassemblage ofinterest. carinated are The untiltheLate is rare,does occur(plate xvii,e). In Greecethisform notfound bowl,although
84
for Neolithic, examplein the DhiminiI phase in Thessaly(Milojcic, 1959,43, fig. 13) and widelyin Macedonia (Heurtley,1939, 148, no. 84; Rodden, 1964a, pl. 5A). Red-crusted the is seen decoration sometimes at Saliagos.Commonly supposedto be ofBalkanorigin techin of nique was widelyused in theAegean,principally the Late Neolithic Greece,whereit is in it commonest theThessalianRakhmaniware. However, is foundalso in theLate Neolithic in and occursagain on a vase ofPelos-group Naxos (berg,1933, ofPhaistos Crete, shapefrom 106). fig. is withpointill of decoration, interesting. chiefly Finally,the presence a fewincisedsherds, in is decoration found Neolithic Thessaly(Milojcic,1959,46, fig.16, 12 and pointill Although 42), and Crete 1956,23, fig. 1939,146,no. 62), Attica(Theochares, 15), Macedonia (Heurtley, in in Aegean. It is frequent 1964,pl. 46), it is commonest the islandsof the eastern (Evans, Samos (Heidenreich, 1956,pl. XX, 23). 1936,pls. 28-30) and seenalso in Kalimnos(Furness, untilthe EarlyBronzeAge (Furness, in It persists theWestAnatolianregion 1956, 186). thusfallinto two groups,thoserelatingto the islandsof the of The affinities the pottery withThessalyand Boeotia, Samos and Chios,and thoseconnected eastern Aegean,especially conclusions be to ware.The chronological for also withthePloponnse theimported perhaps 88ff. theseaffinities setout in thenextsection, are drawnfrom
THE CHIPPED-STONE INDUSTRY
sinceno good and in It is not easyto set the Saliagos obsidianindustry itsAegeancontext, for has yetbeen published thearea. of a post-Palaeolithic industry description comprehensive tools with of if Indeed it is doubtful an industry anycomplexity, thesamerangeofwell-worked at as is seen at Saliagos,exists all in theAegean. of fromMelos. The identification severalpieces of The raw materialused was imported interest. of Giali in the E. Aegean (AppendixIV) is, however, considerable obsidianfrom and In theearliest Neolithic Greece(Milojcic,Boessneck, Hopf,1962,pls. 18 and 19) and of collection parallel-sided of of Crete (Evans, 1964,pl. 63) thereis a somewhat impoverished To and a veryfewtruemicroliths. judge fromthe blades and bladeletswithsome flakelets and made date from of industries Neolithic collected Phaistos, Lerna,kindly Knossos, carefully of do the theexcavators, industries notreachthecomplexity Saliagos availablefor by inspection stands out worked Greeceonlythebifacially or ofatal Hyk.In mainland tangedarrowhead It is notseenin Crete and Renfrew, form as a characteristically Neolithic 1964,399). (Belmont in industries exiguous theextreme. are or WestAnatolia,wherethechipped-stone in In the Early BronzeAge of mainlandGreece and the islands,a considerable industry in finds Phylakopi Melos or at bladesgrewup, bestillustrated thenumerous by parallel-sided blade itself theconicalblade coresand the at A. Kosmasin Attica.Withtheparallel-sided go bladesare flake(Geroulanos, of twocharacteristic forms corerejuvenation 1956). Parallel-sided in increase Phase 3, and neatblade coresare unusual. at nevercommon Saliagos,although they flakeis notfound. The dog-tooth rejuvenation for At present, therefore, the tangedpointcan be used as a basis ofdiscussion, ofthis only elsewhere has The distribution been discussed form alone are sufficient examplespublished. of in is The form common theSaliagosculture theCyclades, and Renfrew, (Belmont 1964,400). in althoughinfrequently, the Late Neolithicof mainland Greece, but totally represented, in beenfound date have recently absentin Creteand West Anatolia.Examplesof uncertain whereit is and Hey, 1964,fig.6). It is foundin Neolithic Jugoslavia, Epirus(Dakaris,Higgs, of and at well particularly represented Butmir, in Italy. It is notabletoo in the earlycultures make the onlysuitof and in Cilicia and theKonya plain,wheretherichvariety forms Spain
85
is that the withSaliagos.Of these richest undoubtedly ofatal Hyk(Bialor, able comparison relatedto thoseofIlicapinar(Mellaart,1958) and Mersin 1962; Mellaart,1964). It is closely with of XXIX-XXVII (Garstang, 1953,15), and has affinities theindustries PhasesA and in theAmouq plain of Syria (Payne, i960) and withNeolithic Byblos(Cauvin, 1962). With somewhat fromthe early their projectile pointsand javelin heads thesediffer pressure-flaked and of lithic industries Jericho i960), whichhave a Natufian ancestry, their (Kirkbride, origins blade-tool are obscure.As Braidwoodremarks industries, (i960, 40) theyare predominantly in an tradition Syro-Cilicia. and perhaps willproveto stemfrom Upper Palaeolithic they In withthisgroupof industries. both does showseveralsimilarities The Saliagos industry and sometimes barbed. are generally cases the projectile tanged,neverhollow-based, points and are The Anatolianexamples, however, generally longerand narrower, usuallyhave caresurface fulflat-flaking on thenon-bulbar (Bialor,1962,87; Mellaart,1958,87; Garstang, only The daggers(or lanceheads)at atal Hykare often of 11; Braidwood, i960, 85-86). 1953, and workedon both faces (Bialor, withend-to-end laurel-leaf sometimes symmetry, shape, and moreslender thantheSaliagosovatesthey constitute longer 1962,87, fig.6, 20). Although Some certainly resemble available parallelforthe Saliagos form. the none thelessthe closest thando theThessalian'spearheads'(Tsountas,1908,326, and moreclosely Saliagosexamples pl. 42, 14-18). in an The Saliagos'slugs'also find equivalent theatal Hykfabricators (Bialor,1962,92, and borers thereare theequivalent the Saliagos nose-pointed of whilethepiercers fig.8, 10), in Burins unusualat bothsitesalthough common theAmouq (described are bladesand flakes. bladesat Saliagosand atal Hykis accounted sickle as gravers). The absenceofrecognizable forby thedominance obsidianwhichdoes notshowthesickleglosswhichdevelopson flint of for It is doubtless thisreasonthat Mrs. Crowfoot the Payneomits category through reaping. at bladesamongtheobsidianartefacts Tell al-Judaidah. of sickle withsecondary at The largest classesofartefacts classesF to working Saliagosare,however, and withsteepor invasive I. Theseare flakes blades,rarely retouch on generally parallel-sided, to one or twoedges.It would be conventional class themas 'scrapers".PerhapsclassesG III and I III, often saw to a witha prominent edge,can be considered constitute distinctive type, and of butin general rangeand variety form working the thatthegroupis atypical. In suggest with Braidwood'sdictumforthe Amouq materialthat it case it does not correspond any a These toolsresemble ratherthe broader,less regular, and represents blade-tooltradition. in has tools of Khirokitia Cyprus (Stekelis,1953) althoughthe Saliagos industry atypical few with otherwise affinities thatsite. a The Saliagos industry not essentially blade one: thereare only3-1 per centparallelis and Qi, as against29 percentsicklebladesand 31 percent sidedbladesfrom Squares R3, S4, and 65 per centblades (in generalparallel-sided) dlade sections Tell al-Judaidah at from the first season'sfinds atal Hyk.It wouldbe wrong at therefore equate it too closely to withthe whichare presumably industries, Syro-Cilician verymuch earlier.Alreadyby the mid-sixth millennium atal HykWest(Mellaart,1965,136) and Hacilar,theindustry a poorone, at is and theconclusion in theLate Neolithic with few that very projectile (Bialor,1962,108), points and Chalcolithic Anatoliaa fine of is lithic industry lacking(Mellaart,1958,92) is borneoutby in thescanty finds thelaterAmouq,at Mersin, and at Tarsus(Goldmann, 1956,255) as wellas further at suchsitesas Beycesultan, west Iasos, Troy,and Poliochni. The Saliagosindustry thusrather is and isolatedgeographically chronologically from those industries wheretheclosest are found.It does notfollow, thattheywereof however, parallels and in independent origin, it maybe thatwhenan EarlyNeolithic predecessor theCycladesis
86
thatofSaliagos its will the found theSaliagosculture, obsidian for industry provide linkbetween in and thoseofthesixth millennium Anatolia.
THE SMALL FINDS
affinities The twomostimportant at the singlefinds Saliagosfrom pointofviewofcultural known from of are thetwoundoubted figurines marble.Bothare well-defined types, previously and of to other sites, itis difficult doubtthatthemanufacturerstheSaliagosand other examples in wereworking a commontradition. be can The seatedfigurine (plate xlii), although incomplete, confidently placed in a class in with mostclosely wellknown theAegean (Weinberg, 1). It compares offigurines 195 already in the examplefrom Sangriin Naxos (Cook, 1946). However,thereare differences detail: in in are the neatly sucha way particular plumplegsoftheSaliagosfigurine too fatto be crossed in and to theground a Buddha-like and as to lie moreor lesshorizontally parallelto each other western thusdiffering mostoftheAegean from Insteadthey setobliquely, are fashion, posture. examples. Weinbergargued foran Early Neolithicdate forthe class and emphasizedits Cycladic to attribution thendocumented connections, onlyby the Sangri findand by the uncertain the While the Saliagos findsupports Cycladicbias of the of specimen. Amorgos the Brussels not substantiates earlydate. In reality, the it however, one oftheseated distribution, scarcely a is known from reliablecontext. marblefigurines previously of In the past it has seemedreasonableto date the seatedfigurines theanalogousseries by withhands at the breast.These are often of position, representations a womanin a standing the knownfrom Ploponnse (Caskey,1956), Thessaly(Tsountas,1908,pl. 32, 1 and 2) and and are all in clay.An imMacedonia (Rodden, 1964b, fig.8) in Early Neolithiccontexts, from has and similar of standing reclining, beenillustrated clayfigurines, variety rather pressive be levelsat Hacilar (Mellaart,1961,pls. VII-XIII). All thesecan probably theLate Neolithic of marblefigurine b.c. set in the sixthmillennium Fromthe sameperiodcomesthe beautiful man from Knossos(Evans, 1964,pl. 66, 6). a standing to whichshow a closersimilarity the seated lady of Saliagos are Those standing figurines not Aegina (Welter,1938,7 and 10)- one of unfortunately so well dated: thereare twofrom is from Another reputedly them,now in Munich,seemsto be of Spondylus. Sparta (Wolters, in similar manywaysto the Cycladicexampleshas recently 1891, 52), and a further figurine turned in Malta (Evans, 1963,figs.1-2). up of have concludedthat the fat figurines Greece are in generalof However,mostwriters onesare from moreschematic date (Ucko, 1962),whilethethinner Earlyor Middle Neolithic as mustbe recognized falling or the Late Neolithic succeeding periods.The Saliagos figurine class whose originsat least are certainly withina well-defined Early Neolithic.The other later. at affinities Saliagos are certainly in the The 'fiddleidol' (plate xliii, i) at Saliagos has parallels,paradoxically, precisely of SchematicBrettidolen thistypehave been well known chronologically. oppositedirection to of sincethe excavations Bent (1884) and Tsountas(1898), and theybelongessentially the of culture theEarlyCycladic(Renfrew, Grotta-Pelos 1965). The closest parallelis perhapsthe neck in from tapering Pyrgos Paros (Tsountas,1898,pl. 11, 10) whichhas theslender figurine whichat nearthetopofthis The in common EarlyCycladicfigurines. incision however, prong, thereare the indicates face,is notseenon the Cycladicexamples, although Saliagos doubtless is indicated. Drios wheretheface in figurines theParos Museumfrom unpublished noneis yetknown in of Schematic figurines marbleare wellknown WestAnatolia,although
87
has disc from Iasos. The mostcommon form, however, a prominent head (Lamb, 1936 b, fig. 17. 2). At Beycesultan (Lloydand Mellaart,1962,fig.F. 1) prongnecksare seen,but thearms the and the examplesin any case date from Early BronzeAge levels.Close are emphasized, in marble of for figurines theCycladesare notfound Crete.In Thessaly, analogies theschematic resemblances however,thereare schematicpieces of Late Neolithicdate with interesting (Tsountas,1908,pl. 37). the are similarities, onlyclose parallelsforthe Saliagos figurine the Despitethe Neolithic ofEarlyBronzeAge date, although someofthemcould principally EarlyCycladicexamples, of with that well be contemporary the Late Neolithic the mainland.It is clear therefore the whoseorigincan now be placed is a precursor the Early Cycladicseries, of Saliagos figurine well back in theNeolithic. so at The otherfigurines Saliagos do not conform closelyto a recognized type.The bone it withsimilar and theother stonewhichresembles (plate xliv) maybe compared of pendant and Salcutsa cultures the Balkans (Georgievand of of bone fromthe Gumelnitsa figurines is the Angelov,1957,fig.60) although resemblance not a closeone. to from at The claytorso xlv, i) is closest figurines theNeolithic Knossos(Evans,1964, (plate have beenfound in is theform not a specializedone, and similar fragments fig.64) although Thessaly(Tsountas,1908,pls. 34-6). not anthropomorphic The littlegreenbead (plate xliv, 2) has successors, ones, although in of culture(Tsountas, as bothcolourand workmanship, the graves theGrotta-Pelos regards 1898,pl. 8). sinceone ofthemappears from The clayfeet interest, Saliagosare ofconsiderable especially to reconstruct a vesselfrom late such the vessel.It was recently to be partofa pottery possible and the excavatorhas indicatedthe Middle Neolithic at Elateia (Weinberg, 1962, 191) pit of close parallelsin the Danilo culture Jugoslavia(Korosec, 1964,pl. 8) whereindeedother and are links withElateia and Saliagos,suchas fruit-stands tangedpoints, seen. and the withthecylindrical rectangular (fig. 77), someindicating knee Closerparallels legs vases of the Middle Danube in the Tisza and and thefoot, seen in the anthropomorphic are vase the cultures (Dombay,i960, pl. XC). A singleanthropomorphic is knownfrom Lengyel culture the Cyclades(Ashmolean of Grotta-Pelos Museum,Oxford,1938,727, unpublished). in and ofmarble, could be thesuccessor thearea ofa trait without feet, Although separated ditionseen alreadyat Saliagos. it to Finally,before leavingthe figurines, is worthreferring the rathershapelessmarble Such stoneshave been foundin EarlyCycladicgraves(Tsountas, pebbles(plate xliii, 2-5). in in several graves SouthAntiparos (Bent,1884, although 49) 1898, 11,2) ; indeedBentfound pl. The possiblesignificance these of after themdid he realizetheirimportance. only discarding in has been discussed somedetailby Thimme(1965). pebbles in the for Amongthe adornments, use ofSpondylus a bracelet(plate xlvi, i) is ofinterest in use viewofthewidespread ofthematerial theBalkans(Galbenu, 1962,fig.9). But perhaps as it is reallyto be regarded a maritime from habit,and Aegean examplesincludependants and Thompson, 2, pl. Macedonia (Rodden, 1964b, pl. 8a), bracelets from 191 Thessaly (Wace from 1938,10,fig.8). Its occurrence 79 a, e-g) and a figurine Aeginanowin Munich(Welter, at Saliagos,wherenumerous unworked shells Spondylus werefound(AppendixIX) need therefore occasionno surprise. well in has that The bead of redserpentine a perforation resembling ofa V-boring, known the A is knownfrom westMediterranean. similar Thessaly(Tsountas,1908,pl. 43, 2). example The perforation in any case not a veryneat one. is
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the Two fragments marblebowlswerefound Saliagos,thusforeshadowing magnificent at of in of industry theCycladicEarlyBronzeAge. Marblebowlsare notfound CreteuntiltheEarly of Minoan II period,and in WestAnatoliaalso appear to be a feature theEarlyBronzeAge, Stone In ratherthan of the Late Chalcolithic. Greece,however, theyhave a highantiquity. and especially Nea Makri(Theochares, at in levelsat Sesklo, bowlshavebeenfound early 1956, 25, % 45) : are forms seenin Crete(Evans, The bonetoolsat Saliagosdo notdisplay varietysimilar great 1964, pls. 60-1), the easternAegean (Brea, 1964, pl. CLXXVIII), and mainlandGreece, tools wherethe spatulae (Tsountas,1908,pl. 45, 17), chisels(ibid. pl. 45, 9-12), narrowed counterparts. (ibid.,pl. 45, 1), and points(ibid.,pl. 45, 3-5) findtheir The sherd'burnishers' resemble someHebrideanexamples(Singer, Hall, Holmyard, closely was 1951, 390), whichconfirms use that their - it is interesting pumice,used forthispurpose, are also foundin the Hebridesas well as at Saliagos. The spindle-whorls all of the flatthin wouldseem The doubleconeform as variety, at Knossos(Evans, 1964,pl. 5) and in Thessaly. to have been a laterinnovation. are waisted is thatneedexcitecomment: stonetoolsthere little weihgts of Amongthevarious in common for occurrence, instance Macedonia(Heurtley, 6,j-k) andintheEastern 1939,138,fig. are and grinders Aegean (Brea, 1964, pl. CLXXXVIII, 11, 13, and 14) and saddle-querns sites. a common feature mostNeolithic on THE PLACE OF THE SALIAGOS CULTURE
from is The Saliagosculture sharply EarlyCycladiccultures by distinguished thesucceeding and oftheGrottain the mostofthefinds, particular pottery obsidian.The domestic pottery often Pelosculture bowls, by 1965,72) is characterized heavyslippedand burnished (Renfrew, and Renfrew, withrolledrims(cf.Tsountas,1898,pl. 9, 17; French,1961,112; Belmont 1965, the or waresare chiefly cylindrical spherical pyxides, latter pl. 124,fig.3, 16-18).The funerary is incisions. Noneofthese seenat Saliagos.The with often on sometimes a highfoot, herringbone is form thejar withconical neckand fourvertical otherEarly Cycladicfunerary suspension but 64 lugs(cf.Zervos,1956,figs. and 71). This is notunlikeplate xviii,6, right, theSaliagos culture. exampleis painted.There is no paintedware in theGrotta-Pelos characteristic the of The singlestriking is division. there a complete In theobsidianindustry withtheabsenceof is theuse ofparallel-sided obsidian blades,together industry EarlyCycladic is workedartefacts very At artefacts secondary working. Saliagos the wealthof wellshowing blades increasedin Phase 3. of the proportion parallel-sided however, striking. Admittedly, the towards EarlyBronzeAgeobsidianindustry. Thismaybe a signofmovement Significantly, The decoration decreases withwhite-painted of thepercentage sherds markedly. presence too, Bronze as marble couldalso be interpreted a linkwiththeCycladicEarly vessels ofworked Age. is withthe Grotta-Pelos connection The only convincing however, in thefindof culture, relatedto theEarlyCycladicexamples, a fiddle-idol marble of whichis unmistakably although to sufficient wouldseemin itself at from theseby theincision theface.This find distinguished and numerous show dissimilarities thatit cannot but ofsomekind, theother indicate continuity be a closeone. have beensummarized elsewhere culture of The relations theAttic-Kephala (Renfrew, 1965, finds and in 46 f.) and willbe published detailby Mr. JohnColeman.The striking important of the Kephala cemetery (Caskey,1964) have fewparallelsin the Cyclades.Only themarble it to Thereis little connect withSaliagos, culture. with it relates firmly theGrotta-Pelos rhyton
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'coal scuttle' heads all pointwestforthepattern-burnish decoration, scoops,and clayfigurine thanto theislands. ward to Atticarather in culture theCyclades, The full Age,as exemplified theKeros-Syros by AegeanEarlyBronze removed from Helladic II, by TroyII, and by EarlyMinoan I and II, is yetfurther by Early of The pottery the mainlandand thatofthe Cycladesat thistimeshow the Saliagos culture. withthewholeEarlyMinoan range,theyare virtually without but certain affinities, together Much the same is true forthe Macedonian and West AnatolianEarly Saliagos parallels. of BronzeAge,wheretheuse ofmetal,theheavyblackburnished ware,thepresence jugs and axes lithic theuse ofpinsand ofshaft-hole and theabsenceofa sophisticated industry tripods, the serveto underline distinction. from that differences theAegeanEarlyBronzeAge cultures These essential suggest theSaliaearlier. could hardly have persisted late as 3000 b.c., by It as mustbe considerably culture gos wereprobably underway. whichdate theAegean E.B. 1 cultures with WhileSaliagoshas fewaffinities theEarlyBronzeAge,it has equallyfewwiththeEarly and high-stand bases are not in Neolithic the Aegean. In particular, white-painted pottery The several withEarlyNeolithic Knossos seen elsewhere in theEarlyNeolithic period. parallels forsimilar links occurwiththelatercultures of have little chronological significance, probably the easternAegean islands,and indeed betweenthese and the Knossian Early Neolithic. wouldat first seeman EarlyNeolithic the the form, Saliagos sight Although seatedfatfigurine a context. would be unwisetherefore attach It to find theonlyone ofthistypefrom specific is to it. The export Melian obsidianto EarlyNeolithic sitesin of muchchronological significance and Dixon, 1965) at least showsthat there and elsewhere Cann, Crete,Thessaly, (Renfrew, in times.As suggested above,this mayhave been occupation the Cycladesin EarlyNeolithic between obsidianindustry Saliagos and thoseof the accountforthe affinities at mayperhaps earlier. Cilicia and theKonya plain,whichare surely in of wouldtherefore serveto place theSaliagosculture theMiddle This process elimination in theAegean.It is precisely herethatmostoftheaffinities, discussed to Late Neolithic period fall.Indeed, the culture, not closelyresembling otherin the in thelast section, although any as of and culture theAegean.The pottery small area,is instantly recognizable a laterNeolithic of are thescarcity reallygood parallels. finds in no way exotic, despite of showsa certainbifurcation parallelsbetween of east and west,with A study thepottery ofchronological In mainland Greecedark-faced nonethelessa considerable degree consistency. vesselsstandingon legs, and tanged pointsall make wares with whitepaint, fruit-stands, latein theMiddleNeolithic their 1965, appearanceat aboutthesametime, period(Weinberg, The findin thebothros Trench3 at Elateia has been dated by Weinberg(1964, 208), of 40). circuitous to argument, about 4300 b.c. usinga somewhat in mainlandGreeceoffeatures in theSaliagosculture shouldgive seen This first appearance if like for derivation us something an upperlimit Saliagos,although theyare in factofeastern in from earlier theislands.The import matt-painted of conceivable couldbe rather ware, they confirms theSaliagos culture that continued intotheLate Neolithic the Corinth area, period, millennium. and thusintothefourth in are The similarities the east Aegean pottery chiefly pointsofdetail,such as handle with in haveoriginated Anatolia. forms. itmust be forgotten dark-faced But not that may pottery itself Giali at Saliagos(Appendix here.There of from also be ofrelevance The find obsidian IV) may fortheeastern is no good published at thistime,but Mr. SinclairHood has sequence Aegean in to material from excavations Emborio Chios, his at allowedus torefer theunpublished kindly in studiedwith his permission Colin Renfrew 1964. There appears to be an unbroken by
go
are The LevelX toLevelsV-II, which tobe setintheTroyI- II period. at succession thesitefrom at of finds EmborioX relateto theearlier theremains theA. Gala cave, and henceto the from Late Neolithic Hacilar (Mellaart,1960a, 89). The lunatehandlesofLevelsIX and VIII at of similar handlesand perhaps a horned the Emborio form linkwithSaliagos,as do thestrikingly the lack ofincisedware in EmborioX. The absencebothat Saliagos and from lowerlevelsat withrolledrimsofKum ware Emborioofpattern-burnished and ofheavyburnished pottery before latestChalcolithic WestAnatolia. the of Tepe Ib aspectwould seemto set themfirmly millennium so thatone would has datesin thelatersixth The Hacilar culture radiocarbon b.c., of thatdate and theinception theKum Tepe Ib between expectto place theSaliagosculture culture. and If the recently earlydatesforTroyI (Mellaart,i960 b, exaggeratedly suggested surely of be it French,1961, 117) be rejected, might reasonableto set the inception Kum Tepe Ib within range4500-3500 the wouldthenfallsomewhere around3500 b.c. The Saliagosculture wouldthusaccordbroadly withtheGreek links withtheeast Mediterranean b.c. The ceramic ones. of rewere reachedbeforethe results the Radiocarbondeterminations These conclusions confirmed the in AppendixXII becameknown. They have been verysatisfactorily by ported of series C-14 dates,whichsettheduration the sitebetweenabout 4300 b.c. and of coherent b.c. 3700 datesare increased givea rangefrom to for 4500 to 3900 Usingthe5730 half-life C-14, these calibration C-14 dates allowstheirmoreaccurate of b.c. And whenthedendrochronological At in expression calendaryears,the sitemay be set yetearlierby severalcenturies. present, withotherC-14 dates,therangeofc. 4300 b.c. in however, orderto makevalid comparison to c. 3700 b.c., obtainedusingthe 'Libby value' forthehalf-life (5568 years),is themostconvenient. withthe parallelssuggested the The dates are in everyway consistent above, confirming in from Middle to Late Neolithic mainland of Saliagos withthe transition contemporaneity the to Greece,and serving corroborate chronological equationofthesitewithEmboriophases IX and VIII. rather sure.At theend ofthe less of of The duration theoccupation Saliagosis statistically sincethecontexts of200 to 400 yearswas suggested. a However, excavation, short occupation 1 Stratum to weretakeneffectively thelifeofthesite,from whichtheC-14 samples from span from Radiocarbondates of c. 500^120 yearsmustbe the Stratum the estimate resulting 3, allows chronological scope forthe acceptedas the best available. Such a durationcertainly in whichare observed thelithicand ceramicindustries. minor rather changes of Takinga middlepointofabout4000 b.c. fortheoccupation thesite,Saliagosmaybe seen late in of as thecontemporary theearlyVinca culture Jugoslavia 4010 b.c. (Gro 1546),for (cf. culture(cf.4410 b.c. (Bln-158),forKaranovo III) Vinca A), and betweenthe Vesselinovo culture (cf. 3890 b.c. (Bln-136), and 3879 b.c. (Bln-151), for and the early Gumelnitsa KaranovoV) in Bulgaria. of for Thereis a dateof368o 150b.c. (Heidelberg) theDiminiculture Thessaly, regrettably affinities thelaterMiddle of and in notyetpublished Radiocarbon, this,and theDanilo/Vinca the Neolithicat Elateia support chronological equationof Saliagos withthe Middle to Late in transition mainlandGreece.In Crete,Saliagos maybe setin theperiodbetween Neolithic Knossos. IV VI Stratum (4260 b.c. (BM 273)) and Stratum (3730 b.c. (BM 279)) at Neolithic Anatolia.But Saliagos may be conof little knownof theNeolithic Western is Regrettably Mersin(MersinXV), ofphase in theAmouq, of the sidered contemporary Late Chalcolithic
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of the earlierUbaid periodin Mesopotamia(4120 b.c. (H-138) forWarka), and perhapsof theBadarianphasein Predynastic Egypt(cf.3794 b.c. (G 810), and 3627 b.c. (C 814) forthe Amratian succeeding phase). in culture CentralEurope.The Danubian Neolithic Thiswas thetimeoftheLengyel expanwas alreadywell under and theImpressed Ware Neolithic sionwas in progress further north, the way in Spain and throughout westMediterranean. of withinthe laterNeolithic the The C-14 dates of Saliagos thusplace the culturefirmly and of the morethana millennium development Aegeanmetallurgy the Aegean,preceding by reachedon purely the fullAegean EarlyBronzeAge. They serveto substantiate conclusions grounds. typological in are The affinities the Saliagos culture not so marked the case of any one cultureas to of there of for ofdeparture theinhabitants Saliagos.Certainly outthelatter a likely as single point whichlinkit withGreece. The tangedpointsin particular are features besidesthe pottery the are not knownin West Anatoliaor in Crete,althoughseen in Greecefrom timeof the Elateia bothros the onsetof the EarlyBronzeAge. Marble bowlstoo are knownfromthe to West Anatolia or Crete.On the otherhand, the obsidian Neolithic Greece,but not from of thanatal Hykor Mersin.Indeed,weredistance has at present parallels few closer industry a no barrier, case could be made out fora linkwithMersinXXIV, withits dark-faced ware, obsidianarrowheads, flat-flaked in with infilled sometimes decorated white(although incisions), to flatspindle whorls 1953,fig.18), and silo bases. However,it would seembetter (Garstang, in features doubtless withlocal antecedents, view the Saliagos cultureas indigenous, sharing of of common withtheancestors theMiddle and Late Neolithic Greeceand theChalcolithic of of Anatolia.In thisway due weight can be givento the unique features the Saliagos culture, that affinities are observed. without of the denying validity thosecultural
APPENDIX I. RELATIVE SEA-LEVEL CHANGE IN THE TIMES SALIAGOS AREA SINCE NEOLITHIC
Ian a. Morrison, University ofEdinburgh of note in thisAppendixis a preliminary on a series geomorphoAs indicated themain text, sea that initiated explorethepossibility relative levelwas to and archaeological surveys logical siteon Saliagos was occupied.This workprovedmost lowerin thisarea whenthe Neolithic siteswerelocated. or Over twenty archaeological submerged partially submerged productive. wellsand cemented theserangein character from and other'marine'features, Besideswrecks mentioned The systems rock-cut of trenches stone is wallstotombs;there evenan ancient quarry. distribution above and belowthepresent both to werefound have a widespread in themaintext A of a sea level, and appear to represent Hellenisticfield-system vine trenches. detailed willbe published of and analysis thislargeand variedassemblage new material of description that of is to The Appendix to drawattention thoseaspects ourfindings separately. objectofthis excavation to relatedirectly thepresent report. form.In 1964 Robin (Jack) Crump,Michael Gee, Michael The worktookthe following of and Wardmade a detailed Ian Hassel,FrankIrving, Morrison, Robert survey thesubmarine to StraitwhereSaliagoslies,and also started investiofthepartoftheAntiparos morphology to area was found contain.In thattheAntiparos of therichvariety submerged antiquities gate and of and of made a geomorphological sitesurvey thecoastline Antiparos Morrison addition, islands.In on neighbouring to sites relevant sea-level ofpartofWestParos,and visited change season'sworkby the by 1965,helpedprincipally Miss Ann Stoves,he consolidated previous and by makinga comprehensive underwater further photographic antiquities investigating bothyears'investigations, sites recordofthemostinteresting from usinga simpleunderwater In WilliamPhelpsgavevaluablehelpand discussion. technique. bothseasons photogrammetric timeavailablewas sites underwater in theshort unrecorded of The location so manypreviously of the Antiparote the spirited especially octopushunters, co-operation possibleonlythrough and PeppinoMarianos. Iannis,Petros, is morethan100 length scarcely Today Saliagosis a verysmallislandindeed.Its maximum is of and theactual area overwhichland vegetation any sortsurvives equivalent only metres, standseven 4 Of of to a rectangle about 40 by 100 metres. thisarea onlyabout one-eighth drifts over the level of the sea, and on windydays sea-spray above the present metres right thattheNeolithic of water.It is ofcourse island.Thereis no source fresh villagers might possible the but of islet have chosensuch an incommodious in the interests defence, ofitself islandsite and achievea are The 'cliffs' discontinuous, at their an little bafHe attacker. to highest presents is accessible distant from in but370 metres metres height. Saliagos Antiparos, Lying meagre3' Thus as soonas of withthesimplest craft. or swimmers by anyboatmen to attackbycompetent it on settlement Saliagosbecameapparent, was clearthat of thescale and nature theNeolithic a the the the it would be worth exploring idea thatduring Neolithic sitepresented moresubbasisforsettlement. stantial reducedthe erosion the sea had significantly was One possibility thatsimplehorizontal by cliffs around of of thefreshness thesurfaces thelittle sincetheNeolithic. sizeoftheislet Certainly in are the island,and the way thatNeolithicstructures being exposedand destroyed these
APPENDIX I. RELATIVE SEA-LEVEL CHANGE
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shows thatquitevigorous erosion goingon at present. is on cliffs, However, Saliagos,and indeed in thearea studied general, is notablethatthepresent leveldoes notaccordwithany in it sea is is marked erosion goingon,there no Thus,although particularly discontinuity. morphological well-defined is to of relatedto present level.Neither there sea anything planation thebed-rock thatSaliagosmight have beenreducedto itspresent by thestripping size away oflarge suggest of reachofthesea material. Indeed, evenwell clearofthepresent quantities morevulnerable is Thus thebed-rock seldomoverlain anysignificant sediments. thickness unconsolidated of by it does notseemlikely thatsimplehorizontal levelofland and sea could erosion thepresent at have alteredthenatureofthesettlement offered Saliagos in any substantial site way since by theNeolithic of Hence,ifthepossibility a significant changein thesize ofSaliagos occupation. is to be considered, case mustdependrather evidenceofchangeoflevel. the on landThe bestevidence sucha changein levelwouldhave been thepresence Neolithic of of builtstructures, such as house-foundations, below the sea. However,the chance of running was such several structures, as thehearth any finding suchearlyevidence slimindeed.Certainly shownin fig. 14,werefound sea verycloseto present level and variouswalls run offthe cliff characteristic the site of (e.g. in Squares T2 and T4, fig. 7). But the loose stonestructures difficult excavation to on ofthecareful enough recognize land in theinitial possible proved stages it there(see plan, fig. 9). Underwater,and withpermission not to explore, to excavate, only wouldhave beenvery difficult proveanything to from suchmaterial evenifitwereas wellpreservedas thaton land. The chance,however, any traceat all of such structures of surviving wave attackofthesortencountered roundSaliagoswas negligible. Even the quite substantial for broken by thesea, despitethe was promptly jettyconstructed theuse oftheexcavation up fact thatithad beenplacedwith somecareon thesheltered south sideoftheisland.It is notable that althoughmanysubmerged durable structures were found, thesewereall of a relatively and nowhere was anything as vulnerable thestructures theNeolithic as of nature, recognized and pottery, with but occupationof Saliagos. The sea bed was also searchedforsmall finds little success aroundSaliagos.Thougha fewwavetheseall appeared wornsherds werefound, to be late. an rise thatsuggests over-all in sea levelsince did, however, Saliagositself providea pointer theNeolithic This is pitA (see plate va) At was clearthatthestratigraphy this of occupation. feature refuse overa periodoftimein a drypit.Yet thebase ofthepit represents accumulating is nowsome80 cm. belowthesalt-water withthepresent table,whichherecorresponds directly in levelofthesea. Conceivably, thisparticular horizontal erosion without case, simple change ofrelative levelcould be invoked explainaway thisdifference sea to from conditions the prewhenthepitwas filled. itself pit provesnothing, takenwiththeevidence Of of the but vailing thearea aroundSaliagos,it is suggestive. Before this the considering evidence, matter by just maybe setin perspective examining how a changein level would be necessary make a real alteration the environment in at to large offered Saliagos.It was to throw was on thisthata detailedsurvey made ofthe by present light submarine of StraitwhereSaliagos lies. morphology thepartoftheAntiparos Extensive reconnaissances thesea bed weremade. A majorobjective these of was to ascerof tainto whatextent present the form thebottom of was due to accumulations sand. Clearly of the pattern such accumulations of based on time,and measurements mightchange through suchfeatures wouldhave limited thatthe value in thepresent It context. was found, however, form thebottom of reflected morphology therockhead, and indeedin mostofthe the of closely critical shoalareas thebed-rock either is visibleor coveredby onlya thinveneerofsand. One thatthe figures of may thusfeelconfident givenbelow,forthe magnitude changesin level
94
in of alterations thedistribution land and sea, are maximum for They figures. necessary certain features. where is clearofephemeral this of refer theactualconfiguration thebed oftheStrait to smaller In practice, seemsrealistic believethatrather to it changesoflevelwouldhave the of the effect linking islands.There are severalreasonswhythisis so. One reasonis thatour coursesbetween measuredtraverses were made along straight lines,whereasthe shallowest available to us, it wouldhave takenmoretimethan islandswerecurves. Withtheequipment cols beroutesalong the submarine we possessed fixthe complexcurvesof the shallowest to the of tweentheislands.Another reasonis thatalthough sand features todaywereavoidedin in also our measurements, exist;and suchfeatures these presumably existed thepast.The conthatsand barswouldplayan important of figuration thisarea is suchthatit seemsnotunlikely if lowersea levelsthanthatoftoday.Clearly thisbe accepthe partin linking islandsat slightly smaller of one actualchanges levelthanthe ted,for changes maypostulate giventopographical one distribution sandfeatures, of measurements However, cannotbe sureoftheancient suggest. no sincesubmergence have notbeen modified. so thefigures Similarly, allowanceforscouring in now The way thatthe widespread vine-trench has been incorporated the figures. systems of thatwidespread below sea level have all been completely however, stripped soil suggests, smaller thanour haveinfact taken wouldagainmeanthatfigures rather losses place. Suchlosses wouldbe realistic. measurements a The wereduplicated. weremade from boat, and all readings These depthmeasurements marked used instrument was a Vexilardepthgauge.This was calibrated againstan accurately thatforthedepthrangewithwhichwe weredealingit line vertical byJackCrump.He found of 'mean sea level' was taken as the one-third a metre.Present was accurateto well within the nominaldatum.The tidalrangewas so smallas to be within rangeofatmospheric effects, from for The sounding stations werefixed triangulation and was negligible present by purposes. on stations theislands. chartsof the were comparedwith the variouslarge-scale The measurements Admiralty in chartchecked is The planimetry theoldercharts notaccurate detail,buttherecent of Strait. in from chartis therefore this Information wellwithour surveys. incorporated fig.24,together between are withtheline ofour traverse Ten withour own findings. profiles shown, together The partsnumbered and Remmatonisi. 1/2,3/4,5/6and the Saliagos/Remmatonisi Saliagos in The was drawnup at theend ofthe 1964 weremeasured detailas controls. diagram traverse checkin 1965when thatit givesofthearea receiveda comprehensive season,and thepicture of ofthemorphology carried was out and a number underwater a further extensive inspection areas. It willbe notedthatthepromeasurements takenin critical were depth supplementary to scale exaggerated timesin relation the horifive in files fig. 24 are drawnwiththevertical A a to the that for moment consider distortion thisentails. man zontalscale.It is worth pausing an and actualnatural wouldsuffer exaggerwithhisshoulders waistat their thusdrawn, width, of to that to feet. ationin height thirty Thisis theorder distortion has beennecessary showthese of result our lineson thediagrampublished as morethansingle here,fortheprincipal profiles to is survey thattheStraitis veryshallowindeedin relation itswidth. of more than a kilometre sea waterseparates Today, even wherethe Straitis narrowest, it if metres wouldbe Parosand Antiparos. However, thesea levelwerelowered a merethree by and a halfwouldenableone to go mostofthe A fall to possible wade across. further ofa metre Paros or Antiparos from : Saliagos,ifone way dry-shodit would be possibleto walk to either in Witha reduction sea leveloffiveor werewilling wade partoftheway to Remmatonisi. to north hill sixmetres running altogether, Saliagoswouldbe a little at theend ofa promontory observedfact,not fromthe isthmus represent linkingthe two main islands. These figures
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Fig. 24. Evidence relating to sea-level changes in the vicinity of Saliagos. Above: the present coastline. Below: the depth of the sea bed, showing the extent of land and of sea (shaded) fall in level of about 5 metres after a hypothetical
g6
of smaller to As above,it seemsrealistic supposethatrather changes level conjecture. suggested would producetheseresults. than thoseindicated thefigures by it of Thereis muchevidence actual change.In brief, seemsfairto statethatthegeomorphoin thata changeoflevelhas indeedoccurred evidence agrees showing logicaland archaeological to orderof magnitude and thatthischangehas been of a sufficient here sincethe Neolithic in of a alteration thedistribution land and sea. The recorded effect marked changewas in the of of senseto resolve archaeological the village.The improbability thesiting theNeolithic right of main points theevidencerunas follows. is is erosion activetodaythere little As notedearlier, planationrelated signoffresh though that sea to the present level.This leads to thepresumption thesea has not been activeat the thatthesea has levelforany greatspan oftime.Othernaturalevidencealso suggests present levelhere. reacheditspresent onlyrecently The sea does not appear to have been above thislevelin recenttimesin the area studied. sea above present level (see Anastopoulos, marinedeposits There are Pleistocene 1963), but thatthesea had been above no and searchofAntiparos WestParosrevealed evidence a careful either level duringthe Holocene. There are no recentraised shoreline its present features, of south it erosionalor depositional. Although is possiblethat the swampyflatimmediately this thanat present, is uncertain. to a sea levelslightly reflect Kastromight higher deposition from thissitewerealso inconclusive AppendixVI). Certainly Dr. Turner'spollenresults (see at thanat present any timesince thatthelocal sea levelcould have been higher it is unlikely showedno sign latersites, on of The remains thesettlement Saliagos,and various theNeolithic. have been so. thatthismight to the encountered the On thecontrary evidence submergence, throughout area points recent this in to whentheland stoodhigher relation thesea.Justhowrecent a after substantial period understructures found terrestrial Severaloftheoriginally was is notyetknown. submergence or to and watercouldnotbe datedclosely, someof thesecould as wellhave belonged medieval in This pointis illustrated a striking by thecomas times to earlier evenmodern way periods. wallsand a beautifully Cemented off plex lying AyiosYeorgiosat thesouthend ofAntiparos. Near by,on therising standon thesea bed there. well-head groundnear theshore, preserved well. similar a farmers AyiosYeorgiosdraw theirwaterfrom remarkably of the present-day well and the use are Indeed, suchwell-heads in everyday throughout islands.Yet the sunken to of surface thesea. It is difficult believethata belowthepresent metres wallslie a fullthree so wellwouldbe builtwithsuchcareifitwas toyieldonlybrackish water, one mayassumethat three in to whenit was in use theland stoodhigher relation thesea by morethantheminimal metres. an sea That thisphaseoflow relative levelwas notmerely ephemeral by episodeis shown the in These rangewidely date sitestransgressed thesea in thearea studied. oftheother by variety in thatthe land stoodhigher relationto the sea herefora considerable and suggest period. that us the from periodthatinterests thatsuggests thelocal relative is Indeedthere no evidence of even threeor fourmetres its present level of the sea had everapproachedto within level, cannotbe ruledout,but,as mentioned This possibility to thefinalsubmergence. above, prior timesincethe themtheseseemto leave little and siteswereinvestigated between overtwenty thanthis. have stoodhigher sea for Neolithic hypothetical phaseswhentherelative levelmight backthrough will of Somecharacteristic by samples theevidence nowbe considered, working above and other The well-headmentioned the towards Neolithic. the timefrom morerecent lowerthanat late features undatedbut clearly implya local sea levelmorethanthreemetres would not have been vine-trenches of Similarly, largepartsof the system Hellenistic present.
APPENDIX I. RELATIVE SEA-LEVEL CHANGE
97
workable had the local sea level not stoodat least threemetres lowerthen.Indeed one may thatit was considerably lowerthanthis, it is difficult believethattheenormous for to suspect in investment labourinvolved thecutting suchtrenches thebed-rock of in of would have been for areasofsalty It to ground. is equallydifficult believethatthenow contemplated vulnerable sunken weresetout in areaswheretheonlysoilwas sea-sand by left system partsofthetrench somepreceding Holocene transgression. Time is requiredforeven thinsoilsto develop.The of otherthings, would appear to reinforce flooding a classicalstonequarry,amongst present of Professor Kondoleonvisited theevidence thevine-trenches. someofthesites Antiparos in in Naxos, wherehe was 1965 and told us thatMycenaeanremainsat Grottaon neighbouring sea morethan (Kondoleon,1959,i960, 1961),showthatrelative levelwas certainly excavating metres belowthepresent levelin thearea at thatperiodtoo.Around three there are Antiparos, at leastfour sites builtstructures seem to be BronzeAge cists, underwater withcarefully that a of for excavation could notprovethis.One of we though coursewithout permit underwater is a and Dhespotikon. these sites off smallislandbetween Abovethesurface, this AyiosYeorgios islandbearsa provedBronzeAge cemetery. associated The underwater implies site that again metres theland stoodat leastthree relative thesea then.Again,too,theimplication to higher in is thatthedifference levelwas rather morethanthis, it seemsunlikely for thatcists wouldbe builtbelow the marinewatertable,especially withthe hill now represented theislandso by near to hand. seemslittle doubtthatfora considerable Thus there between partoftheperiodintervening thepresent timeand theNeolithic, area understudy stoodat a distinctly the has level higher to in thanat present relative thesea. How muchthedifference levelswas is notknown, none for ofthesubmerged sitesfoundwas ofa sortthatindicatedan ancientposition theshoreline. of no installations werefound.Indeed,fewofthesubmerged Thus,forinstance, submerged port land-built features wouldhave lookedout ofplace anywhere inland.All thatcan be said with is thattheshoreline lowerthan thesesites,and thusthatthe difference levels in certainty lay cannothave been less than threemetres. Severallinesof evidenceseem to make it certainly was thatthedifference as smallas this.Three metres thefigure is to unlikely necessary bring thesurface thesea to thelevelofvarious of not It thatpeople sites, to clearthem. seems unlikely would go right down to thelevel of the sea's surface startsetting vineyards digging to out or wellsand graves. Even ifonlya minimum of of, figure say,threeand a halfmetres changeis accepted,prior to therecent must longhave beenovertwice present for its size.It would submergence, Saliagos have beenpossible wade from to there first a considerably to and Remmatonisi thence enlarged to theextended shores either of or Paros.Giventhefive- six-metre or Antiparos changeoflevel thaton balance seemsa morerealistic of the evidencefrom our seriesof subinterpretation the of in sites, distribution land and sea would be thatsuggested fig. 24 (lower). merged On thisevidence, seemslikely it thatpriorto therecent the submergence land stoodhighin relation thesea in thearea at leastas farback as theBronzeAge. Becauseofthevulnerable to natureoftheNeolithic structures characteristic Saliagos,we can neither of provenordisprove in thatthiswas the stateof affairs the Neolithic. The submarine evidenceof all definitively sortssuggests, that thiswas certainly distinct a This possibility would however, possibility. seemto be converted probability theincongruity finding to of sucha majorsettlement an on by islandthatis now so small. Even Pit A on Saliagos,however, failsto eliminate possibility the sea level might the that have beenrelatively hereduring Neolithic, the thenfallen the high awayfor longperiodof our now sunken sites,to riseagain at the present day. The relative changesin level in thisarea
C 4316 H
98
of movements of involve interplay eustatic the changes sea leveland local tectonic (world-wide) the of oftheland. The operation each ofthesefactors yearsis stilltoo during lastsixthousand in of of to mucha matter controversy allow a balancedjudgement thispossibility terms their of in will from of elsewhere be discussed in The degreeofrelevance evidence interplay thisregion. was no whatsoever encountered would that thatis tofollow. thefuller Certainly evidence report here. such a doublemovement one support in invoking The smallness Saliagos and its lack of of as The conclusions may be summarized follows. site isletseem a ratherincongruous fora permanent fresh watermakesthe present farming on whichhints thatthesitestood and is settlement, indeedthere someevidence theislanditself of in to higher relation the sea duringthe Neolithic.It was foundthatthe configuration the area around Saliagos is such thateven a small changein relativesea level would have farevidence of effects the distribution land and sea in thisarea. Geomorphological on reaching showthatthere in factbeen has of and theexistence numerous together submerged antiquities was orderofmagnitude This submergence oftheright here a submergence sincetheNeolithic. settlement Saliagos.Although on of of to explaintheapparent anomaly thesiting theNeolithic an of the doublechange doesnotpreclude possibility invoking unproved theavailableevidence is and thesimpler for no oflevelto negatethisconclusion, support thiswas found, explanation favoured. therefore
APPENDIX II. MINERALOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS FROM SALIAGOS

M. G. oosTEROM, Vening MeineszLaboratorium, University Utrecht of
The mineralogical of fromthe Saliagos compositions some stonetools and othermaterials and excavations wereinvestigated microscopic X-raydiffraction at by techniques theVening MeineszLaboratorium theUniversity Utrecht, a result personal of as of of contacts made with on theexcavators Antiparos our on worth whileto during ownfield-work thatisland.It seemed to someofthematerials used by theprehistoric islanders with try identify through comparison in theCyclades, and mineral rocks thecourseof investigated ourlaboratory by deposits during and mineralogical in researches recent the geochemical years.This idea of combining results from unrelated sciences provedto be ofsomevalue. has otherwise The most field of at provedto be theseries stoneaxesfound Saliagos.This promising ofstudy a included few axesmadeofultramafic1 collection whichare commonly usedelsewhere as rocks, a toolmaterial, wereofiron-ore, material frequently a whileothers less used. The majority of weremade ofa dark-green schistose material somewhat of unusualappearance. axes,however, be as Only one object(Small Find no. 9, plate xxxviii,4) could readily identified a volcanic from islandKavouras(North the of examinarock, Phira)in thevicinity Saliagos.Macroscopic for tionproving indecisive a petrological identification theaxes,it seemedadvisableto take of smallchips, of for in representative each typeofmaterial, further investigation thelaboratory. in have been collected Table 24. The results of The principal result theX-rayinvestigation theaxesis thedetection a similar of of mineral in the iron-ore and the schistose At first, the indeed,we had thought examples. composition rockto be a highly altered volcanicrock.In fact, schistose bothiron-ore however, fine-grained axes are foundto consist thesameminerals diaspore, and schistose of and haematite, chloriamounts.The presenceof chloritoid toid2 in varying to be of diagnostic especially proved significance. of doubtit can be said thatbothtypes axe material Without from originate emery deposits. of are Considerable amounts emery foundin the eastern of theislandofNaxos as interpart a In formation.3 plate lvii, a, theX-raydiffraction calations within marble-schist of patterns of withthoseofemery samples therockmaterial theSaliagosobjects(upper)are compared ore different localities. The dark-green schistose material usedfor axes compares from the wellwith and from thediaspore- chloritoid-rich ofemery Naxos. Otheremery are richer in type deposits a moreor lessconstant and magnetite, haematite diasporebeing component. abouttheindividual Withsufficient it be knowledge emery deposits, wouldprobably possible ofaxe-material a specific to to tracedownthedifferent In any case, emery ore types locality. materialforaxes, being both hard and tough. seemsto be an unusual but veryconvenient Some examplesof emeryore, forexamplethe diaspore-chloritoid-rich also exhibita types, in initialsplitting. is seen in plate lvii, b,this As lamination, resulting a useful pronounced of the rockexhibits o-oi intergrowth orewith other transparent particles; grainsizesrangefrom and in mm.Thisintergrowth thefineness grain-size to0*05 contribute thestrength this to of rock.
1 Rocks of or and consisting mainly olivine pyroxene their are such calledultraalterations, as serpentinite, generally to in mafic. are Usually they light- dark-green appearance. 2 Compositions properties listed Table 24. in and are 3 Emery of originates thealteration bauxite by deposits A smallemery on during regional metamorphism. outcrop Paros(notvisited theauthor) indicated thegeois on by logical map ofGreece.
100
The axes made of ultramafic rocks(also named ophiolites roches or consist two of vertes) The different materials. one (SmallFindno. 54) is madeofordinary rock;theother serpentinite of fresh with ore (no. 8) consists a fairly pyroxene-rock interstitial particles (plate lvii, c). As this rock maybe seenin thephotograph, is also a fine-grained withgrain-size to mm.It up has a texture interlocking of to grainswhichcontributes considerably itstoughness. Serpentinizedultramafic rocks occurat severalplaceson EasternParosand also on Naxos. Butit is not certain thatthematerial axe no. 8 originates theseregions. for in entirely This investigation in of shows, the author's opinion,thattheinhabitants Saliagos chosethe raw materials theiraxes withcare, and tookthe trouble go to EasternNaxos, some 30 for to withraw materials. milesaway,to providethemselves Efforts have been made to determine natureof a fewothermineralsubstances the found at the with during excavations Saliagos.A mineral-aggregate blacklustre (from Square R3 L6) as of within crystals manyparticles iron consists the so of entirely calcite,containing inclusions oxide (or manganese withblacklustre. Similarcalcite oxide) as to makeit an opaque substance in mineofAgiosKonstantinos theeastern is found theabandonedmanganese on coastofAntiitself a mineralogical is and peculiarity, thereis littledoubt that the exparos. The mineral from thisparticular cavatedmaterial source. originates Another of Square T2 L3) consists a lightgreyclayishmaterialcontaining sample (from a mixture finely of suchas feldspars, and dividedmaterials it pyroxenes, micas.Mostprobably In is a volcanictuff from or kaolinite, bentonite, white Antiparos. anycase it does notresemble In siliceous Melos,as had beenthought claysfrom possible. theauthor's opinionboththeblack have a low value as a ceramicor colouring and thewhitematerial material.
TABLE 24. THE MINERALOGIG AL COMPOSITION
Ghloritoid (Fe, Mg)O. A12O3.SiO2. H2O Diaspore A12O3.H2O Hematite Fe2O3 Magnetite Fe3O4 Antigorite 3MgO. 2SiO2. 2H2O Excavation Small Find Number 31
233
OF THE ROCKS ANALYSED
Sp. Gravity Hardness 3-55 6-5 3-33 7-0 5*2 5*0 5*17 5'5~6*5 2-6 4-0-5-0
Object Iron-oreaxe Schistoseaxe

99
Mineralogical
Composition
Rck name Iron-richEmery Diaspore and Ghloritoidrich Emery Serpentinite

> J
Place of Origin E. Naxos, Paros (?) E. Naxos

J>
Remarks Heavy Hard

>>
Hematite,Magnetite, Diaspore, Chloritoid Diaspore, Ghloritoid, Hematite Ore Antigorite,

j> J5
174
*75
54
Ultramaficaxe
j>
Paros, W. Naxos
35
8 9 R3 A L6 T2 L3
,, Flake of reddish volcanic rock Black crystalline material White clayish material
Pyroxene,Ore Feldspar, Quartz Galcite, Iron-oxide Clay, Feldspar, Mica, Pyroxene
Pyroxenite Trachyte
Tuff (?)
:(?) Kavouras (N. Antiparos) Ay. Konstantinos (Antiparos) Antiparos(?)
Light and relatively soft Tough Hard
>>
APPENDIX
AND MINERALOGICAL III. GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
and University Cambridge of of j. E. d ix on, Department Mineralogy Petrology,

I. THE GEOLOGY OF THE ANTIPAROS ISLAND GROUP
own observations.) (1963) and thewriter's (Based on Anastopoulos Massifand and tectonically area forms the Geologically part of the Attico-Cycladic and of and of crystalline volcanicrocks.The morerecentsediments tertiary consists mainly in are verylimited extent. age quaternary and interbedded rocks The crystalline schists, gneisses, predominate comprise metamorphic are and and muscovite biotite, wellfoliated gradeintoschists The gneisses contain and marbles. and actinolite. or chlorite- talc-bearing, containchlorite, or whichmaybe micaceous, epidote, and or whiteor grey, The marbles, may be dolomitic ankeritic in places silicified. commonly microis of end ofAntiparos a series smalllensesofblackto greyfossiliferous At thefarnorth Productus (Permian),Bryozoa whichM. Reichelhas described limestone from sp. crystalline of or Permian)and Foraminifera thefamily Pachyploia(Permian). (Fistulipora Dybowskiella, of formation originally was sediments Permian thatthewholemetamorphic It is concluded age. Some timebetweenthe Permianand the Pliocene theywere subjectedto fairly low-grade of above. These to recrystallizing the variety rocktypesmentioned regionalmetamorphism, silica mobilizedfrom the veinsprobablyoriginating from rocksare cut by numerous quartz rocksat thetimeofthemetamorphism. surrounding and sediments interbedded are The tertiary sandstones, marlysandstones, conglomerates of a verysmallarea in thesouth-east the Island. They containPliocenefossils. covering massiveporphyritic brecciated or The igneousrocksare all volcaniccomprising rhyolitic and debris(ashes,bombs,lapilli,etc.), together lavas,thinweldedtuffs, abundantpyroclastic and obsidian.The latter glasses formed rapidcoolingofa very are withsubordinate by perlite and concentric fractures a higherwater lava: perliteis characterized numerous siliceous by whichit probably forms hydration. Bothoccuras blocksin the thanobsidianfrom content by is areal extent. de-vitrificationcommon.The lavas of tuff as lava flows limited or Spherulitic and and : the in biotite they overlie Pliocenesediments are overlain are alkaline affinity contain and advancedweathering degradaalluvialdeposit. showin addition thelowest They quite by and the tionofvolcanicstructures are thusconcludedto be ofPlioceneage. Theyform whole in and outcrop Despotiko and Strongilo thesouthofAntiparos on ofthesouth-east peninsula westand on Kavouras to thenorth. and calcareous consolidated Alluvialand diluvialdeposits partly sands,gravels, breccias, - occur over variouspartsof the island to a thickness 50 metres. of The marine sandstones in Otherless to terrace depositdescribed Section2 (below) has been assigned thePleistocene. are still. well consolidated younger representatives undoubtedly has Mineralization relatedto thelate stagesofthevolcanicactivity givenriseto variousore notably: deposits and 1. Vein depositsof lead, zinc, iron, and copper-iron sulphidesin the Prassovounia A. Georgios regions.
102
EXCAVATIONS
AT SALIAGOS
oxidesin themarbleat 'Manganies'. of 2. Replacement deposits manganese of ofironoxidesin themarbles theKaki Skala area. 3. Replacement deposits nearA. Elias. A depositofthezinc ore calamine,in marbles 4. worked but evidently out These are all now effectively supplyof quite a substantial provided in material thepast. are relatedgeologically, The three islandsNaxos, Paros,and Antiparos closely manyofthe two.Principal either theother of on rocks found one could equallyhave comefrom exceptions massofNorthern the of are thevolcanics Antiparos, foliated Naxos,and thecorundumgranite of bearingemeries East Naxos. of The island is composedof marble coveredwith a variable thickness a heterogeneous The in turnhas a soil-cover. marbleis exposedall roundthecoastin which calcareousdeposit inland. extent in and also to a verylimited about one and ten metres width, a stripbetween and c. 70 percent), with brown greys, marbles totalling light (white, Light-coloured predominate are of and dark-grey black marblesaccountfortheremainder therockexposed.The marbles of as indicatedby the variable attitudes the are banded. Gentleflexures present commonly neverexceedabout 20 deg. Some Dips (estimated) beddingplanesshownon thesketch-map. to weredifficult determine natureand trend but are faults undoubtedly present theirprecise is evidently sameas thatexposedelsewhere the The marble area the from restricted ofexposure. found of the the on Antiparos immediately (including opposite island)and from evidence fossils Permianlimestone. is end ofAntiparos at thenorth itself, a metamorphosed of The uppersurface the marbleis irregular, just varying quite rapidlyin places between above sea level. Exceptwherementioned below and about one and a halfmetres above, it is of of witha calcareous'breccia'composed angularfragments marble(and veryrarely covered calciteand matrix smallcalcitefragments, of otherrocks)setin a buff-coloured re-crystallized in be all matrix places. The non-marine in placessmallfossils, gastropods. rockmay principally laid down Plioceneor Pleistocene) a terrestrial recent It is evidently relatively deposit(perhaps sea to and of surface marblesub-parallel, thuspresumably on an erosion related, the present in the Cyclades, in elsewhere Greece,particularly are level.Similardeposits common forming of on or coastalplatforms marble, at thefootofhill-slopes marble(e.g. North Syros).The preof rain are of cise conditions deposition notclear: torrential producing rapidtransport eroded followed marbles limestones, or to debrisfrom by higher lowergroundin an area of exposed would of cementation theresulting water, by largely theactionofcarbonate-bearing aggregate be a reasonable explanation. accordsoil thatofa friable to thatofconcrete of The toughness thisrockseemsto varyfrom it whendryand exposedto sun and air permanently, of Thus, ing to theconditions exposure. it is wave actionand thesunintermittently, also tough. whereit is exposedto is hard; likewise These observations it Whenfreshly however, is quite soft. exposedbeneatha moistsoil-cover, in otherpartsofthe worldthathave in accordancewiththoseon similar seemto be deposits to of notice.The setting thisdepositinvolves come to the writer's exposure water,probably to out or perhaps, followed prolonged alternatively, exposure highly hard, drying by necessarily concludethatat an earlier One can safely of salinewater or evenrepetition theseprocesses. the stage,in a cooler,wetterenvironment depositwould quite likelyhave been much less these can inferences be drawnfrom thanit is today.No direct setting processes suggested tough that or conditions even about the past stateofthe deposits, either about past climatic merely
2. NOTE ON THE GEOLOGY OF SALIAGOS (FIG. 25)
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Fig. 25. Geological sketch map
104
on since theyare complexand dependent external conditions (and the passageof time)the of colour,or any otherproperty the calcareousdepositmay have toughness, excavatability, been quite different whatit is now. from
3. PETROLOGIGAL NOTES ON THE SMALL FINDS
(a) Independent X-ray and microscopic investigationof the reddish-black rock M. 13, similarin appearance to axes 31, 233 and manyothershas confirmed analysisofDr. Oosterom. the The writer is in complete agreement with Dr. Oosterom's interpretationof his results and his conclusions. (b) The rubbers 40, 56, 91, 145, 150, and 202-4 are all composed of a coarse muscoviteor biotite-gneiss foliated granite. This rock was not found on Antiparos where its equivalents are more schistosebut can be matched with a large foliatedgranite mass exposed to the west and northof Naxos town. silica. They could veryprobably (c) 5> 59? and 167 are all flintor chert cryptocrystalline have come fromAntiparos itselfor fromalmost any of the neighbouringislands. (d) The green pendant (no. 141, plate xliv, 2) has the specificgravityand appearance of jade, a pale-green compact varietyof the amphibole tremolite(a silicate of calcium nephritic and magnesium). Its provenance is uncertain.The islands of Syros and Siphnos are more likely sources than the Naxos-Paros-Antiparos group. The material is sufficiently uncommon for it to have come possiblyfroma verymuch greaterdistance, even though the metamorphic rocks with which it might be associated occur not far fromAntiparos. These observationsare very tentativeas it was not possible to make a thoroughptrographieexamination. (e) 97 (plate xlvii, 9) is pumice, almost certainlyfrom Thera, from where it probably floated. and 129, fine-grained (/) I57? a rounded lump of quartz-felsparporphyry, granite,almost came fromoutside the island group, but fromwhere is not known. certainly (g) The various worked and unworked pieces of marble (e.g. 21, spindle-whorl,109, schematic figurine, 170, polisher,etc.) could have come fromany of the Cyclades with the exception of Mykonos and Milos, or fromvery many places on the mainland.
APPENDIX IV. THE SOURCES OF THE SALIAGOS OBSIDIAN

and j. R. g Ann and j. . DixoN, Department Mineralogy Petrology, of University of and a. c. Renfrew, Department Ancient Cambridge, of History, University Sheffield of
1 A largelumpof unworked Giali obsidian, weighing in on 4,350gm.,wasfound 1965byMr. Petros Frangiskos
There are fourknownsourcesof workableobsidianin the Aegean, two, at Adhamas and on of one on the island of Dhemenegaki the island of Melos, 60 km. south-west Antiparos, Giali nearNisyros about 180km.eastofAntiparos, thefourth Antiparos and on itself (Renfrew, Cann, and Dixon, 1965). Obsidianfrom twosources Melos is themostwidespread theAegeanregion, the on in being found and Greece,Thessaly, evenMacedonia alreadyin placesas farapartas Crete,Southern in earlyNeolithic times. That from for Giali,notablerather thelargesize ofitsblocksthanfor itsgoodquality, usedprincipally Late Minoantimes, worked was in and or of objects fragments in therawmaterial havebeenfound Crete, Kea (op. cit.,p. 240) and in Naxos.1In Neolithic in times was already it Cave in Kos (Levi, 1925-6,279). The obsidian beingusedin theAspripetra found thesource Antiparos in theform smallrounded at on is of too the lumps, usually smallfor manufacture tools,and thusit appearsto have been little of used in thepast. A fewpiecesofobsidian appearance of and trace-element content different thatofanyof from theAegeanobsidians in have beenfound Crete.It is believedthattheseare from sourceat the in Neolithic and iftlik SouthAnatoliawhichalso suppliedPre-pottery Jericho, earlyMersin, theLevantine coast.This is theonlysourcecontributing obsidianto theAegeanfrom outside thatarea, and thequantity involved verysmall. is The characteristics whichenable the Aegean sourcesto be distinguished from one another are discussed Renfrew, Melianobsidian characterized is Cann,and Dixon (1965). Briefly, by by its appearance,havinga pearly-grey mottled red and in lustre, thoughsome is distinctively withhighbariumand low zirconium, whichfits into it black,and byitstrace-element content, That from Giali is muchmoretransparent blackin reflected and Group1 oftheclassification. that are verydistinctive. traceIts light,while it alwayscontainswhitespots (spherulites) element content similar thatofthe Melian obsidian,making is to distinction thisbasisnot on but in generalbariumis higherand strontium particularly and calcium certain, altogether lowerthanforthematerial from Melos. The smallroundpebblesofobsidianfrom Antiparos have a black shiny whilethe trace-element content quite is appearanceand lack spherulites, with whichputsit intoGroup 3b. distinctive, low bariumand low zirconium, The obsidianfoundat Saliagos is almostexclusively Melian appearance; out of 24,000 of lustre.Two waste flakeswith the pieces examinedfewerthan 50 lacked the characteristic wereselected trace-element for typicalMelian lustre analysis(cf. Cann and Renfrew, 1964), and bothspecimens nos. 208 and 209 ofTable 25) werefound belongto Group 1, to (analysis thus in their withtheredand blackmottled confirming origin Melos.Another specimen appearance occasionally foundin Melos was also analysed(no. 351) and also provedto belongto content of Group 1 witha trace-element typical Melian obsidians.
theshore theEarlyCycladic and Mycenean settlement by at Grotta Naxos.It is nowin theNaxosmuseum. in
A number smallroundpebblesfound stratified thesitehad theblackshiny at of appearance and a single and werealso a fewwasteflakes characteristic obsidianfrom of Antiparos, there artefact withsecondary (fig. 70. 4) of similarappearance.Two such sampleswere working analysed (nos. 210 and 211) and were found to fall withinGroup 3b, thus makingtheir attribution Antiparos to certain,as no othersourcein the Mediterranean regionhas such a composition.
TABLE 25. THE TRACE-ELEMENT COMPOSITION OF THE OBSIDIANS ANALYSED
II
GroupNo. ' Ba ' Sr ' Z* I
ic 208 209 351 212 210 211 213 214 500 8 630 93 22 30 40 22 140 170 140 80 10 15 15 10 90 65 65 5 5o 65 120 65 10 8
r Nb' La ' Rb Li ' Mo 'Ga'

16 6 6 < 50 <50 <50 5 5o 70 100 70 47 47 28 6 2O 250 160 320 22 *6 13 35 27 35 16 35 <3 <3 <3 < 3 <3 <3 <3 <3 11 *7 7 5 7 25 17 17
V
16 6 6 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5
Pb ^
10 22 22 67 36 150 67 97 72 83 42 32 36 48 36 70 7 56 47 47 47 56 47
Mg g |
, 8 8oo 3 G G R G 2 2 6 6 o 6 6 V .. .. .. ..
id 3b
10
8 3o 13 40 10 40 8 30
200 W 200 G 200 W 160 W
Provenance of specimens No. 208: L72; 209: K4 Lio; 351: F11/U; 212: P3 L3; 210: N3 L9; 211: Y3 L4; 213: : Dn/U; 214: G2/U. Analysesin partsper millionare given for 15 elementsforeach of the specimensanalysed. Abbreviations'. Barium; Sr: Strontium;Zr: Zirconium;Y: Yttrium;Nb: Niobium; La: Lanthanum; Rb: Rubidium; Ba: Li: Lithium; Mo: Molybdenum; Ga: Gallium; V: Vanadium; Pb: Lead; Ga: Calcium; Fe: Iron; Mg: Magnesium. For conveniencethe analysesof calcium and iron have been divided by 100. The sign < signifies 'less than'. The abbreviations used forthe colour of the specimenin transmitted lightare: R: Red; G: Grey or Smoky; B: Black; W: Clear (White). o: The scale used in theTransparency columnsignifies: not transparent /almost /opaque; 1: not transparent /Translucency translucent; translucent; fairly opaque; 4: fairly transparent /fairly transparent /almost opaque; 2: not transparent 3: /fairly 6: 5: fairly /translucent; transparent /translucent. transparent Remarksare: P: Pearlylustre;V: White spots (vesicles); M: Mottled in directlight. The figures should be comparedwith thosegiven in Table II of Renfrew, Cann, and Dixon (1965).
for Two otherspecimens composition appropriate an origin provedto have a trace-element in Antiparos for because of their and 214). They wereselected analysis verytrans(nos. 213 that theymightcome fromthe South Anatolian naturewhichsuggested colourless parent, sourcefrom whicha fewpiecesreachedCrete.However, they belongto Group3b, notGroup source. and thustheymustcertainly ascribedto theAntiparos be 2b, Giali as a examinedhad an appearance that suggested Three or fourof the wasteflakes One smallwhitespherulites. oftheseflakes and contained werefairly source;they transparent to was analysed(no. 212) and, while belonging Group 1, provedto have a bariumcontent lowerthan is usual forobsidian a and a strontium particularly calciumcontent and higher the of fromMelos, anotherindication originin Giali. Taken together, appearanceand the the makeit almostcertainthatthesefewpiecesare derivedfrom Giali trace-element content source. of in that It should emphasized conclusion an overwhelming be majority thepiecesofobsidian on of to found Saliagos mustbe attributed thesources Adhamasand Dhemenegaki Melos. on
APPENDIX IV. THE SOURCES OF THE SALIAGOS OBSIDIAN
107
of The smallnumber piecesthatcan be ascribedto near-by is circumAntiparos convincing surmised stantial evidence that,as had beenpreviously Cann, and Dixon, 1965),the (Renfrew, in obsidianfortool making.Of considerable was insignificant supplying sourcein Antiparos is at interest the recognition Saliagos of obsidianfromGiali. Although fewer than fivesuch in the demonpieceswerefound a totalofmorethan24,000examined, findis ofimportance, as between Cycladesand theislandsoff Anatoliancoastat the the the strating it does contact timeofthe Saliagosculture.
APPENDIX V. SOIL SAMPLES FROM SALIAGOS

Fromanalyses and notes i. w. Cornwall, by London Institute Archaeology, of
at Twenty samplesof soil were selectedduringthe excavations Saliagos as typicalof the to the These weresubmitted Dr. I. W. Cornwall variouslevelsencountered during excavation. of based on theresults hisanalyses, oftheInstitute Archaeology, of London,and hiscomments, a of from whicheach samplewas taken. are givenbelowfollowing description thecontext
SAMPLES TAKEN FROM LEVELS UNDERLYING THE CULTURAL LAYERS
for whiterock,matrix the the levelsof Square K3. Hard greenishA. Bed-rock from lowest calcified Travertine-like secondarily (which containsmarble,etc.). Comment: conglomerate residue. ? Subsoil, siliceous of almostpure. Only a smallproportion acid-insoluble limestone, in of waterand evaporation summer? formed percolation calcium-bearing by is levelsofSquare K3B. Reddishclay suchclayeydeposit unB. Bed-rock from lowest the terrafusca,foundin hollowsand fissures limestone commonon the site. Comment: Typical in whereunerodedin ancientsurface.Probablythe productof weathering and since the included. colloidswithonlytheresidueoflimestone now relict.Mass ofclay-iron Tertiary, not seen and C. Bed-rock levelsofSquare S4. White, from lowest the soft, therefore rocklike, in withsoil limestone? situ Comment: overmuchof thesitebelowthecultural layers. Decayed in cracks.Cf. Sample E. stonesin the Cliff and betweenconglomerate the D. Red-brown soil overlying bed-rock foundin a verythinlayerabove the conglomerate Sectionand probably natural.It is often Comment: Calcareousredsoilwithneedleand bed-rock immediately belowthecultural layers. siliceous in Limestone bits.Considerable like crystals infiltrated of residue, gypsum quantity. Much red claybut not colloidal flocculated the gypby mostly fragments. quartzand schist wouldhave been washedout. the otherwise gypsum sum.Formedin sub-arid conditions,
REMAINS OF FLOORING, ETC.
whitefragments E. From Square S4 L8. Chalky-looking crumbly along the line of a floor and of and used forflooring forbeddingthestones thewall. It appearswhiter level,probably limestone thansomeearlier morechalky floors, Sample G. Comment: ccompo' Less Chalky, e.g. and than30 per centacid insolubles.Containscastsofgrass-stems leaves.Mightbe artificial, limestone. subsoillayerof rotten calcified of secondarily e.g. limestone wall-plaster naturally and sulphate Bothphosphate Less humusthan Sample C, but basicallythe same substance. (gypsum) present. well-defined hard and compact,forming F. From Square S4 L8. Chalkywhitefragments, HarderthanSample as An of floor1-2 cm. thick. extension thesamefloor Sample E. Comment: calcite. E, withsecondary by cementing infiltrated 1 sea-erosion level(5 cm.),within m. ofthepresent floor G. FromSquare S3 L8. Thickwhite subsoil like weathered : Much redclay in acid-insolubles, surface the cliff. of Comment suggests surface? too. Occupied weathered and C. Lots ofphosphate, withgypsum Samples
109
within area ofHouse E, lying the H. FromSquare S4 L9. A depositofsmallpebblesfound sandof Fine levelswhichmarkthebase ofL8 and L9. Comment: gravel between floor the /coarse limestone, Fairlywellroundedbelow2 mm.diam.,above 6 mm. particles. quartz,mica-schist or Imported in situ? quite angular.Stream-rolled.
SUSPECTED PIS REMAINS
I. FromSquare S4 L7. A largemassof brownsoil withfewstonesor sherds.Collectedas a possibleweathering and decomposition productof unbaked mud-brick walling.Comment: calcareoussand, withbitsof calcium-cemented micaceoussandBadlysorted, silty, strongly stoneand marine shell.Thereis onlya smallclay-fraction, thesampleis notverycohesive. i.e. humuscontent. evidence, masses, foreign in of but No of crumbs Plenty root-holes, onlya slight or flowstructures, to be expectedin daub. Probablynot brickor pis,but ratherclean, as ? rainwashed subsoilor beach material. Phosphate present. faceofSquare K3. LikeSampleI. Comment: Almost identical with J. Fromthewest SampleI.
SOIL FROM UPPERMOST LEVELS
K. FromSquare S4 Li. Topsoil,soft, withfewstones, winddark-brown, fine very perhaps withmanyland snails.Comment: Calcareous(mostly shellfragments). crumbblown, Rootlets, and but with structure, muchhumus.Mostly quartzin thesandgrades, somegrains ferruginous braunerde(Kubiena). Looks to have been weathered cement.Modernsoil ?, cf.meridional insitu and somewhat decalcified. L. FromSquare S4 L4.Belowtopsoil, dark-brown manymoresmall,often with white stones. Harder.Fewerland snails, crushed. withtumble buildings Phase 3. of of mostly Contemporary Comment: calcareous.Redder. Crumb-structure to shrinkage due cracks.Much less Strongly humusthan Sample K. The whitestonesare limestone. foreign No bodiessuch as charcoal. Could be a habitation present. Phosphate deposit,but looks much more like a naturalsoil withpossible at itssurface. occupation
SOIL FROM LOWER LEVELS
M. FromSquare S4 Lio. Ordinary mediumbrownsoil belowthefloor levelsat thebottom of Lg and Lio. Comment: calcareous, Strongly verylikeSample I. N. FromSquare S4 Lio. Fine red soilbelowthebase of L9,underlying House E. It exhibits thered colourwhichis rather common thelowerlevelsofthesite.Comment: on Naturalsoilof fuscatype, withroot-holes. Product secularweathering thelimestone of of /terra parabraunerde in Mediterranean climatic conditions. Recent notfossil relict or likeSample B. O. Square S4 L12A.Blacksoil,seemingly at Comment: Contains burnt, thebase ofthesection. not withH2O2 the plentyof humus,of a dark-brown, black colour. When thisis removed mineral residueis quite lightin colour,without morethan a fewgrainsof charcoal. It is not burned all. It looks an immature at like rendsina withacicularcrystals infiltrated of soil, gypsum (cf.Sample B). P. FromthewestfaceofSquare K3. A greenish the layeroverlying pit. and traceablealong thewholelength thesection. of Comment: full in Heterogeneous: ofgreyish clay crumbs redder
HO
? so iron matrix, pis,daub. Very littlehumusreducesKMnO4 strongly, probablyferrous condition formation, exclusion oxygen. of i.e. of This accounts for indicating reducing present, the colourin thefield, not sincecollection) . (re-oxidized although now noticeably greenish whichSample that layeroverlying from Q. FromthewestfaceofSquare K3. A reddish in and running thesection. Comment: Looksliketheweathering situ Sample of was taken, along and ? worm-holes. but are RedderthanSampleN, and P. Some claycrumbs visible, also rootcalcareousresiduallimestone which is not,but basicallysimilar. Strongly pebbles. speckled, Much red clay in acid insolubles.
BURNT LEVELS
the structure in of R. FromSquare T2 L9. Charcoaloverlying secondfloor the circular G, ? burntdeposit.Comment: Carbonizedsoil withcastsand charcoalsof plant-remains,grasses, out. Daub material and twigs(see AppendixIX). Firesbrownwhenthecarbonis burnt only fired? partly hearthlevel S. Fromthemain-building ofStratum in Square K2. Bakedclay,conceivably 3 One would Comment: Fired clay. ? Daub. Full of plant impressions. or house-walling. lining a clayeymaterial(cf.SamplesI, J, M, etc.) with expectit to have been originally yellowish added chaff grass. or One piece, in of matter theform humusand possible somenatural organic therefore of lookslikea sherd a largestorage onefaceis lime-coated perhaps cm. thick, jar; 2-5 is The facesare notparallel,so it probably notwall-plaster. a water jar. ? Fired to T. FromSquare Ki Li 1. Similar SampleS. Comment: clay.? Daub, ? Hearth, Oven. fired before someclaycrumbs likeSampleP, containing material, incorporation Heterogeneous fired in themix.Partly again since.
CONCLUSIONS
some are Dr. Cornwalladds the following generalnote. 'Nearly all materials calcareous, The calciteand gypsum wouldprobably a feware phosphatic. visible contain crystals, gypsum of infiltration indicates The phosphate on hardenup considerably drying. makethem probably of determinations but it would need carefulquantitative materialsof human occupation, the withsoiland bed-rock on surfaces, awayfrom site, samples compared phosphate occupation and whichnaturalstrata.There may,indeed, floors to to decidewhichwerelikely have been in be appreciable naturally present thebed-rock.5 phosphate conmoregeneral listedabove,seemto lead to several detailedobservations, Dr. Cornwall's the of to are which ofrelevance ourunderstanding thesite.In thefirst clusions instance, material to is and decayedlimestone, made clear. Its tendency limestone of the bed-rock, essentially as The naturalred soil,whichin placesoverlies is identified is hardenon drying explained. it, underlies the terrafusca,a limestone weathering product.Since thisterrafuscaimmediately in to the cultural earliest (in layers, observation the comment Sample D) thatit was formed evidenceforthe In interest. the absenceofpalynological is conditions of the highest sub-arid climatic Greece,whichwillnotbe availableuntilDr. Turnercompletes sequencein Southern Lake Copas (cf.AppendixVI), thisevidenceis the best from on herresearches the material be of conditions priorto theoccupation thesite.It must, we havefortheclimatic however, just recovered. from faunalremains derived the withconclusions in interpreted conjunction
in that found manycontexts thesite(Samples to G), The hypothesis thewhite on flooring, is simply soft the bed-rock, up and relaidat thehabitation level,is confirmed. dug brownsoil,whichseemedduringexcavation be the mostlikely The patchesofstoneless to if of decomposition product unbakedmud-brick, piswas in factused,do not seemto be the is sinceit seemsto eliminate remains pis.The conclusion important, of one possiblebuilding and of wallsor ofwattle and daub (for whichSamplesR method, onlythehypotheses dry-stone to perhapsprovideevidence)remain. in Colourvariations thelowerlevelsare satisfactorily The redcolour(e.g. Sample explained. the withterra The greentinge Sample in fusca, limestone N) is associated weathering product. was apparently result reducing the of whilethedarkcolourofSample was due conditions, of The greater to thepresence humus, to burning. not was depthofsoil on the site,however, in medium-brown colour,exemplified Sample M, as well as I and J. Here Dr. Cornwall by and to low thatthedeposit subpoints therather humuscontent, suggests maybe rainwashed whileanalyses soilor beachmaterial. thatthese like Sample L, However, maysuggest deposits, could be naturalsoil, the stratigraphie circumstances would indicateratherthat theyare habitation and deposits.Both the use of naturalsoil in house-construction the clearingof material from dwellings rubbish the to likePitsA and B, wouldtendto reducethe organic pits, humuscontent theproportion foreign and over-all of sherds and other bodies,whilenumerous artefacts werein factfoundin theselevels.
APPENDIX VI. POLLEN ANALYSIS IN THE GYCLADES: A PRELIMINARY SURVEY

judith turner, DepartmentBotany, of University ofDurham No pollen diagramshave yet been publishedfromthe Cyclades.It would indeed be very : to of of for interesting knowsomething the development their vegetationwhether, example, have alwaysbeen as barrenas theynow are, or whether were once extensively they they in And ifthecondition was different thepast,whatrolehave climatic forested. and changes, in modifying primeval the of moreparticularly earlyprehistoric cultures theregion, the played If as can history be elucidated, it has been in NW. Europe,then vegetation? thevegetational arisesofreferring variousculture to thepossibility layers thestagesin thissequence,thusproof data on thechanging environment during viding occupation the area. And ifcritical vegelike thenone might able to be tationalhorizons the celmdecline'ofNW. Europewerefound, cultural horizons withan accuracycomparableto thatofradiocarbon date thecorresponding dating. in suitableforpollen It was withthesepossibilities mindthatsiteswithdeposits potentially in werevisited August1964. in boththe Cycladesand thenear-by mainland, analysis,
1. NAXOS
Four smalllagoons,all near thesea, werevisited. of north-east the townofNaxos. At Akrotiri Ammitis, At Kastraki. At Aliko. Threelagoonsat AyiosProkopls. fresh-water suitable pollenanalysis. for weremade at each. None contained deposits Borings 1. 2. 3. 4. 2. mlos results at Naxos. as withthesamenegative werevisited, Two lagoonsat Livatholimni as of witha metre rubbleearlierthiscentury it was thena mosquito This lake was covered at thebottom which, of is a narrow beneatha few den. In thecentre, shaft, however, breeding werecollected meansofa smallHillerborer muds.Samplesofthese are of inches rubble, soft by On thesesamples to a depthof80 cm. Belowthistheborerwouldnotpenetrate. examination the ofpollen.For example, sampleat 25 cm.contained: minute to werefound contain quantities Pinuspollen. of 2 grains of 2 grains Cyperaceaepollen. of 2 grains Compositae. typeA. 5 grains unknown - unknown typeB. 5 grains
2 grains of Plantagolanceolata pollen.
3. DELOS: THE SACRED LAKE
APPENDIX VI. POLLEN ANALYSIS IN THE CYGLADES
113
in The lake was revisited April 1965 withheavierboringequipment. This again failedto doubtthatthedeposits only80 cm. deep are deeperthan80 cm. Therecan be little penetrate and thatthey notpredate construction theSacredLake. The scarcity pollenand the do the of of make this site unsuitablefor constructing generalvegetational a shortperiod represented in it containpollen-grains interest relation Delos itself. of to sequence,though might
4. ANTIPAROS
had no freshThe lagoon behindthe villageofAntiparos waterdeposits suitableforpollen analysis.

5. SALIAGOS
werecollected from following the : Samplesforpollenanalysis layers Y 1: charcoallayer,L16. whitebed-rock. K3 L36A,overlying blue clayimmediately above preceding. K3 L36A, of 0 1 L72 lowerlayerofinfill Pit B. of 0 1 L72 upperlayerofinfill Pit B. None ofthesesamplescontained pollen.
6. LAKE COPAS, BOEOTIA
This extensive is lake, near Thebes,reputedto have been drainedin Myceneantimes, now land. In places,however, and lake-mud in are exposed the agricultural peat productive deposits These are suitableforpollen analysisand samplesto a depthof 4 metres banksof channels. Unlesstoo muchpeat has been removed werecollected a preliminary for from investigation. the surface sequenceofsamplesshouldprovidedetailsof the vegetational this of the changes levelscould be radiocarbon dated. period.Critical prehistoric Lake Copais is a long way from it Saliagos,but unlessa nearersiteis foundin the future shouldprovethe bestguide to the vegetational of Southern Greeceand theadjoining history islands.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
and arranged Dr. ColinRenfrew selected sitesto be visited the details. manyofthepractical I shouldliketo thankMr. Dino Gallis and Mr. CharlesTurnerfortheir invaluableassistance in thefield, Mr. Kouyeas,Professor and Mr. P. PapakostanNiavis,Professor Dimaliopoulos, in tinoufortheir kindness helping arrange visitto Lake Copai's,and the BotanySchool, to the of for to University Cambridge, travelling expenses Greece.
C 4316
APPENDIX VIL SALIAGOS ANIMAL BONES

. s. higgs, Department Archaeology Anthropology, and University Cambridge, of of
I. M. CLEGG, and I. A. KINNES
identification In considering animalbonesfrom that the Saliagosit mustbe remembered their and that a comparative is based upon a preliminary carriedout duringexcavations sorting mustbe therefore collection was not availableforspecific The determination. determinations as tentative, are but the general conclusions based upon a numerical analysisin regarded whichsomeconfidence be placed. can The animalbonesand bone fragments thesitenumbered from 16,427; 11,030ofthesewere ofanimalsofcow size (3*5percent),ofsheepor pig size (93*5per cent),or of 'dog size5 per (3 as bones3-5 per centwere determined of bovines, 83-5per centof cent). Of the diagnostic that and 12-1 centofpig; 0-9percentwerebonesofcanids.It is therefore apparent caprines per of theanimalsrepresented bonebreakagedid not materially affect relative the by proportions are and the diagnostic bones.The skeletal represented there no notable partsappearto be fully a bonefor particular absences whichmight accounted by theuse ofa particular be for purpose. in The femur lesswellrepresented itshouldbe,butthis a usualoccurrence archaeological is is than Dense bonesand in of assemblages all periodsand is no doubt due to differences durability. are densepartsofbonessuchas theastragalus and thedistalend ofthehumrus as usual well represented.
THE CAPRINI
or domestic The sheep bonescouldbe ofthewildbezoar(Capra goat,mouflon, aegagrus,) /goat is still domestic is in existing aegagrus stillextant theGreekislandsand themouflon sheep.Capra on of in Cyprus.In the past therehave been unverified of reports the presence mouflon the which horned is Greekmainland and islands.Certainly Saliagosthere a scimitar at maybe goat of ofthe bezoar or ofthe domestic type.Ibex, goat groupand also sheephorn-cores mouflon The ibex be in whichhas been reported from Greece,can probably thisinstance discounted. to interbreeds withCapraaegagrus the twospeciesare unlikely existside by side. Such an and heretheremay have been has occurrence beenpostulated from Lebanon but presumably the to a whichis hardly two different environments,circumstance likely occurin thesmallarea of or theseislands.The fragmented could be of mouflon of a mouflon-type sheep horn-cores domestic sheep. of is The ages of the sheep By /goatgroup at death,however, informative. the fusion the wereof centoftheageablespecimens of 40-4 per epiphyses thelongbonesand bythedentition takesplace at different for immature animals.Epiphyseal bones, however, fusion, ages different collections withother someas earlyas 10 months age. In comparison, for of therefore, published on is of wheretheproportion immature only,wherematurity specimens assessed thedentition favour. in is at 2 years, figure 59-6per centof matureanimalsis heavily of the weighted their at Shanidar domestic The figure 40*4per centmaybe comparedwith60 per centfor of sheep of and 25 per centat Haua Fteah. The Haua Fteah figure however, is, owingto thepresence of thatthefigure 40-4per It in favour mature animals. maybe taken of Barbary weighted sheep,
APPENDIX VII. SALIAGOS ANIMAL BONES
II5
animalsat Saliagosstrongly the of animalsat that centofimmature suggests presence domestic site. It would also appear thatthe highproportion younganimalskilledindicatesthat the of not of was emphasis theeconomy on meatproduction, on thatofmilkor wool. The onlybones knownto be froma wool-producing economyare thosefrommedievalUpton (Higgs and animalsin the collection. In Yealland, 1966),wheretherewereonly3 per centof immature a thisconnection comparison withHaua Fteah in Cyrenaicaand Nea Nicomedeiain Greece At thanthesimilar is ofsomeinterest. Saliagosthebonesofthesheep /goat groupare smaller in sizesof groupat Haua Fteah. This is shown fig. 26 and fig. 27, whichindicatetherelative the calcaneumand the astragalus thesesites.It is evidentthat the measurements the at of African Saliagosbonesare muchcloserto thoseofNea Nicomedeiathanto thoseoftheNorth This probablyindicatesa closercontactwiththe European mainlandthan with specimens. NorthAfrica and thattheregular of stockbetweenSaliagos and North interchange breeding Africa was not takingplace. It is possibleto put forward hypothesis the eitherthatthe imwas mediate of African flocks different thatoftheflocks theEuropean from of origin theNorth or mainland, thatthehumandemandsforsheep/goat were,by reasonofa different products of nature.It would seem hardlylikelythat way of lifeof the people concerned, a different in differences the environment thesetwo areas would accountfortheobserved of osteological differences. In considering In the are Saliagosand Nea Nicomedeia, similarities moreinformative. spite ofthetime the thatspecialized there no evidence is had spanbetween twosites breeding changed theconformation, or or variability, size ofthesheep /goats, thata changein humandemand, suchas thatshownlaterby theAthenians and in Anatolia,had as yetbegun.
THE BOVINES
A recent thatthe presence bison of report(Coles, Coutts,and Ryder,1964) is a reminder in cannotbe excludedas a possibility the consideration bonesfrom of Neolithic assemblages, and thesamemaybe said ofbuffalo sites in from EasternEurope.This is notan easymatter to decide in the absenceof horn-cores in recentyearspublications Bibikovain Russia, but by in and On criteria can it Stampfli Switzerland, Olsen in Americaare ofsomeassistance. their be said thatin all probability majority thebovinelongbonesfrom the of are either of Saliagos Bosprimigenius domestic or of cattle.One horn-core Bosprimigenius was certainly of present. type In thisconnection sizeofthebovinebonesis ofimportance unfortunately measurthe but the able specimens too fewto providea statistical are is sample.The situation yetmoredifficult to thelargesize ofearlydomesticated and thefactthatthere an overlapin size is cattle, owing between females Bosprimigenius themalesofearlydomesticated the and cattle.Nor can itbe inferred at a laterdate cattlewouldhave been domesticated, Bknyi shownthat that has for took domestication place in Hungaryup to the invasion theTartars, of Dr. although C. W. F. evidencefromSwitzerland a thatin colonizing new area the Neolithic Higham's1 suggests cattlealreadydomesticated rather thanrelying peoplestookwiththemtheir upon the domestication indigenous of stocks. In general Table 26 shows thatthebovinebonesare within sizerange Bos On the of primigenius. theother hand 68-6percent(24 specimens) thetotalageable bovinebonesare ofimmature of animalsand someofthebovinebonesare smaller thanthose Bosprimigenius. mostlikely The of is thatthey ofcattleto somedegree are butnotvery from their wild far, removed, interpretation
1 Verbalcommunication on data in an unpublished based Ph.D. thesis.
35 -
3Oz "
; 2 2 25-
++ 0
, <% * . k + +
! 1 2O Q
-t-"1"* +
"*"
.+
AMMOTRAGUS RANGE OF LENGTH BENI SEGOUAL
4.
2 15 a ! in L HAUA FTEAhI . NEOLITHIC - DOMESTIC SHEEP OR GOATS AND BARBARY SHEEP SHEEP 1+ ORANIAN AND LIBYCO SALIAGOS ; -! ... l .... 5 IO 20 - DOMESTIC CAPSIAN -BARBARY SHEEP OR GOATS SHEEP 7O 75 OR GOATS I ... .... I 9O 85 8O I 95 IOO IO5 LENGTH IN MMS
15
25
NIKOMEDEIA - DOMESTIC I .... I .... , ,... ,... 6O 65 4O 3O 55 35 45 5O
CALCANEUM
Fig. 26. Calcaneum size of Saliagos caprini, compared with examples fromother sites
40 -
A+
30
A+- H-+
-f
25 '.
A *
+
*
+ .
#*++3 *+
+
1. A+3
I
'
2 "
m
.
o
*^
&
! 15 -
*^
AMMOTRAGUS PANGE OF LENGTH

BENI SEGOUAL
A+
,-
HAUA FTEAH Ja libyco capsian - barbary

I '- ORANIAN - BARBARY SHEEP SALI AGOS - DOMESTIC
* NEOLITHIC -DOMESTIC
SHEEP
OR GOATS AND BARBARY SHEEP
sheep
SHEEP OR GOATS
0 NIKOMEDE1A- DOMESTIC SHEEP OR GOATS
f 5
I 10
I 15
L_l 2O
lJ 25
I 3O
'
I 35
I 4O
I 45
I I 5O
I 55 IN
I 6O
LENGTH
MMS
ASTRAGALUS
Fig. 27. Astragalus size of Saliagos caprini, compared with examples fromother sites
APPENDIX VII. SALIAGOS ANIMAL BONES
II7
table 26. lengths of phalanges (in millimetres)

Saliagos Proximal Middle 73 43, 45, 47, 62 Haua Fteah Nea Nicomedeia Bos prim. 74 56 75~76 45-56 NW. European Bos prim. 80-85 50-57
and EasternEuropeanwild : ancestorsalthough mustbe bornein mindthatNorthAfrican it cattle smaller thanthoseofNorth-western Europe.It is possible appearto havebeensomewhat to consider thatthismaybe an area whichwas beingcolonizedby theNeolithic peoplesand herd but unfortunately data : thatthewildcattlewerebeingincorporated into an existing the are notsufficient pursuethisfurther. to
PIGS
in of Fifty-one cent (101 specimens) theageable pig boneswereimmature so faras the per In and was there wereno teeth wereunfused thedentition immature. addition which epiphyses indicated greatage forthepig population. at Nea Nicomedeia, pig appearsto have As the any been ofsomeimportance Saliagosin contrast Haua Fteah whereno pig-remains at to werein evidence is untilclassicaltimes.It maybe thatthisdifference due to a different oflifeof way theHaua Fteahcave population from thatofthepeopleofSaliagosand Nea Nicomedeiawith their and housestructures at leastpartially herded sedentary oflife.The pig is sometimes way but is notnaturally by transhumant populations, adapted to a nomadicway oflife.
GANIDS
Thereweresome50 specimens canidsbut nonecouldwithcertainty attributed dog. of be to Nor has the dog been recognized Haua Fteah or Nea Nicomedeia.It would appear likely at thatdomestication already had in times Egypt. goneas faras specialized by breeding Amratian The presence thegoat makesit unlikely of thata herding would be used. Goatsusually dog withstand dog and their the or in commonly presence prevents sheep- goat-herding thisfashion. Thereis,as we have seen,little no evidence hunting thedog wouldhardly or for and add a usefulcontribution theabundantanimalprotein. to Thereremains theusefulness thedog of only as a guard.
WILD ANIMALS
The mouflon, and Capraaegagrus, Bos primigenius have been presentbut thereis no may certain for evidence them.No deerboneswererecognized theseanimalswerealmost although on the island.The Canid bonescontained fox.This appearsto be the only certainly present wild animalcertainly present.
APPENDIX
VIII.
THE FISH-BONES
and p. j. whitehead, British
p. j. m. Renfrew, New Hall, Cambridge, h. greenwood,
Museum{NaturalHistory)
were During the excavations the 1964 and 1965 seasonsat Saliagos 2,945 fish-bones in and Mr. of These have beenidentified withthecollaboration Dr. P. H. Greenwood recovered. and from P. J. Whitehead the British of Museum (NaturalHistory), photographs notestaken in Antiparos Mrs.J. M. Renfrew. by and tuna: The remains of belongto fourmainfamilies bonyfishesScombriodae(mackerel like fishes), Serranidae(sea perches),Carangidae (jacks and horse Sparidae (sea breams), sharkor ray. either and also includeremains cartilaginous of fishes, mackerel),
SGOMBRIODAE
and accountedfor97 per in werethemostnumerous thecollection Remainsofthesefishes identified. centof the fish-bones vertebrae, supports), (caudal finray hypurals Among these, an The and wereidentified. premaxilla, articu(finray supports), a premaxilla pterygiophores in are and a selection vertebrae illustrated plate lix, 5, 6, 7. Table gives of lated caudal fin, found that from sizeofthevertebrae the of It of thenumbers each type bonefound. is estimated thattheywere eithertunny two to six feetin length.The size suggests thesefishwerefrom food is . or alalunga)The tunny one ofthemostimportant ( Thunnus thynnus) albacore ( Thunnus The albacore,which times. and from earliest the in fishes theMediterranean, has been known we and regrettably for extent thesebones,is lesswellknown or mayaccountto a greater lesser numerous boneswerethemost In far know lessaboutitsbiology. all phasesat Saliagosscombrid ofthoserecovered.
SPARIDAE
werealso used forfood.The sparidsare represented by premaxillae Otherfish (plate only aurata teeth.These are typicalof Chrysophrys (Cuvier),the lix, 4) and isolatedmolariform At inchesin length. Saliagos to from twelve eighteen Gilthead.Theyprobably belongto fishes in are represented all phasesexceptthesecond. they
SERRANIDAE
and are The serranids represented vertebrae a dentary (plate lix, 2) and thesize ofthe by and serranids of the bonessuggests largest theMediterranean gigas Epinephalus (Brunnich), may not are The serranids the onlyfishes reprefeet a to three four in length. have comefrom fish in sentedin the earlywell-preserved depositin Pit A, but are foundelsewhere the Neolithic in all phases,albeitin smallnumbers. deposit
GARANGIDAE
and accountfor1-5 per to are The carangids nextin numerical importance the scombrids fish-bones. centofthetotalidentified Theyoccurin all phases(see Table 27) and arerepresenthat bonessuggest and The and tedbyvertebrae, quadrates, a dentary. morphology sizeofthese
APPENDIX VIII. THE FISH-BONES
II9
Seriola Dumerilii either or The were (Risso),theamberjack, Lichiaglaucais represented. fishes about fourand a halffeet long. probably
SHARK OR RAY
a a Vertebrae from cartilaginous either sharkor a ray,wererecovered from A and Pit fish, a of from stratum Phase 2. One ofthetwofrom A seemsto have beensplit, Pit and smoothed, and plate xlvi, 2). The largest these a to form bead {vide of vertebrae supra, 14, perforated p. in a could have comefrom fish fourto fivefeet length. Besidestheseremains different of tracesofothermarineanimalscame to lightin the fishes, excavation.
CETACEAN REMAINS
of and another FromSquare Vi L3 came a vertebra a cetacean, vertebra recovered was larger 1 in from Phase- deposit Square Oi L72. This largerone was thought have belongedto the to Museum (NaturalHistory) writes thatcitis whale,but Dr. FraseroftheBritish pilotor killer a specific and so we have to leave it thatit is certainly cetato a identification, impossible give kinds cean butcouldhavecomefrom several different ofsmaller It whale,say 15-20feet'. is not thesetwovertebrae comefrom samewhale,but it wouldseemunthe to possible say whether close to thesettlement Saliagos. It is improbable at thattwowhaleswerestranded that likely and theanimalis muchmorelikely have beenstranded thewhalewas actually to close caught, and to thesettlement choppedup intopiecesofmanageablesize and takenback for food.The in whales'teeth thedepositat Saliagossupports suggestion. absenceofdistinctive this
TURTLE REMAINS
of unusualfindis the femur a loggerhead turtle(Caretta Another fromSquare T2 caretta) and fish, and thefemalelaysher eggsin sandy (plate lix, 8). This speciesfeedson molluscs she at She beacheswhich visits night. is thenmost no There,is,however, record easilycaptured. in ofloggerhead turtle Boththeturtle and itseggsare edible. breeding the Mediterranean.
DISCUSSION
arisefrom study thefish-remains Saliagos.Perhapsthe the of Severalinteresting from points is of tunny fish.Since thereare 39 vertebrae, moststriking theoverwhelming preponderance in it on that tunny, is possible thisbasisto calculateroughly hypurals, an individual excluding on a recovered thissiteare from minimum 65 tunny of thevertebrae ofthemcoming fish, 48 in from A (sieveddeposits). Pit 2 and in They are between and 6 feet length, ifitis borne mind can weighup to 800 Ib., thisrepresents substantial a thata five-foot of food. tunny weight in their occurrence all phaseson thesite,and theweight foodrepresented, Theirnumbers, of all forfood,and were not the resultof fortuitous that theywere deliberately caught suggest seemedlikely. for as is : Fishing tunny notan easyoccupation nowadaysthey strandings at first are caught theItaliancoastin specially off or angledfor, often withtwomento a nets, designed to was rodstrapped thesideofa boat. At Saliagosthere no evidence offish-hooks all. A series at have been used as net sinkers, netscould have been ofwaistedweights, and however, might of to made ofleather standthestrain these The tunny present, migration, are on in heavyfish. to Apriland mayhave been driven theAegeanfrom intoshallowwaterby a series of January or witharrows boatsand nets,and caughtby clubbing shooting withobsidianpoints. tipped
120
The tunny would have been a seasonalfoodas theyare difficult preserve drying, to by being rather are and finrays withonlyone oily.The scombrids represented vertebrae, by hypurals, in The teeth so small(illustrated plate lix, 5) thatthey are premaxilla. mayhave beenmissed in the courseof excavation theywould pass through meshofmostsieves.In sevencases : the articulated caudal fins, wererecovered from fins, (plate lix, 6). Tunnyare known especially in other sites theAegean: Virchow identified and rayfrom fish-bone the remains shark, tunny, at Troy (Schliemann, an 1884,349; Vickery, 1936,74). They formed important part of the in dietof Classicaltimes bothGreeceand Italy. The size oftheotherfish the is The serranids caught,quite apartfrom tunny, remarkable. werethree four to feet fourand a (sea perches) long,thecarangids (jacks and horsemackerel) or to feet halffeet of long,and theshark rayfour five long,suggesting again thattheinhabitants fishermen. There are fewremains smaller of withtheexception fish, Saliagoswereveryskilful to inchesin length and recognized ofthesparids(sea bream),twelve eighteen their onlyfrom and largemolariform teeth(plate lix, 4). This is probably due to theconditions premaxillae to but boneswhichwererecovered ofpreservation, it is interesting notethatthesmallest were and of thefinrays, pterygiophores, hypurals tunny.
TABLE 27. THE NUMBER OF BONES OF EACH FAMILY FOUND IN EACH PHASE
Scombriodae Sparidae Serranidae Carangidae SharkIRay
OF FISHES
Total Phase identified
Total found
Phase 1, Pit A Phase 1 elsewhere Phase 2 Phase ior2 Phase 3 Phase 1, 2, or 3 Totals
1,930 38 75 131 222 212 2,608
8 3 2 4 3 20
.. 4 3 1 1 2 11
2 1 2 4 7 25 41
2 .. 1 .. .. .. 3
!>942 46 81 138 234 242 2,683
2,118 60 89 140 241 272 2,920
TABLE
28.
THE
NUMBERS
BONES OF THE DIFFERENT FAMILY OF FISHES
REPRESENTED
FOR
EACH
Scombriodae Sparidae
Serranidae Carangidae SharkIRay |
Total
Dentaries Premaxillae Teeth Quadrates Vertebrae Hypurals Finrays,etc. Totals
..
.. .. 2,532 11 64 2,608
.. 18 2 .. .. .. .. 20
2 .. .. .. 9 .. .. 11
1 .. .. 6 34 .. .. 41
.. .. .. .. 3 .. .. 3
3 19 2 6 2,578 11 64 2,683
Thus the picture whichthe fish-bones us is of a seasonalfishing tunny the early in of give of months theyear,withtheother fish therestoftheyearto provide in caughtduring variety the diet.This pattern all phasesof the site.There may have been extensive persists through
APPENDIX VIII. THE FISH-BONES
121
we no fish wereusing for fishing smaller ofwhich havefound trace,butit seemstheinhabitants fish thanfish-hooks. withwhichto catchtheir rather in Theirskilland success netsand arrows of is size ofthefishes thathave caughtand by theover-all fishing shownby thenumber tunny fromthe site. Occasionallythe diet was supplemented been identified with turtle(though is of not in turtle eggsas there no record loggerhead breeding theMediterprobably withturtle of amount whalemeatfrom leastone whalestranded thevicinity. at in , ranean) andalsoa certain
APPENDIX IX. THE MOLLUSCA, THE CRUSTACEA, THE ECHINODERMATA

N. j. shackletoNj Research, Cambridge of Sub-Department Quaternary
introduction: method of study In of about twenty thousand. view of The Saliagos sitehas produceda largenumber shells, moreattention thanis usual,and thisAppendix have been givenrather their they importance setsout themoreimportant findings. It was fortunately possibleto studythe materialon the site,duringthe 1965 excavation be for thatthematerial removed subsequent season.Oftenit is necessary examination, expert and broadersetting of in whether wholeor in part,and an understanding its context may be considerable archaeonotbasedon very lost.It is hopedthatthefollowing comments, although evidencewill to may bringthe findings life,so that otherswithfurther logical experience, themmorefully.1 interpret in for werecollected, one or morebaskets, Over mostofthesitetheshelland bone remains into werewashed,and separated each level of the square beingdug. Later all the fragments werewashedin the sea in was Cliff Pit A whosecontents bone and shell.The exception 17, was quite coarse,the the meshof the baskets baskets it was dug out. Fortunately, as though smallfragments somevery As the contained to was notcarried excess. a result material washing whichwouldnothave been notedifthepit had been dug in thenormalway. ofgreatinterest includeour onlyrecordofSepiaand severalfish-teeth. These fragments of a of As workprogressed typecollection the speciesnotedwas builtup, and the number individuals each typein each level was recorded.In 1964 onlya limitednumber(12) of of until werepreserved shells but was recognized, mostoftheseemingly interesting untyped types made in the twoyearsare comparable. so thaton thewholethe analyses 1965,
Nomenclature
In valid at present. addition, nameshave been usedwhichare considered As faras possible seemto wherethey namesare listed alternative at without pretence a complete synonymy, any finds from in general works wheretheyare knownto have been used in describing or be used withothersiteseasier. in theregion.It is hoped thatthiswillmakecomparison othersites some in of thereis no objection inedibility anyofthesespecies, So faras is known although someevidencehas for whileharvesting food.For generalinterest seemtoo smallto be worth concerned twoworks on been collected thosewhichare eatennow. Much ofit is drawnfrom and nottheAegean,by R. Riedl (1963) and G. L. Faber (1883). withtheAdriatic
Dr. I. Gordon and Mr. R. W. Ingle,also oftheBritish the haveidentified crab fragMuseum(Natural History), for we ments, which are very grateful. in the other peoplewhohavehelped this Among many of nameMr. PeterNorton the work wouldespecially we who in University, hasanswered Dept.ofZoology Glasgow a number queries. of
Edibility
1 During 1964seasontheshells weresystematically the of work and by catalogued MissLindaBeigel, theresults her here. are incorporated also to Mr. N. Tebble for We are deeplyindebted at for us providing withfacilities working the British Both Museum History). he andtheRevd.H. E. J. (Natural in the while latter much haveoffered advice, helpful Biggs the to was kindenough identify land mollusca. addition
APPENDIX IX. MOLLUSGA, CRUSTACEA, ECHINODERMATA
123
Utilization So far as was possible everyshell was examined forsignsof use. This has proved veryworth while. We findthat much of the abundant shell-debris was put to some use beforebeing finally discarded. For example many Patella (limpet) shells were used as scrapers,perhaps to remove seems galloprovincialis, scraps of meat frombones or to clean skins.At least one species, Mytilus to have been collected exclusivelyforits decorativevalue. Furthermore variations some striking in shell-utilizationappear during the occupation of the site (see Mytilus and galloprovincialis Charonia below) . Althoughtheymay be attributedto a change offashionin the neighbourlampas hood ratherthan to a general advance in culture or technology,they are still of interestand may aid our understandingof the site stratigraphy. In some cases commenthas been made in some detail on the technique used in the working of a particular shell. The main generalization which may be made is that apart fromholeboring,most workingconsistsin grindingthe shell against a flatplane of stone. When looking around Saliagos today one wonders how anybody could reduce the edge of a mussel to such a smoothand level surfaceas is seen on the best of our examples fromPhase 1. The answer surely lies with the flatschistpebbles, which abound on many of the beaches of Antiparos. SPECIAL DEPOSITS 1. Shells fromCliff Pit A 17 A glance at Table 29 shows that the refusein this pit, assigned to Phase 1, differs fromthe remainderof the deposit in many respects.In particular the threemost importantfood species, Patellaspp.,Monodonta and turbinata, Venerupis aurea,make up 96 per cent of the total, compared with 80 per cent over the restof the site. It seems verylikelythat this pit was used as a rubbish pit and that on the whole the inhabitantsof the site did not make a habit of throwingaway theirfood refusein the living area. This means that the bulk of the shell material that we have been consideringconsistsin part of shellsleftbehind during the clearing-upaftera meal and in part of shells collected or used forpurposes other than as food. At least as regardsPhase 1, therefore, Pit A material may be more representative daythis of habits. Limpets are dominant; they make up nearly 80 per cent. The site was to-day eating evidentlyas rockythen as it is now, and the inhabitantsmust have spent a fair proportionof their time clambering around the rocks half in the water. Though searching primarilyfor turbinata fromthe same habitat, and occasionally otherspecies. limpetstheycollected Monodonta This pit also yielded several crab claws, sea urchin fragments and spines, and a fragment of cuttlefish All these are less durable than shell and we are fortunate having found any in guard. traces of them. Though the species were probably all eaten it is impossible to estimate their importancein the diet. The Pit A material contains no trace of Areanoae,Murexbrandaris, Venus verrucosa of either or of the Charonia of spp., all of which would be expected if this material were representative the siteas a whole. Areaand Venus veryuncommon in Phase 1 in any case, but we mustconclude are that the other two had some special use. in 2. Shelllayer L L4, etc. On thispart of the site a verystrangefeatureemerged. A layer consistingalmost entirelyof shellscoveredseveralsquare yards.Though it was dug in 1964 it was possible,in 1965, to inspect a portion in section. Here the layer was about 5 cm. thick and consisted almost entirelyof
124
modern edule . rootlets soil aroundtheshellswas entirely the Cerastoderma (cockles) Apartfrom ofanimal-or fish-bones. Furthermore can be seenthattheshelldeposits it withno sign barren, a continuous Each lensmustrepresent refuse than the lensesrather form from meal. one layer. are aurea speciesVenerupis and CerastoQuite a number mealsmade ofthetwosand-burrowing The factthata 'shell heap' of Patellaspp.,speciallycollectedby an excavator, derma edule. shells other causesno surprise; particular this shouldcontain meal among150limpets onlyfour the from rocksand notfrom sand. the was collected thatthislayercould have yieldedmoreinformation In retrospect seemsconceivable it than and fifty abouthalfa kilogram meat.If we couldhave of it did. One hundred limpets represent we shownthatthiswas typicalofthevariouslensesoffoodrefuse, could make guesses the at and of of number peoplewho ate together at thevariability meals.In at leastone depositthe with shellsstrongly that the meal verycloselyintermingled suggests presenceof fish-bones and shellfish. becausetheycan really of consisted bothfish Sociallytheseare exciting deposits be dug as daysand not as decadesor centuries.
TABLE 29. PROPORTIONS OF THE DOMINANT SPECIES, EXPRESSED FOUND PER THOUSAND SHELLS, IN EACH PHASE AS THE NUMBER
in of examined eachphase. eachvalveofa bivalve number shells Notethat is the Thelastcolumn species counted gives total as one (nota half)individual.
.| "S
"S
^ J
If ",
*o h
I I 1 1 1 * 1 I
I I I I I
Phase 3 Phase 2 Phase 1 Cliff17 Pit A Phase 1 or 2 Unphased Whole Site 476 479 436 791 619 508 540 243 266 107 137 189 126 165 58 85 262 40 35 127 102 42 35 24 8 35 118 68 74 30 58 5 54 51 48 27 37 24 5 14 21 21 41 18 13 4 28 18 21
J_
9 7 9 1 10 10 8 9 9 6 .. 4 4 4
3,283 2,117 1,865 2,529 2,718 9,374 21,886
GLASS
BIVALVIA
Area{Area)noae(Linn). Noah's ArkShell (plate lviii, 8). of Ninety-one specimens whichonly 2 are fromPhase 1. On the whole theseshellsare in in scattered impartially Phases2 and 3, thoughtherewere 12 foundtogether one level,Qi withabout 120 othershells. L8,associated and Riedl (1963) adds the information Locard (1892) givesa depthrangeof 2-35 metres, a thatit prefers hard substrate. and in aroundtheAdriatic Riedl (1963) saysthatAreanoaeis foundfrequently fish-markets and is only flavour a pretty thatit is eatenraw. Faber (1883) tellsus thatit has disagreeable eatenby thepoor.
APPENDIX IX. MOLLUSCA, CRUSTACEA, ECHINODERMATA
125
one it Tsountas(1899, 105) reports from Arca noae often is sites. from archaeological reported from tombon Paros (EarlyBronzeAge). It is reported AghiosKosmas (Mylonas,1959,148) (Heurtley, (EarlyBronzeAge),Thermi(Lamb, 1936a, 216, EarlyBronzeAge), Molyvopyrgo its However, 1939,89, EarlyBronzeAge), andJericho despite striking (Biggs,1963,Neolithic). and we thattheshellhas anyspecialsignificance, probably should shapewe have no evidence countit as a sourceoffood.
Area (Barbatia) barbataLinn. Fringed Ark.
This specieshas similar habitats theabove but is lesscommon;presumto Eightspecimens. ablyit was eatenwhenit turned but was notspecifically sought. up
Lamarck.OrbicularArk,Dog-cockle. Glycimeris {Glycimeris) pilosus Thisspecies rather Sevenspecimens. has almost circular valves.One hasbeendefinitely strong usedand is described below.The others on thewholein rather are they good condition though have been collected from beach. It livesin quite deep water (Locard (1892) quotes the may 10-60metres), we have notheardofitsbeingeatentoday.Maybe theshells and werecollected on accountoftheir usefulness. bimaculata a rather is similar Glycimeris (Poli), species, reported in from Thermi Lesbos (EarlyBronzeAge). Glycimerisis reported bothAghiosKosmas from sp. (Mylonas,1959, 148, Early BronzeAge) and (as Pectunculus fromKhirokitia(Wilkins, sp.) Our species reported Pectunculus is A. from Mamas (Heurtley, 1953,438, Neolithic). (as pilosus) BronzeAge). From Ksr 'Akil (Altena, 1962, Lebanon Palaeolithic)are at 1939,89, Early least75 specimens one or otherofthesespecies, of mostofwhichvan RegierenAltena (1962) to alive. considers have been collected and EarlyBronzeAge) a number the smallerspecies,Glycimeris FromJericho of (Neolithic are described used as necklaces. This species also reported is from violescens, (Biggs,1963),being Ksr 'Akil (38 specimens), collected alive. again probably The worked It example,Small Find no. 546 is about 6 cm. in diameter. has a hole in the is the had a hole or umbo,ofwhich origin notclear; it maybe man-made it mayhave already in worn theumbowhenitwas collected. thearea aroundtheumbohas beenground All downto a smooth all traces teeth of beenremoved. theother hand theedgeof On surface, quite having from umbo has been groundon a rather the shellmostdistant the coarserock,leavingdeep striations acrosstheedge.
Lima lima Linn.
Two specimens ; only(N3 L8, Cliff . Depth range2-40 metresquite a commonspeciesin 4) theMediterranean. Ostrea edulis Linn. Oyster. or more this was from ; Twenty-eight specimens, a few species onlypartially Spondylus separated in and is, of course,eaten gaederopus 1964.This specieslivesin a depthrangeof 2-40 metres today.
Ostrea stentina Payraudeau.
One wornvalve.
126 Loupes lacteus(Linn).
to A very smallcircular bivalvewitha thinshell.Threespecimens only.Littoral 600 metres; of no significance. probably mussel theMediterranean) Lamarck.The common (in (plate lviii, 4). Mytilus galloprovincialis was foundof which47 of all. A totalof 144 specimens This is the mostenigmatic species that if This ratiois all themoreremarkable one considers manyof provedto have beenworked. Table 30 had been broken. weretoo smallto work,and others the remainder veryprobably confined Phase 1. to showsthatthespeciesis almostentirely
TABLE 30. OCCURRENCE
Phase 1
BY OF MYTILUS GALLOPROVINCIALIS PHASES

Phase 2 Phase 1 or 2 Phase 3 Unphased
Worked Unworked
19 52
2 3
5 6
2 2
19 34
A typicalunbroken exampleis about 5 cm. long and 1*50cm. wide. It is of an attractive The witha good layerofmother-of-pearl. colouroutside;the insideis covered reddish-brown so in the consists grinding shellon a flatsurface as to reducetheoriginally sharpedge working to area mayincrease to a planarbevelabout 1 mm.wide all round.At the umbothispolished revealed.A good exampleis mm.and herethe layersin the pearl are attractively perhaps3 made ofall the reallybeautiful. Thoughmanydo not attainthisperfection bestwas certainly found whichhad a good coatingofpearl. thoseexamples the wantstoimprove is It is easyto dub these objects'spoons'.Butthetruth thatifone simply shellas a spoon,thisis nottheway to setaboutit. One wouldroundoff ofa mussel suitability or of the edges,as the inhabitants our site did when makingspoonsout of limpets, tritons, on the commonmusselso beautiful whichhas rendered shells.But the operation Spondylus moreregularis just as sharp as the original.It seems Saliagos leaves an edge whichthough beautiful. was thattheintention to makesomething indisputable of the is It wouldseemthatthere no otherrecordofearlypeoplesdiscovering potential the of from othersites, shellsof in mussel thisway. On theotherhand thereare parallelexamples for a particularspecies being collectedexclusively decorativepurposes.Perhaps the most at Ksr 'Akilin theLebanon.Hereoutofa totalofaround are thePalaeolithic deposits striking or rstica Nassarius Columbella no gibbo(Arcularia) 1,600shells, lessthan1,116belongto either and manymorehave been Of twosmallgastropods. these779havea holein thelastwhorl, sula, Altena(1962), whosepaperis the is down,This assemblage described van Regieren by ground a writer the Mollusca from sitein the East on workknownto the present onlyquantitative to have been collectedfortheir site Another whereseveralmolluscs Mediterranean. appear and BronzeAge). Reference is decorative may be made to the possibilities Jericho(Neolithic on to Revd. H. E. J. Biggs'spaper (1963), especially thesection Nassarius gibbosula. Linn. Fan shell. Pinnanobilis Mediterranean This is easilythelargest bivalve,itsaveragelength beingabout 40 cm. The still worth but animalitself disappointingly is small, still eating;itis certainly eatenin Antiparos roundthe in today,and Riedl (1963) tellsus thatit is to be seen frequently the fish-markets
127
end partis preserved. Adriatic. The shellis very thinand soonbreaks so thatonlythethick up, Even thisis inclinedto breakinto thinflakes thatcounting a problem.The minimum so is needed to be surethattwo neededto identify speciesis so muchless than the minimum the individuals present, are thattheactual number recorded, or about 2 per centofthetotal 462 is an if is shells, probably underestimate. However, thePinna by consumption computed finding theaveragesizeofsampleat whichPinna is to starts appear,theresult notso different, perhaps 3 per cent. is Two examples Pinnashell,Small Findsnos. 61 and 69. The former werefound worked of cut from flatarea ofshell,but is broken, thatits original a so shape and purposecan onlybe at narrowspatulamakinguse of the naturalcurvature the guessedat. The otheris a rather centre thevalve. of at The Pinnashellis particularly to have expected find least fragile. Despitethis,one might a few the of whereas ourfragments from lowerand all are fragments theupperpartoftheshell, thicker A possible end. shellis rather lies explanation in thefactthattheupperpartofthePinna inflammable. Pinna nobilis in find on One can therefore grows sandybottoms a depthrangeof4-40 metres. it by swimming in thisway the from shore.On theotherhand iftheywerecollected the only individuals : soonbecomescarce whereas the the larger might throughout occupation fragments excavated have derived were from rather individuals. seemslikely, It that therefore, they large collected from boats. The Pinna nobilis in from Thermi Lesbos(Lamb, 1936a, 216,EarlyBronze fragment reported individual. Fromthesamesitecomesanother boredas an Age) was also ofa very large fragment ornament. One burntfragment the only.It is indeedpuzzlingthatshellsfrom scallop groupare not found all in excavations. at it is notonlya popularfoodand one ofthefew apparently Today shellfish confined the tables of the poorerclasses,but is also of greatsignificance not to as a symbol. Linn (plate lviii, i). Spondylus gaederopus Well knownto archaeologists because ofits durability its suitability the carvingof and for ornaments. This shelldoes not have muchimportance our site.Many of the 178 recorded at in comment (about 1 percentofthetotalshellcount)are fragments. Perhapsthisfactcallsfor viewofthestrength theshell maybebrute of : force usedto breaktheshellin order eat the was to animalinside.Mostat anyratewerecollected alive. Some oftheshells mayhave been utilized without modification. fragment a bracelet Spondylus One of and is was any gaederopus found, in described thecatalogueofbeads and adornments. addition Spondylus whichmight In shells 4 have been used as largespoonsor scoopswerefound.One, Small Find no. 122 (from L5, N3 Phase 3) has been cut to a shapesomewhat theCharonia like below,and has spoonsmentioned beenground stone. The others, Small Findsno. 438 (from L7), awayat thebackon a flattish S3 no. 436 (from L6), no. 434 (from S3 83a, L6-7), and no. 442 (from L3) are onlyslightly R3 modified smoothed. or lives attachedto the Spondylus gaederopus in depthsbelow about two metres, quite firmly bottom. Faber writing 1883said thatin theAdriatic in it seldomcametomarket. Since region thenitsconsumption musthave died out entirely Riedl does notrecordit at all in thefishas markets thesame area. It is occasionally of eatenin Crete.
Chlamys {Chlamys) pes-felis (Linn).
128
edule Cerastoderma (Linn). Cockle(plate lviii, 6) = Cardium Linn (muchbetter edule known by this,theold name). and StilleatentodayroundtheMediterranean indeedin England.Thiswas quitean importantpartof the diet on Saliagos (see Table 29). Its habitatis quitedifferent thatof the from in foodmolluscs. livesburied thesand,from littoral It dominant the zoneoutto about30 metres ofwaterdepth. and have certainly On the whole the shellsof thisspeciesare in excellent been condition, alive.A fewhave,however, beenused as scrapers, or collected to cleanleather remove perhaps of meat from bones.There is no indication theirbeingmodified use as spoonsor forany for This is perhaps In other sitesthey frequently are found decorative surprising. purposes. pierced and used as necklaces(Grave XX at Prosymna Middle Helladic Period; (Biegen,1937,458), (Biggs,1963,EarlyBronzeAge); Servia (Heurtley, 1939,65 and 78, Neolithic)). Jericho
Callista chione (Linn).
One shell(broken, not soldin thefish-marketstheAdriatic of bivalve, though worn).A larger it have beeneatenifit had been Of similar habitatto thelastspecies, wouldpresumably today. in not from othersites. common theregion. Apparently reported
verrucosa Linn. Venus
and A moreorlesscircular a thantheaveragecockle with bivalve, little larger deepconcentric or muddy, from littoral the zone downto 30 metres It inhabits sediment, the sandy markings. in fish-markets in theEastern Mediterranean. is often It found theAdriatic (Riedl,1963). region of What significance can attachto thepresence only one On our sitethere were31 specimens. Phase it is hardtojudge. These wereprobably collected one in thefirst fortuitously with along and eatenat thesame time. theotherburrowing molluscs, aurea (Gmelin).Golden carpetshell. Venerupis (Gmelin) (plate lviii, 7) = Tapesaureus thanthatofthe A bivalveliving, likethe cockle,buriedin thesand. The shellis smoother aroundthe in cockleand moreoval, and it is usuallylarger.It is to be found thefish-markets Adriatic. bivalveon our site,and makesup 10 percent thisis the mostimportant As Table 29 shows, are shells broken, a largeproportion therather of found. ofall theshells fragile Although quite are in the otherwise excellent; particular, hingeteeth almost is their condition invariably perfect alive.In one groupitwas notedby chance that have beencollected molluscs must so thatthese are twomatching (notethatthenumbers quotedforall bivalves of pairsofvalveswerepresent is of valves,so thenumber animalsrepresented halfthenumber quoted). The matching single wereenough beenprised with perfect open,and there pairswerequiteperfect, no signofhaving werenotprisedopen. This is of importance thatin generalthe shells valvesto suggest single their since,if the shellsare droppedintoboilingwater,the animalscome away cleanlyfrom werecooked.The same thatthesemolluscs indication so shells, thatwe haveat anyratea slight is the trueofthecockles is probably since,havinga fragile edge,many though evidence weaker, of themare chipped. One shellofthisspecieswas foundto be worked the curvededge of the shellwas bevelled ; in The purposewas notclear. It occurred S4 L2, in Phase 3. off neatly. in sites the this Curiously enough, speciesdoes notseemtohave beena popularfoodat other available. the to scanty reports region, judge from rather
APPENDIX IX. MOLLUSCA, CRUSTACEA, ECHINODERMATA Pharuslegumen (Linn). A large razor shell which lives buried in the sand. One fragment only was found.
129
Solenmarginatus Montagu = SolenvaginaLinn, fromThermi (Bronze Age) in Lesbos. A rather smaller razor shell, also living in the sand. It is to be found in the fish-markets around the Adriatic but with only nine specimens at Saliagos it would be rash to assume that it was eaten in Neolithic times: the shells could easily have been collected by children from a sandy beach. Barneacndida(Linn). This wood- and stone-boring mollusc has a surfacecovered with rows of small spines and one devise a use for it. However, only one fragmentwas found, which is probably not might significant.
GASTEROPODA
Haliotislamellosa Lamarck.
Two specimens shellwitha pearlyinside.The only(K3 L7, Cliff17, Pit A). An attractive shellhas naturally several holesin itso thatit couldbe usedfor decorative without purposes any additional modification. Littoral foundon beaches. zone; Diodora graeca (Diodora) (Linn). Keyholelimpet. One specimen,which appears more recent than most shells under discussion.Cliff Section20.
Patella (Patella) coerulea Linn. u * 1 '* ' r* Patella ) * * ' lusitanica Gmehn. (Patellastra) ,c , ) T. i LmipetS (cf. PLATELVIII,3). i Rather more than half of all the shells examined belong to one of these species or their varieties.Since all the individuals were not in good enough conditionto determine, was in the it end decided that no separation would be made at all. This seems reasonable on archaeological groundssince it is unlikelythatthe people who collected the animals would have discriminated between them. On the other hand it must be admitted that ifstudied in sufficient detail these shellsmightyield exact information regardingthe place in relation to sea level where the bulk of them were collected, a matterwhich would not be withouthuman interest. In fig. 28 (upper) a histogramis plotted of longestdiametersforall limpetsfroman aliquot of the material fromCliff17, Pit A. We see that on the whole people did not trouble to collect is many with a large diameter less than 25 mm. The upper cut-off less sharp since theywould have taken any large ones which were available. By way of a contrastfig. 28 (lower) presents a similarhistogram all the patellaein a concentrationof thesespecies in Square P3 L6. Here for more than half the specimens measured are smaller than 25 mm. This may representa meal collected froma ratherunfavourablespot, or perhaps a period of scarcity.These two species are eaten today by fishing people on Antiparos. Not a single limpet was recorded among the 500-odd shells fromKhirokitia (Neolithic) in Cyprus though a few were recorded from Erimi (Wilkins, 1953, 439). They are noted from Thermi in Lesbos (Lamb, 1936 a, 216), one of the few other sites in the region fromwhich abundant shellfishfood refuse has been described. Some were collected from Phylakopi in
C 4316
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(Jo
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o
I 20
^
^ I 30 I 40 I_jh I 50 m
CO
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go LU
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j-^ ^^^^^^^L
lH^ L 20 I 30 I 40 I 50
DIAMETER
mm.
Fig. 28. Size histogramsof Patellasp. (limpets) from Pit A of Cliff 17 (above, total 474 shells) and from Square P3 L6 (below, total 103). Largest diameter measured. Note the smaller size of shells in Square P3 L6
131
that off. Meios (Atkinson, may 1904,201), withthetop oftheconesbroken It is suggested these shells werefound it have been used to makea necklace, though is notstatedhow manylimpet this of structure theshellfacilitates mode of in notbroken thisway. The natureofthecrystal Some were foundin variousEarly Bronze Age breakagewithout any human intervention. tombsin the Cycladesby Tsountas (1898, 166; 1899, 105). Althoughhe pointedout that a in werenotenoughpresent any one place to constitute meal, and thattheyare therethere werederived from to fore there chance,it does seemreasonable supposethatthey by probably he a thanfrom beach deposit.On Amorgos did find foodrefuse thatwas lyingaroundrather of withremains sheep of associated /goat. quantities limpets
turbinatus. shell (plate lviii, io-ii). Monodonta Top (Born) = Trochus (Osilinus)turbinata
the This is the nextmostcommonspeciesafter limpets. Again amongso manyindividuals As whichhave been ignored. willbe seen and otherspeciespresent are there varieties possibly
>-
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U-
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1^ --JbMJBBH^H!^^HLl_j, 15 I 20 25 1 30
DIAMETER
mm.
turbinata shell) fromCliff 17, total 155 shells. Maximumdiameter of last Fig. 29. Size histogramof Monodonta (top
WHORL MEASURED
: in less is the from table,thisspecies rather frequent thefirst phaseoftheoccupation notmuch a for withnearer quarter thelasttwophases.It should, ofthetotalas compared overone-tenth on overburden thelowerlevelsmeansthattheprothattheincreased be however, remarked as increases we descendin the excavation.It is not easy to devisea shellsbroken of portion whichmakesallowanceforthis.There may have been a changein eating criterion counting this as regards speciesdespitetheabove reservation. habits
132
Thisspecies in inhabits rocky the similar thatofthelimpets, to very partoftheshore a habitat is there no effort in An involved removing themfrom rocksurface. examination of the though the numbers level by level suggests as one mightperhapsexpect,theywere harvested that, withlimpets. What thisimpliesis thatat no timewas foodso plentiful thatpeople together could afford taketheeasypathand collect M. turbinata whilenotbothering prise to the shells to off limpets. the fig. 29 is a histogram indicatethe size-range to collected.The dimension measured the is maximum diameter thelast whorloftheshell.Therewas no evidenceto showany change of in thesize-range selected the of during occupation thesite. The onlysitewherelargenumbers Monodonta of have is turbinata been recorded Khirokitia morethan (Neolithic)in Cyprus(Wilkins, 1953,438). Here, of the 450-oddshellsrecorded, 90 per cent belongedto thisspecies.The reportnotesthat some are crushed, 'probablyto the is extract last morsel foodfrom shell'.On the Saliagos sitethere no indication of the that thecrushing shells other of is thanfortuitous. theotherhand,thefactthatsomearewhole On doesnotpreclude possibility theothers the that : sometimes animal the werebroken intentionally will come out without much difficulty; too sometimes shortof breaking shellto the nothing it. pieceswillsucceedin extracting One way of eatingtheseanimalsis to roastthemgently (alive), but thereis no conclusive evidencethatthiswas done by the inhabitants Saliagos. Quite a large proportion the of of shells burnt, notall. However, minimum are but the neededtokilltheanimaland thus roasting releaseitsgripon theshellis probably enoughto chartheshell;so thatevenifall had been not roastedtheymight appear charredat all. not
Lemintina arenaria(Linn). Bivoniatrigueira (Bivona).
in a A fewpieces of the former, about a centimetre diameterand resembling contorted livesencrusted stones on werefound. on found thebeach.The latter snake, Theywereprobably occursfortuitously. or on othershellsand probably
Cymatium parthenopium Salis) (von
= Cymatium from olearium, Khirokitia) (reported . -Loterium olearium, (from Molyvopyrgo)
all of Two, Small Findsnos. 441 and Practically the 27 records thisspeciesare fragments. the and thickened oftheaperture almost 548,are thecurved certainly pickedup from beach lip in this is Another condition. to two,SmallFindsnos. (Theirassignation this species notcertain.) somerubbing and showdistinct of 448 and 549, are almost signs havingbeenusedfor complete . or smoothing (thewearis too localizedtobe natural) One, also,has twoholesin it: operation of made theyare unlikely be natural.The restare all fragments, sucha size to though roughly the as to suggest broken intotwoor three thattheshellwas generally piecesto remove animal.
Tonnagalea (Linn) =Dolium galea (Linn).
of One fragment thisrather shellwas found(Cliff This speciesreachesa length of 4). fragile habitatto Charonia. therein the about 25 cm. (Carus),and inhabits deeperwaters a similar If, the was caughtalive foritsfoodvalue, thesame can be said forTonna. fore, latter Tonna Thermi(Lamb, loc. cit.,EarlyBronzeAge), and in one grave from galeais reported in (XVII) at Prosymna (Biegen, 1937, 458). Replicas of both Tonnaand Charonia bronze,
133
and obsidianhave been excavatedat thepalace ofPhaistos Crete(Boekschotten, in alabaster, 1963)5so thatthepossibility a specialsignificance thesespeciesshouldbe bornein mind. of for
Murex (Trunculariopsis) trunculus Linn (plate lviii, 2).
this be recorded, speciesmustprobably counted Makingup nearly percentofall theshells 5 one of the majorsources food.Mostof the shells of werebetween and 70 mm. long. Quite 40 a highproportion and werebroken /orburnt. The shellof thisspecies, whichlives mainlyon hard bottoms from tidal zone downto the a depth of 60 metres(Locard, 1892), is oftencolonized by sponges,algae, etc. while the animal is stillalive. This givesshellsthe misleading on appearanceof havingbeen collected thebeach. Murex trunculus is fairly distributed the The variations between through deposits. impartially nor of phases do not appear to be significant, does a detailed examination its distribution reveal anything It withothershellsin a rather constant striking. seemsto occur associated ratio. Nowadayscaughtby bait like the Englishwhelk,thisspeciesis eaten aroundthe Adriatic (Riedl, 1963) and muchoftherestofthe Mediterranean (Gruvel,1931). The TyrianPurpleofthe ancients was extracted Murex from Murex and trunculus, brandaris, Thaishaemastoma. dye is foundin the hypobranchial The and gland (fordetails,see Fretter from shell.The Romans the Graham,1962,127and 511), so thattheanimalmustbe extracted seemto have crushed shells thispurpose the for the Murex (Boekschotten, 1963).Discussing four trunculus from shells Khirokitia Wilkins this is (Neolithic) (loc. cit.) says: 'Although species one ofthegroupfrom whichthepurpledyewas formerly is extracted there no signofbreakageof theshells thispurpose;no doubtthey for werealso used as foodand theshellsdiscarded.'The is the the implication thatone cannotextract animalwithout however, breaking shell.Cooking, frees animalfrom shell, the its and thefind unbroken of shells wouldseemto indicate thatitwas eatencooked.
Murex (Bolinus)brandaris Linn (plate lviii, 5).
all werefound.The proportion markedly is Forty-three condition, specimens, in excellent in higher Phase 1 thanin therestofthedeposits. The habitat-range or quoted by Locard (1892) is 5-60 metres, a little deeper than M. trunculus. to Riedl it does not live so much on rocksas on sandybottoms. Not all According works refer any difference habitat,but thesuggestion explainthelackofcorresponto in may dencebetween twospecieson our site. the Faber (1883) states that(in theAdriatic)M. brandarisgeneral is and common and is eatenby the'lowerclasses'.Makinga similar comment M. trunculus adds thatthelatter he is regarding inferior food. HoweverRiedl (1963) notesonly M. trunculus the Adriaticregionfishas in markets. In the Neolithic CreteMurex of trunculusreported is (Vickerey,1936, 76) but not Murex brandaris. Cyprus find In we Murex trunculusKhirokitia Murex at but brandaris Erimi(Wilkins, at loc. cit.). The fine condition therather of shells this of seemsto demandan explanation. elegant species If both Murex trunculus Murex and brandaris been used forthe same purpose,one would had in expecttheshellsto be found thesame condition.
134
Thais (Stramonita) haemastoma (Linn). Seventeen specimens were found, not enough to show any variation fromphase to phase. Most of them show no sign of beach wear and were almost certainlycollected alive. On the otherhand, most are broken. Its habitat is similarto the Murexspp.thoughnot rangingso deep. Jericho (Bronze Age), and fromKhirokitia (Neolithic) (one). Reported (one) from Charonia lampas(Linn). ' ' Triton shell, Conch. Charonia variegata (Phil.) J - Charonia tritonis (Linn) fromErimi (Wilkins,loc. cit.). = Triton tritonis Linn fromParos (Tsountas, loc. cit.). = Charonia (Brocchi) fromCrete (Boekschotten,1963). gyrinoides - Tritonium Lamarck (Locard). nodiferum Some of these names have probably been used incorrectly;for example Charoniatritonis (Linn) is an Indo-Pacific species but the shell describedis almost certainlyone of the two large Mediterranean species. which can be definitely assigned to the firstof these Although there are several fragments and a fewwhich can be definitely to the second, thereare also quite a number assigned species, which mightbelong to either.This applies to the many cut-to-shape'spoons' which have been found in depositsmostlyassigned to the Third Phase of the occupation (Small Finds nos. 430, be 432, 437, 440, 445, 447, 449, 190, 68, 392, 60). The two species will therefore considered in mind that Charonia is almost certainlythe dominant member. In lampas together,bearing all thereare 94 recordsdistributed fairlyimpartiallyamong the phases. None of the fragments has the appearance ofhaving been collected offthe beach as fragments that is to say the edges are generally clean breaks. We cannot rule out the possibilitythat the shells were collected emptyfromthe beach, though theyare by no means common. In the recentrecord thereis but one knownexample oftheirbeing foundlivingaround water level (betweentides) (Kisch, 1949) . From the same source we learn that an individual measuring 23-5 cm. X 12*05cm. weighed 1,100 gm. of which 430 gm. was shell, leaving the animal as a sizeable meal: Hidalgo (1870) lampas,and Locard a range of 10-40 metres quotes a depth-rangeof 20-40 metresforCharonia more detailed knowledgeof the depth-ranges may at any we forCharonia variegata. Lacking any was involved in collectingthese animals. Charonia rate assume that no small effort lampasis the Triton or Conch-shelland thereis plentyof room forspeculation as regardstheiruse as vessels (as at Khirokitia) or as horns (Evans, 1901, 142). In connexionwiththe two specimensreported fromPhylakopi (Atkinson,1904, 201) it is noted that the modern Cretans use them as food. As regardsour specimensthereis no concreteevidence except in respectof theiruse as material for cut-to-shapespoons. Here we are on firmground. Of the 11 small findslisted above 8 belong to Phase 3, 1 to Phase 2, and the other2 not assigned. Typically theyare ofshell about 3 mm. thick and the piece about 8 cm. X4 cm., evenly rounded and with the edges carefullybevelled off. A carefulexamination of a representative example shows it to have been made by grindingon a largish flat stone (not by using a smaller stone in the manner of a file). Natica dillwynii Payreudeau. One specimen only.
135
Lurialurida (Linn). Cowrie. = Cypraea lurida A. Linnfrom Neolithic, specimens), Mamas 1963,Pre-Pottery 3 Jericho (Biggs, loc. (Heurtley, cit.,EarlyBronzeAge), and Khirokitia (Neolithic, specimens). 5 = Talparia lurida (Linn) in Riedl (1963). One specimen from beach the collected only (Y3 Li). A cowrieabout 3 cm. long. Probably as theshellhas lostitssurface and coloration dead, completely. Two specimens, bothof whichhave been worked.They may have been collectedalive in state their surface which shiny coloured. is and viewoftheexcellent of Each is theribbedmouth erosa oftheshell,one sideonly,and they resemble fragments Cypraea the of Linn whichBiggs has called 'hook5 'buckle'fragments fig.2 (g)). However, is believedthattheSaliagos or it (his were not used in thisform but thattheyhave become brokensubsequently. Both fragments showdefinite evidence havingbeen piercednearone end by carefully of of the away grinding The shellis rather thinand theoperation wouldhave to be performed somecare, surface. with but theseare probablythe mostbeautiful shellsin the area and wortha certainamountof whileexamining of trouble. would be worth It othersiteswiththisin fragments cowriefrom mind.The piercedexamples Cypraea lurida of from Jericho(Biggs,1963), in his fig.2 (b), (c) on thefigure-caption as Cypraea are livida) piercedat thesideand notat (described erroneously theend,and so do notresemble ours.
Columbella rstica Linn. 12 specimens.
Columbella decollata.
achatidea Sowerby. Cowrie. Cypraea
5 specimens. in This genuswas not distinguished Conus 1964 so thatthe actual numbers from shouldbe The totalnumber Columbella Conus in or recorded 1964was 22. higher. whichare rather Whenfresh shells these species, the of two cone shells aboutone cm. similar, are quiteattractive they and wellhave beencollected decorative for long, might They purposes. need nothave been collected live as theshells in washedup on thebeach are often good conditionand retaintheir coloration. in the statesthatColumbella are frequent Jericho, Biggs(1963), discussing Molluscafrom sp. in excavations theNear East.
Fasciolaria[Tarantinaed) lignaria(Linn).
One specimen.
As willbe seenfrom Table 29 thisis one ofthemoreabundantspecies, to amounting about as the animal is not large. A highpro2 per centof all shells.This seemsrather surprising in of portion theshellsare broken, factonlyone perfect examplewas seen. Many had at least thelip oftheaperture whichmight from the whiletheanimalwas beingprised broken, happen mean thatCerithium shell.This does notnecessarily was not cooked; the animalmay vulgatum out withdraw ofreachon beingplungedintoboilingwater.
Cerithium vulgatum (Thericium) Bruguires (plate lviii, 9).
136
was eatenby thepoorin Venice,Trieste, Faber (1883) states thatthisspecies and elsewhere. zone on hard substrates, so. down to about ten This is no longer It is commonin the littoral metres depth. Small Find no. 435 (Cliffy. The shellis burnt, One exampleis includedin thesmallfinds: been worked.The surface been so but its has whichconfuses interpretation, it has certainly devoidoforiginal surface ornament. closerexamiHowever, away thatit is practically ground the is thatin the hollowsthathave not been obliterated ornament quite fresh, nationreveals in wouldnotbe thecase ifthewearweredue towaveaction.Therearetwoholes theshell. which a thanmight have been anticipated one The larger was madebyfiling groove theholeis larger ; had left shellso thinat thispointthatit collapsed.Maybe the the as thesmoothing operation his thathe threw workintothefire. was worker so displeased This speciesis recordedat Thermi(Early BronzeAge), and at Erimi (Late Neolithic)in Cyprus(3 specimens).
Hwass in Bruguires. mediterraneus Conus(Lautoconus)
numbers thisgenus).There are of Ten specimens regarding (but see noteunderColumbella roundedand has twoincludedin theSmall Finds.One, Small Find no. 446 (Vi L2), is rather and one can seeright a holein theapex. Some oftheinsideis broken (so away through thatitis The other thisshellon a string). to imagine one,SmallFindno. 565 from L8, K3 threading easy alone thiscould in There is the same hole in the apex- and considered is moreinteresting. is naturalwear. But in additionthere a slotfilednear thesmallend ofthe bothcasesbe from whichmustsurely have been made withan obsidian sideto theopening, on theopposite shell, whenlooking one as a saw or file. Thisis deep enoughto permit to see light through implement theinnerwhorls have not been removed so thehole in theapex (unliketheprevious example . to the thatone cannotsee from apical hole through theend ofthenaturalopening) shells from Late Helladic Period the find withtheConus to It maybe instructive comparethis tombs comea totalof58 shells of Fromeight different at tombs Prosymna (Biegen,1937,464). one-third at theapex,and one-third are one-third unpierced, thegenusConus. pierced Roughly piercedon the side. A fewhave morethan one hole. Since therewereno burialsat Saliagos on cannotdraw any comparisons thisscore,but what may be comparedis the we obviously in the the As faras one canjudge from illustrations side piercings theProsymna workmanship. is the have been made by grinding shellson stone.The result a rather raggedsubexamples there onlytheone example is unlike neatslotin ourexample.1 the circular hole,quite Although in from form, viewoftherather sophisticated Saliagosit seemspossiblethatit was a common the It derives from third phase. groove. and Erimi.It has notbeen possible Khirokitia bothfrom Gmelinis reported coronatus Conus it but probably is. whether not thisis thesame species, or to ascertain
1 Thisis a rather holesin for common technique boring in shells. illustrationstheRevd.H. E. J. Biggs's The paper the molluscs on theJericho (Biggs, 1963) illustrates point in for 2 most excellently; example, hisfig. (b), (c), and (h) be a ringaroundeach hole can clearly seen,sinceit is area to awaya considerable ofshellbefore necessary grind the surfacebreaks away at the thinnest point. His edule, (now Cerastoderma) especially fig.2 (h),the Cardium shellsof this shouldbe bornein mindwhenexamining found the beach perforated on as species, theyare often In neartheumbobya boring sponge. thiscase theholeis a drill. as smalland circular ifmadewith 1/16-inch Again or excavation either the on beach during theimpact stones of will case a but canproduce hole, inthis there be nobevelled the area around hole.On theother hand,as noted above, it of shellencourages to structure the Patella the crystal as of off bevelled almost a break toform ring shell off neatly thatthe above. It shouldbe noted,however, described bevelled area is not a plane (as it wouldbe ifmade by will there but cone,and ofcourse grinding) a wide-angle be no signoftheactualgrinding.
APPENDIX IX. MOLLUSCA, CRUSTACEA, ECHINODERMATA THE TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA Eobania vermiculata (Mller). Helix (Pelasga)figulina Rossm. Helix {Helix) cf. ligata Mller. Clausilia (Albinaria)? sp. Xenocrassa cretica (Fer).
137
their occurrence justify attributing to our None of theland snailsis ofsufficiently frequent the are there perhaps to humanagency.Indeed,ifone examines data critically only presence snailswhichcertainly withinthe occupationlevelsof the two shellsof terrestrial originate all shells thanthemarineMolluscathey have ofcoursea far site.Sincethey havemuchthinner 1 have Even in thematerial smaller chanceofbeingpreserved. from Cliff 7 Pit A, whichmight sinceit was nevertrampled a better we underfoot, findonlyhalfa dozen land representation, whichcould easilyhave foundtheir own way there. snails, useful one can makein connection The most with land Molluscaisthatthey the provide point a verysimpleand reliableway ofdistinguishing betweenthe occupationand post-occupation In in whichhave elapsedsincethe layers. thelayerofsoilwhichhas accumulated thecenturies ofthe siteone can easilyrecognize shellsofEobaniavermiculata. virtually occupation complete a window10 cm.X 5 cm. in a piece of card it was possibleto countan averageof 10 By using this down a section. theoccupation At largepiecesper 50 sq. cm. throughout layer,working to zero. thisfigure layers dropsdramatically the Within occupationlayersone can stilldistinguish minute whitefragments the same of in a section, are too smallto be pickedout by any normalmethod.This though they species of thatthesitesupported largesnail-population a the indicates, course, during occupation as just it does today,but thatmostoftheshells werecrushed, burial. before underfoot, presumably
Cuttlefish. Sepia qfficinalis. CLASS CEPHALOPODA
of in 1 One smallfragment cuttlefish from Cliff 7 PitA. Thisis guardwas found thematerial as in notenoughto makeany deductions to itsimportance a food,though presence this as its which contains Molluscaexcept three the dominant species, food scarcely deposit, any particular is particularly significant. Thisis notthefirst timeSepia-remains beenfound theregion they reported in have from are ; Thermi(EarlyBronzeAge).
GLASS SCAPHOPODA
It seemsworthy notethatnot a singleDentalium of has fragment come to lighton thissite. The necklaces Dentalium foundby Tsountas( 1899) in theBronze- tombs on incorporating Age are that Paros,and thosefoundat Khirokitia (Dikaios, 1953,304, Neolithic), so striking one wonders whether their sole purposewas to accompany dead. the
CRUSTACEA
A total of 24 crab claws was found,but nothing which could be attributed lobster. to not All at werepresent. are different Although all theclawswereidentifiable, leastthree species in quite common the area today.
138
Eripheaspinifrons (Herbst). Carcinus mediterraneus Czernavsky.
Cancer Linn. Edible crab. pagurus
overa wide whichis particularly known All threeare ediblethough is thelast-mentioned it chanceof have area as theediblecrab. If we bear in mindthatcrabfragments a muchsmaller a thatcrabformed significant of survival is thanshelland bone,thisnumber goodevidence part thediet.
GHIN ODE RMAT A
werefound. of Abouta dozen fragments sea urchin Nearlyall wereverysmalland onlyby In and washing:forexampleone or twoinsideshells. theCliff chancesurvived excavation the on If wantedinformation seaseveralspines werealso recognized. one really 17 Pit A material to urchineatingit would be necessary sievewitha meshof about one mm. One would thus that it the one collect individual eachbearing bossfor spine.Meanwhile, maybe inferred plates, sea urchins wereeaten,probably quite regularly. are Echinus (Lamarck). Sea urchins eatenon Antimelo is The speciesrepresented probably parostoday.
APPENDIX X. THE CEREAL REMAINS

j. M. Renfrew, MewHall, Cambridge of During the excavations Saliagos evidenceforthe cultivation cerealswas foundin the at The andgrain form fossilized of with carbonized two grass-seeds. main grain together impressions came from form mud brickor pis mud perhapsused in the cona of bulkof the material out of used to help the drying of the struction thehouses.This mud contains strawdoubtless werealso of of to inside thebricks prevent their and in several casestheremains grains cracking, in making in their found it. The inhabitants used thesweepings from threshing-floors probably their The cerealgrains preserved a fossilized are in thismud brick. lemma, condition; glumes, while the and palea have been replacedby a silica depositin the best-preserved examples, This is the first and embryo have been replacedby the mud-brick constituents. endosperm condition in thisfossilized in theauthor's time thatgrainhas been found knowledge preserved
ab
of Fig. 30. Grain impressions (a), Einkorn; (b), Emmer;(c), Hulled barley
is one. as in prehistoric Europe,and thefind thusan important Occasionally in Square T2 and 4 L8 and L9 and in Square K3B L14 the grainwas subjectedto enoughheat to carbonizethe in condition. This is thecase withthe of the although rest thegrainsurvives a fossilized glumes, of that T2 and 4 L8 and L9. Here thefind grainfirst material from suggested thefunction Square wereassociated was thestorage grain.But thefact of with structure whichthey ofthecircular and loose,but is embeddedin the brick-like and is substance thatthegrainis not carbonized withthisstructure not attributable the storageof is to thatits association fossilized suggests to but grainin thestructure, rather theuse ofmud brickin itsconstruction. In are of The grainsthuspreserved not easy to identify. the majority cases onlythe dorsal and side has been destroyed. This makesthe and lateralaspectsare wellpreserved theventral to draw,as it largely between two-and six-row distinction barleyquiteimpossible dependson are Grainsofbarley distinguished those wheatbybeing from of furrow. theshapeoftheventral here moreflattened thedorsalside,and in thecase ofhulledbarleywhichis represented at on hiddenby thelemmaand palea. The lemmawhichcovers is thecaryopsis completely Saliagos, markednerveswhichcan be recognized thesefossilized in the dorsalside has fivestrongly from thesefossilized thebase ofthegrainis missing grainsand so it is Unfortunately examples. which come.The fossilized of is the notpossible determine type ear from to they barley illustrated d-e. in plate LVii,
140
It Thereis comparatively little wheatpreserved fossilization. is characterized a more by by is side ofthecaryopsis and theventral roundeddorsalside,and is relatively narrow, convexly be sureof thiswithout to flatter. Most of the wheatcould be Emmer,although is difficult it hollowin themiddleofthe beingable to examinetheventral aspectwherethe characteristic creasecan be seen.FromCliff is ventral sectioni, there a grainwhichmustbe Einkorn, being side. roundedon itsdorsalside and roundedalso on theventral steeply each sample from identified The following tablegivesthenumber wheatand barley of grains ofthisbrick-like material.
TABLE 31. THE Phase Grains 1 2 1, 2, or 3 GRAINS Source Cliff 17 Pit A Oi L72 T2and4L8 T2 and 4 L9 K3B L14 Cliff 1 all levels Total Grain impressions 1 Cliff 17 Pit A 1, 2, or 3 Various Total Carbonized remains 0 1 L66 AND GRAIN Wheat 3 15 4 20 12 54 7 3 10 IMPRESSIONS Barley Total 41 ii 138 28 33 82 333 .. 25 2 12 44 ii 153 32 53 94 387 7 RECOVERED
% Barley 92% ioo% 90% 87% 62% 87% 86% 0% 40% 17%
2 grains of Lolium sp.
Total
64
1 I 335 I 40 I
84%
Besides the fossilizedmaterial a number of grain impressionswere found (fig. 30) . Unlike the fossilizedmaterial, of which it seemed impossible to take satisfactory measurements,the of extremities the grain oftenbeing damaged or missing,the grain impressionshave yielded a good seriesof figures. of by Barley is represented two impressions the ventralside, which probably belong to hulled the two-rowbarley Hordeum distickum; measurementsare: length,6-7 mm., average 6-5 mm.; with a length 5-0dicoccum, breadth, 4-5 mm. The wheat seems to be mainly Emmer, Triticum 6-2 mm.; breadth,2-0-4-0 mm., average 2-8 mm.; and thickness 2-5-4-0 mm., 7-2 mm., average seems to have derived froma two-grained mm. One of the wheat-grainimpressions average 3-1 ventral as monococcum,is shown by its relativenarrownessand by the flattened Einkorn, Triticum side. It measures 5-5 mm. in length and is 2-0 mm. broad. Thus it appears that Einkorn, Emmer, and two-rowhulled barley were cultivated by the inhabitantsof Saliagos. They may also have grown six-rowbarley but it is not possible to be certain of this. The absence of carbonized grain is interesting: despite the washing of numeroussoil samples fromlikelyplaces only two seeds were recovered in Oi L66, probably belonging to Loliumsp. They measured in length 4-9 mm., breadth 1-2 and 1-4 mm., and thicknesso-8 mm. and 6 mm. The lack of carbonized material must be due in some way to the conditions of preservationon the site.
APPENDIX X. THE CEREAL REMAINS
141
In of to The proportion barley wheatis remarkable. Neolithic Greeceas a wholethere appears of to be a preponderance wheat to barley(Renfrew, the j.m., 1966). However, chiefpartof mainlandGreeceand moreespecially theevidencecomesfrom from fertile the plainsinland. shows thatthemainwheat-growing The modern are cropdistribution regions in Thessalyand southbarley grown is morecommonly thanwheat,especially Macedonia,and thatin thedrier in theAegeanislandsincluding Creteand theCyclades.Tournefort in wrote 1718: 'Antiparos or Families' (Tournefort, 18, 144) and it producesas muchBarleyas servessixty seventy 17 seemsthatbarleyhas long been an important cereal in theseislands.
APPENDIX XI. THE USE OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN THE EXCAVATION OF SALIAGOS

IAN a. Morrison, University Edinburgh of
Almost all the large-scale in try. plans published thisvolumewere made by photogramme This termcoversa varietyof techniques deriving recordedin for plans frominformation the The used on Saliagosin 1964 and 1965had been developedduring photographs. methods four in and carried in out of years, a programme laboratory preceding experiments fieldtrials Britainand Greece duringotherarchaeological who is grateful workof the present writer, to Professor him to use theirdig to build up for JohnEvans and Dr. Colin Renfrew allowing a rangeofphotogrammetric of material further with combinations for experiments alternative and of and The detailsofthetheory practice the methods. specifications plotting photographic underdevelopment be published in short will procedures separately due course.The present noteis concerned withthegeneralresults applying at of photogrammetrySaliagos. difficult The excavation and and it was often extensive complexspreadsofstones, disclosed of to distinguish, tumbled structures roughcobbling(see fig.9) . Withsuchproblems from say, of record the it was necessary keepan especially to and comprehensive interpretation objective in wholesite,at every To stageofthe'unrepeatable experiment'. do thisby hand-drawing the and field wouldhave meanteither back thedigging wasting timeofthepaid workthe holding an offers inthe from theirotherwork.The photograph men,or diverting skilledpersonnel The stantaneous detailedrecord, from whichaccurateplans can be drawnin retrospect. time neededon thesiteforsurvey from thatrequiredby tracould accordingly muchreduced, be ditionalmethods archaeological of markers made ofcard werefirst Control pinned planning. of to the groundin gridpatterns of the pattern on the programme (the density depending thena standard camerawas used. Much oftheworkwas done without 35-mm. experiments), with further weresimply The takenfrom top ofa step-ladder the the preparation. photographs cameraheld by hand at any convenient even This was fastand effective whendone by angle. with in be sitesupervisors no previous must doneat theplotting training suchwork.Morework to from takenat randomanglesthanin the information however, extract stage, photographs kindsof controlled case of thosetakenunderspeciallyselectedconditions. Several different merits different for weretherefore undertaken Saliagos,so thattheir on relative photography without could be assessed.The necessary was built on Antiparos, applications equipment facilities. consisted an easily This of dismantled together twenty-foot-tall bolted tripod, workshop A frommild steelslottedangle. In use thisstraddled the area to be photographed. simple allowedthecamera tribrach witha circular ofthesortused on theodolites, mount, spirit-level to be levelledforaccurately and vertical stereo-pairs photographs a plywoodslidepermitted to be taken.The timetakento liftthe tripodfrom large areas place to place whencovering withstrips blocksofphotographs stillveryshort or withthetimethatit would was compared was have takento recordthesame areas by thetraditional methods. full-time No surveyor in and film factrequiredon the dig. Each photogrammetric was developedimmediately, the to studies go ahead with of was checked. Then,to allowother completeness therecord specialist untilthe was thelimited timeand personnel available (see Appendix themainplotting left I), had home. expedition returned
APPENDIX XI. THE USE OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
143
field werehamperedin making This shouldnot be takento implythatthe sitesupervisors of wereable to makenumerous notes.Freedfrom necessity measuring-in the stone, every they The and on sketches graphpaper to illustrate relationships aid interpretation. stage-by-stage markers and thatappearedin was samegridsystem used forthesesketch-plans forthecontrol All no the so thephotographs, linking twoprovided problems. Small Findswerealsolocatedin werealso usedon the from photogrammetric the of samegrid.'Rush' prints terms this negatives theseto recordtheir of who siteby thedirectors, marked interpretation thevariousstructures. wereidentified weremarked prickto As theindividual stones by they belonging each structure at This was quickin thefieldand left scopeforambiguity the no thephotograph. ingthrough a ofpartofthe from vertical For convenience mosaicwas assembled photographs stage. plotting A on was annotated a tracing-foil siteand this overlay. mosaiccannotescapebeinga patchwork and evenapproaches different ofmany views, tomakeone that accuracy planimetric perspective The one used on Saliagos was made in an task.This was not attempted. can be a lengthy uniform at from scale,foruse on thesitethenextday. roughprints an approximately evening rather thanabsolutedimensions, no relieson relationships Since archaeological interpretation and in field noteson thisor on theindividual wereencountered making photographs, problems to the it was easyto transfer information thefinalplans. untilafter excavation the was complete the provedto be good plotting Postponing definitive and then for to the speed of photography make liberalprovision planning, policy.By using couldbe viewedas a whole,before untiltheend ofthedig,whentheevidence deciding waiting to firstly, insureagainstthe ever-present just whatin factoughtto be drawn,it was possible, was because itssignificance not appreciated earlyon in thedig, dangeroflosinginformation of ofexcavation thatprovedon further and secondly, avoidthewastedeffort planning to stages for cover to significance a separateplan. Thus, whilephotogrammetric digging lack sufficient ofexcavation, plans was takenat three evenfive or the ofthemorecomplex stages dig-squares and drawnwiththe advantages hindsight. of herewereselected presented the of with Thisis nottheplace todiscuss details theexperiments different plotting procedures, butwe maynotetwobroad conclusions. methods, Firstly, straightforward graphical requiring thana penciland straight no moreexpensive edge,yielded plansthatare as accurate equipment drawnin thefieldwithtape and plumb-bob. the as any ordinarily Secondly, although use of the planningto be done the removes primary by time-pressure allowing survey photography the without at dangerofholdingback the digging, workdone on the retrospectively,leisure, is has thatan advantageous combination speedwithaccuracy in fact of material shown Saliagos in from rushprints randomscales,and using at attainable theplotting. starting By inexpensive a combination purelygraphicalmethodsand othersemploying of simpleoptical aids that of ofdetail,themanuscripts themajority the excavation for allowedcontinuous tracing plans The readermayjudge how long it would have takento draw weredrawnin fiveman-days. withequivalent methods. of thesecomplex fidelity usingconventional spreads stones in from is beingre-used comparative As notedabove,thephotogrammetric material Saliagos Similar is also beingmadeofthephotocover thesubmerged use of studies different of procedures. underwater theseand sites(seeAppendix to developcorresponding I), techniques. Throughout the of the previousexperiments, aim has been to develop methods a sortaccessibleto the are The of himself. survey requirements theexcavator notparticularly exacting, archaeologist it to to that and if approaches adaptedspecifically these, is unnecessary employ are techniques in order makeuseof and to of theequipment training theprofessional photogrammetrist require of methods archaeological of toovercome disadvantages thetraditional survey. photogrammetry
APPENDIX XII. THE RADIOCARBON SAMPLES

Based on determinations Robert by stuckenrath, jnr., Radiocarbon Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania
of Five samples, thosesubmitted, weredated by the RadiocarbonLaboratory, of University One was of soil richin organicmatter, remaining the fourfrom Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Dates are quoted in boththe 'Libby value' for shellsof thelargebivalveSpondylus gaederopus. of and the half-life Carbon-14,namely5,568 years (as used in Radiocarbon), on the longer and morelikely recent value. half-life, 5,730years,the
Date on5,568 half-life Date on5,730 halflife
shellsfromSquare Li L4, P-1393. (Shell 4). Two Spondylus of levelwithstones Phase 3 ofthesite. shellsfrom P-1368. (Shell 2). Three Spondylus Square Li L5. shell P-1333. (Shell 11). Spondylus fromSquare Oi L69, at a depthof0-75m. from surface. the shell P-1396. (Shell21). Spondylus from Square Oi L72 (PitB), and at a depthof2-75m. belowthesurface, belowthepresentsea level.FromPhase 1 ofthesite. Dark soil from the P-1311. (Soil 15). NaOH pretreatment. heartharea ofSquare V 1 Lu.
3766^85 b.c. 395987 b.c. 3825:^84 b.c. 41241b b.c. 79
3938^88 b.c. 4i379O b.c. 399987 b.c. 43078 b.c.
4222^74 b.c. 4408^76 b.c. the The comment. samplesall fallwithin timerange4500 to 3500 b.c., predicated Archaeological withthe predicted are duration the site of The results consonant on archaeological grounds. between 200 and 400 years. with Shell 21 (P-1396) the Moreover, sequenceof dates is in conformity the stratigraphy. 1 not is from Stratum ofthesite,and Shell4 (P-1393) is from which, deposit, although securely withthe stonetumbleof Stratum from Stratum appearsto be contemporary 2, 3. separated wroteof Shell 21: 'Ideally this were made, the excavators Beforethe C-14 determinations This prediction been satisfactorily has of givetheduration thesite.5 sampleand Shell4 might fulfilled. levelsof Stratum1. Shell 2 (P-1368) is probably the Shell 11 (P-1333) is from uppermost 1 Stratum to 2,and from Stratum to3, was not from Stratum although transition 2 from the 2, clear in thissquare. entirely could not be a Soil 15 (P-1311) is from different of the site,and levelsin thistrench part thatVi L11 is of Stratum1, whichis entirely The date suggests ascribedto a specific phase. possible. at well to the stratigraphy Saliagos. They The Radiocarbondates thusrelate extremely in no problems interpretation. present
NOTE
ON THE MARKING CORRELATION
CONVENTION OF LEVELS
AND THE
nowpreserved of who maywishto examinetheoriginal For theconvenience those material, used is now an convention in the Paros Museumand its reserves, explanation the marking of in withmanyunpublished The original willbe deposited thelibrary records, drawings, given. wheretheymay be freely studiedand copied. School ofArchaeology, of the British Athens, bulkof material thatsome of the foundmade it inevitable It shouldbe notedthatthe sheer and obsidianand shellbe discarded. undecorated pottery unworked The division thelevelsintophasesis givenin Table 32. of from All wereretained, withbody sherds sherds Squares Oi, Qj, together Pottery. feature by R35 S3, S4, T2, T4. Sherdsweremarkedwithan S, followed the Square numberand a weremarked, the however, e.g. enclosing levelnumber, S.R3 ^. Not all bodysherds triangle sherdswere packed in clearlylabelled wooden boxes. Drawn sherdswere and unmarked of also withtheserialnumber thedrawing. marked
TABLE 32. THE DIVISION Stratum 3 levels 1-5 1-5 1-3 1-6 1-7 1-6 .. 1-3 1-4 1-6 1-4, 22-24 1-9,11-12 10-13 OF THE LEVELS INTO 1 Stratum levels 7-10 A 7-12, 8-12, G7 7-!O 11-14 . .. (entire) THE THREE PRINCIPAL STRATA
Square 0} R3 53 54 K4 N3 Cliff17, Pit A T2, T4 Q.3 Q4 Oi K3, K3A K3B to 4 to 6 Li to 4 Ri, R2, R4 Ki,K2 Q2, P3, sections Cliff
2 Stratum levels 6-9 A6, B6-7, C6 4-6 7-10 .. .. 4-8 5-10, 12-13 25~39> 48-49 10,13-18, 22-28 14-18
1 Stratum or2 levels
Stratum 2, or3 1, levels
8-13 7-12
11, 14-21, 40-47, 50-72 19-21,29-34 19-23 all levels all levels all levels all levels all levels all levels all levels
obsidianweregivena serialObsidian Number,withwhich worked PiecesofwellObsidian. of the theyweremarked.The context each piece may be foundby consulting obsidiancard Wasteobsidianwas retained from indexor theobsidianinventory. Squares K4, N3, Qi, R3, wastewas discarded. S4, C9, G2, H2, H3, and Vouni,keptin labelledbags. The remaining stoneotherthan obsidian).Small Finds weregivena serial Finds(including Small chipped
C 4316 L
146
withwhichthey weremarked. The context each maybe found conof Small-Find Number, by the sulting card indexor theinventory. in All and unworked, werecatalogued theboneledgers. Bone. piecesofbone,worked Worked a Small-Find is sometimes risk confusion a number(there of between the pieceswerealsogiven in Mostweremarked ink,butsomepieceswerepacked two numbers). bonewas discarded. No in bags labelledwiththecontext. withthe Small Finds.A typecollection unworked Shell.Workedshellwas incorporated of withall theshellfrom shellwas retained, together Squares Qi, R3, and S4.
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du et de Perrot, J., 1952, 'Ttes de flches Natoufien du Tahounien (Palestine)',Bulletin la Socit
Ph.D. thesis, Library,Cambridge. unpublished University Gann,J. R., and DixoN,J. E., 1965,Obsidian in theAegean',BSA lx. 225. Prehistoric v. Renfrew,J. M., 1966, 'CarbonisedGrain from Thessaly',Thessalika,
xxviii. Rodden, R. J., 1962,'Excavationsat Nea Nikomedeia',Proceedingsthe of Prehistoric Society, v. from Prehistoric Macedonia', BalkanStudies, 109. a, 'Recent Discoveries 1964 of Settlement Nea Nikomedeia',ILN, 8 April 1964. 1964b, 'The 7thMillennium Catal Hyk',Anatolian xv. Studies, 175. Ryder, M. L., 1965,'Reporton Textilesfrom
Schliemann,
Riedl, R., 1963, Fauna undFlora derAdria.
Fishes. Thompson, W. D'A., 1947, A Glossary Greek of intotheLevantPerformed Orderof theLate French TouRNEFORT,J. P., marquis de, 174 1, Voyage by King.
i. Singer, C, Holmyard, E. J., and Hall, A. R., 1951,A History Technology, of in Dikaios P., Khirokitia. from Khirokitia' Stekelis, M., 1953,'The FlintImplements Stephanos, K., 1906,'Anaskaphaien Naxo', PAE, 1906. Theochares, D., 1956, 'Nea Makri, eine grosseneolitische Siedlungin der Nhe von Marathon', AM lxxi. Antike viii. 72. der Kykladenidole', Kunst, Thimme, 1965, 'Die religise J., Bedeutung
., 1884, Troja, theResults of theRecentResearchesand Discoveries on theSite of Homer's Troy ....
Prehistoric vi. Weinberg,S. S., 1937,'Remainsfrom Corinth', Hesperia,
din Vulpe, R., 1957, Izvoare,Spturile 1936-1948.
of of University London, Institute Archaeology. Vickery, K. F., 1936,Foodin EarlyGreece (IllinoisStudiesin the Social Sciences,xx. no. 3).
1908, Ai proistorikai Diminioukai Sesklou. akropoleis Ucko, P. J., 1962, Prehistoric Figurines theNear East and theAegean,Ph.D. thesis at the of Anthropomorphic
Tsountas, C., 1898,'KykladikaI', AE, 1898. 1899,'Kykladika, AE, 1899.
150
and Aegean Interrelations', Weinberg, S. S., 1951, 'NeolithicFigurines AJA lvi. 121. xxxi. 158. Elateia', Hesperia, 1962,'Excavationsat Prehistoric cThe StoneAge in theAegean5,CAH i2,ch. (fase.36). 1965, G. Khirokitia and Erimi',AppendixIV in Dikaios P., Khirokitia. WiLKiNS, L., 1953,'Shells from aus Amorgos', ^4Mxvi. 46. Wolters, P., 1891,'Marmorkopf Book VIII, 1. 560. Wordsworth, W., 1850, ThePrelude, 'Archaiotites mnimeiaNison Aigaiou', ADelt 16 A. 235. kai Zapheiropoulos, N., i960, Zervos, C, 1957,L'ArtdesCyclades.
NOTES TO THE FIGURES

L the The symbol indicates level. fig. 60. Obsidian Cores
fig. 60, A Obs. no. No no. No no. Glass Core Core Context U U Phase 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 plate xxxiv xxxiv
fig. 61. ChippedStone

61, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
100 2100 142 104 31 16 S.F. 306 2083 76
AI AI A III A I AI EI EI II
Y3 L4 Qi L8 Y3 L4 Y2 L2 S4 L6 S4L11 T2 L2 Z6 Li
1, 2, 3 2 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 3 1 3 i, 2, 3
xxxv, 2 ; xxxvi, 2 xxxvi, 1 xxxvi, 3 xxxvi, 4 xxxviii, 2; xxxviii, 9 xxxviii, 3 xxxviii,
Points fig. 62. Chipped-Stone

62, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 119 2562 2091 2084 2155 2023 20 2158 2020
I I III I III I I II I
N3 L8 Cliff 17, Pit A Ki Lio Cliff 17, Pit A S3 L7 S4 L4 G-H2-3, U S4 L12 Cliff 20
1,2 1 1, 2, 3 1 1 3 1,2,3 1 1, 2, 3
xxxvii, 22
xxxvii, 24
Points fig. 63. Chipped-Stone

63, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2038 3235 2026 2536 2025 3130 3 2036 2045
C I CI CI CI CI CI C I CI D I
Cliff 19 Cliff 17, Pit A H6U Cliff 17, Pit A R3 L2 S4L6 Gi, U T2 Li Q4 L13
1, 2, 3 1 1,2,3 1 3 3 , 2, 3 3 3
xxxv, 1 xxxv, 4
xxxv, 3; xxxvii, 21 xxxvii, 23

64, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2863 41 281 1 2576 3167 3101 S.F. 340
G III I III O II G III I III J IV J III
K3 L12B C9 U T2 L2 S3a L9 S4a L14 S4 L5 S3a Lio
3 i, 2, 3 3 1 1 3 1
xxxix, 9 XL, 9 XLi, 7 XL, 7 xxxviii, 13 xxxviii, 8; xxxviii, 12
I52
EXCAVATIONS
Context
AT SALIAGOS

fig. 65, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Obs. no. 107 66 674 46 3173 118 711 135 2561 16 S.F. 2024 5
Glass A I A I A II All A III A III A IV A IV I I I
Phase 3 3 i, 2, 3 1,2,3 1 1,2,3 1, 2, 3 1,2,3 1 3 3 1, 2, 3
plate
N3 L-3 K3 L6 Y2 Li CgU S4L11 Cio U Yi L4 K1-2 Lg Cliff 17, Pit A 3 L5 Qi L3 Cg U
xxxvii, ig

66, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 2578 122 S.F. 234 2og2 8 115
8 g 10 11 12 13 14 15
16
S.F. 5g S.F. 30g 2016 80 22 4 11 2ogg

268g
CI CI CI GI CI Gil G II G II
I II II III III IV IV
Cg U S3b Lg Y3 L3 Qi L5 S3 Li H2 U N3L5
G III
Li L6 Vi L3 Gi U Dio U G-H2-3U H3U H2U Q4 L5

S3a L5
1, 2, 3 1 , 2, 3 3 3 1, 2, 3 3
xxxvii, 20 xxxviii, 6
? 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 3

2
, xxxviii,7 5; xxxviii, 10 xxxvii,7

67, 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2012 4g8 S.F. 236 138 79 78 750 68
g 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
S.F. 235 S.F. 15 S.F. 342 2366

4g2 762 116 77g
C C G D D D D D
Dili Dili Dili D IV

D F IV II II I
III IV IV I I II III III
E7 U K4 L12 K3 L2 N3L1 D10U Li L6 Zi L6 H5 U
Cliff 20 G2 U Vi Li Cliff 2
Y3 L2 Y4 K3 L4 L2 L2 L6
1, 2, 3 1, 2 3 3 1,2,3 i, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 i, 2, 3
1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3
xxxvi, 8 xxxvi, 5
1, 2, 3 , 2, 3 i,2,3 3
xxxvi, 7 xxxvi, 6 xxxviii,5 xxxvi, g
xLi, 5

68, 1 2 852 860
F II F III
K4L11 K4 L13
1,2 1, 2
NOTES fig. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Obs. no. 876 412 2732 38 832 635 2 10 1 9 18 139 Class F III F III F III F IV F IV Gil G III G III G III G III
TO THE Context Oi L21 Y3 L4 S3 L-7a CgU K4L11 Y3-4Lb Cliff3 E5 U G3 U Y3-4 Lb
FIGURES Phase 1 i, 2, 3 1 1,2,3 1,2 1,2,3 1? 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 plate
153
S.F. S.F.
xxxix, 11 xxxviii, 4 xxxix, 10

69, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2442 955 3000 2817 713 662 2186 759 56 G III GUI G III G III G IV G IV H II Hill Hill R1-2 L2 Yi Li 1 T4 Li S3 Lioc Yi L4 Y3 Li Q3L3 L2 Li G12U 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 3 1 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 3 1,2,3 1,2,3
xxxix, 8

70, 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2150 2979 2128 437 797 2418 633 946 3159 69 687 Hill III HI HIV IV I HI I III I III I III I III I III I III Q3 Li Oi L72 Q1 L7 Cliff4 3 L2 K4 L9 R3 L5 Y3-1 Lb K3-O1 Li S4 L7C HSU Yi L5 3 2 1,2,3 , 2, 3 1, 2 3 1, 2, 3 3 2 1,2,3 1, 2, 3
xl, 4 xl, 2 XL> 5 xl, 8

71, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 S.F. 343 2950 2657 2048 S.F. 103 679 476 3072 2820 2818 2920 2737 3126 I III I IV I IV I IV J III J III J III J III J III J IV J IV J IV JIV Cliff 17 Qi Li 1 Vi L3 Q4 L3 Yi L4 Y2 Li Oi L71 S4L4 S3 L8 S3 L8 Qi L5 S3 L6a S4L6 1,2,3 1 1, 2, 3 3 i, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1 3 1 1 3 2 3
xl, 1
xxxviii, 15 xxxviii, 1 1 xxxviii, 14
154
fig. 72, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Obs. no. 949 43 2945 482 2912 519 438 772 2980 Class II III Kill III III IV IV L III L IV Context K3-O1 Li H2 U Qi Li 1 K3 L9 Qi L5 H2U P3L5 L4 L6 Qi L7 Phase 3 1, 2, 3 1 3 3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1, 2, 3 2 plate
xLi, 1 XLi,2

73, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 127 535 S.F. 189 3090 724 474 463 745 430 3008
L IV L IV L IV M IV M IV III III OU II
Fi U H2 U P3 Li S4 L5 Yi L4 L6g L37 Y3L3 3 L4 Q4 L4
1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 i, 2, 3 3 , 2, 3 2 1,2,3 , 2, 3 3
XLi,4 xli, 3
xli, 6 xli, 8
fig. 74. Vouni obsidian
fig. 74, 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Obs. no. V. 8 V. 19 V. 5 V. 9 V. 1
V. 76 V. 3 V. 16 V. 23 V. 58 V. 44 V. 68 V. 60 V. 26 V. 64 V. 20
III D III D IV F III F III J III J IV III III L IV M IV
Class AI I I C II C II
plate Lvi, 3 lvi, 1 lvi, 2 lvi, 5 lvi, 4
lvi, 8
lvi, 9
fig.
fig. 75. Fat lady

75
SmallFind Context no.

407 Q.3Li
Phase
3
plate
XL"
fig. 76. Marble Figurines

76, I 2 3 405 IO9 406 Cliff 20 L4 L4 Y2/U 2 I, 2, 3 I, 2, 3
XLIII, I XLIII, 2 XLV, 2
NOTES TO THE FIGURES fig. 77. Clay Figurines

fig. 77, 1 2 3 Small Find Context no. 404 23I 345 T2+4 L6 Cliff 2 K3 L15B Phase 2 I, 2, 3 2 plate XLV, 1 XLV, 4 XLV, 5
J55
fig. 78. Beads and Pendants

78, I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO 200 403 141 322 454 122 96 288 80 I38 71 L25 S3 L6a N3 L4 S3 L7 Cliff 17, Pit A N3 L6 K4 L9 Cliff 17, Pit A Z9 Li Y3 L4 I, 2, 3 2 3 1 1 3 1, 2 1 1, 2, 3 I, 2, 3 XLIV, XLiv, XLIV, XLVI, XLVi, XLVi, XLVi, XLVi, XLVi, XLVI, 3 1 2 7 2 1 3 5 6 4
fig. 79. StoneAxes
79> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13
37 355 267 354 126 117 303 239 4 27 176

I 2
S3 L ioc S4 L13 R3 L6a S3 L5 N3 l_7 N3 L3 K3 L10B Qi L4 U Gi U R4 L7

G2 U G2 U
1 1 2 2 1, 2 3 3 3 i5 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1,2,3
I, 2, 3 I, 2, 3
XLvu, 6
XLVII, 3 XLVII, 4
14 15 16
173 230 233
R4U U Cliff 2
I, 2, 3 , 2, 3 1, 2, 3
XLVII, I
fig. 80. WorkedBone

80, 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 84 60 85 B74 io8 B51 73 29 B92 ii S4 L13 Cliff 2 S4 Li 4a S4L6 S4 Li 3 K3L6 S4 L12 Yi L24 R3L5 L14 1 1, 2, 3 1 3 1 3 1 i? 2, 3 3 2 XLvin, 5 xlviii, 6 xlviii, 3
fig. 81. WorkedBone

8l,I 2 3 9 94 113 Ol L22 S3 L8 U 3 1, 2, 3 XLVII, IO
156 fig.
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n 12
EXCAVATIONS AT SALIAGOS SmallFind Context no.

l6 20 32 33 no 64 4 56 50 K4L1I N3 L8 L72 L72 K3 L10B Cliff 3 Y4 L2 K3-O1 Li K3 L6
Phase
1,2 , 2 1 1 3 1,2,3 , 2, 3 1, 2, 3 3
plate
II XLVII, XLViii, 9 XLViii, 7 1 XLViii, 2 XLViii,
fig. 82. WorkedShell

82, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 !3 14 464 326 227 58 447 68 449 392 69 61 446 160 325 565 Cliff 20 K3 L17B Oi L72 Li l_5 0.3 L4 K3 L5 Qi L8 S3 L2 Z3 L2 Li L4 Vi L2 Oi L37 S4L12 K3 L8 1,2,3 2 1 1, 2, 3 3 3 2 3 I, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1,2,3 2 1 3
XLix,18 XLix,13 XLix,10 XLIX,12 XLIX, 9 XLix,7
fig. 83. Sherd'burnishers'

83, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 390 384 323 276 320 287 393 116 335 334 277 115
S3 Lioa S3 L8 S4 L12 Cliff17, Pit A Qi L8 Cliff 6 Q2 Lio L2 L4 L3Ll1 L3L11 Cliff17, Pit A N3 L4
1 1 1 1 2 1,2,3 1, 2, 3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1 3
L, 9
L, 8 l> 3
L, 1
and pottery rods fig. 84. Spindlewhorls

84, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 318 395 118 89 339 264 119 21 82 263 315 S4L11 S3 L7 K4 L15 K4 L8 0} L8 Qi L3 N3 L3 Li L3 L2 L4 Cliff 2O L3 LlO
1 1 1,2 1, 2 2 3 3 1, 2, 3 I, 2, 3 I, 2, 3 I, 2, 3
LI>6 li, 5 li, 7 li, 8 li, 4 LI, 2 LI, I LI, 3
NOTES TO THE FIGURES fig.

12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21
157 plate
l, 18 L, 14 l, 19 L, 10
SmallFind Context no.

270 272 271 93 316 Qi Qi Qi Yi Vi L8 L8 L8 L4 L5
Phase
2 2 2 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3
17
566
95 291 94 321
Yi Qi Yi Vi
Q,4L2-3
L4 U L2-3 L.2
i, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 i, 2, 3 i, 2, 3
l, 17 L, 11 L, 13
fig. 85. Discs ofclay and stone

85, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 269 313 222 324 45 183 44 182 12 113 35 34 367 51
Qi L8a Qi L7 Oi L58 S4 Li 2 K3 L7 K3 L9 K3 L6 K3L9 Li Li U Li L4 Li L4 Ri Li Li L4
2 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 i, 2, 3 1,2,3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 i, 2, 3 1, 2, 3
liv, 7 liv, 6
liv, 5 liv, 8 liv, 9
fig. 86. Pot lids

86, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 369 383 225 191 42 37 361 362 P3 Lio S4 L4 Oi L72 Oi L14 H6/U G10/65/U Qi L8 R3 Lx)a 1, 2, 3 3 1 1 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 2 1 Lin,4
Lin,2
fig. 87. Waistedweights

87, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
181 248 73 17 353 331 238 386 86
Oi L33 Qi L5 K3 L7 K3 L5 U Q2 Lio Cliff 20 U L2 L4
2 3 3 3 1,2,3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3
li, li, li, li, li, li, li, li, li,
14 9 20 17 11 15 19 18 13
fig. 88. WorkedStone

88, 1 2 158 180 N3 L6 N3 L8 3 1, 2
158 fig.
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
EXCAVATIONS AT SALIAGOS SmallFind Context no.

171 J37 I96 294 170 97 411 240 245 402 106 Oi L7 Y3 L3 I L72 Cliff 17, Pit A K3 Li 7 K4 L9 Vi L4 Cliff 17, Pit A Cliff 17, Pit A Cliff 17, Pit A L4 L3
Phase
2 1,2,3 I 1 2 1,2 1, 2, 3 1 1 1 1, 2, 3
plate
XLiii, 4 XLIII, 5 XLiii, 3 XLVII,9 Lv, 3 lv, 1 lv, 2
fig. 89. Querns

89,
1 2 3
203 422 50
K4 L9 U Li L3
1,2 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3
Lii, 3
fig. 90. Mortars

go, 1 2 3 4 5 99 249 268 409 408 L2 L5 Cliff4 L3 Lio Y2 L4 S3 L.2 !> 2, i, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3 3 3 3 3 lii, lii, lii, lii, 5 6 7 4
fig. 91. Rubbers

91, 1 2 3 4 5 424 145 359 412 4X3
Vi Lio Y1-Y3 Lb L3 L13 Vi L4 u
1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, i> 2,
3 3 3 3 3
lii, 1
and fig. 92. Hammerstones Rubbers

92, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 381 382 204 91 18 144 221 90
S3 Lioc S3 Lioc Q2 L6 K4 L8 Li L2 Ki L8 Y3 L4 K/U
1 1, 2, 3 1, 2 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3
liv, 3
'''/
|" VOL/
'
/;'"'
9/
'
Fig. 31. Scale 1:3. 'Fruitstands'
II'
Fig. 32. Scale 1:3. 'Fruitstands'
4 /_|'
'
Fio. 33. Scale
- ^ l'-
1:3. 'Fruitstands'
C 4316
1 'f*
Fig. 34 Scale 1:3. Deep bowls (3, 4) and jars (i, 2, 5)
^-6
^-^
vw8
VLy 9
Fig. 35 Scale
1:3. Bowls
7 'U
M /
Fig. 36. Scale :3 'Stands' (1-3)? 'lamps' (4-6), and bowls (7-14)
Fig. 37. Scale :3 Deep bowl () and jar (2)
yf-^L
Fig. 38. Scale
1:3. Bowl
() and 'fruitstand'
(2)
Fig. 39. Scale -.3.Coarse (i) and fine (2-4) white-painted sherds, double-spouted bowl (5) and jar
FRAGMENTS j) (6,
^r
^^p#
14
v^^'.
15
- - - =J 16
19
Fig. 40. Scale 13. Coarse-ware bowls (1-7) and jars (8-19)
Mm
__
6 _^___^
8
Fig. 41. Scale :3 White-painted coarse-ware sherds
^J^îi
4
ul5Bi
^^-*&*
jC
, MF' fit. ^ m
*7 ivy*
r-Ti- -
',
tf
f ff c * k
f^p^7
..,' ,.
' .:
'"
Fig. 42. Scale 1:3. Coarse-ware, impressed and plastic-decorated sherds
its ^ 'l :?'

V 1 2 3 -*^^_^4
(2T_) I ..--j I Pi
I i - ^s m / -"'^^bs.
'v
^~~^- --
13
15
Fig. 43. Scale 1:3. Coarse-ware sherds with plastic decoration
16
~^^
^^
10
^ nlJL>
^^^
^s<^/
iQ
Fig. 44. Scale i : 3. Coarse-ware lugs and handles
*^
7 mm
Fio. 45. Scale 1:3. Coarse- ware handles
^-^
1 mill/
4
*^
^^^^^^
12
% J| ^^
16
Fig. 46. Scale : 3. Coarse-ware lugs
17
11
Fig. 47. Scale 1:3. Coarse-ware crescentig lugs
13
^
I
wi
)' m
sr
'
J__j^7/ ln
'
._
11
" "'
13
12
Fig. 48. Scale 1:3. White-painted decoration. Bowls and 'fruitstands'
14
- -7
5
9
Fig. 49. Scale :3 White-painted decoration. Bowls and cfruitstands'
C 4316
'9
'^r
15
lo
^^17
Fig. 50. Scale 13. White-painted decoration. Bowls and ^ruitstands'
'C^
'
^-
r~^
'
"
10
11
'V 1 7jr^' - / 'S// / v^,~m^.
13
m m
m m
' J
/ ^4
// //
'Vl_41f "S" ^
18 ^ 19
Fig. 51. Scale 13. White-painted decoration. Bowls and 'fruitstands'
12
r~jr
r
7
11
^-
^'
""
12
13
^~')
^
Fig. 52. Scale 1:3. White-painted decoration. Bowls and 'fruitstands'
1^
/
4 V v)f
^___^
^%. 6 /
'
5 /
^%'
:
'
^j - /
10
12
11
Fig. 53 Scale 1:3. Jars (1-8) and bases (9-13)
13
'1' ^"
V-&7 V 3 wîar / 2
5 " *""*6
*- J- --4
'
^^
11
13
^^ S-
14
// 1 A'
15
16
( VVl /
ZA_D
17 18
Fig. 54. Scale 1:3. Bases ( - 3), and stemsof 'fruitstands'
Jasa I CD 'W ' 'ffl

12 3 6 7 8 9
Ifc
5 ^V/^10
r-T-
13
| ^^
14
>
^P^^
15
16
^
-7^r-L-'
-îpp
17
18
r 20
21
"
~- *22
Fig. 55. Scale 1:3. White -painted bowls
^^
I
I
v-^Bi w
^^
17
^
18
19
20
20, 21, MATT-PAINTED (DARK-ON-LIGHT)
21
Fig. 56. Scale 13. Decorated sherds. 1-7, white-painted; 9-13, pointill; 14-18, painted and burnished; 19, crusted;
17
%m
II
1
m' ' "" / /
'
',''/ pwWifi
: -^ / (/#
2
1
S JV
";
>-w.,
3
'
'
3# 1
'
^dW^f/
J ^ ^-^ 9
6
10
^^
4W&
14
fl
/Iw
12 V^H
ia
y/
17
4#f A
* V-^^
%
jg
^^^
t^^_Li j
'^^ 19
Fig. 57. Scale :3 Fine-ware lugs and handles
Ni H, ] 7 8 9
3 io
^20
21
^9 ^^
* ^ 23
^^
24
Fig. 58. Scale 1:3. Fine-ware handles
fv
""
''';1 -&
'.''. ::.#
WW
^B*
[_j f 1er 2 1
.^, -fe V': 8V 7
6 ' /' '' /
/L /
or- *
Q
i8
20 %
19 '
22 x
-W
421
24
23
Fig. 59. Scale 1:3. Handles (1-12), spouts (13-19), etc.
Fig. 6o. Scale 1:2. Exceptionally large obsidian cores
<3
Fig. 61. Scale : . vates (i~5)} and 'slugs' (6-8)
8^
y cy^
Fig. 62. Scale 1:1. Tanged and barbed points (formB)
2^
7<Z> 7
<^
Fig. 63. Scale 1:1. Points of formG (1-8) and D (9)
Fig. 64. Scale
1:1. Artefacts
of obsidian
Fig. 65. Scale 2:3. Ovates and points.
C 4316
Fig. 66. Scale 2:3. Tanged points
A '^
^^
^y /N.
Fig. 67. Scale 2:3. Points of formD (1-13), Plugs' (14-15), class F I (16)
^ 4 ^ 5 ^
-^^>
10
^^
11
=>
12
Fig. 68. Scale 2:3. Flakes and blades with two worked edges (formsF and G)
/ '
r'
<C^~
^->*-i^
^> -
^^
^J
<3
7
Fig. 69. Scale 2:3. Flakes and blades of classes G IV, H II, and H III
10 /- ^
Fig. 70. Scale 2:3. Flakes and blades with one worked edge (formsH and I)
^> 7
JCf
^,0
-<=> 11
^^12
<^
13
Fig. . Scale 2:3 Artefacts of formI (1-4) and worked parallel-sided blades (formJ)
^7
^^
Fig. 72. Scale 2:3 Nose-pointed and notch-sided flakes (forms and L)
Fig. 73. Scale 2:3. Notch-sided blades (1-3), burins (4-5), 'burin spalls' (6-7), and discs (8-10)
^8
Z=^
12
13
^===:7
14
i==^
15
C^
16
Fig. 74. Scale 2:3. Obsidian artefacts fromvouni
%&.
'
' *
Fig. 75 Scale : . The fat lady of saliagos
^^^F
Fig. 76. Scale
1:1. Marble
figurines
1 ^^^^^
^^
^__3
3 ^^^^^^^^
Fig. 77 Scale : . Figurines and legs of clay
o |j|
Vr
, ifU
_ r^ftfc
-" --
9
Fig. 78. Scale 1:1. Pendants and beads
10
"
12
13
14
15
Fig. 79 Scale i :2. Stone axes
16
'' 'r I I
''El h
j'
7fJMfY)
Fig. 80. Scale 1:2. Bone tools: narrowed tools (1-3), chisels (4-7), spatulae (8-10)
Fig. 8i. Scale C 4316
1:2. Bone tools:
points (i-io),
and chisel (12)
8 ' 9)10/ "

Fig. 82. Scale 1:2. Worked shell
Of
4
3'J
6
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Xj
'J''J'J
7 8 11 12

Fig. 83. Scale 1:2. Sherd 'burnishers' 2
S 1f ) 5'j -il10 '
( <r W ^J I /11 ' " i gnD ^b ^ y V / I Ni 6 8 '

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16 J S 1) (il
17 18 * 19 20 21
Fig. 84. Scale 1:2. Spindle whorls and clay rods
1
5 6
^3^^
10
12
13^^^
Fig. 85. Scale :2. Discs of clay, and of stone (7, 10)
U 14v_y
Fig. 86. Scale : 3. Pot lids
UflppffH Wffiff m )
Fig. 87. Scale :2. Waisted weights
&
8
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no
) V / ^^^
13
Fig. 88. Scale 1:2. Carefully worked stone (1-8), and pestles (9-13). No. 8 is of pumice
'^-:Z-- --V
Fig. 89. Scale : 3. Querns
Fig. go. Scale 1:3. Mortars
Fig. 91. Scale 13. Rubbers
"^7
-azzzzrn S V- , ^
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CZ)
Fig. 92. Scale 1:3. Hammerstones
INDEX
A. Gala (Chios),83, 90. 80; basketry, seealsomatimpressions. see A. Georgios 'bastion', architecture. finds, 97. 96, 4; (Antiparos), underwater A. Kosmas(Attica), shell,125. finds, 28, 31; parallels, bead,64-5; individual 87. 14, 84; MissL., 1, 122. A. Mamas (Macedonia), Beigel, shell,125,135. MissB., 1,49. Bender, 86, Aegina, 87. Bent, T., 1,3,86. J. (Melos),4, 75, 77. Agrilia Alaca (Anatolia), 82. 82, Beycesultan (Anatolia), 85, 87. Alishar 82. bezoar,114. (Anatolia), Revd.H. E. J., 135,136. Biggs, 85, Amouq, 90. bird,32, 67. Amulet, 31,64, 65; seealsopendant. 19, stone. cerealgrain,139-41;faunal,114-17; fishbones, blade,seechipped Analysis, 118-21; obsidian,105-7; opticalspectrometry, 105-7; boat,77, 79-80 see 99-100,104; pollen,112-13; Radiocarbon, Boeotia, Copais,Elateia. petrological, found. 99- bonetool,seeobjects 144; shell,122-38;soil, 108-11; X-raydiffraction, see atal Hyk, Anatolia, Alaca, Alishar, Beycesultan, Kum Tepe, Mersin, Hacilar,Ilicapinar, Troy, iftlik, 1 also animal remains,14-17;indiet, 78-79;see canid,cattle, deer, goat,sheep. see figurine, figurines. anthropomorphic vine geology,101-2; Grotto,3; Hellenistic Antiparos, trenches, 94-6; marble,101-2; metalores,101-2; 5, obsidian, 47, 105-7; pollen, 113; sea level,5, 92-8; 82. Arapi(Thessaly), 2: 1: architecture, 9-10; of Stratum 11, 13; of Stratum 1 3: 15-18; of Stratum or 2: 20; of Stratum 22-7; 1 ofStratum, 2, or 3 : 29. 81. 'bastion', 9-10,22-5; parallels, buttress, 23-4. 10, 6, 'dolmen', 23; lampfrom, 72-3; date,8, 27. 1: Stratum 11; Stratum 16-18. floor, 3: 1 2 Stratum: 11; Stratum: 15,18; Stratum 2, or 1, hearth, 3: 10,29, 30. HouseE, 10, 12, 15-16. 80-1. wall, perimeter 9-10,23-5; parallels, pis26,81, 109,in. sea for Pit A, 7,9-10,12-13;evidence diet,79;for level, 120; from, 14-15;fishbones, shell,122-3. 93, 97; finds PitB, 7. 81. Structure 10, 17-18,26; parallels, G, WallG, 10, 11, 16. wallconstruction, 18-25. Wall D, 12, 15-16. Wall F, 10, 12, 16-17. WallH, 17. 83. Argissa (Thessaly), stone, arrowhead, 78-9; seealsochipped point. 46, Nea Makri. see Attica, A. Kosmas, finds, used,99-100; individual axe, stone,65-6; material 14, 19,22, 28, 32. not axe,shaft-hole, found, 76. Ayios , seeA.- (Aghios). MissJ., 1. Bagenal, 18, barley, 77, 139-40.
seealso Vouni.
100, 104.
Bos, see cattle; Bos primigenius,14, 67, 115, 117.
see bowl,pottery, pottery. 88. bowl,stone, 32, 65; parallels, 19, bracelet, shell, 65, 127; parallels, 28, 87. British SchoolofArchaeology, 34,49, 145. 1, not burial, Roman,6; prehistoric found, 80-1. 75, stone. see burin, chipped stone. burin spall,seechipped sherd, 69-70,80; individual 'burnisher', finds, 20, 45, 15, 88. 28, 32; parallels, G. Bushnell, H. S., 72. Butmir 84. (Jugoslavia), see buttress, architecture. 85. Byblos, canid,14,67, 117. Cann,J. R., 105. see goat. caprini, sheep,
Capra,seegoat. see Cardium, shell species,Cerastoderma.
J. Caskey, L., 1. 79, atal Hyk(Anatolia), 81, 85, 87, 90. bonesas foodrefuse, 77-9,115-17;worked 12, cattle, bone, 20, 28, 32, 67. not 80-1. cemetery, found, 79, cephalopod, 80, 137.
see Cerastoderma, shell species.
seeshellspecies. Cerithium, Chalandriani 72, (Syros), 80, 81. see fruitstand. chalice, pottery, see Charonia, shellspecies. see Chios, A. Gala, Emborio. stone, 46-62. chipped arrow, 78-79; seepoint. 46, blade, parallel-sided 12, (without retouch), 48, 52-3, 60; width variation stratum 61-2; at Vouni, 55; by 56, 48, 74; parallels, 88. 84, blade,parallel-sided, retouched, classification 60; 50-2; finds stratum 19, 21, 27, 31, 49; width at 14, by 55; Vouni,75,parallels, 85. burin, classification, 61; 51-2; finds stratum, 19, by 14, 21, 27, 31,49; at Vouni,75.
222
INDEX see Khirokitia. Cyprus, Erimi, Danilo,87, 90. deer,78, 117. MissI., 2. Dekoulakou, Delos,pollen,112. Dhespotikon, 97,seealsoZoumbaria. 4, Dhimini (Thessaly), chipped stone,46; pottery, 81-4; date,90. diet, 77-9; cereal grains 139-41; fauna, 114-17; fish, 118-21; shellfish, 138. 122, see stone, disc,chipped stone, chipped disc,clay,15,20, 32, 70. disc,stone, 70. 32, Dixon, E., 2, 101,105. J. dog,14,67, 117. 'dolmen', 23; lampfrom, 6, 72-3; date,8, 27. Doumas,C, 1,81. Drios(Paros),86. EarlyCycladic,1; mat impressions, 80; oliveoil 77; 72, schematic figurines, 81, 86; shell,125, 137; other 63, 81, parallels, 87-89. EarlyHelladic,77,81, 89; seealsoA. Kosmas. EarlyMinoan, 89. 87, einkorn, 140. Elateia(Boeotia), 87, 89, 90. 82, Emborio (Chios),82, 83, 89, 90. finds 19,22, 28, 32. emery, 99-100;individual 65, 14, emmer, 77, 140. 18, Erimi(Cyprus), 133,136. Erimomelos (Melos),78. Evans,Mrs.E., 1, 2, 34. Evans, D., 1, 142. J. Fat Lady,seefigurines, seated, see feet, leg. fiddle schematic, idol,seefigurines, figurines, 86-7. 62-5, bone,29, 31, 64, 86. day, 15, 19,63-4,87. schematic 10, (marble), 18-19,31, 63, 81, 86. seated(marble), 28, 62, 86. 1, stone, red,18, 19,64, 87. fish fishing, 71-80,119-20. and 71, fish not hook, found, 79, 119. 76, see stone, flake, chipped flat see flaking, chipped stone, technique, flax, 80. 79, ., Fleming, 2. flint, 47, 59. 46, see food, diet, fossilized grain, 139. fox,117. P., Frangiskos, 2, 104. Fraser, Dr., 119. see 'fruitstand', pottery. Gallis,D., 1, 113. Gee,M., 2, 92. Giali,obsidian from, 80, 84, 105-7. 48, Gioura, 78.
see Glycimeris, shell species.
stone(cont.) : chipped burinspall, waste,55; with secondary 61; working, classification 51-4; finds stratum, 19, 21, 27, by 14, 31,48,49; at Vouni,48, 75. core, 54-5; classification 12, 52-3; findsby stratum, 48; parallels, 84. corerejuvenation flake, 53, 84. 48, disc, 61; classification, 50-2; finds stratum, 19, by 14, 21, 27, 31,49; at Mavrispilia, at Vouni,74-5. 74; flake, retouched, 59-60; classification, 51-2; findsby stratum, 14, 19, 21, 27, 31, 49; at Vouni, 74-5; parallels, 85. waste, 52-3,55. flake, 48, flint, 46-7,59, 104. keeled blade,48, 52-3. nose-ended flake, classification finds stratum, 60; 51-2; by 14, 19, 21, 27, 31, 49; at Mavrispilia at Vouni, 74; 74-5 notch-sided 60; classification finds stratum, flake, 51-2; by 17, 19,21, 27, 31,49; at Vouni,74-5. as obsidian, material, 46-8; source, 105-7. 84, ovate,56; classification 50-1; finds stratum, 19, by 14, 61-2; at Vouni, 74-5; 27, 49; variation stratum, by 85; parallels, use,79-80. point,57-9; classification 50-1; finds stratum, by 14, 61-2; at 19, 2i, 27, 31, 49; variation stratum, by Agrilia 75; at Mavrispilia74; at Vouni, 74-5; 84, parallels, 90; use,46, 78-80. 50-2; by 14, slug,59; classification, finds stratum, 19,27, 31,49; at Vouni,75; parallels, 85. see spearhead, ovate. technique, 49-50,55-6,58; parallels, 85. 46, trachyte, 100. wasteindustry, 51-6; finds stratum, 21, 27, 46, by 14, 6 by 31, 48, 49; variation stratum1; at Vouni,74-5; 84-5. parallels, well-worked artefacts, 56-62; classification ; finds 50-2 by stratum, 19,21,27, 31,49; at Agrilia, 14, Mavrispilia, Vouni,74-5; parallels, 84-6. found: bonetool, see chisel, objects chronology, 88-91,144. 105. iftlik (Anatolia), see G. circular Structure feature, architecture, I. Glegg, M., 1,66,67, 114 cliff sections, 10. 7, climate, pollen, 108,no. 113; soilevidence, 77; see Cerastoderma. cockle, shellspecies, see Conus, shellspecies. no, 113. Copais,Lake (Boeotia), stone, core,seechipped stone. flake, core,rejuvenation seechipped Corinth 82. (Ploponnse), I. Cornwall, W., 108,no. cow,seecattle. see cowrie, shellspecies, Cyprea. crab,123. Phaistos. Crete, 82-3; seealsoKnossos, pottery, R., Crump, 2, 92, 94. 82. Cucuteni, see cuttlefish, cephalopod. finds shell, cut-to-shape, 68,69,80,134;individual 20,28,32. seeshellspecies. Cymatium, see Cyprea, shellspecies.
INDEX
goat, bones as food refuse,12, 77-9, 114-16; identification, 67, 78; workedbone 67; individualfinds, 20, 22, 28, 32. 14, Gordon, I., 122. grain, 18, 139-41; seealso barley,wheat. Gram, S., 2. granite,102, 104. grape, 77; seealso vine. grave,seeburial, 'dolmen', Remmatonisi. Greenwood,P. H., 118. Grotta (Naxos), 81, 105; submergedremains,97. Grotta-Pelos culture, 1; schematic figurines, 68, 81, 86 ; parallels,81, 87, 88. Gumelnitsaculture,87, 90. Hacilar (Anatolia), 81, 85, 86, 90. hammerstone, 33. 15, handles. handle, seepottery, Hartmann,M., 2. Hassell, M., 2, 92. Haua Fteah (Gyrenaica), sheep, 114-15. Hayes, J., 72-3. hearth,seearchitecture. Hellenisticremains,27; vine trenches, 94-6. 5, Higgs, E. S., 67, 78, 114. Hood, M. S. F., 89. Hopper, R. J., 2. see Hordeum, barley. horn cores,studyof,78. House E, seearchitecture. no hunting, evidencefor,78, 117. Iasos (Anatolia), 85, 87. Ilicapinar (Anatolia), 85. see imports;emery; granite;jade; muscoimports, pottery, obsidian; porphyry; pumice, vite-biotite-gneiss; see impressed pottery, pottery, see incisedpottery, pottery. Ingle, R. W., 122. iron-ore, 99-100. Irving,F., 2, 92. 28, jade (tremolite), 64; sources,104. jar, seepottery. Jarmo (Iraq), 81. Jericho,81, 85, 105; shell, 125, 126, 128, 134-6. Jugoslavia,seeButmir,Danilo, Vinca. Kalimnos, 4, 82, 84. Karanovo, 81. Karathanasis,S., 2. Kastri (Kythera), 83. Kea, obsidian found,105; seealso Kephala. keeled blade, seechipped stone. Kephala (Kea), 1, 60, 81, 88. Keros-Syrosculture,81, 89. Khirokitia (Cyprus), 85; shell, 125, 129, 132-5, 137. Kinnes, . ., 2, 66, 67, 78, 114. Knossos (Crete), chipped stone, 46, 84; figurine, 86, 87, 83; pottery, parallels,67, 88, 89; date, 90. Kondoleon, N., 97. Kontsa, Miss ., 2. Ksr 'Akil, shell, 125, 126. Kum Tepe (Anatolia), 83, 90. Kythera,83. lamp, Roman, 8, 27, 33, 72-3. leg, clay, 19, 31, 64, 87 ; seealso pottery. leister,46, 79-80. Lengyel,87, 90. Lerna (Ploponnse), 46, 81, 84. lid, seepot lid. limpet,seeshell species,Patella. linen, 79.
223
Macedonia, parallels, 82-4, 86-8; see also A. Mamas, Nea Nikomedeia, Servia. Molyvopyrgo, Mackenzie. D., 1. magnetite-hematite-diaspore, 99-100; seealso emery, 33, marble 3, 103; bowl, 19, 32, 65, 88; figurine, 10, 14, 18. 1, 19, 32, 65, 88; tools, 15, 22, 66, 70, 71; source, 101, 102, 104. mat impressions, 71-2, 80. Mavrispilia (Mykonos), 4, 74, 77, 83. Megaw, A. H. S., 1. Melos, kaolinite,100; obsidian source, 47, 80, 84, 105-17; Pelos,Phylakopl. Erimomelos, pollen, 112; seealsoAgrilia, Mersin (Anatolia), buildings,18,81 ; obsidian,105 ; parallels, 85. 90, 91 metal, not found,76; Cycladic sources,101. microlith, 84. Molyvopyrgo(Macedonia), 125. see Monodonta, shell species. Morrison,. ., , 2, 5, 74, 92, 142. mortar,33, 71. mouflon,114, 117. mud brick,seearchitecture, pis. see Murex, shell species, 71, muscovite-biotite-gneiss, 80, 104; individual finds,15, 20, 22, 28, 33. mussel,seeshell species,Mytilus. > Mytilusseeshell species. narrowedtool, see objectsfound,bone. Natufianculture,85. Naxos, 77, 79; rock sources, 66, 80, 99-100; pollen, 112; seealso Grotta,Panermos,Sangri, Za. Nea Makri (Attica), 88. Nea Nikomedeia (Macedonia), 72, 81, 115. needle, not found,67, 76, 80. nets,71, 119. Nointel,Marquis de, 3. Norton,P., 122. see nose-endedflakes, chipped stone, see notch-sided flakes, chipped stone. shell objects found,62-73; see ^so chipped stone, pottery, species. amulet, 19, 31, 64, 65. arrowhead,46, 78-9; seealso chipped stone,point, axe, 65-6; material used, 99-100; individual finds, 14, 19, 22, 28, 32. bead, 64-5; individual finds, 14, 28, 31; parallels, 87. blade, seechipped stone, bone tool, 66-8; 14, chisel-end, individualfinds, 20, 28, 32; parallels, 67; 88. narrowed, 67; individual finds, 14, 20, 22, 28, 32; parallels, 88.
224
INDEX
: pig, bones as food refuse, 12, 77-9, 117; worked bone, objects found (cont.) 20, 28, 32, 67. perforated, individualfinds,14, 28, 32. 67; 1 point,67 ; individualfinds, 5, 20, 22,28, 32 ; parallels,88. Pinna,seeshell species. 20, pis,26, 81, 109, m. spatula, 67; individualfinds, 28; parallels,88. 'burnisher', sherd,45, 69-70, 80; individualfinds,15, 20, Pit A, 7, 9-10, 12-13; evidence for diet, 79; forsea level, 120; shell, 122-3. 93, 97; findsfrom,14-15; fishbones, 28, 32; parallels,88. Pit B, 7. disc, clay, 15, 20, 32, 70. disc, stone,32, 70. point,bone, see objectsfound,bone, point,stone,seechipped stone. bone, 29, 31, 64, parallels,86. figurine, Poliochni (Lemnos), 82, 85. clay, 15, 19, 63-4; parallels,87. stone, 1, 10, 18-19, 28, 31, 62-5; parallels,86, 87. pollen, 77, 112-13. 71, porphyry, 104. lamp, Roman, 8, 27, 33, 72-3. mat impression, pot lid, 70; individualfinds,15, 20, 28, 33. 71-2, 80. 34-46; at Mavrispilia, 74; parallels, 81-4. pottery, mortar,33, 71. decoration,40-4; pendant,28, 64; parallels,86, 87; material, 104. crustedpaint, 36, 42 ; parallels,84. pestle,20, 33, 71. 36, finger-impressed, 43; parallels,83. point,see bone; chipped stone, incised,36, 43-4; parallels,84. pot lid, 70; individualfinds,15, 20, 28, 33. 15, painted,dark-on-light; 42, 44-55; parallels,82-3. quern, 33, 71, 77, 88. painted, white; 13, 18, 30, 40-2, at Mavrispilia, 74; rod, clay, 20, 28, 32, 70. parallels,80-1. rubber,71, 77; individual finds,20, 22, 28, 33; material patternburnish,1, 44. 104. plastic,42-3; parallels 83. Shell, 68-9; see also shell species, 36, pointill, 43-4, parallels 84. bead, 69, 135, 136. fabric,34-6, 40, 42. bracelet,28, 65, 127; parallels,87. lug, 39, 83, 74. handles, 38-40; parallels 83; crescentic 68, cut-to-shape, 69, 80, 134; individual finds,20, 28, horned,39, 83; ledge-lug,39; lug, 38, 74. 32. saddle, 39, 83; strap,39; tab, 39, 83. 'spoon', 68, 77, 126; individualfinds,15, 20, 28, 32. imports,42, 43, 70; individual finds, 15, 28, 44-5; spatula, see bone, parallels,82-3. spindlewhorl,70, 80; individualfinds,15, 20, 22, 28, 32; shapes, 36-40; parallels,88. on, base, 38, 46; mat impression 72. stone,well worked,66; individualfinds, 19, 22, 28, 32. 14, bowl, 37, 41, 45; complete,13, 18, 27, 29, 30; withdark20, waisted,71; individualfinds, 28, 33; parallels weight, 88. decoration,44. on-light obsidian as material, 46-8; source, 84, 105-7; see also bowl, carinated,37, 45; complete,13, 18, 30; parallels, 83-4 chipped stone. 'fruitstand'(chalice), 36, 38, 41, 43; individual finds, octopus,80; seealso cephalopod. 13, 30; mat impressionon, 71-2; at Mavrispilia, Oliaros, 3 ; seealso Antiparos. 74; parallels,81-2. olive, 77. jar, 36, 37, 45; complete, 18, 30; with dark-on-light Oosterom,M., 66, 99. see decoration,44; at Mavrispilia, 74; parallels,88. Ostrea, shell species, leg, 19, 31, 40, 64; parallels 87. ovate, seechipped stone. spout,40. Ovis,seesheep. Prosymna(Ploponnse), 128, 132. pumice, 22, 73, 80, 88, 104. Page, Miss S., 2, 49. see Pyrgos(Paros), 81, 86. painted pottery, pottery. Panermos (Naxos), 81. 66, pyroxene, 99-100. Paradimi (Thrace), 83. quartz, 18, 33, 46, 101. Paros, 66; museum, 10, 34, 86, 145; sea level, 5, 92-8; quern, 33, 71, 77, 88. shell, 125, 137; seealso Drios, Pyrgos. Patella,seeshell species. Rachmani (Thessaly), 84. Ploponnse,86; seeCorinth,Lerna, Prosymna,Sparta. Radiocarbon dating, 29, 90, 144. Pelos (Meios), 84. pendant, 26, 64; material, 104; parallels, 86, 87; see also Ralph, Miss E. K., 2. amulet. ray, 14, 65, 119. Remmatonisi,3, 4, 5, 81 ; sea level at, 94, 95, 97. wall, seearchitecture, perimeter A. Renfrew, C, 1, 89, 105, 113, 142. pestle,20, 33, 71. Renfrew,Mrs. J. M., 1, 2, 118, 139. Petersen,F., 2. Phaistos (Crete), 84, 133. retouch,see chipped stone,technique. Ridley, Hon. Mrs. C, 1, 2. phase 1, 2, 3, see Stratum1, 2, 3. ring,stone,22, 65. Phelps,W., 1, 2, 92. rod, clay, 20, 28, 32, 70. 142-3. photogrammetry, Roman remains,8, 27 33? 72~3 Phylakopi (Melos), 75, 84; shell, 129, 134.
INDEX
225
see stone. rubber, 77; individual finds, 22, 28, 33; material, slug, chipped 20, 71, of 108-11; as indication soil,depthof,3, 6, 54; analyses, 104. climate 108,no; Radiocarbon sample, 144. 77, and life, 77-81; Sparta(Ploponnse), 86. Saliagos culture,74-6; environment bone, see found, 81-8; chronology, spatula, objects parallels, 88-91. ovate, see stone, Samos, 82, 83,84. spearhead, chipped 4, finds, 20, 22, 28, 32; whorl, 80; individual 70, 15, spindle Sangri(Naxos),1, 63, 86. 88. Santorin parallels, (Thera),73, 104. see schist, of, finds, 18, 22, Spondylus,shell, species, objects 65, 70, 71; individual 15, see 28, 32, 33; source, 100,101. spoon, shellspoon, 99, see Scombriodae, tunny, 40. spout, pottery, sea level, 77,92-8. freshwater,74. spring, 5, 5, wellworked, individual sea urchin, 66; finds, 19,22, 28, 32; stone, 14, 138. stone. seealsochipped not seal,stamp, found, 76. Miss., 2, 92. seated Stoves, 1, figurine, 28, 62,86. in Stratum 2, 3, division, 15, 22; variation chipped see 10, 1, Sepia, cephalopod. stone, 61-2; in pottery, 41, 45-6; in shell,69, 39, 49, 31, serpentine, 66, 87. Servia(Macedonia),128. 126; Radiocarbon dates,144. Sesklo(Thessaly), 87. Structure, seearchitecture. G, 46, R., Stuckenrath, 2, 144. Shackleton, N.J., 2, 68, 122. shark, 65, 119. 4, Syros, 102,104; seealsoChalandriani. 14, as refuse, 78-80,114-16;worked 12, sheep, 77; bones food 5, Tarsus, bone, individual finds, 20,22,28,32; identification, 85. 14, 67; see tauf, architecture, pis. 67, 78. shellbead,69, 135,136. Tebble,N., 122. Tell al-Judaidah, shellbracelet, 65, 127; parallels, 28, 87. 85. finds, 28, Thera (Santorin), 104. 20, shell, 68, 73, cut-to-shape, 69,80, 134; individual Thermi shell,125,127,129,132,136,137. (Lesbos), 32. also Dhimini, Rachmani, 86, shell, diet,12,80, 122-38. Thessaly, 87; see Arapi, Argissa, Sesklo. Radiocarbon from, date shell, 144. see Thunnus, tunny. shell, scraper, 20, 28. 15, shell, Tigani(Samos),83. 122-38. species, Tisza culture, 87. Cardium,see Cerastoderma. see Monodonta. Cerastoderma (Cardium, cockle), 69, 79, 128; individual topshell, shellspecies, workedfinds, 32. Tournefort,P., 141. 20, J. Cerithium, 69, 135-6. trachyte, 100. 46, 32, 82. 20, Charonia, 69, 134; individualworkedfinds, 28, 32. Tripolye, 68,
28, Conus, 32, 69, 136. cowrie,see Cyprea. 20, Cymatium, 32, 69, 132. (cowrie), 15, 32, 69, 135. Cyprea 32, Glycimeris, 69, 125. limpet,see Patella. Monodonta (top shell), 12, 68, 79, 131-2. Murex,79, 133. mussel,see Mytilus. Mytilus (mussel),68, 126; individualfinds,15, 20, 22. Ostrea (oyster),69, 125. Patella (limpet), 12, 79-80, 129-3 1; workedfinds, 69; 65, individualworkedfinds,15, 20, 28, 32. Pinna,28, 32, 69, 126-7. 127; worked finds,65, 69; individual worked Spondylus, finds,20, 28; parallels, 86, 87; Radiocarbon sample, 144. top shell,see Monodonta. 28, Venerupis, 69, 128. 28, Venus, 69, 128. shell 'spoon', 68, 77 ,126; individual finds, 15, 20, 28, 32. silo, 18, 81. Siphnos, 104. slingstone, 76. 73,
cockle, see Cerastoderma.
82, Troy, 85, 90, 120. Tsountas, 1, 3, 80. C, 8-21. tunny, 78-80,11 Turner, no, 112,113. C, MissJ., 2, 112. Turner, turtle, 121. 119, V-boring, 65, 87. 31, see Venerupis,shellspecies. see Venus, shellspecies. Vesselinovo, 90. 83, Vinca(Jugoslavia), 90. 82, vine vine,77; Hellenistic trenches, 94-6. 5, schematic. violin see figurine, figurines, Vouni (Antiparos), 74-5, 77; chippedstone,48, 49, 4, 54, 74-5 Wall,G, D, F, H, seearchitecture. Ward,R., 2, 92. K., Wardle, 2. see water supply, spring. woolwhorl, spindle 64, weaving, 71, 79, 80; seealsoflax, finds, 28, 33; parallels, 20, waisted, individual 71; weight, 88. S. Weinberg, S., 89.
see Triticum, wheat.
226
MissG., 2. Wever, whale,119. wheat, 77, 139-40. 18, Whitehead, P.J., 118. see whorl. whorl, spindle, spindle wood,25. wool,78,80.
INDEX
W., Wordsworth, 3. diffraction, 104. X-ray 99, Za, Gaveof(Naxos),67. N., Zapheiropoulos, 1,48. Zoumbaria 1, (Dhespotikon), 4.
PLATES
Plate I
with from west the between Parosand Antiparos Saliagos, (a) The channel
the (b) Saliagosfrom west
Plate II
(a) Excavations in progress
(b) View lookingsouthalong the main section (Y- Y')
Plate III
in (a) Spreadofstones theMain Area
(b) The Main Areaat theendofthe1964season
Plate IV
faceofSquareK3 at (a) Viewofsection thewest
tne (0) The dolmentrom nortn-wesi
below the Stratum 3 1, (c) Wall C in Stratum running the seen buttress, from south
Plate V
1 the (a) PitA ofCliff 7 from east
2 the (b) House ofStratum from north
Plate VI
the partofHouse from north (a) The west
the (b) HouseF from north
Plate VII
the floor G the of (a) Structure from eastafter removal thetopmost
floor G the before removal thetopmost the of (b) Structure from south-east
Plate VIII
2 (a) Potsin Stratum ofSquareS4
in structures lower levels SquareN3 of ( b) Curved
Plate IX
the wall, (a) The Main Areawith perimeter from north-east
of wall the (b) The south-west length theperimeter from south-east
Plate X
of (a) The westcorner themainstructure
and structure buttress (b) Bastion-like
Plate XI
in (a) Linesofstones thenorth partoftheMain Area
in (b) Linesofstones thewest partoftheMain Area
Plate XII
wall from construction (a) The north-west ofthemainstructure thesouth-east, showing
of inside west from south-east construction the (b) Tumble wallofsimilar corner, the
Plate XIII
in feature a highlevelofStratum in SquareS3 (a) Circular 3
of in the (b) Circular patches stones SquareQ3, from east
Plate XIV
the (a) ViewofAreaY from south-east
the in with broken pottery SquareS3, from (c) Hearth south
the (b) Viewofwallin AreaY from west
Plate XV
in the (a) Hearth SquareV from north-west
(b) Bowls
Plate XVI
'fruitstand' White-painted
Plate XVII
'Fruitstands'(// c) and bowls (d, e) to
Plate XVIII
Jars
Plate XIX
fragment (a) Largepithos
(b) Large'fruitstand' top
Plate XX
sherds White-painted
Plate XXI
Plate XXII
Plate XXIII
sherds. (a) White-painted
sherdswithadditional red crusteddecoration {) White-painted
Plate XXIV
sherds. decorated (a) Various
sherds (b) Dark-on-light painted
Plate XXV
(a) Incised sherds
(6) Fruitstand top withinciseddecoration
Plate XXVI
sherds Finger-impressed
Plate XXVII
and ware (a) Coarsepainted rusticated
witn concentric circles [o) coarse-ware painted
coarse ware (c) White-painted
Plate XXVIII
with decoration Sherds plastic
Plate XXIX
{a) Pellet handles
(b) Tabular lug handles
Plate XXX
Various handles
Plate XXXI
(a) Tab handles
handles (b) Grescentic
Plate XXXII
Hornhandles
Plate XXXIII
(a) Bases (b) Spout
(c) Double spout
Plate XXXIV
Two largecores Melianobsidian of
Plate XXXV
. Point (Glass G I)
is.wvaie ûiass/' i;
3-5. Points (GlassG I) Fineflat-flaking
Plate XXXVI
1-4. Ovates(GlassA I)
D 5-9. Tangless (Glasses III and D IV) points
Plate XXXVII
Glasses I and II) Tangedpoints (mainly
Plate XXXVIII
1-3. 'Slugs'
flake 4. Trachyte
ol 5-10. Artelacts mnt
blades(Classes III andJ IV) J 11-15.Well-worked
Plate XXXIX
with worked two G Largeflakes edges(Classes III and G IV)
Plate XL
I one with worked edge(Classes III and I IV) Largeflakes
Plate XLI
flakes(*orm L) i, 2, Nose-endedflakes(rorm K) ; 3, 4, JNotch-sided
5, no. 779; b-, discs (form (J)
Roman lamp
Plate XLII
The Fat Lady ofSaliagos
Plate XLIII
The 'fiddle' figurine
of 2-5,Amorphous figurines marble
Plate XLIV
i . Figurineof red stone
2. Green stone bead
3. Figurine01 bone
Plate XLV
bowlfragment 2, i, Clay torso; marble 3, figurine; marble
4-6. Claylegs
Plate XLVI
Beadsand pendants
Plate XLVII
1-8. Stone axes
9. Workedpumice
10-11. Bone points
Plate XLVIII
bone Worked
Plate XLIX
Worked shell
Plate L
1-9. Sherd burnishers
10-19. Clay rods
Plate LI
whorls 1-8. Spindle
9-20. Waisted weights
Plate LU
Rubbers (1-3), mortars(4-7), and querns (8, 9)
Plate LUI
Pot lids
Plate LIV
and 1-4. Rubbers hammerstones
5-9. Discsofclay
Plate LV
sherd 'burnishers' 5); matimpressions 1) Pestles (4, (6-1 (1-3); painted
Plate LVI
the (a) Vounifrom south
from Vouni (b) Obsidian
Plate LVII
rich diffraction of (Em (a) X-ray pattern Saliagosaxe sample(Sal. 233), and of iron-oxide (Em 1), chloritoid-rich 2) Sal. between 233 and Em 3) and diaspore-rich 3) emery. Notetheresemblance (Em
and size (b) Intergrowth grain in Sample174. 80 Magnification X
in rock (c) Interlocking grains fine-grained ofSample8. 80 Magnification X
of (d,e). Fossilized grains hulledbarley
Plate LVIII
Shells foundat Saliagos. i, Spondylus ; 2, trunculus; Patellavulgata; Mytilus gaederopus Murex ; 3, 4, galloprovincialis brandaris; Cerastoderma 7, Venerupis 6, aurea; 8, Jrcanoae 9, Cerithium edule; ; 5, Murex 10, vulgatum; 11, Monodonta turbinata
Plate LIX
from Whaleand fishbones Saliagos 6. 2. i. Whalevertebra; Serranid vertebra; Sparid dentary; Smallwhale 4. 3. premaxilla; Tunny 5. premaxilla; Articulated femur 8. vertebrae; Turtle tail; 7. Tunny Tunny

Saliagos

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Saliagos

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EXCAVATIONS AT SALIAGOS: NEAR ANTIPAROS Author(s): J. D.

THAMES AND HUDSON 1968

PRINTED AT THE BY PRINTER

UNIVERSITY VIVIAN TO THE

- W^AGRlLIAp^L^^^Kalimos^^^T i=k ;f Melos?P J^rKerost1

' vounT2 - 'M

Fira^^.Magrines jT n^QSLIAGOS Kapuv^zg^Remmatoni'si / - pPounda -^

THE SITE AND ITS LOCATION

EARTH WBM^^ BROWN DARK EARTH |/ RED SOFT YEUOW pr^3

^^^ W- '. BMI^" ** ^^^^.'^'???^!

WITH p^Tl MIXEt>

. - -*:- PEBBIE FlOOR (^ STRUCTURE

f^L- -F NOT '

^^iSc/^JP^^^ iECTION Y Y'

S3-4 R3-4 L3-4 P3

- Half-Metre ^...J^.J^^^E: - Contours =%)^ ^'jv/^ j/ / /

Fig. 2. Saliagos: the areas excavated, and the cliff sections

BLACK EARTH ^^''''N

fl2 SOUTH f^"

.^^:, l^t*^ "^^.''^Lu/^^ ^^^^^

NORTH AND WEST FACES OF SQUARE R3

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXCAVATIONS

IO 01 (DM OCO (N CT><) iOCr> tD

O CO CO <J)IO CONN COCNiOOCMCOOiCOCNiO

COCO t^CO CN CS <N

3 lUnall.jSslll *i s -a I J--a g--a S1^ H318 3-sj

Fig. 7. Structure G showing the three successive floors

Fig. 8. Structures of Stratum or Stratum 2 in Square N3

% 6*5 16-2 97 24-2 6 *7'& 8'1 6*4

(FIG. 78. 7; PLATE XLVI, 3).

4. Axe. Roughly worked,parallel-sided, of emeryore, fromSquare N3 L7 (fig. 79. 5).

ff/ ' ' fltenSi cW^o .

excavatedarea bei Fig. g. Plan of the main

AREA BEFORE CLEARANCE OF TUMBLED STONES

'REA AFTER FINAL EXCAVATION AND INTERPRETATION

^^ iml c>^ 1-A.M.

Fig. 12. The circular scoop (right) of Stratum 3 in Square S3

1. Anthropomorphic figurines and amulets.

One example fromSquare Q4 L3 (fig. 84. 17).

10. Spindle whorls. 1 1. Clay discs.

. Disc P. Fragment Total

and . Anthropomorphic figurines amulets.

2. Beads and adornments.

No. of occurrences Freq. per 100 kg. of pot

THE FINDS 1965

Rounded | Straight-sided Evertedrim

47-5 223 45 218 39 155

31 144 38 194 50 194

022 < <

10 80 15 180 0-3 2-5 o-o, 3 0-9 '2 5'6 5* 3 6-g 7 5*5

.. 5 .. 45 .. o*3 6-2 o*4 2 0-3 6 1-5 0# * *3

* Includes a singlecore weighing75 gm.

face faceslFlat.1 IInvasivel Simple |Flat,2 | || ||| |V

Point, barbed tanged, C Point, tanged

tf' f||| %tf |^| 1 ta A | ftv ^ ^ j

Fig. 6. Classification of the well- worked chipped stone artefacts

HIHI[HIIHIh_jh_ HHHHIHHl. bL_

15. OVATES FOUND

FOUND CIII CIV DI DU Total

Total 7 4 40 104 160

Parallel sided blades

Phase 1 2 3 unphased Total

(FIG. 84; PLATE

Fig. 23. Roman lamp fromthe 'dolmen'

% 65 16-2 97 24-2 6 7'& 8'1 6*4

.. 5 .. 45 .. o3 6-2 o4 2 0-3 6 1-5 0# * *3