Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Course 10 Design of buildings for seismic action (2)

Course notes are available for download at http://www.ct.upt.ro/users/AurelStratan/

Combination of the effects of the components of the seismic action

Seismic action has components along three orthogonal axes:
2 horizontal components 1 vertical components

Vrancea, 04.03.1977, INCERC (B), NS 2 acceleratie, m/s 2

acceleratie, m/s 2

Peak values of ag for horizontal motion are NOT recorded at the same time instant Peak values of response are NOT recorded at the same time instant

1 0 -1 -2 0 2 1.62 1 0 -1 -2 0 5 10 15 20 timp, s 25 30 35 40 5 -1.95 10 15 20 25 30 Vrancea, 04.03.1977, s timp, INCERC (B), EW 35 40

Combination of the effects of the components of the seismic action

Simultaneous action of two orthogonal horizontal components (lateral force or spectral analysis):
Seismic response is evaluated separately for each direction of seismic action Peak value of response from the simultaneous action of two horizontal components is obtained by the SRSS combination of directional response:
2 2 EEd = EEdx + EEdy

Alternative method for combination of components of seismic actions

Combination of the effects of the components of the seismic action

When vertical component is considered as well:
2 2 2 EEd = EEdx + EEdy + EEdz

Vertical component
Vertical component of seismic action shall be considered when vertical peak ground acceleration agv0.25g, and the structure has one of the following characteristics:
has horizontal elements spanning over 20 m has cantilever elements with a length over 5 m has prestressed horizontal elements has columns supported on beams is base-isolated

Conceptual design of buildings

Seismic response of structures subject to considerable uncertainties:
characteristics of future seismic motions diff. between structural models and real structural behaviour
elastic model inelastic response static analysis dynamic behaviour

Conceptual design of buildings located in seismic areas is necessary, in order to provide an adequate seismic response:
structural simplicity uniformity, symmetry and redundancy bi-directional strength and stiffness torsional resistance and stiffness diafragmatic behaviour at storey levels adequate foundation

Structural simplicity
Simple, compact, symmetric structures

Modelling, analysis, design, detailing and construction of structures subjected to smaller uncertainties

Uniformity, symmetry and redundancy

Structures should be as regular as possible, with a uniform plan layout, allowing for a short and direct transmission of inertia forces to lateral resisting system Redundancy: failure of a single member does not imply failure of the whole structure

Bi-directional strength and stiffness

Gravity - force resisting systems Lateral - force resisting systems
sistem de preluare a fortelor gravitationale

sistem de preluare a fortelor laterale

Seismic motion has components on both horizontal directions Structures should have similar strength and stiffness along two main directions

Torsional resistance and stiffness

Seismic forces centre of mass (CM) Resisting forces centre of rigidity (CR) Torsionally flexible systems large forces and deformations in perimetral elements

lateral-force resisting system

lateral-force resisting system gravity-force resisting system

gravity-force resisting system

Conclusion (1): lateral force resisting systems are more efficient away from the centre of rigidity

Torsional resistance and stiffness

Seismic forces centre of mass (CM) Resisting forces centre of rigidity (CR) Eccentricity torsion increased displ. and forces
2x 2x

D2y
Fx CR=CM Fx CM CR Y

e0y
D1y D1x

D1x
X

Conclusion (2): lateral force resisting systems should be located as symmetrical as possible

Storey diaphragms
Behaviour of floors as rigid diaphragms
Collect and transmit forces to lateral-force resisting systems Lateral-force resisting systems work together Especially relevant in case of complex and non-uniform layouts of lateral-force-resisting systems, or combination of such systems of different stiffness

Foundations
Design and construction of the foundations and of the connection to the superstructure shall ensure that the whole building is subjected to a uniform seismic excitation Recommendations:
discrete number of structural walls, of different width and stiffness box-type or cellular foundation

individual foundation elements

foundation slab or tie-beams between these elements

Criteria for structural regularity

Structural regularity:
plan elevation

Regularity of a structure affects:

structural model, 2D or 3D analysis method, lateral force method or modal response spectrum analysis value of the behaviour factor q, that need to be reduced for structures irregular in elevation

Criteria for regularity in plan

A symmetrical distribution of stiffness and mass Compact plan configuration, close to a convex polygonal shape (set-backs of max 15% from floor area) Rigid diaphragms at storey levels At each level, in each principal direction of the structure, the eccentricity shall satisfy: eox 0,30 rx

eoy 0,30 ry
eox , eoy - the distance between the centre of stiffness and the centre of mass, measured in the direction normal to the direction of analysis considered rx, ry the square root of the ratio of the torsional stiffness to the lateral stiffness in each direction ("torsional radius")

Criteria for regularity in elevation

Lateral-force resisting systems shall run without interruption from their foundations to the top of the building Mass and lateral stiffness shall be constant or reduce gradually with height In framed buildings the ratio of the actual storey resistance to the resistance required by the analysis should not vary disproportionately between adjacent storeys Stiffness: reductions are no larger than 30% with respect to adjacent storeys Strength: reductions are no larger than 20% with respect to adjacent storeys Mass: is not larger than 50% of the mass of adjacent storeys

Criteria for regularity in elevation

Restrictions on setbacks

Consequences of structural regularity on analysis and design

Regularity Plan YES YES NO NO Elevation YES NO YES NO Allowed simplification Model Planar Planar Spatial Spatial Linear-elastic analysis * Lateral force Modal Modal Modal Reference value Reduced value Reference value Reduced value Behaviour factor (q)

*Only if building height is less than 30 m and fundamental period of vibration T1 < 1.50 s Plan irregularity: large torsional eccentricities 3D models Vertical irregularities: significant contribution of higher modes of vibration
modal response spectrum analysis reduced values of behaviour factor

Structural model
The model of the building shall adequately represent the distribution of stiffness and mass Floors that cannot be modelled as infinitely rigid in-plane translational masses (only) can be considered lumped in nodes Floors that can be modelled as infinitely rigid in-plane storey masses can be lumped at the centre of mass of each storey: M =M = m
2 translational components 1 rotational components
myi mxi My Y Mx X Mzz CM
di

M zz = mi d i2
mi

Accidental torsional effects

Uncertainties associated to distribution of storey masses and/or spatial variation of ground motion Accidental eccentricity e1i = 0.05 Li Spatial structural model: M 1i = e1i Fi

e1x
Y Fx X CM

e1y

Ly

CM Fy

Lx

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