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MSRRTS B. S}{IFES AND MAfi,VII.{

(organ )
Ti5$uc Tissue

L. RIEDESEL
Tigsue cpmr.g

wt,

Tissue

cpm

Animnl
cFtu;'E

tivcr

Liver

10.000 15.000

10,000
1S,000

1,000 1,000

500 I,O00

2"O
1.O

but animal B has twice as much isotope per unit of mass as animal A. Therefore, the liver of animal A contains twice as much isotope as the liver of animal B when considering the relative distribution of isotope in the anirnals. It is important to realize that changes in TRI may be due to mo\,'ement of "7Cs or movcment of tissue components which do not at,tractrs'Cs. An organ may decrease in size by 5A% while tJre animal decreases in size by 30%. If the weight loss from the organ is due to depletion of a substance with a low afEnity for '*'Cs, the tissue concentration of 1'7Cs will increase and TRI will also increase, In this example there is no shift in isotopc distribution as suggested by the increase in TRI, merely an increate in concentration of the isotope due to loss of some tissue component. This information makes TRI a useful tool for predict'

The data for amount of isotope per gram of liver are the sirme for both animals

ing the causes for shifts in relative distribution of isotopes among tissue.
NUSULTS

Rats tbr series 1 averaged 245 g (fig. 2) at the beginning of the experiment, whereas series 2 animals had an initial mean weight of approximately 190 C (fig. 3). Control animals gained weight throughout the experiment. Mcan body weights of group B animals (series 1) were rnuch less than the control group aftcr tbe starvation period, but regained lveight, Iast ennugh to almost equal the mcan weight of control aninals on day 7 after injection. The animals in group C lost weight constantly. The 10 g/day food allowance of group C *nimals appeared insuflicient for replacement of nutrients lost during the 3day staruation pcriod. Animals of groups A, D, E, F and G had approximately the same nverirge weight increase, 3 to 5 g,zday, between injection and killing. Animals of

J Q fi

unlinitcd

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ti

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F

fi
3

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DAYS

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Fig. 2 Mcan animsl weights, series

1,

DIET AND r!?Cs METABOLISM

215

A Coftttol (6RouP ol f uigtt cqo oi., (cnouF' E) S Hign Pralcin Oicl (GROUP Fl S nisn Fot oiat {6RouP G}
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t'is. 3 Me*rr animal weights, series 2

TANLE 2 Ces{unr relention anil excrelion' d'ata t
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8E

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AE

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1.O

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13.3 1.8 100.4

0.05 103.2

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ax.

102.2

0.6

0.7
o.3

0.6

54.2 68.5 1"2 0.s 0.ol 0.01 45.r 99.9 1.3 o.9 0.6 o.01 l.g 1.3 0.8 0.1 0.01 0.01 101.0 99.7 0,8 o.3 o.3 0.6
5.0
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68'2
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s9'3
1.O

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t.4
0.1 0.01
99.O

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0.1

Urine weights, g/daY

postiniection Mcsn
8B

s.5 0.5

P Feces wt,

L2.s 0.9 0.01

13.O 2,O

10.5

0.6

0,2

24.O 1.4 o.0r

0.s 0.o
0.01

3.0
0.3 o.01

g/dsy
3g
P

posdnjection
Mean

8.5 0,5

9.5

3.5

0.5

0.2

6.5 o.3

o'2

0.0r

0.s 0.o 0"o1

o,5 o.o

o.0l

t Twelve anirnalr in each fi"p, p values for erperlmental

at:'d control groups rvlthin eac]r serler'

216

MORRIS B. SNIPES AND MANVIN

L.

NIEDESEL

group B, however, gained 10"0 g/day and those of group C lost 2.8 g/dty during the
same period. The percentage of r$?Cs retained (table 2) at the end of the 7 days rvas increased over

diets excreted less '3'Cs

control values by semistarvation after in' jection, the high carbohydrate, high protein anrl rhe high fat diets (P<0.01). The counts pr ninute per gram values for the animals in these four groups were correspondingly high (table 3). As indicated in table 2, animals on semistarvation, high carhohydrate and high fat

tatCs excreted in the feces \ryas low for animals on the temistarvation, high carb+' hydrate, high protein and high fat diets (P values 0.05 to 0.01). Regarding urine and fecal excretion per day (table g), it is peilinent to note a) the small amount of feces excreteel by rats in the high carbohydrate, high Frotein, high fat and semistarvation diet groups (P ( 0.0I ), b) the relatively high urine excreted per day for rats in the high protein group

in urine than control animals (P { 0.01)" The amount of

TABLN 3

'Iissue zueigltt afld acnvitu dctet

Serles
1

Series 2

A Control
in

jcctlon

Pre-

c
stlrved
Semi-

Control

Htgh

sttrrecd

cno

FG nish protetn

lligh

ftt

Tissue r*'eight, g

Liver
p Kidney
3E
SE

10.747

0.412

2.3W
0.058 1.703

Musrlc
sn P

0.040

9,747 0.307 o.1 2,941 0.048 o.3 1.517 o.o4g o.o1 341 14 0.01 407 14 o.01 s77 e.J 0.01 0.s2 0.016 o.o2 1.11 o.0t1 0.8 2.3S 0.034 0.6 368 13 0.01

4.908 0.136
0.01 1.504
0.0110

11.739

19,.060

0.s40 s,208
0,046 1.738 0.&1s

0.5$2
0.8

0.01 1.263 0.053 0.01 891 53 0.01 $55 34 0.o1

9.0s8 0.080 o.2

1.651 0,071 0.4
4G7

12.610 0.492 0.3 2.690 0.087 0.01 1,673 0,c55 0.4 552 22 o.01 480 16 o.4 1238 36 0.o1 1.13 o.o22 0.01 o.98 0.o1? o.01 2.53 0.03? l.O 490 14 o.01
serieg.

9.5S2 0.480 0.o1 1.823

0.045
0.01

r.4s7
0.053 0.01 504 12 0.01

Tissue

cpn/g
46S

Liver p
P
SD

2t

366
15

Kidney
$E

52?

t0

458
16

16 0.01 786 qo o.01 1571 19

89r
32 0.01 1550 35 0.01

Muscle
SE

1116

1402
oo 0.01

44

1006 34

s.01 0.s2 0.016

1.15

TRI Liver
$D

0.fig 0.020
1.13

1.3S

0.73
0.o18 o.01 1.2:l 0.o21 o.01 2.4& 0.039 0.3

Kidney
st: P

0.o16 2.36 0.032

0.055 0.01 1.42 0.038 0.01

2.O9

0.80 0,007
0.01
1.41.

0.oln
2.53

0.032
0,01

il{u*cle
SE

2.46
o.o29 0.1

0.032
0.01

0.o27

Counts pcr minute pcr gram for ljve animals at

killi11g Mean
AD

47'
15

672
14

397
11

635
10

632

t2

0.01

0,01

0.01

l'fwslv nnimale in each gxoup, P vllues for experiroental and control groups wlthin eaelt

DifT nND

137Cs

METASOTISM

217

(P{0.01),

ftt

by rats
die

following ?RI differcnccs lvcrc obscned (tnhle 3). Animals of groups ts (preinjection starved), E (high carbnhydr*tc) and G (high fat) had low liver TRI values (p vslues 0.02 to 0.01), and animais of groups C Gemistarved) and }" (high prorein) had high liver TRI values (P <'0.01). The anirnals of groups C (semistarved), E (hieh carhohvdrnte) nnd G (high fat) had high kiclney TRI values (P < 0.01), whereis anim-als of group F (high protein) had a low kidney TRI (p < 0:01]. [.{uslte TBI values for rnimals of group C (semistarved) werc less than control values (P { 0.01)"
FISCUSSION

Wherr compared with control values, the

t groups (P { 0.01).

in the high

nnd

c) th low urine output

earbohydrate and high

tention, urine and fecal excretion of trtCs and tissue retention index data. Thc diffcrences among csntrol and ex1:erinrental graup$ suggest quantitative ancl qualitativc asl)ects of diet a{fect '$?Cs metabolism. lVhole-body retention of ts?Cs was inereascd over control values by high carbohydrrtc, high protein, high fat and semi stanation eliets. These dilferences were rclatcd to urine and fccal excretion. Animals fed high carbohydrare and hjgh fat had reduced urinc and feces output. Animals I'ed the high protein diet fiact hig]r urine output and low fcces outpnt. Senii starvecl arrimals had urine volumes similar to c<lntrol valucs and Iolv feces outPut. fn. crcasing urine production did not jncrense the lmount nf cnsium excroted during the 7-day exlltrirnental period. Hood and Comar ( I ) rcportecl l-rveek 1'?Cs excretion in the rat to be 25 b 4AVa in urine and 2 to 87., in feces; these data agree w"ith data ferr contrnl animals prescnted in table 2. Thc high urine prodtrction on a high protein die t confirmed thc findings of Schmidt-Nielscn (2) wha reported that urea cletrance vtried directly with the protein content of the diet. I-Iendrikx and Epstein (3), Osborne et al, (4), and others (5, 6) have observed that dietary protein in the rat lcd ro hypertrophv of the kidneys and cxcrction of a rnorc concentrated

as evidcnced by the percent rvhole-bod;* rc-

Turnover rate of tstCs was related to diet

urine. Our rats f'ecl the high protein diet had the expectecl hypertrophy of kidneys, and.excretion of cesir-rm via urine for animals fed high protein rvas almost exactly the same as for control animals, although urine output fr:r animals fed high protein was approximately double that of the control anirnals. The high rrrine producticn with a low total excretion of '3'Ci has becn obsen'ed during hyperthermia' as well as lvith the high protein diet. The "'C$ excretion via feces appeared releted to the amount of feces excretcd (tablc 2), As suggestctl by Moore and Comar (?), endogenous sec]:tion of lttCs could make the isotope available for adsorption to fecal m&tcrial. Our clatn suggest thc dcgree of cesium adsorption of fecal material to be depeudent orl the composition and quantity of adsnrbing surlaces available in tlre intestinal lumcn; this idea has been suggested by,several inyestigators includin-g Lfoore and Comar (7), Williams and Pairick (8) and Nlraz and Fatrick (9). Rcgarding TRI values it is pcrtinent to note that a) iiver TRI was high in animals fcd thc semistarvation and high protein diets. b) liver TI{I n'*s lolv ip ar:jmals fecl thc prcinjcction stflrvation, high carbohydrate and high frt diets, c) kidney TRI was hiqh in scmistarved animnls, animals {cd the high carbohydrate diet and animals fcd the high fat rliet. 11) kidney TRI lvas low for animals t'ed the high protein dict, and c) rnuscle TRI was low jn semistart'ed animals. The high liver TIII fnr animals fed the high protein cliet slrggests utilization of omino acids facilitalcs I"Cs accumnlation in the liver. The low liver TRI for animals fcd ther high carbohydrate and high fat diets suggcsts carbohvtk:ate and lipid do not facilitatc t*'Cs accumulltion ir: the lir,cr. Studies on isolltted tissucs using knorvn concentrations of amino acids, carhohydrates and fatty acids are needed to clarify the interactions of crganic and inorganic ions. Furchner et al. (10) suggestcd tlrat cliffelences in cesium concentration in mice kiclncys were due to clifferences in size and not to the amount of cesium in the organ;
t Srvisnac, N. 1967 Hcat exposurc and l3?.cpsium distribution iu tissucs of Cifellils milosorncr. M.S. (hesis. Univcrsity of N-ew Mexico, Alliuqu.rque.

21S

IT{ORRIS

B. SNIPES AND MARVIN L. RMDESEL

they also etated that cesium has a low demonstrates the susceptibility of radiaa$inity for fat. This suggests "'Cs is bound isotope metabolites to diet composition, with or attracted to hydrophilic tissue in and the treatment, special diet, can be adthe kidney (and possibly other organs). If the decreased leidney weight (table 3) in semistarved, high carbohydrate diet and high fat diet g 6ups were dtte to mobilizaministered condnuously over extended periods of time.
LII|ENATURE CITED l. lload, S. L., and C. L. Comar 1953 Metabolism of cesiurn-l3? in lahratory and donrcstic animals. Oak Ritlge National Laboratory, Tcnneesee, AEC rcp. no. OR0-91, p. 3f. .t Schmidt-Nielsen, B. 1958 Urea excretion
3.

tiofr of lipid, the TRI valucs could hlve been a function of kidney size; the low kiclney TRI value for animals fed the high protein diet may have been the result of an increase in kidney lipid content or an increasc in some kidney component other than lipid with :t low affinity for "'Cs" This same weight factor appeared to be responsible for ltre trigfr lir'er TRI in the sernistarvecl animals. The lorv muscle TRI for semistart'ed rats mav have resulted from a decrease in mus"components with an afiflnity for cesium cle (for instance, an increase in the relativc amount eif connective tissue in muscle may have resulted in a decrease in TRI); this would be analogous to the size cffect postulated for kidney in mice (10). Radiatiern hazard to an organ or an animal is determined by the amount of isotope prsent and the total time period during which the isotope is in the pertinent tissue. Thus, the presence of a srnall amount of isotope over an extended period may rep' resent the major biological hazard of a radionuclide. Future studies involving diet modification may be a useful method for reclucing radiation hazard from internal emitteri. This study of, t"Cs metabolism

4.

Hendrikx, A., and F. H. Epstein Ig58 Effect of feetiing protcin anct urea on renal eoncentrating ability in thc rat. Amcr. J' Physiol., l95r 539. Osbnrne" T. 8", L. B. Mendel. E' A. Park and

in mammals. Physiol.

Rev., 38; 139'

M. C. lVintcrnitz 1926 Ph-vsiologicnl effccts of diets unusually riclr in protein or inorgsnic gllts. J' Biol. Chcrn',71:317. MacKrry. [i, M. 1933 F:rctors rvhich deiermine rcnal weight' J. Nutr., 6: 157. lVilson, lL E, C' 1933 An investigation-of

()

the causc of rennl hlpertrophy in rats fetl on a high proteir diet. Biochem. J,. 97: 1348'
llloore. 1V., Jr., and C. L' Comar 1962 Ab' Eorption of cesir.rrn'137 from the ga$tro'iltes-

Relutecl Stud. Phvs' Chem. Illed., 5" 24?. Williams, L. G." anrl I-L Patrick 1957 Mctatrollsm of ce*iurn-l34 in rahbits. Arch. Blo-

iinal tract of the rat. Int' J. Radiat' Biol'

clrenr. Binphys., 7O: 464Mraz, F, R., and IL Patrick

factor$ conirolling tlrc excrelory pattern oJ potassium-42 and cesium-134 in ratg' J'
10.

195?

Organic

Furchner, J. tr., C' Il' Richmond and G' A' Drake 1S65 Efiects of cnvironmental ternDeraturc on rctcntion of chronically adnrinistcred ccsium'r37. Ilealth Phys., Ilr 623'

Nutr., dl:

535.