CHAPTER 1

Formulas and Design Data

HEAT TRANSFER This equation is used to determine the amount of heat required to heat or cool a given amount of any specific substance. BTU BTU T Specific heat lbs. T

British Thermal Unit Temperature Difference ( F)

The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat in BTU that it takes to change the temperature of one pound of that substance by one degree Fahrenheit. For example, the specific heat of water is 1.0 BTU/ lb. F. Therefore, to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree F takes 1 BTU. Specific heats of other materials vary. HEATING AND COOLING CAPACITY BTU/h BTU/h CFM 1.08 CFM T

BTU per hour, a quantity of heat Cubic feet per minute of air flow

(for sensible heat only)

1-1

TOTAL HEAT CAPACITY BTU/h H 4.5 CFM H

Difference between return & supply air, in BTU/lb.

(all systems, including both sensible & latent heats) COOLING AND HEATING Sensible heat Sensible heat Latent heat Latent heat Total heat Total heat Total heat SHR HS HL HT T WGR. WLB. H CFM U A SHR HFG HS HT 1.08 CFM T 1.1 CFM T 0.68 CFM WGR. 4840 CFM WLB. 4.5 CFM H HS HL U A T HS HS HL

Sensible heat (BTU/h) Latent heat (BTU/h) Total heat (BTU/h) Temperature difference ( F) Humidity ratio difference (Gr.H2O/Lb.DA) Humidity ratio difference (Lb.H2O/Lb.DA) Enthalpy difference (BTU/Lb.DA) Air flow rate (cubic feet per minute) U-value (BTU/h/sq. ft./ F) Area (sq. ft.) Sensible heat ratio Latent heat of vaporization at design pressure
1-2

R-VALUES/U-VALUES R U R U C K
aR

1 1 C K 1 gR

Thickness

R-value (hr. sq. ft. F/BTU) U-value (BTU/h sq. ft. F) Conductance (BTU/h sq. ft. F) Conductivity (BTU in./hr. sq. ft. F) Sum of the individual R-values OBTAINING CFM FROM CAPACITY

CFM

BTU/h 1.08 T CFM OF AN ELECTRIC FURNACE

CFM

Watts

3.42 (BTU/Watt) 1.08 T

CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE BTU/h 1.08 CFM OBTAINING RPM OF EXISTING BLOWER Motor pulley diameter RPM of motor Diameter of blower pulley
1-3

Blower RPM

CHANGE IN PULLEY, NEW BELT LENGTH Belt length C D d 2 C 1.57 D d (D (4 d)2 C)

Distance, center to center, between pulleys Larger pulley diameter Smaller pulley diameter PULLEY LAWS

RPM of driven

Diameter of driver RPM Diameter of driven

RPM of driver

Diameter of driven RPM Diameter of driver

Diameter of driven

Diameter of driver RPM RPM of driven

Diameter of the driver

Diameter of driven RPM RPM of driver

COMPRESSION RATIO Compression ratio Absolute head pressure in psia Absolute suction pressure in psia

1-4

CONDENSER TONNAGE Condenser tons GPM T GPM 1.25 T conditioned water 24

Gallons per minute of flow Temperature Difference ( F) CHILLER TONNAGE

Chiller tons GPM T

GPM

T chiller water 30

Gallons per minute of flow Temperature Difference ( F) WATER SYSTEM

500

GPM

GPMEVAP. GPMCOND. H GPM T Tons GPMEVAP. GPMCOND.

Tons 24 T Tons 30 T Total heat (BTU/h) Water flow rate (gallons per minute) Temperature difference ( F) Air conditioning load (tons) Evaporator water flow rate (gallons per minute) Condenser water flow rate (gallons per minute)
1-5

COOLING TOWERS AND HEAT EXCHANGERS APPROACHCT APPROACHHE RANGE EWT LWT AWB CT HE HS CS EWT LWT EWTHS LWT AWB LWTCS

Entering water temperature ( F) Leaving water temperature ( F) Ambient wet bulb temperature (design WB, F) Cooling Tower Heat Exchange Hot side Cold side

PUMP NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH) NPSHAVAIL NPSHAVAIL NPSHAVAIL NPSHREQD HA HS HF HVP NPSHREQD HA ; HS HF HVP

Net positive suction available at pump (ft.) Net positive suction required at pump (ft.) Pressure at liquid surface (ft.34 ft. for water at atmospheric pressure) Height of liquid surface above ( ) or below ( ) pump (ft.) Friction loss between pump and source (ft.) Absolute pressure of water vapor at liquid temperature
1-6

PUMP LAWS
GPM2 GPM1 RPM2 RPM1

HD2 HD1

GPM2 2 d GPM1

RPM2 2 d RPM1

BHP2 BHP1

GPM2 3 b GPM1

RPM2 3 b RPM1

HD2 1.5 b HD1

GPM

Gallons per minute

RPM

Revolutions per minute

HD

Feet of water

BHP

Break horsepower

Pump size

Constant

Water density

Constant
1-7

PUMP LAWS (cont.)

BHP GPM HD SP.GR. 3960 PUMPEFF

MHP

BHP M/DEFF V2 2g P 2.31 SP.GR.

VH

HD

SP .GR. SP.GR. (water) PUMPEFF M/DEFF M/D MHP P VH V g

Specific gravity of liquid with respect to water 1.0 6080% 8595% Motor/drive Motor horsepower Pressure in psi Velocity head in ft. Velocity in ft./sec. Acceleration due to gravity (32.16 ft./sec.2)
1-8

REFRIGERATION FORMULAS Enthalpy of vapor leaving evaporator (BTU/lb.) Heat of compression (BTU/lb.) Compression work (BTU/min.)/42.4 Refrigerant circulated (lb./min.) Enthalpy of liquid entering evaporator (BTU/lb.)

Net refrigerating effect (BTU/lb.)

Compression work (BTU min.)

Compression HP

1-9

Compression HP

Capacity (BTU/min.)/42.4

COP

Compression HP (per ton)

4.715/COP

REFRIGERATION FORMULAS (cont.) Compression HP per ton 745.7

Power (Watts)

COP

Net refrigerating effect (BTU/lb.) Heat of compression (BTU/lb.) Refrigerant circulated (lb./min.) Net refrigerating effect (BTU/lb.)

Capacity (BTU/min.)

1-10

Compressor displacement (ft.3/min.)

Capacity Volume of gas entering (BTU/min.) compressor (ft.3/lb.) Net refrigerating effect (BTU/lb.)

Heat of compression (BTU/lb.)

Enthalpy of vapor leaving compressor (BTU/lb.)

Enthalpy of vapor entering compressor (BTU/lb.)

REFRIGERATION FORMULAS (cont.)

Volumetric efficiency

100

Actual weight of refrigerant b a Theoretical weight of refrigerant

Compression ratio

Head pressure, psia (absolute) Suction pressure, psia (absolute)

1-11

Refrigerant circulated, lb. (min.) (ton)

200 Refrigerating effect

42.4

heat flow, BTU/(min.) (hp); 200

BTU/(min.) (ton); COP

coefficient of performance

AIR FLOW CFM FPM Area FPM area (ft.2)

A Q V CFM ft.2 FPM

CFM/area (ft.2) CFM/FPM

AIR CHANGE RATE AC/HR CFM 60 VOLUME AC/HR VOLUME 60

CFM

AC/HR CFM VOLUME

Air change rate per hour Air flow rate (cubic feet per minute) Space volume (cubic feet) AIR BALANCE EQUATIONS

SA RA OA RA EA RFA If minimum OA (ventilation air) is greater than EA, OA EA RFA If EA is greater than minimum OA (ventilation air), OA EA RFA 0 For economizer cycle: OA SA EA RFA RA 0 SA RA OA EA RFA Supply air Return air Outside air Exhaust air Relief air
1-12

FAN LAWS CFM2 CFM1 RPM2 RPM1 RPM2 RPM1 CFM2 CFM1 a RPM2 2 b RPM1

CFM2

CFM1

RPM2

RPM1

SP2 SP1

CFM2 2 b CFM1 a

SP2

SP1

RPM2 2 b RPM1 Cubic feet per minute Revolutions per minute In. W.G. Break horsepower Constant Constant
1-13

CFM RPM SP BHP Fan size Air density

FAN LAWS (cont.) BHP2 BHP1 BHP2 BHP MHP CFM RPM SP BHP Fan size Air density SP.GR. (air) FANEFF M/DEFF M/D MHP a CFM2 3 b CFM1 a a RPM2 3 b RPM1 a SP2 1.5 b SP1

BHP1

RPM2 3 b RPM1

CFM SP SP.GR. 6356 FANEFF BHP M/DEFF Cubic feet per minute Revolutions per minute In. W.G. Break horsepower Constant Constant 1.0 6585% 8095% Motor/drive Motor horsepower

1-14

MIXED AIR TEMPERATURE TMA a TROOM a TRA CFMRA b CFMSA CFMRA b CFMSA a TOA a TOA CFMOA b CFMSA CFMOA b CFMSA

TMA CFMSA CFMRA CFMOA TMA TROOM TRA TOA

Supply air (CFM) Return air (CFM) Outside air (CFM) Mixed air temperature ( F) Room design temperature ( F) Return air temperature ( F) Outside air temperature ( F) AIR CONDITIONING CONDENSATE CFM SpV WLB. 8.33

GPMAC COND

GPMAC COND

CFM WGR. SpV 8.33 7000 Air conditioning condensate flow (gallons/min.) Air flow rate (cu. ft./min.) Specific volume of air (cu. ft./lb.DA) Specific humidity (lb.H2O/lb.DA) Specific humidity (gr.H2O/lb.DA)
1-15

GPMAC COND CFM SpV WLB. WGR.

MOISTURE CONDENSATION ON GLASS TGLASS TROOM c RIA RGLASS (TROOM TOA ) d

TGLASS

TROOM

UGLASS UIA

(TROOM

TOA ) d

(if TGLASS T R U IA OA DP

DPROOM condensation occurs)

Temperature ( F) R-value (hr. sq. ft. F/BTU) U-value (BTUH sq. ft. F) Inside airfilm Design outside air temperature Dew point HUMIDIFIER SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN

HS

(0.244

T)

(L

380)

HS Q T L

Sensible heat gain (BTUH) Steam flow (lb. steam/hr.) Steam temperature supply air temperature ( F) Length of humidifier manifold (ft.)

1-16

HUMIDIFICATION GRAINSREQD a WGR. b SpV ROOM AIR a WGR. b SpV SUPPLY AIR

POUNDSREQD

WGR. b SpV ROOM AIR

WGR. b SpV SUPPLY AIR

Lb. STM/hr.

CFM

GRAINSREQD 7000

60

CFM

POUNDSREQD

60

GRAINSREQD POUNDSREQD CFM SpV WGR. WLB.

Grains of moisture required (gr.H2O/cu. ft.) Pounds of moisture required (lb.H2O/ cu. ft.) Air flow rate (cu. ft./min.) Specific volume of air (cu. ft./lb.DA) Specific humidity (gr.H2O/lb.DA) Specific humidity (lb.H2O/lb.DA)
1-17

EXPANSION TANKS Closed VT VS [(v2>v1) 5(VS VS [(PA>P1) 1] (PA>P2)] 1]) 1] 3 T

Open VT

[(v2>v1) [(v2>v1) 1

3 T 6 3 T

Diaphragm VT VT VS T T1

(P1>P2)

Volume of expansion tank (gal.) Volume of water in piping system (gal.) T2 T1 ( F) Lower system temperature ( F) Heating water Chilled water Dual temperature T1 T1 T1 4550 F temperature at fill condition Supply water temperature Chilled water supply temperature

T2

Higher system temperature ( F) Heating water Chilled water T2 T2 Supply water temperature 95 F ambient temperature (design weather data) Heating water supply temperature

Dual temperature
1-18

T2

EXPANSION TANKS (cont.) PA P1 P2 Atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia) System fill pressure/minimum system pressure (psia) System operating pressure/maximum operating pressure (psia) SpV of H2O at T1 (cu. ft./lb.H2O) SpV of H2O at T2 (cu. ft./lb.H2O) Linear coefficient of expansion 6.5 10 6 STEEL 9.5 10 6 COPPER System volume estimate: 12 gal./ton 35 gal./BHP System fill pressure/minimum system pressure estimate: To height of system add 5 to 10 psi System operating pressure/maximum operating pressure estimate: 150-lb. systems 45125 psi 250-lb. systems 125225 psi

V1 V2

1-19

EFFICIENCIES EER Energy efficiency ratio BTU output Watts input

EER

COP = Coefficient of Performance BTU output BTU input BTU output Input watts EER 3.413

COP or COP

3.413 (BTU per watt)

Turndown ratio

Maximum firing rate: Minimum firing rate (5:1, etc.) Gross BTU output Gross BTU input

Overall thermal eff.

100%

Combustion eff.

BTU input BTU stack loss BTU input

100%

Overall thermal efficiency range 75%90% Combustion efficiency range 85%95%

1-20

DUCTWORK HVAC CONVERSIONS By 0.0004719 0.00508 0.508 0.3048 0.447 cubic meters/sec. meters/sec. centimeters/sec. meters/sec. meters/sec. m3/s m/s cm/s m/s m/s To Obtain Symbol

Unit of Measure

Multiply

Ductwork air flow

CFM FPM FPM FPS MPH

1-21

Ductwork pressure

In. In. In. In.

H2O H2O H2O/100 Hg

0.25 249 (use 250) 8.176 3.386

kilopascals pascals pascals (N/m2) kilopascals (kN/m2)

kPa Pa Pa kPa

Ductwork length & area

In. In. In.

25.4 2.54 0.0254

millimeters centimeters meters

mm cm m

FAN AND PUMP DUTY HVAC CONVERSIONS By 6.452 0.3048 0.0929 0.02832 centimeters squared meters meters squared meters cubed cm2 m m2 m3 To Obtain Symbol

Unit of Measure

Multiply

Ductwork length & area

In. Ft. Ft.2 Ft.3

1-22

Fan duty

CFM In. H2O HP RPM RPM

0.4719 249 (use 250) 0.7460 0.10472 60

liters/sec. pascals kilowatts radians/sec. revolutions/sec.

l/s Pa kW rad/s rev/s

Pump duty

Psf Psi Psi

47.88 (use 50) pascals (N/m2) 6895 (use 7000) pascals (N/m2) 6.895 kilopascals (kN/m2)

Pa Pa kPa

OFFICE DESIGN CRITERIA General Total heat Total heat Room sens. heat SHR Perimeter spaces Interior spaces 300400 sq. ft./ton (range 230520) 3040 BTU/h/sq. ft.(range 2352) 2528 BTU/h/sq. ft.(range 1937) 0.750.93 1.03.0 CFM/sq. ft. 0.51.5 CFM/sq. ft.

Building block CFM 1.01.5 CFM/sq. ft. Air change rate 410 AC/hr.

Large, Perimeter Total heat Total heat 225275 sq. ft./ton 4353 BTU/h/sq. ft.

Large, Interior Total heat Total heat 300350 sq. ft./ton 3440 BTU/h/sq. ft.

Small Total heat Total heat 325375 sq. ft./ton 3237 BTU/h/sq. ft.
1-23

GENERAL DESIGN VALUES

Total Heat BTUh/sq. ft. SHR 0.750.90 Spaces Air Flow 4860 BTUh/sq. ft. (range 3575) 2838 BTUh/sq. ft. (range 2148) Room Sens. Heat BTUh/sq. ft. Air Change Rate 410 AC/hr.

Total Heat (Ton)

Banks, Court Houses, Municipal Buildings 0.750.90 3448 BTUh/sq. ft. (range 3060) 40240 BTUh/sq. ft. 80240 BTUh/sq. ft. 64228 BTUh/sq. ft. 0.800.95 32228 BTUh/sq. ft. 0.800.95 2535 BTUh/sq. ft. (range 2040)

200250 sq. ft./ton (range 160340)

Police Stations, Fire Stations, Post Offices

250350 sq. ft./ton (range 200400)

410 AC/hr.

1-24
0.650.80 48120 BTUh/sq. ft. (range 40155) 2162 BTUh/sq. ft. (range 2080) 0.600.70 3480 BTUh/sq. ft. (at 85F space) 2056 BTUh/sq. ft. (at 85F space)

Precision Manufacturing

50300 sq. ft./ton

1050 AC/hr.

Computer Rooms

50150 sq. ft./ton

2.04.0 CFM/sq. ft.

1520 AC/hr.

Restaurants

812 AC/hr.

100250 sq. ft./ton (range 75300)

1.54.0 CFM/sq. ft.

Kitchens

1215 AC/hr.

150350 sq. ft./ton (at 85F space)

1.52.5 CFM/sq. ft.