A PAPER ON GIS AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL/ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING PRESENTED BY MAMOON RASHID & DEBJYOTI DAS (K.I.T.

COLLEGE OF ENGG. KOLHAPUR) CONTACT : mamoonrashid@indiatimes.com PH : 9823118819

INDEX

SR. NO.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION GIS SUBSYSTEMS GIS COMPONENTS GIS APPLICATIONS (CIVIL/ ENVIRONMENTAL) GIS IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CASE STUDY RIVER KRISHNA CONCLUSION

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1 2 3 4 6 7 13

ABSTRACT
GIS is a tool for storing, manipulating, retrieving and presenting both spatial and non-spatial data in a quick, efficient and organised way. Since

most

land

information

elements

have

geographic

connotation,

geographically referenced data with GIS techniques come to the fore in such an application. The term 'geographic' in GIS refers to the locational attributes, which define the spatial positioning of the piece of information on the face of the earth. Preparation and maintenance of data in the form of maps and referenced tabular files itself can be considered as a primitive form of GIS. However, with the advent of digital computers, with high data processing speed and the development of analytical tools thereon to handle geographically referenced data with ease and flexibility, computer aided GIS has become a reality of late. Such systems generally deal with data classified/segregated into the spatial type (locationally referenced), attribute type (without locational connotation) and the time variant or repetitive types of data. The three components-location attributes and time-represent the content of most GIS. In this paper we have tried to nest the application of GIS in the Civil/Environmental field with particular concern to Water Pollution Monitoring. We have successfully included a case study on Water Pollution Monitoring for the River Krishna, flowing in sugar belt of Maharashtra, which has been demarkated applying GIS technique.

INTRODUCTION:

A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzes geographic phenomenon that exists, and events that occur on earth. GIS technologies integrate common data base operations such as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits offered by maps. These abilities distinguish GIS from other information systems and make it valuable to a wide range of public and private enterprises for explaining events, predicting outcomes and planning strategies. Map making and geographic analysis are not new, but a GIS performs these faster and with more sophistication than do traditional manual methods. We commonly think of GIS as a single, well defined, integrated computer system. However this is always not the case. A GIS can be made up of a variety of software and hardware tools. The important factor is the level of integration of these tools to provide a smoothly operating, fully functional geographic data processing environment. GIS is described as an organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographical data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display geographically referenced phenomenon. Overall GIS should be viewed as a technology, not simply as a computer system. In general a GIS provides facilities for data capture, data management, data manipulation and analysis, and the presentation of these results in both graphic and report form, with a particular emphasis upon preserving and utilizing inherent characteristics of spatial data. The ability to incorporate the spatial data, manage it, analyze it and answer spatial questions is the distinctive characteristics of geographic information systems.

GIS SUBSYSTEMS
A GIS has four main functional subsystems, 1. A data input system. 2. A data storage and retrieval subsystem 3. A data manipulation and analysis subsystem and

4. A data output and display subsystem Data input: A data input system allows the user to capture, collect, and transform spatial and thematic data into digital form. The data inputs are usually derived from a combination of hard copy maps, aerial photographs, remotely sensed Images, reports, survey documents etc. Data storage and retrieval: the data storage and retrieval subsystems organize the data, spatial and attribute, in a form which permits it to be quickly retrieved by the user for analysis and permits rapid and accurate updates to made to the database. This component usually involves use of database management systems (DBMS) for maintaining attribute data. Spatial data is usually encoded and maintained in a proprietary file format. Data manipulation and analysis: The data manipulation and analysis subsystem allows the user to define and execute spatial and attribute procedures to generate derived information. This subsystem is commonly thought of as the heart of GIS, and usually distinguishes it from other data base information systems and computer aided drafting systems. Data output: the data output subsystem allows the user to generate graphic display, normal maps, and tabular reports. Representing derived information products.

COMPONENTS OF A GIS
An operational GIS has a series of components that combine to make the system work. These components are critical to a successful GIS. A working GIS integrate five key components: Hardware: Hardware is the computer system on which a GIS operates. Today, GIS software runs on wide range of hardware types, from centralized computer servers to desktop computers used in stand-alone or networked configurations. Software: GIS software provides the function and tools needed to store, analyze and display geographic information. Data: Perhaps the most important component of GIS is the data, Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in-house, compile to custom specifications and requirements, or occasionally purchased from a commercial data provider. GIS can integrate spatial data with other existing data resources. Often stored in corporate DBMS.

The integration of spatial data and tabular data stored in DBMS is key functionality offered by GIS. People: GIS technology is of limited value without the people who manage the systems and develop plans for applying it to real world problems. GIS users range from technical specialists who design and maintain the systems. To choose who use it to help them to perform their everyday work. The identification of GIS specialists versus end users is often critical to the proper implementation of GIS technology. Methods: A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed implementation plan and business rule, which are the models and operating practice unique to each organization. GIS DATA TYPES The basic data types in a GIS data reflect data found on map. Accordingly, GIS technologies utilizes two types of data, these are Spatial data: describes the absolute and relative location of geographic features. Attribute data: describes characteristics of the spatial features, characteristics can be quantitative or qualitative. In GIS attribute data is also referred to as tabular data. The coordinate location of forest stand would be spatial data. While the characteristics of that forest stand, e.g. cover group, dominant species, crown closure height, etc., would be attribute data, are becoming more prevalent with changing technologies. Depending on the specific data image data may be considered either spatial, e.g. photographs, animation, movies, etc. attribute, e.g. sound, description, narration, etc.

GIS APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL/ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

GIS is a powerful tool for environmental data analysis and planning. GIS stores spatial information (data) in a digital mapping environment. A digital base map can be overlaid

with data or other layers of information onto a map in order to view spatial information and relationships. GIS allows better viewing and understanding physical features and the relationships that influence in a given critical environmental condition. Factors, such as steepness of slopes, aspects, and vegetation, can be viewed and overlaid to determine various environmental parameters and impact analysis. GIS can also display and analyze aerial photos. Digital information can be overlaid on photographs to provide environmental data analysts with more familiar views of landscapes and associated data. GIS can provide a quick, comparative view of hazards (highly prone areas) and risks (areas of high risk which may occur) and areas to be safeguarded. On completion of Data analysis GIS helps in Planning and Managing the environmental hazards and risks. In order to plan and monitor the environmental problems, the assessment of hazards and risks becomes the foundation for planning decisions and for mitigation activities. GIS supports activities in environmental assessment, monitoring, and mitigation and can also be used for generating Environmental models. Below are some of the applicable areas where GIS can be implemented for effective planning and management.

Figure showing various applications of GIS

The various other applications of GIS are Water Resource Management Mineral Prospecting Forestry Waste Land Mapping Soil & Agriculture Crop Acreage and Yield Estimation Drought And Flood Monitoring Assessment Land Use/Cover Mapping Ground Water Targeting Marine Resource Survey Urban and Rural Planning Environmental Impact Assessment Integrated Survey For Sustainable Development etc

GIS IN WATER RESOURSE MANAGEMENT:

Water resources assessment of a region involves a detailed study of the surface and subsurface water. To integrate the entire surface and sub-surface data manually requires huge manpower and time. By adopting a GIS platform the result obtained will be faster and more accurate. Till recently, ground water assessment was based on laboratory investigation, but the advent of Satellite Technology and GIS has made it very easy to integrate various databases.

The various fields of applications of GIS in water resource management are Ground water assessment Water quality Watershed management Surface water management

The application of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology in water resource investigation requires the design and development of a methodology to analysis water resource and its components with its complex ecological and socioeconomic inter-relationship. It is necessary to translate system dynamics into predictive statements for different spatial and temporal scales. This approach provides enormous scope for better understanding of various water resource components and its relationship elements of watershed eco-system.

CASE STUDY- Spatial modeling approach to water pollution monitoring in the sugar belt of Maharashtra along the Krishna river
Introduction Keeping in view the importance of good water quality, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), in 1976, initiated a series of integrated river basin studies all over the countryt. The Krishna River, which is one such polluted rivers of the country, flows in the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The present study is taken up for the monitoring, identification and suggesting preliminary measures of water pollution control in the Satara-Sangli stretch (stretch-I) of the Krishna basin in Maharashtra with the help of Geographic Information System (GIS). The stretch-I, also known as the country's sugar-belt, has been identified by CPCB and MPCB (Maharashtra Pollution Control Board) for the restoration of water quality under the National River Action Plan (NRAP).

SATARA-SANGLI STRETCH
General The Satara-Sangli stretch of the Krishna River in Maharashtra is known as the sugar belt of the country. The Krishna River flows with a southeasterly trend in Maharashtra, traversing a distance of 280 kms from Mahabaleshwar through Satara to Sangli [latitudes 160 00' N - 180 00' N, longitudes 730 30' E - 750 00' E, altitude 150-600 m] on a rocky area. The total geographical area of the Krishna basin in Satara is 10,816 km2 (4%) and that of Sangli is 8,572 km2 (3.2%). The districts of Satara and Sangli experience a warmhumid climate with an annual average precipitation between 600-800 mm. Eighty percent of the rainfall in the Krishna basin is influenced by the southwest monsoon-giving rise to heavy rainfall on the west coast of the Western Ghats. The mean temperature varies between 22.5 - 25 0C. Landuse/Landcover Krishna basin covers a non-arable land area of 53010 km2 out of which 22.4% falls in Maharashtra. In Satara 2.1% of the reporting area is non-arable land while the same is 3.3% in Sangli. Forestland accounts for 1583 km2 (15.1%) in Satara and 488 km2 (5.6%) in Sangli. The total cultivable land in these two districts of the Krishna basin is 13,844 km2 that is 65.3% in Satara and 81.5% in Sangli. The districts of Satara and Sangli exhibit substantially wooded tropical evergreen forest. Amongst all types of land uses, agriculture is dominant in Krishna basin with over 50% total land actually under cultivation. The extent of irrigation applied for crops in Satara and Sangli is 16.9% and 11.1% respectively. Irrigation is done mainly using stream diversions or canals (42%) and ground water source (58%). About 21% of gross sown area is irrigated. Fertilizer and Pesticide Consumption To get higher yields in the cultivated land, farmers apply more and more of chemical fertilizers. The total chemical fertilizer consumption in Satara and Sangli during 1995-96 was 50390 and 83153 tonnes. With intensification of agriculture, particularly since introduction of higher yielding but low pest-resistant varieties of crops, the use of pesticides and biocides has been increasing steadily. The total pesticide consumption in Maharashtra is 711 MT/Year, of which 7% is consumed in Satara and 6.4% in Sangli. In

these two basin districts organo-chlorine share is the highest. The application rate per hectare is about 0.09. Water Consumption and Effluent Discharge The state of Maharashtra is ranked first in terms of industrial investment in the country. Major industrial sectors are in power, fertilizer, sugar and cement industries. In satara and Sangli fifteen medium to large size sugar industries are located. There are many liquor factories located along the stretch-I. The quantity of water that is consumed for domestic, industrial and irrigation uses are respectively 66, 18 and 3366 MCM. Correspondingly, the amount of effluent that is being discharged from urban, industrial and irrigation are 29, 14 and 673 MCM. From the sugar factories and its surrounding domestic locations about 13400 and 1525 cubic meter of effluents are being discharged everyday. A Framework for Monitoring Water Quality in GIS River water quality monitoring is the process of regular study of parameters related to river water. It helps determining the quality trend and hence the threshold values for the restoration of water quality to its normal. Different factors those affect the water quality are physical, chemical and socio-economic parameters of the river basin. A detailed monitoring framework is shown in the figure 1.

The present case study is followed up as per this framework. Using GIS, the database on pollution load, the relationship between pollution load with population, fertilizer consumption and factory location, and the river zonation have been assessed and graphically presented. The techniques of river zonation has been reviewed and modified. The prime objectives of using GIS over traditional methods are:

Effective storage and analysis system for spatial and temporal databases such as maps on geology, geomorphology, soils, land uses and attributes on meteorology, population, water quality etc.,

Spatial analysis on depicting the source-pollutant relationship, Graphical presentations, visual impacts and spatial distribution of graphical outputs on water quality changes, pollution load and relationship with sources and Management of river basins by generating buffer zones on the basis of water quality criteria.

Source Identification GIS was used to organize both spatially and temporally and presenting graphically the pollution load data for each sub watershed over the period 1984 to 1997. For each pollutant the load data for four years was presented which included years of minimum and maximum pollution loads and the pollution loads of starting and ending years. One such case for 'Mg' is shown in figure 3 a,b,c,d.

fig. 3a

fig 3b

fig 3c

fig 3d

The spatial variation of all the pollutants showed a steady increase in the load towards the downstream direction. This is due to two reasons - (i) the flow rate (cumecs) of river increased in the downstream direction and (ii) the increase in concentration of water quality parameters, though inconsistent, downstream due to addition of wastes from upstream and additional streams. The spatial relationship between the pollutants (BOD & COD) and the population growth was correlated using three estimators contingency coefficient, Tschuprow's T and Cramer's V. The estimators showed good relationships (V=0.67, T=0.56, Contingency Coefficient=0.56) between BOD and population growth and COD and population growth. Therefore, using the overlay techniques the composites BOD - population growth and COD-population growth were produced. The results in composite were classified into good, bad, very bad and worst (see figures 4 & 5).

fig 4 and fig 5 For example, good regions have low population growth and low BOD. In a similar way the relationships between the rate of fertilizer consumption with BOD and COD were estimated. The estimators showed again good relationship. These analyses supported the fact that the population rise is a dominant factor to increasing pollution load due to domestic and agricultural sources in the downstream direction. Pollutant Balance Industrial and domestic wastes contribute to the major rise in BOD and COD concentrations. The total estimated pollution load for Satara and Sangli from agricultural, domestic and industrial (sugar and others) sources are shown in the table 4. The waste disposals from sugar and distillery factories are the prime sources of BOD and COD loads. Suggestion on River Water Quality Restoration Through Zonation Buffer zones are used in proximity analysis where the distance from either side of river bank is an important criterion in determining suitability or risk. Buffer strips made of uneven vegetation (grasses, shrubs, trees) attenuate runoff pollutants that would otherwise reach the body of water. The methods of creating buffer zones on both sides of riverbank, also known as corridors, are called as river zonation. The present study suggests over an existing river zonation method.

Conclusions GIS has been utilized in the storage and retrieval of attribute data such as water quality parameters (pollution loads), population density and fertilizer consumption over the spatial database (map) of Satara-Sangli stretch in the Krishna basin. This database was useful in motoring the trend of pollution load and population growth in the entire watershed between, 1984 to 1997. With the aid of map comparison utility in GIS pollution map could be compared with the population, fertilizer and industry location maps.