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Chapter 1
Introduction to Electronics
Chapter Goals
1
Notational Conventions
2
Problem-Solving Approach
• Make a clear problem statement.
• List known information and given data.
• Define the unknowns required to solve the problem.
• List assumptions.
• Develop an approach to the solution.
• Perform the analysis based on the approach.
• Check the results and the assumptions.
– Has the problem been solved? Have all the unknowns been found?
– Is the math correct? Have the assumptions been satisfied?
• Evaluate the solution.
– Do the results satisfy reasonableness constraints?
– Are the values realizable?
• Use computer-aided analysis to verify hand analysis
3
Circuit Theory Review: Voltage
Division
v1 = i sR1 and v 2 = i s R2
4
Circuit Theory Review: Current Division
vs vs
i s = i1 + i 2 where i1 = and i 2 =
R1 R2
Combining and solving for vs,
1 R1R2
vs = is = is = i sR1 || R2
1 1 R1 + R2
+
R1 R2
Combining these yields the basic current division formula:
R2 R1
i1 = i s i2 = i s
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
5
Circuit Theory Review: Thévenin and
Norton Equivalent Circuits
Thévenin
Norton
6
Circuit Theory Review: Find the
Thévenin Equivalent Voltage
Applying KCL at the output node,
vo − vs vo
βi1 = + = G1 (v o − v s ) + G S v o
R1 RS
Current i1 can be written as: i1 = G1(v o − v s )
vo =
G1 (β + 1) RR
vs × 1 S =
(β + 1)RS v
G1 (β + 1) + GS R1 RS (β + 1)RS + R1
s
vo =
(β + 1)RS v = (50 + 1)1 kΩ v = 0.718v
(β + 1)RS + R1 s (50 + 1)1 kΩ + 1 kΩ s s
and
v th = 0.718v s
7
Circuit Theory Review: Find the
Thévenin Equivalent Resistance
Problem: Find the Thévenin
equivalent resistance.
Solution:
• Known Information and
Given Data: Circuit topology
and values in figure.
• Unknowns: Thévenin
equivalent resistance Rth. Test voltage vx has been added to the
previous circuit. Applying vx and
• Approach: Voltage source solving for ix allows us to find the
vth is defined as the output Thévenin resistance as vx/ix.
voltage with no load.
• Assumptions: None.
• Analysis: Next slide…
Jaeger/Blalock Microelectronic Circuit Design Chap 1 - 15
4/15/07 McGraw-Hill
R1 20 kΩ
Rth = RS = 1 kΩ = 1 kΩ 392 Ω = 282 Ω
β +1 50 + 1
8
Circuit Theory Review: Find the Norton
Equivalent Circuit
Problem: Find the Norton
equivalent circuit.
Solution:
• Known Information and
Given Data: Circuit topology
and values in figure.
• Unknowns: Norton
equivalent short circuit A short circuit has been applied
current in. across the output. The Norton
current is the current flowing
• Approach: Evaluate current
through the short circuit at the
through output short circuit.
output.
• Assumptions: None.
• Analysis: Next slide…
Jaeger/Blalock Microelectronic Circuit Design Chap 1 - 17
4/15/07 McGraw-Hill
50 + 1 vs
in = vs = = (2.55 mS)v s
20 kΩ 392 Ω
Jaeger/Blalock Microelectronic Circuit Design Chap 1 - 18
4/15/07 McGraw-Hill
9
Final Thévenin and Norton Circuits
Check of Results: Note that vth = inRth and this can be used to check the
calculations: inRth=(2.55 mS)vs(282 Ω) = 0.719vs, accurate within
round-off error.
While the two circuits are identical in terms of voltages and currents at
the output terminals, there is one difference between the two circuits.
With no load connected, the Norton circuit still dissipates power!
Jaeger/Blalock Microelectronic Circuit Design Chap 1 - 19
4/15/07 McGraw-Hill
10
Fig. 1.16/Example 1.4 Circuit with VCCS (BJT CE amplifier)
Amplifier Basics
11
Amplifier Linearity
Given an input sinusoid: v s = Vs sin(ω s t + φ )
vs = sin2000πt V
Av = -5
Note: negative
gain is equivalent
to 180 degrees of
phase shift.
12
Ideal Operational Amplifier (Op Amp)
13
Ideal Op Amp Example
(Alternative Approach)
v s − v− v s v −v −v
From Assumption 2, i2 = is: is = = = i2 = − o = o
R1 R1 R2 R2
And Assumption 1, v- ≈ 0 v s −v o
=
R1 R2
vo R
Yielding: Av = =− 2
vs R1
Design Note: The virtual ground is not an
actual ground. Do not short the inverting
input to ground to simplify analysis.
14
Tolerance Modeling
15
Worst Case Analysis Example
Problem: Find the nominal and
worst-case values for output
voltage and source current.
Solution:
• Known Information and Given
Data: Circuit topology and
values in figure.
• Unknowns: VOnom, VOmin ,
VOmax, ISnom, ISmin, ISmax .
• Approach: Find nominal values Nominal voltage solution:
and then select R1, R2, and VS
R1nom
values to generate extreme cases VOnom = VSnom
of the unknowns. R1nom + R2nom
• Assumptions: None.
18kΩ
• Analysis: Next slides… = 15V = 5V
18kΩ + 36kΩ
Jaeger/Blalock Microelectronic Circuit Design Chap 1 - 31
4/15/07 McGraw-Hill
16
Worst-Case Analysis Example (cont.)
Worst-case source currents:
17
Monte Carlo Analysis Example
Problem: Perform a Monte Carlo
analysis and find the mean, standard
deviation, min, and max for VO, IS,
and power delivered from the source.
Solution:
• Known Information and Given
Data: Circuit topology and values in
figure.
• Unknowns: The mean, standard
deviation, min, and max for VO, IS,
and PS. Monte Carlo parameter definitions:
• Approach: Use a spreadsheet to
evaluate the circuit equations with VS = 15(1+ 0.2(RAND() − 0.5))
random parameters.
• Assumptions: None. R1 = 18,000(1+ 0.1(RAND() − 0.5))
• Analysis: Next slides…
R2 = 36,000(1+ 0.1(RAND() − 0.5))
18
MATLAB Monte Carlo Analysis Result
WC WC
Temperature Coefficients
19
End of Lecture 1
20