Problem 12.1 Express the fractions signicant digits.

1 3

and

2 3

to three

Solution:
1/3 = 0.3333. . = 0.333 2/3 = 0.6666. . = 0.667

Problem 12.2 The base of natural logarithms is e = 2.718281828 . . . (a) (b) (c) Express e to ve signicant digits. Determine the value of e2 to ve signicant digits. Use the value of e you obtained in part (a) to determine the value of e2 to ve signicant digits.

Solution: The value of e is: e = 2.718281828

(a) (b) (c) To ve signicant gures e = 2.7183 e2 to ve signicant gures is e2 = 7.3891 Using the value from part (a) we nd e2 = 7.3892 which is not correct in the fth digit.

[Part (c) demonstrates the hazard of using rounded-off values in calculations.]

Problem 12.3 A machinist drills a circular hole in a panel with radius r = 5 mm. Determine the circumference C and area A of the hole to four signicant digits.

Solution:
C = 2 r = 10 = 31.42 mm A = r 2 = 25 = 78.54 mm2

Problem 12.4 The opening in a soccer goal is 24 ft wide and 8 ft high. Use these values to determine its dimensions in meters to three signicant digits.

Solution: The conversion between feet and meters, found inside the front cover of the textbook, is 1 m = 3.281 ft. The goal width,
w = 24 ft 1m 3.281 ft = 7.3148 m = 7.31 m.

The goal height is given by h = 8 ft 1m 3.281 ft = 2.438 m = 2.44 m.

Problem 12.5 The coordinates (in meters) of point A are xA = 3, yA = 7, and the coordinates of point B are xB = 10, yB = 2. Determine the length of the straight line from A to B to three signicant digits.
y A

Solution: The length is

L= (10 3)2 + (2 7)2 m = 74 m = 8.602325 m

to three signicant gures this is L = 8.60 m

B x

Problem 12.6 Suppose that you have just purchased a Ferrari F355 coupe and you want to know whether you can use your set of SAE (U.S. Customary Units) wrenches to work on it. You have wrenches with widths w = 1/4 in, 1/2 in, 3/4 in, and 1 in, and the car has nuts with dimensions n = 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, and 25 mm. Dening a wrench to t if w is no more than 2% larger than n, which of your wrenches can you use?

Solution: Convert the metric size n to inches, and compute the percentage difference between the metric sized nut and the SAE wrench. The results are:
5 mm 1 inch 25.4 mm = 0.19685.. in, 0.19685 0.25 100 0.19685 = 27.0% 10 mm 1 inch 25.4 mm 1 inch 25.4 mm 1 inch 25.4 mm 1 inch 25.4 mm = 0.3937.. in, 0.3937 0.5 100 = 27.0% 0.3937 0.5905 0.5 100 = +15.3% 0.5905 0.7874 0.75 100 = +4.7% 0.7874 0.9843 1.0 100 = 1.6% 0.9843

15 mm

= 0.5905.. in,

n
20 mm

= 0.7874.. in,

25 mm

= 0.9843.. in,

A negative percentage implies that the metric nut is smaller than the SAE wrench; a positive percentage means that the nut is larger then the wrench. Thus within the denition of the 2% t, the 1 in wrench will t the 25 mm nut. The other wrenches cannot be used.

Problem 12.7 On August 20, 1974, Nolan Ryan threw the rst baseball pitch measured at over 100 mi/h. The measured speed was 100.9 mi/h. Determine the speed of the pitch to four signicant digits (a) in ft/s; (b) in km/h.

Solution:
(a) v = 100.9 mi h mi h 5280 ft 1 mi 5280 ft mi 1h 3600 s = 148.0 ft s

(b)

v = 100.9

0.3048 m ft

1 km 1000 m

= 162.4 km/h

Problem 12.8 On March 18, 1999, an experimental Maglev (magnetic levitation) train in Japan reached a maximum speed of 552 km/h. What was its velocity in mi/h to three signicant digits?

Solution:
v = 552 km h 1000 m km 1 ft 0.3048 m 1 mi 5280 ft = 343 mi/h

Problem 12.9 In May, 1963, in the last ight of Project Mercury, Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper traveled a distance of 546,167 miles in 1 day, 10 hours, 19 minutes, and 49 seconds. Determine his average speed (the distance traveled divided by the time required) to three signicant digits (a) in mi/h; (b) in km/h.

Solution:
v= 546167 mi = 15,900 mi/h 19 49 34 + + h 60 3600 mi h 5280 ft 1 mi 0.3048 m ft 1 km 1000 m

(a)

(b)

v = 15,900

= 25,600 km/h

Problem 12.10 Engineers who study shock waves sometimes express velocity in millimeters per microsecond (mm/s). Suppose the velocity of a wavefront is measured and determined to be 5 mm/s. Determine its velocity: (a) in m/s; (b) in mi/s.

Solution: Convert units using Tables 1.1 and 1.2. The results:
(a) 5 mm s 1m 1000 mm 106 s 1s = 5000 m . s

Next, use this result to get (b): (b) 5000 m s 1 ft 0.3048 m 1 mi 5280 ft = 3.10685 . . . mi s mi s

= 3.11

Problem 12.11 The kinetic energy of a particle of mass m is dened to be 1 mv 2 , where v is the magnitude of 2 the particles velocity. If the value of the kinetic energy of a particle at a given time is 200 when m is in kilograms and v is in meters per second, what is the value when m is in slugs and v is in feet per second?

Solution:
200 kg-m2 s2 0.0685 slug 1 kg slug-ft2 s2 1 ft 0.3048 m
2

= 147.46 = 147

Problem 12.12 The acceleration due to gravity at sea level in SI units is g = 9.81 m/s2 . By converting units, use this value to determine the acceleration due to gravity at sea level in U.S. Customary units.

Solution: Use Table 1.2. The result is:

g = 9.81 m s2 1 ft 0.3048 m = 32.185 . . . ft s2 = 32.2 ft s2

Problem 12.13 A furlong per fortnight is a facetious unit of velocity, perhaps made up by a student as a satirical comment on the bewildering variety of units engineers must deal with. A furlong is 660 ft (1/8 mile). A fortnight is 2 weeks (14 days). If you walk to class at 2 m/s, what is your speed in furlongs per fortnight to three signicant digits?

Solution: Convert the units using the given conversions. Record

the rst three digits on the left, and add zeros as required by the number of tens in the exponent. The result is: 5 ft s 1 furlong 660 ft furlongs fortnight 3600 s 1 hr 24 hr 1 day 14 day 1 fortnight

= 9160

Problem 12.14 The cross-sectional area of a beam is 480 in2 . What is its cross-section in m2 ? Solution: Convert units using Table 1.2. The result:
480 in2 1 ft 12 in
2

0.3048 m 1 ft

= 0.30967 . . . m2 = 0.310 m2

Problem 12.15 The cross-sectional area of the C1230 American Standard Channel steel beam is A = 8.81 in2 . What is its cross-sectional area in mm2 ?

y A

Solution:
A = 8.81 in2 25.4 mm 1 in
2

= 5680 mm2

Problem 12.16 A pressure transducer measures a value of 300 lb/in2 . Determine the value of the pressure in pascals. A pascal (Pa) is one newton per meter squared. Solution: Convert the units using Table 1.2 and the denition of the Pascal unit. The result:
300 lb in
2

4.448 N 1 lb

12 in 1 ft N m2

1 ft 0.3048 m

= 2.0683 . . . (106 )

= 2.07(106 ) Pa

Problem 12.17 A horsepower is 550 ft-lb/s. A watt is 1 N-m/s. Determine the number of watts generated by (a) the Wright brothers 1903 airplane, which had a 12horsepower engine; (b) a modern passenger jet with a power of 100,000 horsepower at cruising speed.

Boeing 747

Solution: Convert units using inside front cover of textbook derive the conversion between horsepower and watts. The result
(a) 12 hp 746 watt 1 hp 746 watt 1 hp = 8950 watt

Wright Brothers' Flier (shown to scale)

(b)

105 hp

= 7.46(107 ) watt

Problem 12.18 In SI units, the universal gravitational constant G = 6.67 1011 N-m2 /kg2 . Determine the value of G in U.S. Customary units.

Solution: Convert units using Table 1.2. The result:

6.67(1011 ) N-m2 kg2 1 lb 4.448 N lb-ft2 slug
2

1 ft 0.3048 m = 3.44(108 )

14.59 kg 1 slug lb-ft2 slug2

= 3.43590 . . . (108 )

Problem 12.19 The moment of inertia of the rectangular area about the x axis is given by the equation I = 1 bh3 . 3 The dimensions of the area are b = 200 mm and h = 100 mm. Determine the value of I to four signicant digits in terms of (a) mm4 ; (b) m4 ; (c) in4 .
y

Solution:
(a) I= 1 (200 mm)(100 mm)3 = 66.7 106 mm4 3
4

(b)

I = 66.7 106 mm4

1m 1000 mm

= 66.7 106 m4

(c)

I = 66.7 106 mm4

1 in 25.4 mm

= 160 in4

x b

Problem 12.20 T = 1 I 2 , 2

In the equation

Solution: For (a), substitute the units into the expression for T :
(a) T = kg-m2 1 (I kg-m2 )(s1 )2 = 2 s2

the term I is in kg-m2 and is in s1 . (a) (b) What are the SI units of T ? If the value of T is 100 when I is in kg-m2 and is in s1 , what is the value of T when it is expressed in U.S. Customary base units?

For (b), convert units using Table 1.2. The result: kg-m2 s2 1 slug 14.59 kg slug-ft2 s2 1 ft 0.3048 m
2

(b)

100

= 73.7759 . . .

= 73.8

slug-ft2 s2

Problem 12.21

The equation =

Solution:
(a) = My N (N-m)m = 2 = I m4 m (2000 N-m)(0.1 m) My = I 7 105 m4 = 59,700 lb ft2 1 lb 4.448 N 0.3048 m ft
2

My I is used in the mechanics of materials to determine normal stresses in beams. (a) When this equation is expressed in terms of SI base units, M is in newton-meters (N-m), y is in meters (m), and I is in meters to the fourth power (m4 ). What are the SI units of ? If M = 2000 N-m, y = 0.1 m, and I = 7 105 m4 , what is the value of in U.S. Customary base units?

= (b)

(b)

Problem 12.22 Let W be your weight at sea level in pounds. (a) What is your weight at sea level in newtons? (b) What is your mass in kilograms? Solution:
(a) W (lb) 4.448 N lb = 4.448W (N)

(b)

m=

4.448W (N) 9.81 m/s2

= 0.453W (kg)

Problem 12.23 The acceleration due to gravity is 1.62 m/s2 on the surface of the moon and 9.81 m/s2 on the surface of the earth. A female astronauts mass is 57 kg. What is the maximum allowable mass of her spacesuit and equipment if the engineers dont want the total weight on the moon of the woman, her spacesuit and equipment to exceed 180 N?

Solution: Find the mass which weighs 180 N on the moon.

m= w 180 N-s2 = = 111.1 kg g 1.62 m

This is the total allowable mass. Thus, the suit & equipment can have mass of mS/E = 111.1 kg 57 kg = 54.1 kg

Problem 12.24 (a) (b)

A person has a mass of 50 kg.

Solution: Use Eq. (12.6).

(a) We = 50 kg 9.81 m = 490.5 N = 491 N, and s2 m = 81 N. s2

The acceleration due to gravity at sea level is g = 9.81 m/s2 . What is the persons weight at sea level? The acceleration due to gravity on the moon is g = 1.62 m/s2 . What would the person weigh on the moon?

(b)

Wmoon = 50 kg 1.62

Problem 12.25 The acceleration due to gravity at sea level is g = 9.81 m/s2 . The radius of the earth is 6370 km. The universal gravitational constant is G = 6.67 1011 N-m2 /kg2 . Use this information to determine the mass of the earth.

Solution: Use Eq. (12.3) a =

GmE . Solve for the mass, R2

2

m (9.81 m/s2 )(6370 km)2 103 gR 2 km = mE = G N-m2 6.67(1011 ) kg2

= 5.9679 . . . (1024 ) kg = 5.97(1024 ) kg

Problem 12.26 A person weighs 180 lb at sea level. The radius of the earth is 3960 mi. What force is exerted on the person by the gravitational attraction of the earth if he is in a space station in orbit 200 mi above the surface of the earth?

Solution: Use Eq. (12.5).

W = mg RE r
2

WE g

RE RE + H

= WE

3960 3960 + 200

= (180)(0.90616) = 163 lb

Problem 12.27 The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the moon is 1.62 m/s2 . The radius of the moon is RM = 1738 km. Determine the acceleration due to gravity of the moon at a point 1738 km above its surface. Strategy: Write an equation equivalent to Eq. (12.4) for the acceleration due to gravity of the moon.

Solution: Use Eq. (12.4), rewritten to apply to the Moon. . . a =

gM RM r
2

a = (1.62 m/s2 )

RM RM +RM

= (1.62 m/s2 )

1 2

= 0.405 m/s2

Problem 12.28 If an object is near the surface of the earth, the variation of its weight with distance from the center of the earth can often be neglected. The acceleration due to gravity at sea level is g = 9.81 m/s2 . The radius of the earth is 6370 km. The weight of an object at sea level is mg, where m is its mass. At what height above the earth does the weight of the object decrease to 0.99 mg?

Solution: Use a variation of Eq. (12.5).

W = mg RE RE + h
2

= 0.99 mg

Solve for the radial height, h = RE 1 0.99 1 = (6370)(1.0050378 1.0)

= 32.09 . . . km = 32,100 m = 32.1 km

Problem 12.29 The centers of two oranges are 1 m apart. The mass of each orange is 0.2 kg. What gravitational force do they exert on each other? (The universal gravitational constant is G = 6.67 1011 Nm2 /kg2 .)

Solution: Use Eq. (12.1) F =

F =

Gm1 m2 . Substitute: r2

(6.67)(1011 )(0.2)(0.2) = 2.668(1012 ) N 12

Problem 12.30 At a point between the earth and the moon, the magnitude of the force exerted on an object by the earths gravity equals the magnitude of the force exerted on the object by the moons gravity. What is the distance from the center of the earth to that point to three signicant digits? The distance from the center of the earth to the center of the moon is 383,000 km, and the radius of the earth is 6370 km. The radius of the moon is 1738 km, and the acceleration due to gravity at its surface is 1.62 m/s2 .

Solution: Let rEp be the distance from the Earth to the point where
the gravitational accelerations are the same and let rMp be the distance from the Moon to that point. Then, rEp + rMp = rEM = 383,000 km. The fact that the gravitational attractions by the Earth and the Moon at this point are equal leads to the equation RE rEp
2

gE

= gM

RM rMp

where rEM = 383,000 km. Substituting the correct numerical values leads to the equation m s2 6370 km rEp
2

9.81

= 1.62

m s2

1738 km rEM rEp

where rEp is the only unknown. Solving, we get rEp = 344,770 km = 345,000 km.