Magnetic Bearings

Midhun Antony S7 ME 07419024

Overview
Magnetic Bearings
Introduction Magnetic Bearing Types Active Magnetic Bearings Passive Magnetic Bearings Applications Advantages & Disadvantages References

Introduction
A magnetic bearing is a bearing which supports a load using magnetic levitation Magnetic bearings support moving machinery without physical contact Magnetic bearings support the highest speeds of any kind of bearing

Magnetic Bearing Types

Active/passive magnetic bearings
electrically controlled no control system

Radial/axial magnetic bearings

Magnetism
Magnetic Field
north pole south pole

magnetic field line

iron filings

Active Magnetic Bearings

Elements of System
Electromagnet Rotor Sensor Controller Amplifier

Basic Operation

Design of Magnetic Bearing

Active Magnetic Bearings

Controller Abilities:
1) air gap can be varied in controller 2) specify position for different loads 3) rotor balancing, vibrations, monitoring...

Active Magnetic Bearings

Bearing Geometry
Radial Bearing Axial Bearing

Active Magnetic Bearings

contact-free measure rotating surface
surface quality homogeneity of surface material various values

speed current flux density temperature observability placement cost

Active Magnetic Bearings

Current vs. Voltage Control
Voltage Control:
- more accurate model - better stability - low stiffness easier to realize - voltage amplifier often more convenient - possible to avoid using position sensor

Current Control:
- simple control plant description - simple PD or PID control

Flux Control:
- very uncommon

Active Magnetic Bearings

Types of Losses
Air Losses - air friction divide shaft into sections Copper Losses (Stator) PCu ! RCu i 2 - wire resistance Iron Losses (Rotor) - hysteresis (higher w/ switching amplifier) - eddy currents

Active Magnetic Bearings

Rotor Dynamics
rotor touch-down in retainer bearings
- maintenance - sudden system shutoff - during system shutdown very difficult to simulate

cylindrical motion

conical motion

Active Magnetic Bearings

Addressing of Assumptions
Uncertainties in bearing model - leakage flux outside of air gap - air gap is bigger than assumed - iron cross section is non-uniform

Passive Magnetic Bearings

Permanent Magnets
Common Materials:
1) 2) 3) 4) neodymium, iron, boron (Nd Fe B) samarium, cobalt, boron
(Sm Co, Sm Co B)

Relative Sizes

ferrite aluminium, nickel, cobalt

(Al Ni, Al Ni Co)

Issues:
- material brittleness - varying space requirements (B-H) - operating temperatures
(equal H at 10 mm)

Passive Magnetic Bearings

Permanent Magnets
High Potential
- economical - reliable - practical

already replacing some active magnetic bearings

- smaller size equipment and systems - systems with large air gaps

Advantages of magnetic bearings:

     

contact-free no lubricant (no) maintenance tolerable against heat, cold, vacuum, chemicals low losses very high rotational speeds

Disadvantages:
 complexity  high initial cost

Applications
Turbomolecular Pump Maglev Train

Flywheel

Magnetic Bearings
References
1. Electricity and Magnetism. Hyperphysics. Georgia State University, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy. 1 Apr. 2006 <http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hph.html>. 2. Maglev Monorails of the World: Shanghai, China. The Monorail Society Website. 1 Apr. 2006 <http://www.monorails.org/tMspages/MagShang.html>. 3. 4. Maglev Train Explained, DiscoveryChannel.ca. Bell Globemedia 2005 <http://discoverychannel.ca/interactives/japan/maglev/maglev.html>. Wikipedia

Questions?