Seminar Report on Ad-hoc Networks in Automation

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO AD-HOC NETWORKS AND AUTOMATION

1.1 Ad-hoc networks
Internet usage has skyrocketed in the last decade, propelled by web and multimedia applications. While the predominant way to access the Internet is still cable or fiber, an increasing number of users now demand mobile, ubiquitous access whether they are at work, at home or on the move. The maturity of wireless transmissions and the popularity of portable computing devices have made the dream of communication anytime and anywhere possible. An ad hoc wireless network is a good choice for fulfilling this dream. Although the wireless medium has limited spectrum and additional constraints when compared to guided media, it provides the only means of mobile communication. In addition, more effective usage of the limited spectrum and advanced physical/data link layer protocols enable broadband communications and integrated services over the limited wireless spectrum. When ( PRNET, first adhoc network ) packet switching technology, the fabric of the Internet, was introduced with the ARPANET in 1969, the Department of Defense immediately understood the potential of a packet switched radio technology to interconnect mobile nodes in the battlefield. The DARPA Packet Radio project which began in the early 70s helped establish the notion of ad hoc wireless networking. This is a technology that enables untethered, wireless networking in environments where there is no wired or cellular infrastructure or, if there is an infrastructure, it is not adequate or cost effective. The term ad hoc implies that this network is a network established for a special, often extemporaneous service customized to applications. So, the typical ad hoc network is set up for a limited period of time. The protocols are application specific. The application is deployed in a dynamic environment. Consequently, the ad hoc protocols must self-configure to adjust to environment, traffic and mission changes; Resulting in an extremely flexible, malleable and yet robust and formidable network architecture. An emerging concept that will reverse this trend is the notion of opportunistic ad hoc networking. An opportunistic ad hoc subnet connects to the Internet via wireless infrastructure links like 802.11 or 2.5/3G/4G, extending the reach and flexibility of such links. It appear thus that after more than 30 years of independent evolution,

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ad hoc networking will get a new spin and wired Internet and ad hoc networks will finally come together to produce viable commercial applications.
Table 1.1: Wireless adhoc technologies. Parameter Range Bluetooth 10 m IEEE 802.15.1 Associated standard 2.4 GHz Frequency bands Physical layer FHSS 1 Mbps Maximal gross data rate 1/2.5/100mW Average RF power (range) 40-800 mW (substandard) 200-500 W ( duty cycle) < 15mA (read) < 50mA(Write) DSSS or OFDM 5.5/11/54 Mbps (standard) 2,4 GHz or 5 GHz 868 MHz, 915 MHz, 2.4 GHz DSSS 20/40/250 kbps (channel) ASK (Manchester or Miller) 106/212/424 Kbit/s (standard) 13.56 MHz 100 m IEEE 802.11a/b/g WLAN Zigbee 30-100 m IEEE 802.15.4 NFC < 0.2 m ISO/IEC

Battery life

1-7 days 10-100 m

0,5-5 days 20-100 m

100-1000+ days 30-100 m

usage frequency(~30days) 0.2m

Maximal range

Star, Piconets, Network topology scatternets.

Star

Star, mesh, cluster-tree. Point-to-Point

Maximal Number of Nodes

7 slaves in Piconets.

32 APs

65000

One to one.

Node acquiring time

3s

2s

30ms

< 0.1 s

Node wake-up time System resources

3s 250+ KB Cable

1s 1+ MB Wireless Ethernet, mobile office

15ms 4-20 KB Monitoring, control , autonomous devices

< 0.1 s

Short range data transfer for nearby devices.

Expected main use

replacement

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Seminar Report on Ad-hoc Networks in Automation

Recent advancements in wireless technology which incorporate wireless sensor networks (WSN), mobile adhoc networks (MANETS) and wireless mesh networks (WMN) has given opportunity for developing low power adhoc technologies. WSN and MANETS have been really moved by this step and introduction of sensors, motes etc. has driven various applications of which some are listed in table 1.2 with their assistive technology.
Table 1.2: Application domains of low energy ad-hoc networks.

Bluetooth low energy (BLE) Remote Control Security Health and Fitness Smart Meters Cell Phones Automotive Heart Rate Blood Glucose Positioning Tracking Payment Gaming Key Fobs 3D TV Smart Applications Intelligent Transport Systems PCs TVs Animal Tagging Assisted Living

Zigbee

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi direct

NFC

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The 3 main variants of adhoc networks employed in automation are. 1. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). 2. Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN). 3. Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANET). Mobile adhoc networks are used more recurrently and extensive automation application exists such as a vehicular adhoc network (VANET). Wireless sensor networks are used very much is industrial automation and these act as low power applications of adhoc networks. Wireless mesh networks are used for automating management and administrative of local body they may include telephone systems, electrical systems and any other surveillance systems to monitor the environment etc.

1.2 Automation
Human tendency has always been to ease and simplify the amount of work. Thus automation of various processes has been existed from pre-historic times from the invention of wheel till building of high-tech satellite systems which provide services. Industrial revolution made automation grow rapidly, however only machines were the part of this but with inception of the digital age and computerization a whole new face was given to automation. It expanded like wild fire in all possible forms and further continues to grow large enough to sustain human development. For more than 50years automation developed a lot and it aims at fruitful prospects in the future. Automation is the use of machines, control systems and information technologies to optimize productivity in the production of goods and delivery of services. It is the process of following a predetermined sequence of operations with little or no human labor, using specialized equipment and devices that perform and control the process; it is achieved through use of a variety of devices, sensors, actuators, techniques, and equipment. The correct incentive for applying automation is to increase productivity, and/or quality beyond that possible with current human labor levels so as to realize economies of scale, and/or realize predictable quality levels. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provides human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements while increasing load capacity, speed, and repeatability. Automation plays an

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increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Automation is beyond mechanization which involves human intervention Current automation processes are controlled via computers and Artificial Intelligence. Automation is an evolutionary process and it does reduce the labor and incurring costs, it provides a clean, safe and easy method that transforms work. Automation is a technology dealing with mechatronics and computers. With advent of networking automation was directed for a simple path through building of control system and also corresponding information systems in various automatic processes. The wireless adhoc networks are sure to replace current communication strategies and ease the process and providing more control to user. Automation is not the only to be benefitted from adhoc networks there are plenty more, but we pertain to automation only; be it industrial or home. During the short history of wireless ad-hoc networking, several vendors have developed proprietary solutions. There are two fundamental problems using proprietary networks: interoperability across vendors and availability of chips and systems. Therefore, many technology providers and market leaders are now adopting wireless standards. Use of networks in automation is not new to us but adhoc network has driven the automation to a whole new level.

Figure 1.1: An automated assembly line

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Seminar Report on Ad-hoc Networks in Automation

1.3 Instances of adhoc networks used in automation

1.3.1 Automated Library System In this system adhoc networks like RFID tag detectors are used to monitor library books. Each book is attached with a pre-configured RFID tag and the book database is monitored by the system. This system accounts for security from book thefts and also ensured easy issue and return of books. A person may submit his id and the system binds the tag id with the persons id. Further while return of the book after successful acceptance of book by the issuer the tag id is unbind and sent in free pool. Sometimes books may be robbed from the library so the system checks the presence of books in the library hall by using continuously monitoring sensors once the book is out of range it alerts the system of a possible theft. During issuing of book the binding of tag id with person id prevents false theft alarms. 1.3.2 Automated Transport vehicles for industries GM is the company that has pioneered use of automation in industries and this time it has introduced an ATV which is used by General motors automobile factory as a assistant for fetching parts. This automated vehicle incorporates ad-hoc technologies like Zigbee and sensor networks and other proprietary technologies owned by GM. The function of ATV is to fetch parts for vehicle assembly that is requested by the mechanic. Persons have to build a car within required deadline failing to do so may cause time delay and also result in losses so. These vehicles are introduced to fetch automobile parts which are far away and provide accessibility to mechanic hence reducing time delays. The ATV communicates via wireless sensors which are bounded by a control system to update the parts to be fetched thus increasing productivity. These machines are not controlled by human they move automatically in a pre-determined fashion and can easily detect and blockages and wait for human intervention.

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Seminar Report on Ad-hoc Networks in Automation

CHAPTER 2 CASE STUDY

2.1 Industrial Automation
Considering the current trend the growth of automation will improve drastically due to more people interested in employing automation in their day to day work and industrial processes. Lets consider an example of industrial automation where we automate various industrial processes. Automation acts as a medium for various process industries like paper industries, nuclear power generating industries which carry lethal amount of radiations, automobile industries etc. we discuss a small industrial automation example where a process is to be carried out by a machine more efficiently also various process exists which begin only after some parameter value is obtained for example temperature, pressure, humidity etc. Sometimes humans cannot intervene into a critical process and an amount of correctness and precision is to be needed which can be done by automating the process and monitoring its activity at the control center. Some processes need synchronization and adhoc networks are used there to co-ordinate between multiple processes. Adhoc automation applications exist in two variants they are.

Figure 2.2: An industrial automation system Dept. of C.S.E., K.L.E.I.T., Hubli. 7

Seminar Report on Ad-hoc Networks in Automation

2.1.1 Open loop

Open-loop applications are characterized by having wireless links only for data gathering purposes. There is no wireless connection in the feedback loop of the control system. This can be implemented in a number of ways. A real plant is controlled via a number of actuators. The operation of the plant gives rise to some measurable output that is sensed. These values are in turn fed back to the control system for processing. The wireless links are associated with processing or operations that are not part of the classical feedback path of the control system. They may convey all sensor values, or only a chosen subset back to the off-line processing unit. Processing of off-line data is typically non real-time and is used to deduce some additional information subsequently fed either to the control system or embedded directly into the actual plant. Examples include mobile maintenance, process control, ad-hoc benchmarking, redundancy, and mobility. These are outlined in more detail below. For each of them there is a different set of requirements regarding bandwidth, power consumption, response time, etc. Common to all the scenarios described below is that they have a fixed wired infrastructure that handles normal operation of the plant.

Figure 3.2: Open loop system

In a process control environment, service personnel frequently needs to communicate with field devices, either for test, calibration, or fault tracking. Traditionally, staff connects to the device with a cable and performs the appropriate physical maintenance. Adding wireless capabilities to field assets greatly enhances plant operations. First, the actual connection to the device is no longer physical. Thus the operator has easier access to those that are difficult to reach. Second, by being in radio contact with the devices it is easy to provide the user with
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location-sensitive information, i.e. the browser interface may be limited to devices in physical proximity and data can be aggregated and presented according to both functionality and locality. Data obtained in this way will typically be uploaded onto some field terminal for later off-line processing or storage. Bandwidth requirements may be considerable if historical or maintenance data is transferred over the air interface. However, there will be no restriction on latency and very relaxed power constraints, making this an ideal application for wireless ad-hoc networks. Another application of considerable interest is getting access to field instruments that are not typically connected and whose data do not necessarily constitute an integral part of the main control loop. One example is historical and real-time temperature data from within rotating machinery. This is a location that is difficult to access with wired equipment. Data transfer rates are typically low and, being off-line, have relaxed latency requirements. A related application is the interfacing of new devices to legacy systems. The process industry has an enormous installed base of sensors and field instruments. Any company aiming at wireless applications in this environment needs to address the issue of interfacing to proprietary legacy equipment. This constitutes both a potential hurdle and a new opportunity. Obstacles are due to both the type of sensor and to the conservative nature of the business. Assuming the latter can be overcome there is a potential in adding low-latency, noncritical sensors to the existing infrastructure. In order to do this, it is necessary to construct a new device serving as a bridge between the self-organizing nodes in the wireless network and the wired network. This bridge needs to be able to interface to a number of sensor devices and present a unified interface to the existing fieldbus. The set of requirements will obviously vary greatly depending on configuration and sensor type. A fascinating new topic in process control is ad-hoc benchmarking. The scenario is the following: the operation of a plant is suspected to be suboptimal. Removable sensors are placed at central locations in the process. Once in place, they establish an ad-hoc wireless network and route their measured values to some aggregation point for off-line processing. The beauty of this approach is that the system is easy to install, self-configures, and can be reused in different locations. Once a new and optimized control strategy has been developed, it may be implemented into the central controller or into individual pieces of equipment.

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Seminar Report on Ad-hoc Networks in Automation

Figure 2.4: Mobile maintenance

Systems that demand high levels of safety are frequently required to have built-in redundancy in terms of sensing, communication, and processing. This requirement is typically encountered in the oil and gas industry, both onshore and offshore, where explosive substances are handled and operational malfunction can cause disastrous effects. During primary system failure, the secondary network will have to take over the transfer of process data.

Figure 2.5: Process control

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Figure 2.6: Adhoc benchmarking

Contrary to the other applications, the wireless network will here transport vital data. However, transmission is only done as a last resort, in case of cable breakage or other equipment failure. Whether this constitutes an improvement in safety is a matter of probability. In a number of cases it is likely to provide an increased safety level since it utilizes a completely different infrastructure, thus minimizing the risk of failure affecting the backup system. Bandwidth and latency of the primary system may well be stringent. It can therefore be necessary to implement device fallback algorithms, where the system backs off to a less demanding set of requirements once a primary system malfunction has been detected. The wireless ad-hoc network needs to be operative at all times, sending dummy Im alive packets to inform the management system that the backup is functional.

Figure 2.7: Mobility.

Mobility serves as the final example of open-loop applications well suited for wireless ad-hoc networks. Consider a processing plant with movable units placed on for example a
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Seminar Report on Ad-hoc Networks in Automation

conveyor belt. As units move about they cannot easily be connected to a fixed infrastructure. Nevertheless, mobile sensors can frequently measure physical parameters of interest to the overall performance of the plant. One instantiation of this application is in the pulp and paper industry. Sensors are added to the drying process of the paper mass, measuring humidity and temperature along the chain. Data is gathered, possibly being relayed from sensor to sensor or sent to one or several stationary base stations connected to the fixed infrastructure. Measured values are then post-processed and used to tune the drying process. Given the off-line processing, latency is not a central issue. However, this particular application requires a reasonably accurate time stamping of the data samples. From the above discussion it is clear that there is great potential for using wireless adhoc networks in industrial automation whether the application is geared towards process or manufacturing operations. A number of user scenarios have been exposed and there are countless others. The various applications share some basic requirements or functionality, but also have their own particularities. In order to obtain an efficient implementation of an ad-hoc network in an openloop environment, a thorough analysis of application requirements has to be conducted.

Figure 2.8: Closed loop system.

2.1.2 Closed loop Besides using wireless ad-hoc networks to gather industrial data or monitor plant assets, extending the reach to the control loop itself is the next step on the agenda. Distributed control with feedback loops closed over wireless links is an emerging research topic that is attracting growing attention. Although technical hurdles still need to be cleared, Closed-loop wireless control will be a natural element of future fully decentralized automation architectures. Actual deployment for complex control applications is however not expected for

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some years since proper communication and control techniques still need to be devised to fit the various industrial requirements. As discussed earlier, building a distributed control system over a wireless sensor (actuator) network is not a straightforward task. To keep control systems running smoothly, data transmission over the industrial network should be timely, reliable, and accurate. This becomes very challenging with wireless links since they introduce random delays and packet losses due to interference, signal attenuation, and multipath transmissions. The three communication parameters need particular attention from the control perspective: 1. Data rate a high value means high temporal granularity. 2. Latency a low value implies a faster response. 3. Packet loss a small probability is associated with a reliable communication link.

However, since these are competing objectives, tradeoffs are required when designing the communication network. Liu and Goldsmith (2003) conclude that fundamental changes in the link layer design are required for wireless closed-loop control. Ideally, joint optimization is the best approach, with both communication and control variables optimized at the same time. Wireless closed-loop control is ideally suited to improve the way processes are automated. In addition to functional advantages at cost or organization levels (such as easier installation and plant reconfiguration), ad-hoc networks can also leverage their self-organized structure to facilitate existing operations. Simple applications utilizing wireless sensor data directly in the controller are already appearing. For instance, Ember designed a mesh network to support the water treatment process. The goal of the network was to connect turbidity meters in the pipe gallery back to the control system. Reliability and ease of installation were the two driving forces. Since such an installation is very challenging from a radio communication point of view (with concrete walls and metal stairs), multihop transmissions facilitated end-to-end communications where traditional point-to-point wireless links would have required long and complicated network planning. Similar sensing applications in other environments with high reliability needs are also feasible. For instance, the oil and gas industry is continuously calling for cost reductions since exploration becomes increasingly expensive. Savings in network maintenance, cabling cost and weight can bring significant advantages to offshore installations that may increase their lifetime. Large networks with complex sensing and actuating interactions with highly critical control systems will, as previously discussed, require robust and jointly optimized control and communication algorithms.

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Manufacturing automation and production lines in particular can also greatly benefit from new wireless ad-hoc networking technologies. Closing control loops over wireless links to sensors and/or actuators is the natural evolution towards more distributed automation architectures. Mobility is typically not a critical issue for factories, and when it is, movement patterns are very often regular or corresponding to some form of prior scheduling. High transmission speed is usually not required since factory communications mostly carry small amounts of data, often limited to binary inputs/outputs. Multihop routing is thus usually an achievable task in these settings. At the same time, reliability and energy conservation are two important factors for manufacturing automation. Recently, ABB, the global power and automation Company, made significant progress in addressing these two issues for closed-loop control. The so-called Wireless Proximity Sensor boasts a proprietary communication protocol that ensures reliable delivery of messages within the short time frames required by current programmable logic control (PLC) systems. Powering is achieved by inductive coupling to a secondary coil within the sensing unit. The self-contained energy supply completely eliminates the need for cables or battery replacement. The ABB example features progresses directed towards fully wireless closed-loop control systems, but actual multihop, large-scale scenarios still require further research. Distributed wireless operation between the controller and sensors/actuators is still in its infancy. Initiatives are starting to spread both in process control and discrete automation. These are usually characterized by being small-scale, single-hop, and with simple control functionality. In order to achieve complex control in a real closed-loop fashion, several research directions should be prioritized: 1. Reliable communication protocols able to route data across large-scale sensor and actuator networks. 2. Efficient power conservation schemes that fit energy-constrained environments. 3. Redesign of jointly optimized communication and control algorithms to guarantee a smooth migration towards fully wireless automation infrastructures. These techniques will open up avenues for radically improved and cost-effective industrial automation.

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2.2 Home automation

Automated homes of the future have been popular backgrounds in science fiction. However, problems with complexity, competition between vendors, multiple incompatible standards, and the resulting expense have limited the penetration of home automation to homes of the wealthy or ambitious hobbyists. Possibly the first "home computer" was an experimental home automation system in 1966. The popularity of home automation has been increasing greatly in recent years due to much higher affordability and simplicity though smartphone and tablet connectivity. The concept of the "Internet of Things" has tied in closely with the popularization of home automation. It is automation of the home, housework or household activity. Home automation may include centralized control of lighting, HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), appliances, and other systems, to provide improved convenience, comfort, energy efficiency and security. Home automation for the elderly and disabled can provide increased quality of life for persons who might otherwise require caregivers or institutional care. Adhoc networks can dramatically affect the home automation ecosystem by employing techniques that change the behavior of things and ways in which various individual systems can be incorporated to achieve a common goal. Home automation refers to the use of computer and information technology to control home appliances and features (such as windows or lighting). Systems can range from simple remote control of lighting through to complex computer/micro-controller based networks with varying degrees of intelligence and automation. Home automation is adopted for reasons of ease, security and energy efficiency. Developed nations have incorporated automation in various fields like electrical grids, telephones exchanges, entertainment, automobile traffic maintenance etc. However developing nations find it difficult to implement these techniques as the maintenance cost rises. Consider a small house with automation requirements in their electronic and electrical devices. A typical household consist of lighting system, Entertainment systems such as television, smartphone, computers, and music systems etc. also various other devices such as refrigerator, washing machine, electrical heaters etc. These devices can be allowed to communicate with each other and share the data with each other via use of adhoc networks. The technologies described in table 1 have to be used to achieve this. Various organizations like DLNA (Digital Living Network Alliance), Living Tomorrow, MIT Age Lab, SIMO TCI etc. have developed their own implementation of automations using adhoc technologies, DLNA is
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Seminar Report on Ad-hoc Networks in Automation

one of the prominent one and still continues to exist in various entertainment devices which are armed with DLNA. This organization has effectively used the agility of adhoc networks to provide communication in between the devices. A DLNA equipped device can stream content to DLNA compatible devices using adhoc technologies based on their range. This technology is the next big thing in automation of entertainment and adhoc technologies such as Bluetooth low energy (BLE), Wi-Fi Direct etc. are sure to contribute.

Figure 2.8: Automated home system

Low cost adhoc technologies such as Zigbee, NFC, wireless sensors can be used to automate a home. Figure 2.8 shows a simple safety and security management system using adhoc networks it houses various control systems.

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Figure 2.9: Automated home with peripheral communication

Figure 2.10: Automated parking system

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Seminar Report on Ad-hoc Networks in Automation

Boom gates are today one of the most sort after types of automation for controlling vehicle traffic in parking lots, private entrances and many other situations. The use of automated parking lot has been increasing steadily. The figure 2.10 shows automated parking system where the gate acts as a barrier for the parking space. Users can also opt for prepaid parking spaces where a wireless sensor at the parking gate validates the tags attached to the car and authenticates them on the fly. Thus this type of automation can be employed to reduce the labor cost and provide a simple and secure parking mechanism.

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CONCLUSION
Thus through this paper we intend to present how adhoc networks used to achieve a broad goal in automation of systems. Automation will further reduce human effort and will in time incorporate within day today works. However some limitations of adhoc networks may inhibit automatized systems. A real-time automation system will not be benefitted by adhoc networks due to its delayed setup time when multiple systems need to be synchronized. Adhoc networks are useless when it comes in critical automation systems such as medical imaging system where adhoc networks cause interference to medical equipments. Hence there exist some fields where adhoc networks fail to operate in automated systems. However due to recent advancements like the low energy field of adhoc networks etc. techniques have been developed to use adhoc networks in automated medical systems. Many roles for humans in industrial processes presently lie beyond the scope of automation. Human-level pattern recognition, language comprehension, and language production ability are well beyond the capabilities of modern mechanical and computer systems. Tasks requiring subjective assessment or synthesis of complex sensory data, such as scents and sounds, as well as high-level tasks such as strategic planning, currently require human expertise. In many cases, the use of humans is more costeffective than mechanical approaches even where automation of industrial tasks is possible. Overcoming these obstacles is a theorized path to post-scarcity economics. Thus the future depends on how effectively we can operate an adhoc networks in a reasonable framework and automate various systems.

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REFERENCES
[1] M. Gerla, X. Hong, and G. Pei. Landmark routing for large ad hoc wireless networks. Proceeding of IEEE GLOBECOM 2000, Nov. 2000. [2] Hong X., et al, A Group Mobility Model for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, MSWIM 1999. [3] Kahn, J.M., R.H. Katz and K.S.J. Pister (2000). Emerging Challenges: Mobile Networking for Smart Dust. Journal of Communications and Networks, Vol. 2, pp. 271278. [4] Tao Lin, et al., "A Framework for Mobile Ad Hoc Routing Protocols," Proc. IEEE 2003 Wireless Comm. and Networking Conference (WCNC 2003). [5] Z. J. Haas, et al., eds., Special Issue on Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 17, No. 8 (August 1999). [6] M. Frodigh, et al, "Wireless Ad Hoc Networking: The Art of Networking without a Network," Ericsson Review, No. 4, 2000, [7] D. K. Kim, "A New Mobile Environment: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET)," IEEE Vehic. Tech. Soc. News, August 2003. [8] M. S. Corson et al., "Internet-Based Mobile Ad Hoc Networking," IEEE Internet Computing, July-August 1999. [9] A. N. Zadeh et al., "Self-Organizing Packet Radio Ad Hoc Networks with Overlay (SOPRANO)," IEEE Communications Magazine, June, 2002. [10] J. M. Peha, "Wireless Communications and Coexistence for Smart Environments," IEEE Personal Comm., October 2000. [11] A. Hills, "Large-scale wireless LAN design," IEEE Communications Magazine, November 2001. No. 3,

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