Gandhi Ganga

(A Research and Activities Journal)

Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

Launching of the Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict

Studies at University of Jammu and Gandhi Ganga with
effect from April 2004 is a unique and singular exercise of
its kind. The Jammu and Kashmir has never had any
institution to study and grasp Mahatma Gandhi's ideas,
philosophy, work and learn about Mahatma's message.

GANDHIAN CENTRE FOR PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES (GCPCS)

University of Jammu, Jammu
ISO 9001 : 2000 Certified
EDITORIAL BOARD
Chairman:
Amitabh Mattoo,
Vice Chancellor,
University of Jammu,
Jammu-180006.
Members:
Kiran Bedi, IPS
David Cortright, President, Fourth Freedom Forum
Anurag Gangal, Member-Secretary
Tushar Gandhi, Gandhian Activist
Meenakshi Kilam, Professor, JU
Deepshikha Kotwal, Professor, JU
Jigar Mohammad, Professor, JU
Yunus Samad, Professor, Bradford University
Anjoo Sharan, Professor, BHU
Savita Singh, Gandhian Activist, GSDS
Priyankar Upadhyaya, Professor, BHU
Umesh Uppadhyaya, Journalist/Media-person

Editorial Team:
Executive Editor:
Anurag Gangal
Editors:
Sahlinder Singh Jamwal
Renu Nanda
Yog Raj Sharma
Assistant Editors:
Bharat Bhushan Anand
Ranjeet Kalra
Sub Editors:
Kuldeep Raj Sharma
Karan Bir Singh
Harveen Singh

Copyright © Gandhi Ganga, Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict

Studies, University of Jammu, Jammu-180006.

The view expressed and the facts stated in this Journal, published in March
every year, are those of the writers and they do not necessarily reflect the
views of the Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of
Jammu, Jammu. The decision of the editors / referees about the selection of
manuscripts for publication shall be final.
 EDITORIAL
This is the inaugural double issue of annual research and activities
journal Gandhi Ganga for 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 coming out as
an official publication of the Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict
Studies at University of Jammu. Indeed, here is Gandhi Ganga's
special issue to commemorate 100 years of the birth of Mahatma
Gandhi's Satyagraha in South Africa on 11 September 1906. Gandhi
Ganga will now be published in the month of April every year. It will
be our constant attempt to go for bi-annual publication of Gandhi
Ganga. As such, it will then be published in April and September
every year.
Its objectives are dissemination of peace and conflict related
information, research activities, academic interactions and
meaningful expansion of the frontiers of knowledge and action
towards Mahatma Gandhi's "practical-idealism".
In our efforts of realising objectives of Gandhian Centre for Peace
and Conflict Studies at Jammu University, our Vice Chancellor,
Professor Amitabh Mattoo and University Grants Commission have
always proved to be the real guiding spirit and effective support.
Without their meaningful and creative encouragement, even a single
leaf of this research and activity journal could not have been written.
We owe Gandhi Ganga entirely to Professor Amitabh Mattoo, UGC
and Professor Deepshikha Kotwal, Head, Department of English,
University of Jammu. Professor Kotwal has stood by our side, as it
were, even in the difficult times of the Gandhian Centre of University
of Jammu, Jammu.
Gandhi Ganga is also intended to be a unique research and activities
journal in a number of ways. Gandhian Centre aims at launching a
long term global peace movement through Gandhi Ganga to help
evolve and ensure ever more permanent peaceful comity of nations
through nonviolence, truth non-possession, non-stealing and a wider
and larger perspective of brahmcharya. In this attempt, Gandhi
Ganga will also go for an unceasing quest for highlighting and
sharpening the Gandhian tools of conflict management, conflict
resolution and conflict transformation.
Gandhian Centre is currently functioning like an open institution
without walls where truth is realised through self-sustaining and self-
disciplining free wills of all individuals, academics and activities
aspiring for a better world to live in. We, indeed, welcome all authors,

Gandhi Ganga
activists and individuals to contribute to the cause of world peace in
any relevant area of their interest through the channels of Gandhi
Ganga.
There is, however, one very clear seven-fold editorial policy of
Gandhi Ganga aiming for excellence towards near-perfection if not
perfection: (1) Every contribution to Gandhi Ganga must have
necessary references, proof and depth for the quest of peace. (2) As
regards references, Gandhi Ganga will follow JNU Research
Mannual 2006. (3) For the purposes of readability and presentation,
references will be printed in the journal anent academic and other
contributions. (4) Without references, no contribution will be
considered for publication. (5) All academic contributions to
Gandhi Ganga will be referred to concerned experts in the area for
final decision before publication. (6) The identities of the experts
and the authors will remain confidential.
In the present issue of Gandhi Ganga, apart from periodic, report of
Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies' activities, a few
topical and academic columns and articles are also there. There are
permanent columns such as "Quotes" with relevant quotations;
"Gandhi today" with original quotations of Mahatma Gandhi
concerning globalization; and "What needs to be Done" with highly
diverse fields such as Education in India; Peace and Conflict
Outlook; Academic Writing; Psychological viewpoint on Mahatma
Gandhi; Gandhi and Conflict Resolution; Gandhi and Indian
Foreign Policy; and Birth of Gandhi's Satyagraha etcetera
alongwith a column on "Book Reviews".
The most interesting part of Gandhi Ganga apparently is its
perennial focus on continued effectiveness found in Gandhian
ideas vis-à-vis the present-day world anAd its different challenges
before the humanity at large.
We at Gandhi Ganga hope to receive full cooperation and genuine
feedback from all our readers and volunteers. The Gandhi Ganga
family wishes all the best to entire comity of peace loving people
for the coming New Year in 2007.

4 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 CONTENT

Editorial 3

Birth of Satyagraha 7

Report 9

Quotes 31

Gandhi today
· Gandhi and Globalization 33
· Academic Writings 35
· Mahatma Gandhi: A Man of Action 37

Peace andConflict outlook

· Nothing less than Peace 39
· Gandhi's Conflict Resolution 41

What needs to be done?

· Education in India 44
· Gandhian Foreign Policy Pointers 45
· Security Dilemma Today 47

Book review
· Gandhian and Beyond 50

Prospects 52
...all Indian men, women and
children eight years of age
and above were required to
(i) register with the autho-
rities, (ii) submit their finger
prints and (iii) acquire a cer-
tificate which they were to
carry with them at all times.
Defaulters were to lose their
right of residence and were
liable to be imprisoned, fined
or deported from Transvaal.
This ordinance got into effect
as the Asiatic Registration
Act on 31 July 1907. Gandhi
called it a “Black Act”. It
occasioned the first campaign
of nonviolence as corporate
action. On 11 September
1906, a large number of
Indians in South Africa had
publicly pledged themselves
to boycott the bill.

6 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 BIRTH OF SATYAGRAHA
South Africa witnessed in August 1906 a hundred years ago
printing of a draft of an ordinance in the Transvaal Government
Gazette to be submitted to the state legislature. According to this
draft, all Indian men, women and children eight years of age and
above were required to (i) register with the authorities, (ii) submit
their finger prints and (iii) acquire a certificate which they were to
carry with them at all times. Defaulters were to lose their right of
residence and were liable to be imprisoned, fined or deported from
Transvaal.
This ordinance got into effect as the Asiatic Registration Act on 31
July 1907. Gandhi called it a “Black Act”. It occasioned the first
campaign of nonviolence as corporate action. On 11 September
1906, a large number of Indians in South Africa had publicly
pledged themselves to boycott the bill.
When this bill became a law, majority of Indians refused to obtain
permits as contemplated under its rules. Some Indians courted
imprisonment and Gandhi was among them. Gandhi had actually
demanded heaviest sentence for himself. But the Judge gave him
only two months' simple imprisonment. Others were also
sentenced to varying terms of imprisonment.
Thus was born Gandhi's technique of nonviolent corporate action.
In the beginning, Gandhi called it “passive resistance”. But as the
movement advanced, Gandhi searched for a more suitable
expression because the term 'passive resistance' did not quite
appeal to him.
To find a proper term, Gandhi announced a prize to that end.
Maganlal Gandhi, a nephew and a co-worker, suggested the
expression “Sadagraha”. Gandhi, however, changed it to
“Satyagraha”, which literally means clinging to truth or the
pursuit of truth. He defined it as 'soul force'. Gandhi was always
at pains to differentiate Satyagraha with passive resistence.
Satyagraha, for Gandhi, is a dynamic nonviolent soul force
without any 'passive' element in it. It stands on its own strength. A
satyagrahi is nonviolent out of his courage of conviction and not
due to any circumstantial compulsions. Satyagraha is not static. It
is always growing with experience. It is an ever growing and
Gandhi Ganga
expanding act and concept. Passive resistance, on the other hand,
has only the physical nonviolence of Satyagraha in it and that too
born out of varied compulsions. Satyagraha goes beyond, as it
were, time and space with an inherent quality of timelessness in it.
Satyagraha does not harm anyone in essence. It is truth, love and
nonviolence and thus it is full of life, energy and craving for
humanity. We know that adopting nonviolence is an essential part
of our routine life. After all, for how many hours in a day a person
can remain violent in any form. There is a limit to it. However,
there is no limit to remaining nonviolent throughout life all the
while.

Satyagraha, for Gandhi, is a

dynamic nonviolent soul
force without any 'passive'
element in it. It stands on its
own strength. A satyagrahi is
nonviolent out of his courage
of conviction and not due to
any circumstantial compul-
sions. Satyagraha is not
static. It is always growing
with experience.

8 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 REPORT
Introduction
Despite difficulties of the initial years, The Gandhian Centre is
running quite successfully only with highly encouraging and
positive approach of the Vice Chancellor Professor Amitabh
Mattoo. The incumbent Director of the Gandhian Centre could
not have run it without the comprehensive support of the Vice
Chancellor. Professor Mattoo has a visionary outlook and
extensive academic reach. This has helped Gandhian Centre a
lot. That is why Gandhian Centre has been able to organise
almost one to two meaningful activities every month during the
period of University Grants Commission (UGC) grants of
2004-2005. These were utilised only during the financial year
2005-2006 as stipulated in the concerned letter from UGC. The
Gandhian Centre, in terms of space, geographical area, infra-
structural facilities and their expanse is working without walls
quite like Ivan Illich's idea of a “Deschooling Society”. It is
physically not allocated any space and location. It is going
ahead with the strength of the youth and students of Jammu
region. Its Visiting Faculty and workers and youthful
volunteers move forward under open skies. As regards, fax,
telephones and internet facilities, Jammu University's
Gandhian Centre's volunteers, workers, and staff are so
dedicated that they often use their own personal resources also
without ever bringing this matter to light.
Director, Gandhi Smriti and Darshan Samiti (GSDS), New
Delhi, Dr Savita Sing; the Trustee of Gandhi Seva Sadan
(GSS), Jammu, Miss Sushma Chowdhry, IAS; and President of
GSS, Dr Ved Gahi have agreed for permanent collaboration
with the Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies
(GCPCS) at University of Jammu. Professor Priyankar
Upadhyaya, Director, Malviya Centre for Peace Research
(MCPR), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi has extended an
invitation to enter into a Memorandum of Understanding with
GCPCS at Jammu University. Professor David Cortwright
from Notre Dame University, United States and Professor
Yunus Samad from Bradford University, United Kingdom

Gandhi Ganga
have also visited GCPCS for special lectures on Gandhi and World
Peace.
As such, the GCPCS is moving into diversified fields for widening
the Gandhian expanse of human fabric and understanding. The
intensity of purpose and quality of work are also having their
levels of quite satisfactory energy and right implementation levels.

The Gandhian Centre, in

terms of space, geographical
area, infra-structural
facilities and their expanse is
working without walls quite
like Ivan Illich's idea of a
“Deschooling Society”. It is
physically not allocated any
space and location. It is going
ahead with the strength of the
youth and students of Jammu
region. Its Visiting Faculty
and workers and youthful
volunteers move forward
under open skies.

10 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 Activities 2004 - 2006
1.Advisory Committee meetings; 2.Surveys in villages and
schools; 3.Quizzes in schools; 4.Debates in Colleges;
5.Exploration Visits to Villages for knowing Environmental
Conditions and Prospective Gandhian Employment Generation
planning; 6.Survey for Studying Possibilities of Gandhian
Conflict Resolution among Inhabitants of Border Areas Villages;
7.Publication of Research Articles on “Gandhi and Kashmir
Tangle” and also on “Gandhi and Globalisation” in Anasakti,
Kashmir Times, Daily Excelsior and Dainik Jagran; 8.National
Seminar and Dance Drama on Mahatma Gandhi's Life and
Relevance involving participants and activists from Tamilnadu,
Bihar, Orisa, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir; 9.Special Lectures by
Dr Savita Singh, Dr Kiran Bedi and Shri Tushar Gandhi;
10.Procurement of Equipments for the Gandhian Centre;
11.Purchasing books for reading Room; 12.Donating books on
Gandhi in Jammu Schools and among 250 South Asian Delegates;
13.Delivering Lectures on Gandhi in schools; 14.Involving
school, college and youth from Jammu University in Voluntary
Activities of the Gandhian Centre; 15.Bhajan Sandhya with 'A'
Grade Radio and TV artists, singers and children singing bhajans
dear to Mahatma Gandhi; 16.Celebrating 100 years of Satyagraha
from 05 September to 12 September 2005 with Shri Satpal Mittal's
Lecture at Gandhian Centre, JU and visits to Prasthan Ashram at
Pathankot 17.Visiting GSDS, New Delhi along with attending
various Programmes on the occasion of 100 years of Satyagraha;
18.Constructive Programme oriented visits to District Jail for
interacting with Convicts and Terrorist Detainees and criminals;
19.Continuing Harmony and Peace Signature Campaign as an
ongoing exercise until 10,000 signatures/pledges are obtained;
20.Preparation of a Post-Graduate Diploma Syllabus for
launching a one year Distance Learning National Course on
Gandhi and Conflict Resolution; 21.Delivering Special Lecture on
Mahatma Gandhi at Gandhian Studies Centre, MAM College, JU;
22.Attending UGC Conference of Directors of Gandhian Centre
at Calcutta; 23.Visiting Professor Assignment at Calcutta
University's Gandhian Centre for about a week.

Gandhi Ganga 11
 Cooperation from Colleagues,
Students and Civil Society
Voluntary and sincere efforts of Professor Deepshikha Kotwal
from Department of English, Dr Renu Nanda from Education, Mr
Ranjit Kalra from Academic Staff College and Members of the
Advisory Committee of the Gandhian Centre. Professor Jigar
Mohammad from History; Dr V. N. Labh from Buddhist Studies;
Professor Ramnika Jalali from Sanskrit; Professor Deep Sahi
from Zoology; Mr Vikram Sahi from Library's Computer
Systems Analysis; Ms Indira Rathore, Principal, Government
Degree College for Women, Parade; Professor Bharat Bhushan
Anand from Maulana Azad Memorial College, Jammu; Professor
Naresh Padha from Physics; Dr Sangeeta Thapliyal, Mr Happy
Mohan Jacob, Dr Muneer Alam, Dr V.V. Nagendra Rao and Dr
Mathews Joseph C. from Centre for Strategic and Regional
Studies; Professor Naubat Ram Sharma from Education; Dr
Dipanker Sengupta; Dr Mohammad Tajuddin from Political
Science; Professor Ashok Aima and Professor Meenakshi Keelam
from Management Studies have helped the Gandhian Centre in
standing upright.
Gandhian Centre at University of Jammu (JU) is also working in
permanent collaboration with Gandhi Smriti and Darshan Samiti
at New Delhi. GCPCS at JU is also functioning with Gandhi Sewa
Sadan at Jammu in quite a few activities anent villages and use of
Khadi. Ms Sushma Chowdhary as trustee and Dr Ved Ghai as
Chairman of Gandhi Sewa Sadan have extended their cooperation
to the Gandhian Centre on their own. The Gandhian Centre and
Jammu University is very thankful to them in this act of realising
common goal of expanding the frontiers of Gandhian orientation
and thinking among masses and youth alike. A local non-
governmental unregistered organisation Disha with Mr Sumeet as
Chairman has also come forward to work with the Gandhian
Centre at JU.

12 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 Realisation of Objectives
Help from UGC and esteemed colleagues, friends, civil society,
students, research scholars and volunteers has led to realisation of
objectives of establishing the GCPCS at Jammu University to the
extent of about 75 per cent in the first year. Objectives quite fully
realised are:
1. Setting up of reading and library with about 600 books in
addition to periodicals, journals and Newspapers.
2. National Seminar, cultural
activities, information
dissemination, interactive
programmes with civil
society, going to the
rural/urban poorer
sections of society and
involving youth in diverse
Dr. Savita Singh, Director, GSDS, New Delhi,
action oriented field work Keynote Address at the National Seminar
etc.
3. Providing teaching support and interactive sessions to youth
and professional teachers in universities, colleges and
schools.
4. Inviting experts on Visiting Faculty Assignments to the
GCPCS.
5. Organised Special Lectures Series on Mahatma Gandhi with
experts from India, US and UK as well.

Dance Drama on Gandhi's Life at GCPCS JU Interactive Sessions with Youth at JU on Gandhi
during National Seminar

Gandhi Ganga 13
6. Conducting surveys, debates and theatre activities on
Mahatma Gandhi.
7. Distributing relevant Gandhian literature on Mahatma
Gandhi not only among J&K youth but also amidst South
Asian community and also to prisoners in Jails.
8. Publishing (under process) select special lectures on
Mahatma Gandhi and relevant subjects.
9. Preparing to launch a one year Post-Graduate Diploma by
next year.

Professor Amitabh Mattoo, Vice Chancellor, JU, Faculty, Student, Researchers and Members of
Presides at Special Lecture of Dr. Kiran Bedi Civil Society Present at the Lecture

Final Round of Inter-College Quiz Competition

Jenaab Ghulam Hassan Mir, Minister of

Tourism, J&K State and Dr. Savita Singh
Presenting the Final Round Quiz Trophy to
GDC for Women, Parade, Jammu.

Dr. Renu Nanda giving away Inter-College Debate

Competition First Prize to Ravinder Rana of
Maulana Azad Memorial College

14 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 Media Coverage and Photos
Media Coverage to GCPCS Activities has also been phenomenal
through print and electronic both. It will be well to put here a few
photographs and print media coverage. In the electronic area, Siti
cable, J&K Channel, Take One Channel and Star TV have covered
various GCPCS programmes. In print media, Hindustan Times,
Indian Express, Amar Ujala, Dainik Jagran, Daily Excelsior,
Kashmir Times, Punjab Kesari, Early Times, Greater Kashmir,
Kashmir Images and others have covered Gandhian Centre's
activities. Apart from this, GCPCS has been able to produce CDs
and DVDs of almost all its major programmes. Almost all office
work of GCPCS also stands duly computerised.
There are quite a few special photographs and print media
coverage that can be scanned here for providing a birds eye view,
as it were, of GCPCS's action in villages, urban areas, schools and
colleges etc. Obviously the entire media coverage and all photos
and Compact Discs cannot be included in this brief report of
GCPCS activities.
The Gandhiana Multi-Media Exhibition as a fortnight long Gandhi

Gandhi Ganga 15
festival was first of its kind in Jammu and Kashmir. After this,
National Seminar cum Dance Drama was organised from 25 April
to 27 April 2005. Apart from Keynote Address of Dr Savita Singh
and Presidential speech of Professor Amitabh Mattoo, there were
quite a few other academic presentations. All this activity brought
people from Kanyakumari to Jammu and Kashmir.
Then Shri Tushar Gandhi came to GCPCS for a week long
programme of Special Lecture and other activities of going to poor
people and villages in border areas and displaced people's Camps.
All these activities of GCPCS have not only been exciting but also
highly educative for youth and civil society in Jammu.

Visits to villages in collaboration with Gandhi Seva Sadan, Jammu

proved to be specially fruitful as they provided an opportunity of
exposure of city dwelling youth vis-à-vis rural youth and realities.
16 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006
 Ms Sushma Chowdhary, IAS (third from right), and Trustee, GSS
Dr Ved Ghai,President, GSS (fourth from right), and Shri Sumeet
(at the far back), Chairman, Disha with GCPCS staff and Volunteers
at Jakh Village Gandhi Seva Sadan Vocational Centre

At Jakh Village

Gandhi Ganga 17
 Tushar Gandhi's Special Lecture with Professor Amitabh Mattoo
Presiding as Vice Chancellor, University of Jammu, Jammu

Shri Tushar Gandhi's Lecture was followed by several other

programmes such as GCPCS's visit to Amphalla District Jail in
collaboration with Gandhian Studies Centre at MAM College of
Jammu University. In this venture, convicts, prisoners, and
terrorists were the major concerns with whom all volunteers
happened to meet and even shared their meals prepared by inmates
of the jail in their properly maintained kitchen. This jail was a
prison inasmuch as its inmates were not usually allowed to go out
of its boundaries and to their families and friends. Otherwise, they
were having all every opportunity and facility needed for a normal
life.

GCPCS Director
Speaking at Jail

18 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 At Amphalla Jail, Jammu

Kitchen at the Jail

Gandhi Ganga 19
 Participants in National Seminar on Gandhi at GCPCS, JU

Cultural events, Dances, Skits, Bhajans dear to Mahatma Gandhi

visits to several villages and schools along with organising of
varied activities has brought, for the first time, a new Gandhian
versatility into the youth of Jammu in particular. Their
misconceptions about Mahatma Gandhi are being streamlined to
some extent. Of course a lot more needs to be done.

GCPCS Volunteers at Bishnah Village interacting with Villagers At Kool Village

Moving from Kool to border village Arnea

20 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 Professor Amitabh Mattoo, VC, JU and Dr. Savita Singh with Janaab
Gulam Hassan Mir the then Minister of Tourism at JU Exhibition
on Mahatma Gandhi

Participants at 15 Days Gandhi Festival at JU with Dr Savita Singh (C),

Dr Renu Gangal(LC), Dr Indira Rathore (RC)

Gandhi Ganga 21
Gandhian Centre at University of Jammu is aiming at spreading
Mahatma Gandhi's message of peace and self-reliance. As such,
almost every section of society is being involved in various peace,
cultural and other related activities.

Vandita, Professor Amitabh Mattoo, Mrs Ajita Mattoo, Ishita and Dr Savita Singh
at Gandhi Theatre Performance at JU

22 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 The then Minister of Education, J&K, as Chief Guest in GCPCS function at JU

Former Vice Chancellor Shri M.R. Puri presenting a Memento to veteran

Gandhian Journalist Shri S.P. Sahni

Gandhi Ganga 23
Bhajan Sandhya being inaugurated by Pundit Ashutosh Magotra

Bhajan Sandhya

24 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 Media Coverage

Gandhi Ganga 25
Media Coverage

26 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 Media Coverage

Gandhi Ganga 27
Media Coverage

28 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 Media Coverage

Gandhi Ganga 29
Media Coverage

30 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 QUOTES

Innumerable are the names of God; but if a choice were

to be made of one, it would be Sat or Satya, that is,
Truth. Hence verily Truth is God.
20.11.1944

Realization of Truth is not at all possible without Ahimsa (Non-

violence). That is why it has been said that Ahimsa is the
supreme Dharma (Law).
21.11.1944

The quest of Truth and the observance of Non-violence are

impossible without Brahmacharya (celibacy), Non-stealing,
Non-possession, Fearlessness, Equal Respect for all Religions,
Removal of Untouchability, and the like.
22.11.1944

Brahamacharya here means control over the sense-organs in

thought, word and deed. He shall not be deemed a true
Brahmachari who, although he may be living a chaste life,
otherwise harbours impurity of mind.
23.11.1944

Non-stealing does not mean merely not to steal. To keep or take

anything which one does not need is also stealing. And, of
course, stealing is fraught with violence.
24.11.1944

Non-possession means that we should not

hoard anything that we do not need today.
25.11.1944

Fearlessness should connote absence of all kinds of fear-fear of

death, fear of bodily injury, fear of hunger, fear of insults, fear
of public disapprobation, fear of ghosts and evil spirits, fear of
anyone's anger. Freedom from all these and other such fears
constitutes fearlessness.
26.11.1944

We must respect other religions even as we respect our own.

Mere tolerance there of is not enough.
27.11.1944

Gandhi Ganga
 Removal of untouchability means not merely touching
the Harijans (untouchables), but also looking upon them
as our own kith and kin, in other words, treating them in
the same way as we would our own brothers and sisters.
None is high, none low.
28.11.1944

"Yogash Chitta Vritti Nirodhah" - This is the first aphorism of

Patanjali's Yoga Darshan (Philosophy of Yoga). Yoga means
contolling the activities of the mind, that is, to restrain and
subdue the surging passions of the mind.
29.11.1944

How can one in whose mind passions keep surging ever realise
Truth? The upsurge of passions in the mind is like a tempest in
the ocean. Only that helmsman remains safe in the storm who
holds fast to the helm. Likewise, he along triumphs who seeks
refuge in Ramanama (the name of God) when his mind is
restless.
30.11.1944

The hymn - "Take Thou a Lesson from the Tree" is worth to

one's heart. The tree bears the heat of the Sun and yet provides
cool shade to us. What do we do?
1.12.1944

Let us always beware of false knowledge. That knowledge is

false which keeps or turns us away from Truth.
2.12.1944

For the realization of Truth, it is necessary to read the lives of

the saints and ponder over them.
3.12.1944

Against whom shall we harbour enmity when God himself says

that He dwells in all living beings? (Translation of today's
hymn).
4.12.1944

The great lesson that we learn from the life of Mirabai* is that
she renounced her all - even her husband - for the sake of God.
* A great devotee of Lord Krishna.
5.12.1944

32 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 GANDHI TODAY
Gandhi on Globalization
GCPCS Team

What is Gandhi's concept of holistic process of globalization? It is

practical-idealist concept Gandhi called himself a practical-
idealist. He has never written or said much about globalization in
particular as a term with specific meaning that is being attached to
it currently. Yet he had foreseen almost all major trends and
strands of globalization today in a positive and creative mould. For
him :
It is impossible for one to be an internationalist without
being a nationalist... Our nationalism can be no peril to
other nations inanmuch as well will exploit none just as we
will allow none to exploit us.
The satyagrahi must maintain personal contact with
people of his locality. This living association of human
beings is essential to a genuine democracy.
I have no doubt that unless big nations shed their desire for
exploitation and the spirit of violence of which war is the
natural expression and the atom bomb the inevitable
consequence, there is no hope for peace in the world.
Mechanisation is good when hands are too few for the
work intended to be accomplished. It is evil where there
are more hands than required...
I entertain no fads in this regard (i.e., his avowed
opposition to mechanisation and capital-intensive
technology). All that I desire is that every able-bodied
citizen should be provided with gainful employment. If
electricity and even automatic energy could be used
without...creating unemployment, I will not raise my litle
finger against it... If the government could provide full
employment to our people without the help of Khadi hand-
spinning and hand-weaving industries, I shall be prepared
to wind up my constructive programme in this regard.
Gandhi Ganga
Under Swaraj (self-rule) of my dream, there is no
necessity of arms at all.
To reject foreign manufactures merely because they are
foreign and to go on wasting national time and money on
the promotion in one's own country of manufactures for
which it is not suited would be criminal folly and a
negation of the Swadeshi spirit.
Decentralisation of political and economic power,
reduction in the functions and importance of State, growth
of voluntary associations, removal of dehumanising
poverty and resistance to injustice... will bring life within
the understanding of man and make society and the state
democratic... The nonviolent State will cooperate with an
international organisation based on nonviolence. Peace
will come not merely by changing the institutional forms
but by regenerating those attitudes and ideals of which
war, imperialism, capitalism and other forms of
exploitation are the inevitable expressions.
I am not against all international trade, though imports
should be limited to things that are necessary for our
growth but which India — and for that matter any poorer
country — cannot herself produce and export of things of
real benefit to foreigners.

It is impossible for one to be

an internationalist without
being a nationalist... Our
nationalism can be no peril to
other nations inanmuch as
well will exploit none just as
we will allow none to exploit
us.

34 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 Academic Writing
Director, GCPCS,
Anurag Gangal
Academic writing is a professional and skilled work. Research
aptitude and training, methodological tools, stylistic finesse, near
complete knowledge of subject matter, commitment and
dedication to 'perfectibility' if not 'perfection', originality, and
absolute devotion to meet the 'deadlines' are a few characteristic
features of an academic piece of writing.
Objective analyses, clarity of ideas and presentation are other two
requirements. Cliché, plagiarism, spelling mistakes have zero
tolerance limits.
Length or word-limit must also be given due importance. In any
case, one must never go beyond writing more than 100 words from
the prescribed word-limit in a given piece. This exception must
not be treated as a general rule to follow.
Proper perception and presentation of the topic of research
alongwith meaningful and exact though varied and easy
vocabulary is also needed. Academic writing is, therefore, a
highly skilful job. It needs great care and involvement from within
and without. Every word is important and significant.
Floccinaucinihilipilification will not do.
As such, academic writing is the job of an established and well
trained academic. Amateur writing has little scope in the academic
world. Indeed, academic writing is a serious matter even when
there is the task of writing a light and comic piece!
Whatever may be the area of specialisation for academic writing,
wider reading habit in the field of high quality literature is a must.
For instance, regular reading of fiction, poetry, prose, drama in
the concerned language and in any other language is absolutely
necessary.
Deep involvement in the theme and topic of writing alongwith
nearly incessant thinking about the subject matter leads to
outpouring of a logical and easily readable script on its own.
Writer's thematic ambience in one's mind and heart is then spread
forth on the sheet of paper quite like the work of an accomplished
sculptor.

Gandhi Ganga
Vocabulary emerges with exactitude of an original piece of work.
Dictionaries, thesauruses and words of power from regular
reading of newspapers are then not required so much. They
actually spoil the pleasure of reading, writing and their natural
tenor. Newspapers and other such means are helpful only from the
angle of obtaining information only.
There is, indeed, no alternative to hard work with deep
involvement while going for academic writing. Only then inner
conflicts of an academic writer can be solved. Even the knowledge
of grammar is also not so much required here. It evolves on its
own.

Academic writing is a profes-

sional and skilled work.
Research aptitude and trai-
ning, methodological tools,
stylistic finesse, near com-
plete knowledge of subject
matter, commitment and de-
dication to 'perfectibility' if
not 'perfection', originality,
and absolute devotion to meet
the 'deadlines' are a few cha-
racteristic features of an
academic piece of writing.

36 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 Mahatma Gandhi: A Man of Action
Renu Gangal
Gandhi's personality can be described as 'calmly active and
actively calm'. Every weakness of his that he realised and each
instance of humiliation inflicted upon him became a moment of
test of fire for his person. His experiences from one humiliation to
another strengthened his determination to fight for justice,
equality and 'right against might'. In his fight against might, he
always remained cool and calm. He is known also as a great lover
of humour and lighter side of life.
There is an incident quoted by Gandhi's noted biographer Louis
Fischer in his The Life of Mahatma Gandhi when in this book
Gandhi says, “The West has always commanded my admiration
for its surgical inventions and all round progress in that
direction….. Nevertheless, Gandhi quite cast off his prejudices
against physicians. Once Gandhi resisted a penicillin injection.
“If I give you penicillin, you will recover in three days,' the doctor
said, 'otherwise it will take three weeks.'
'That's all right,' Gandhi replied. I am in no hurry.'
The doctor said he might affect others.
Gandhi replied, “Then give them penicillin.”
In an unguarded moment, the same physician told Gandhi that if all
sick people simply went to bed they would get well.
Gandhi cautioned his physician in a lighter vein and said, “Don't
say that loud. You will lose all your patients.”
Gandhi, as such, has been a man of humility with determination,
an activist with a great sense of humour, and a scientist always
busy in his experiments with truth.
As a man of action and vision, Gandhi has had his way of doing
things in his own way. His major tools were Observation,
Experience, Experiments, Self-analysis and Linkage in his goals
and methods. His philosophy of truth as a way of life flows from
his own experiments. His experiments were drawn on the down to
earth realities and facts of life. However, Gandhi's most
significant tools were his power of intuition and his own inner
voice and consciousness.

Gandhi Ganga
Gandhi, in general, may therefore, be regarded as an expert in
epistemology, philosophy and use of scientific methods also.
Although he often preferred to go beyond established contours of
scientific methods through the use of his intuition and inner
consciousness. He used these two meta-scientific tools in the
realms of reason and human consciousness as well!

“If I give you penicillin, you

will recover in three days,'
the doctor said, 'otherwise it
will take three weeks.'
'That's all right,' Gandhi
replied. I am in no hurry.'
The doctor said he might
affect others.
Gandhi replied, “Then give
them penicillin.”
In an unguarded moment,
the same physician told
Gandhi that if all sick people
simply went to bed they
would get well.
Gandhi cautioned his
physician in a lighter vein and
said, “Don't say that loud.
You will lose all your
patients.”

38 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

Peace and Conflict Outlook
Nothing less than Peace
Kuldeep Raj Sharma

Twenty-first century is an age of technology of computer-chips,

nano-technology, globalisation, networking and instantaneous
communication. All these together move on to evolve a “global
village” where activities, ideas, thinking and living style of every
individual and precious human life affects, influences and interacts
with all other persons on earth let alone nations, communities and
diverse ethnic groups mutually functioning concurrently.
Most of these efforts are made apparently towards continuous peace
and development of comity of nations, institutions and individuals
alike. Various technological and other peace processes of this type
bring in their fray an inherent though latent and manifest both
undercurrents of mutual conflicts also. Such conflicts arise not only
from within but also from without. When conflicts become very
serious then citizens of the world and different concerned countries
and regions will have to be involved for their effective resolution.
This is a perennial rigmarole of peace and conflict. From peace to
conflict and vice versa. What comes first Peace or Conflict? It is
difficult to find and decide. The method of deeper causal observation
of daily routine amongst nations and individuals brings forth the
predominant role of peace in human lives in comparison to obviously
widespread conflicts, wars, terrorism and weapons of mass
destruction (WMDs).
Indeed, what is the nature of peace and conflict in human nature? This
query needs to be examined further in depth in oncoming writings in
next volumes.
In this matter quite a few recent works, among several others, are of
great help. For example new revised edition of Joan V. Bondurant,
Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict,
Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1988; David
Cortright, Gandhi and Beyond: Nonviolence for an Age of Terrorism,
Paradigm Publishers, Boulder (US), 2006. The first copy of David
Cortright's book was presented by its author to Professor Amitabh
Mattoo, Vice Chancellor, University of Jammu and Chairman,
Advisory Committee, Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict
Studies (GCPCS), University of Jammu at a Special Lecture on
“Gandhi and the West” delivered on 16 April 2006 at Jammu
Gandhi Ganga
University, J&K, India at the invitation of GCPCS.
Peace and Conflict must not be treated as two parallel line that shall
never have a meeting point. Among these two, each is the progenitor
of the other one. As such, every conflict is an opportunity for ever
more cooperation and conflict resolution. Going a step further, it is
conflict transformation which is necessary alongside application of
different methods of conflict resolution.
Peace and nonviolence do not take away precious human lives.
Violence certainly culminates in eventual harmful effects upon
human lives including very painful deaths. Long live peace and
nonviolence.

This is a perennial rigmarole

of peace and conflict. From
peace to conflict and vice
versa. What comes first
Peace or Conflict? It is diffi-
cult to find and decide. The
method of deeper causal ob-
servation of daily routine
amongst nations and
individuals brings forth the
predominant role of peace in
human lives in comparison to
obviously widespread con-
flicts, wars, terrorism and
weapons of mass destruction
(WMDs).

40 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 Gandhian Conflict Resolution
Kishor Sharma
Long established methods of conflict management, conflict
resolution and conflict transformation are mostly arising from a
present day context of a sheer helplessness in view of numerous
national, regional, international and global conflicts and challenges to
peace and “prosperity”. The Gandhian nonviolence, on the other
hand, is such an area of managing, resolving and transforming
diverse types of conflicts that it starts not from helplessness but from
courage of conviction and essential belief in the caressing power of
nonviolence.
Nonviolence cannot be discussed on and on. It needs i) courageous
negotiators, ii) soldiers without weapons iii) unflinching faith in
ahimsa iv) self-confidence with patience and perseverance and v)
certainly not the bullish audaciousness.
Such nonviolence is replete with great potential to deal with a number
of modern day dangerous conflictual human concerns. Nonviolence
empowered with the tools of satyagraha has succeeded, among
others, in gaining political independence both for India and Pakistan
form our dear British counterparts upon whom “Sun never set”!
Indeed, the initial hitch is that of taking a meaningful initiative and
lead. The essence of the matter here is what Gandhi said immediately
after his Dandi March on 05 April 1930:

Courtesy : Publications Division, Government of India

The usual conflict resolution is a well established process of resolving
a dispute or a conflict by providing each side's needs, and adequately
addressing their interests so that they are satisfied with the outcome.
Conflict resolution aims to end conflicts before they start or lead to
physical fighting. Resolution methods can include conciliation,
mediation, arbitration or litigation.
Sometimes disputes and conflicts may simply be avoided without
actually resolving them. At times, it may even be desirable that the
concerned parties may disagree. However, one thing is clear. It is that
a conflict is a state of opposition between two parties.
Gandhi Ganga
There are different types of conflicts. This list can never be fully
exhaustive. Broadly speaking, about eleven types of conflicts are
recognized: i) intra-personal conflict, ii) interpersonal conflict, iii)
group conflict, iv) organizational conflict, v) community conflict, vi)
intra-state conflict, vii) inter-state conflict, viii) international
conflict, ix) global conflicts, x) regional conflicts, xi) “communal” or
conflicts between different religions, xii) racial conflicts.
For resolving these conflicts, several diplomatic tracks are also
already there. As regards quite a few apparent and friendly conflicts
between United States (US) and India, Track 6 diplomacy is also
proving to be highly fruitful for evolving short-term and long-term
relationship of mutuality and growing commitment and faith. There
are currently nine tracks of diplomacy recognised more widely: i)
government to government, ii) unofficial policy oriented non-
governmental exchanges, iii) businessman to businessman, iv) citizen
to citizen exchange programmes of all kinds, v) media to media based
efforts and exchanges, vi) religion, vii) activism, viii) research, ix)
training, and education.
All these methods of conflict resolution are also highly dynamic.
These are being applied widely for several years now. The present
day conflict resolution methods are, however, not really so
nonviolent for they arise from an intense interest based orientation of
cooperation and ever more cooperation out of a mutual assured fear
among nations and individuals alike.
Nonviolence of the Gandhian order, on the other hand, does not
suffer from such a, as it were, cliché. Therefore, what is the harm if
this approach is also developed alongside other prevalent ways of
conflict resolution? Nonviolence is also highly free from any
religious bias in nature inasmuch as it is presently coming from a
secular mind of Gandhi who is regarded as an undisputed leader not
only the downtrodden but also of the saner minds in the world.
The need is to make experiments with an open mind and objective
scientific outlook. Gandhi had this faith in social and political
experimentation. Indeed, a positively practical attitude to evolution
of ever new avenues and vistas of knowledge must never be put aside.
The world can live and prosper by nonviolence alone. Love triumphs
not hatred. Human intuition, inner consciousness, inner strength,
discipline and courage provide the real mentle to every activity and
42 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006
idea in which present day man is engaged. Without these even the best
equipped army cannot succeed. A nonviolent Satyagraha activist also
needs only these things to succeed. Hence, initially what every
individual has to realise is that it is not by violence alone wars can be
won. May be it is for this reason that Gandhi is known not only as the
greatest Commander of the largest nonviolent army of the world but
also as the most successful expert in conflict resolution.

There are currently nine

tracks of diplomacy recog-
nised more widely: i) govern-
ment to government, ii) un-
official policy oriented non-
governmental exchanges, iii)
businessman to businessman,
iv) citizen to citizen exchange
programmes of all kinds, v)
media to media based efforts
and exchanges, vi) religion,
vii) activism, viii) research,
ix) training, and education.

Gandhi Ganga 43
 WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?
Education in India
Karan Bir Singh
There is need to think over following basic questions once again
separately on a national level:
What is education? What is information? What is indoctrination?
What is knowledge? What is self-awareness? What is an
examination? What is self-assessment? What is vocational
education (sic) / training?
What is merit? What is performance? What is professionalism?
What is excellence? What is perfection?
What are various purposes and aims behind these thirteen
activities, processes and systems?
What is the relationship between democracy and all above
mentioned fundamental pointers?
Is utterly examination orientation of the education system really
fruitful?
What is the relationship between professional training for
obtaining jobs, on-job training and “education”?
Until answers in proper perspective are found to these questions,
India and Indians cannot have respite from their evils of poverty,
unemployment and exploitation through foreign aid etcetera. Self-
reliance will remain a distant dream and security of the nation will
slip away time and again.
World Food Scarcity
One easy way of removing scarcity of food the world over is
vegetarianism. There are over one billion hungry people in the
world today. If everyone every human person opts for
vegetarianism, world will have enough food for every citizen of
this spaceship earth!
How will this be possible?
“It is elementary my dear Watson”!
A Sherlock Holmes is not needed to answer this.

Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 Gandhian Foreign Policy Pointers
Academic Team of GCPCS

Foreign Policy Diagram

Above mentioned spheres, in an international foreign policy

perspective, represent:
v A country's immediate neighbours as immediate sphere.
v Other poor, less developed, underdeveloped, developing and
smaller countries like India are in the mid sphere.
v Bigger, more developed, developed, militarily and otherwise
very powerful great powers or superpower countries constituting
the outer sphere.
As Gandhi says, in this global conflict reduction security buffer
design, there will be:
…ever widening, never ascending circles. Life will not be a pyramid
with the apex sustained by the bottom. But it will be an oceanic circle
whose centre will be the individual always ready to perish for the
village, the later for the circle of villages, till the last … becomes one
life composed of individuals, never aggressive in their arrogance but
ever humble, sharing the majesty of the oceanic circle of which they
are integral parts. Therefore, the outermost circumference will not
wield the power to crush the inner circle but will give strength to all
within and derive its own strength from it… No one… [will] be the
first and none the last.
Utmost priority, apparently, is to be given to good understanding and
relations with immediate neighbours like Pakistan and others. A
holistic security climate has to be expanded from the inner most circle
of neighbours and beyond. That is how three broad conflict reduction
security buffer spheres may be created through very friendly relations
based on utter mutual faith and nonviolence.

Gandhi Ganga
In the absence of a general belief in the power of nonviolence and
love, i.e., truth, this pattern must still be strengthened despite
continuing armaments race and “overkill” capacities of WMDs or
nuclear, biological and chemical (NBCs) weapons. These weapons
cannot provide us security inasmuch as they are there for mutual
massive destruction and spreading terror. These weapons do not
defend us. They are meant to kill during wars and terrorise during
peacetime. About thirty countries already possess these WMDs.
Anti-tank nuclear bullets are also in use. Nearly 100, 000 nuclear
bombs are also there among these states. United States and Russia
alone share more than half of this arsenal.
Only less than an iota of present-day stockpiles of armaments was
there in Gandhi's time. Practical-idealism of Gandhi emerges even
more clearly when he says in this context:
It [nonviolence] is of universal applicability. Nevertheless, perfect
nonviolence, like Absolute Truth, must forever remain beyond our
reach……Perfect nonviolence is impossible so long as we exist
physically, for we would want some space at least to occupy. Perfect
nonviolence whilst you are inhabiting the body is only a theory like
Euclid's point or straight line, but we have to endeavour every
moment of our lives.
This impossibility of “perfect nonviolence” does not prevent an
initiative in this direction. As long as there is absence of general,
fundamental, practical and political belief in the efficacy of
nonviolence as a way of life, till then at least a Nonviolent National
Defence Army, Navy and Air Force can be evolved on Gandhian
lines of nonviolent spirit and nonviolence of the brave. This
nonviolent national defence system can work alongside existing
defence forces in every country.

Pyarelal, Mahatma Gandhi: The Last Phase, Ahmedabad, Navajivan Publishing

House, 1958, Volume II, pp. 580 581.
E.J. Hogendoorn, A Chemical Weapons Atlas, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,
September/October 1997 Vol. 53, No. 5.
Harijan, 21 July 1940, p. 211.

46 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 Security Dilemma Today
GCPCS Team
There is also a related aspect of a 'security dilemma' or striker's
falling into the pit instead of scoring a few points through
excessive rebound play in the carom board game among inter-
state "patrons" of civil society today. One's security becomes a
threat to another player in the globalising twenty-first century's
global civil culture. Politics by all means is an integral part of
such activities. Security then becomes a menace to its preserver
itself.
When 'security' is leading to 'insecurity' then why this
hullaboloo and concern for security of individuals and nations
alike? Whom who is benefiting? Why this is happening? No
doubt, security is a must for all as a fundamental need and
human right to life. This need has to be fulfilled. Security
beyond this need emerges into a utterly self-aggrandising global
nexus and Mafia causing loss of precious human lives of brave
soldiers and common citizens alike. Indeed, "How much land
does a man require?" Individuals among peoples of the world
understand this predicament. Nations and statesmen and nations
are bound to ignore it for they have to act otherwise. Security for
peace is relentlessly negating its purpose. Amassing of WMDs,
terrorism of different types including nuclear terrorism further
proves this glaring logic and reality. No state has ever achieved
the security it desires without becoming a menace to its
neighbours.
Apart from 'genuine' concerns about security needs of a state,
there are other reasons also leading to ever widening arms race.
They are all practical pointers to national leaders' strong belief
in military might as their only real protection when they are
facing an irritating and hostile opponent.
All these are realities of modern deep-rooted political
perversion, Politics -- as political thinkers, actors and Gandhi in
particular say - is concerned primarily with establishing truth
and order in society. Ongoing diverse manipulations in politics
represent something different than what is political.

Gandhi Ganga
Manipulations and perversions of civil society in this age of
globalisation are presenting intriguing trends:
µ Bringing together of global trade and economy to a
notable extent.
µ Smaller traders, investors, entrepreneurs, and industrial
units facing far greater challenges.
µ Increasing burden of poverty, population, pollution,
proliferation of armaments and (precarious) peace, i.e.,
'five Ps' on Afro-Asian and Latin American (AALA)
countries.
µ Emergence of United States and Europe as relatively more
stable global econimic and political peace zones of the
world.
µ Widening framework of work and space for international
actors, organisations and operators.
µ World peace through WMDs deterrence basd on
dwindling foundations of mutual terror.
µ Terrorist groups having their own share from state-of-the-
art weapons.
µ Preventing a situation of a third world war through
institutionalised terror.
µ Security threat from terrorism and 'War on Terrorism'.
These trends further complicate quest for a comprehensive
security perspective when most of the states in the world are
able to ensure at best 'a pretence of security' despite their
constantly burgeoning military budgets. Even for their limited
military security needs, these countries depend, expressly or
implicitly, either on other great powers or on so-called
'collective defence/ security'.
Such wasteful security scenario point to a need for a more
comprehensive policy of defence and security especially for
poorer AALA countries in general and South Asia in
particular.

48 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

 When 'security' is leading to
'insecurity' then why this
hullaboloo and concern for
security of individuals and
nations alike? Whom who is
benefiting? Why this is
happening? No doubt,
security is a must for all as a
fundamental need and
human right to life. This need
has to be fulfilled. Security
beyond this need emerges
into a utterly self-aggran-
dising global nexus and Mafia
causing loss of precious
human lives of brave soldiers
and common citizens alike.
Indeed, "How much land
does a man require?" Indivi-
duals among peoples of the
world understand this pre-
dicament.

Gandhi Ganga 49
 BOOK REVIEW

Gandhi and Beyond

Bharat Bhushan Anand
David Cortright, Gandhi and Beyond: Nonviolence for an Age
of Terrorism, Paradigm Publishers, Boulder (US), 2006,
Paperback Edition, Preliminary PP. i x, 1 264, Price - $ 25.
Author of this timely book is having over thirty years experience
of being a peace, disarmament and peacemaking activist in various
important capacities. He is a Professor and Research Fellow at the
Joan B. Korc Institute for International Peace Studies at University
of Notre Dame, United States (US). He is also President and co-
founder of the Fourth Freedom Forum in Indiana, US.
This book is divided into three sections. First three Chapters
present basic Gandhian concepts and social action techniques,
Gandhi's influence in US and evolution, development and
application of Gandhian Methods by Martin Luther King Jr.
The second section contains further development and application
of nonviolent action in the present day world with special
reference to Cesar Chavez, Dorothy Day and Barbara Deming.
The third part of this book has Chapters 7, 8 and 9 with critical
analysis of challenges for the future such as civil rights, global
justice, nuclear disarmament and anti-war movements, gender
related issues and feminist critique of Gandhi and King.
According to the author, “The last Chapter summarises some of
the most important practical considerations for effective
nonviolent action.”
In author's words again, “As a great philosopher once said, the
point is not merely to understand the world but to change it.
Precisely, Dr Marx, except that our commitment is to change it
non-violently.”
Author further says, “We can never be sure when or how our
efforts will succeed. We plan and work for success, but our
commitment does not depend on immediate gratification. We
continue rolling that boulder up the hill, even when the chances of
victory seem distant, believing that the cause of justice and peace

Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

ultimately will prevail. Movements for social justice need long-
distance runners. To sprint and burn out after a few years is of little
benefit. Better to be a long-distance runner walker, like Gandhi to
take the long march with him to the sea.”
This book has used references and research works on a vast scale.
Despite this it has its own originality intact. Primary sources of
research are also consulted judiciously. Eye-opening critical
analysis is also there.
However, it will be difficult for Indian readers to obtain this useful
book on its current price tag. Despite the price, the title of this
book Gandhi and Beyond -- is also highly visionary. Professor
David Cortright, congratulations for your masterly effort!

“The last Chapter summa-

rises some of the most impor-
tant practical considerations
for effective nonviolent
action.”
In author's words again, “As
a great philosopher once said,
the point is not merely to
understand the world but to
change it. Precisely, Dr
Marx, except that our com-
mitment is to change it non-
violently.”

Gandhi Ganga 51
 PROSPECTS
Major Programmes of GCPCS

1. Proposing to launch Gandhian Studies Department.

2. Launching Post-graduate Diploma in Gandhian Conflict

Resolution through Distance Learning at national level.

3. Organising Gandhi World Congress in collaboration with other

Gandhian institutions.

4. Major programmes in the next session initially are planned to be

special lectures by a few international activists and academics in
the Gandhian field.
5. Experts in Peace Studies will be invited for coming to the
Gandhian Centre at JU on longer duration Visiting Assignments.
6. A National Seminar on Gandhi, World Peace and Youth.
7. Organising Summer Camps for exposing J&K youth to Gandhian
orientation and creative work and vocation as well as Gandhian
Constructive Programme.
8. Different activities in schools and colleges in J&K.
9. Launching a Gandhi Youth Club.
10. Publishing a book/research journal/Newsletter etc.
As such, a number of important activities are to be planned for
involving ever wider spectrum of civil society and youth alongwith
the university community in Gandhian and other related areas. Quite
a few Memorandum of Understanding with Peace and Conflict
Studies Institutions.

CONTRIBUTORS
l Kishor Sharma, Ph.D. Senior Lecturer, Department of
Education, Government of Jammu & Kashmir, J&K, India.
l Renu Gangal, Ph.D. Principal & Psychologist, Atman College
of Education, University of Jammu, J&K, India.
Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006