Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
Dear students
It is the dream of every one of you to make a mark in this arena called life. The IITJEE is one of
the most rigorous test that you have to clear to take firm steps towards achieving this. All of you
want to do well in this examination or some other engineering entrance competition in order to
realize your dreams and also to see those tears of satisfaction in the eyes of your parents who
are proud of your success.
To succeed in any endeavour what a person needs is velocity. Yes, the same velocity that you
study in physics. Velocity is a combination of speed and direction.
Speed is the ability to do our work with utmost efficiency and negligible wastage of resources
such as time. At this stage of our career speed is very important for all of us.
I would like to take the help of an example to explain the term direction.
A young guy was lost on a road and he asked an elderly fellow, Sir, could you tell me where
this road will take me?
Without a moments hesitation the elderly chap said, Son, this road will take you anywhere in
the world you want to go, if you are moving in the right direction.
So direction is the right path towards our aim. You can tread on that path only when you have
your goal clearly in front of your eyes and you are working for that goal intensely with a strong
desire and an unshakable determination level, always believing that youll do it. Your attitude
and motivation are of utmost importance. Remember, this test that you are taking is not just a
test of your knowledge but also of how strong are you, mentally.
In this booklet we have made a sincere attempt to keep your velocity of preparations to the
maximum. The formulae will help you revise your chapters in a very quick time and the
motivational quotes will help you move in the right direction.
Hope youll benefit from this book and all the best for your examinations.
Formula Booklet Physics XII
2
CONTENTS
Description Page Number
1. Elecrotstatics and Capacitance 03
2. Current Electricity 12
3. Magnetic Effects of Current 15
4. Magnetic Properties of Current 18
5. Electromagnetic Induction 20
6. Alternating Current 22
7. Light 26
8. Modern Physics 35
9. Some Study Tips 43
Formula Booklet Physics XII
3
ELECTROSTATICS & CAPACITANCE
ELECTROSTATICS
1. Coulombs Law
(a) F
m
= K ,
r
q q
K 4
1
2
2 1
0
=
(b) Electric field due to a point charge: (i)
^
2
r .
r
q
4
1
E
0
)
(c) [E] = [M
1
L
1
T
3
A
1
]
3. Electric field on the axis of a uniformly charged ring
(a) E
axial
=
( )
2 / 3
2 2
x R
qx
4
1
+
0
(R = radius of the ring)
(b) E
centre
= 0
4. Electric dipole
(a) dipole moment p = q(2l) (where 2l = length of the dipole)
(b) E
axial
=
[ ]
2
2 2
r
2pr
4
1
l
0
(r = distance of axial point w.r.t. centre of dipole)
3
r
2p
4
1
0
(if r >>l)
(c) E
equat
. =
[ ]
3 2 / 3
2 2
r
p
4
1
r
p
4
1
0 0
l
(if r >>l)
(d) (E
axial
/E
equat.
) = 2/1
(e) Dipole field at an arbitrary point (r, )
(i) E
r
= ;
r
cos 2p
4
1
3
0
(ii) E
=
3
r
sin p
4
1
0
(iii) E =
2 2
r
E E
+ = +
0
cos 3 1
r
p
4
1
2
3
(f) Dipole field component at (x, y, z) point
(i) E
x
= ;
r
p 3xz
4
1
s
0
(ii) E
y
= ;
r
p 3yz
4
1
5
0
Formula Booklet Physics XII
4
(iii) E
z
=
( )
5
2 2
r
r 3z p
4
1
0
(g) Torque on a dipole : (i) ; E x p
= (ii) = pE sin
(h) Potential energy of a dipole: (i) U = =
cos pE E . p
(ii) Work done in rotating a dipole from angle
1
to angle
2
W = U
2
U
1
= pE (cos
1
cos
2
)
5. Electric flux
(a) d =
dS . E
(b)
dS . E = EA cos (If electric field is constant over the whole surface)
(c) Unit of = (Nm
2
/Coulomb) = J.m/Couplomb
(d) []= [M
1
L
3
T
3
A
1
]
6. Gausss Law:
0
=
q
dS . E
7. Electric field due to various systems of charges
(a) Isolated Charge:
2
r
q
4
1
E
0
=
(b) Electric dipole: (i)
3
||
x
p 2
4
1
E
0
=
(ii)
3
y
p
4
1
E
0
=
(iii)
(c) A ring of charge: E =
( )
2 / 3
2 2
x R
qx
4
1
+
0
Fig. 1
r
q
P
P
+q
q
E
y
x
E
||
Fig. 2
2a
q
p
+q
r
Fig. 3
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
R
q
x
P
Fig. 4
+
=
0
cos 3 1
r
p
4
1
E
2
3
Formula Booklet Physics XII
5
(d) A disc of charge: E =
(
(
0
2 2
R x
x
1
2
(e) Infinite sheet of charge: E =
0
2
(f) Infinitely long line of charge: E =
x
0
2
(g) Finite line of charge: E
=
x
0
4
(sin + sin )
E
||
=
0
4
(cos +cos )
(h) Charged spherical shell: (i) Inside: 0 r R
E = 0
(ii) Outside: r R
2
r 4
q
E
0
=
(i) Solid sphere of charge: (i) Inside: 0 r r
E = r/3
0
(ii) Outside : r R
2
r
R
3
R
E |
.
|
\
|
=
0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
R
q
x
P
Fig. 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
Fig. 6
+
+
+
+
P
x
Fig. 7
P
+
+
+
+
+
+
x
Fig. 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
R q
Fig. 9
R
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Fig. 10
Formula Booklet Physics XII
6
8. Force on a charged conductor: The force per unit area or electric pressure
0
2
= =
2 dA
dF
P
. elec
9. Charged soap bubble: (a) P
in
P
out
=
0
2 r
T 4
2
(b) If air pressure inside and outside are assumed equal then: P
in
= P
out
and
0
2
=
2 r
T 4
or
2
0
=
T 8
r or
0
2
=
8
r
T or = (8
0
T/r) or Q = 8r(2
0
rT)
or r = [Q
2
/128
2
0
T]
1/3
10. Electric potential:
(a) V = (W/q)
(b) Unit of V = Volt
(c) [V] = [ML
2
T
3
A
1
]
(d) V V E
=
(e) Potential due to a point charge, V =
r
q
4
1
0
(f) Potential due to a group of charges, V =
(
+ +
0 3
3
2
2
1
1
r
q
r
q
r
q
4
1
(g) Potential due to a dipole:
(i) Axial point, V =
2
r
p
4
1
0
; (ii) equatorial point, V = 0;
(iii) V (r, ) =
2
0
cos p
4
1
(h) Potential due to a charged spherical shell
(i) outside: V =
r
q
4
1
0
(ii) surface: V =
R
q
4
1
0
;
(iii) inside : V = V
surface
=
R
q
4
1
0
(i) Potential due to a charged spherical conductor is the same as that due to a charged spherical shell.
(j) Potential due to a uniformly charged nonconducting sphere
(i) outside: V= ;
r
q
4
1
0
(ii) surface: V =
R
q
4
1
0
(iii) inside: V=
( )
3
2 2
R 2
r R 3 q
4
1
0
; (iv) centre: V = 5 . 1
R
q
4
1
x
2
3
=
0
V
surface
(k) Common potential (Two spheres joined by thin wire)
(i) common potential V=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
0 2 1
2 1
r r
Q Q
4
1
(ii)
( )
( )
2 1
2
2
2 1
1
2 1
2 1 1
1
r r
Q r
q ;
r r
Q r
r r
Q Q r
q
+
=
+
=
+
+
=
Formula Booklet Physics XII
7
(iii)
1
2
2
1
2
1
r
r
or
r
r
q
q
=
=
2
1
11. Potential energy
(a) U =
1 1
2 1
V q
r
q q
4
1
=
0
(For a system of two charges)
(b) U=
23
3 2
13
3 1
12
2 1
r
q q
4
1
r
q q
4
1
r
q q
4
1
0 0 0
+
+
(For a system of three charges)
(c)
= E . p U (For an electric dipole)
12. If n drops coalesce to form one drop, then
(a) Q = nq; (b) R=n
1/3
r ; (c) V = n
2/3
V
small
;
(d) = n
1/3
small
(e) E=n
1/3
E
small
13. Energy density of electrostatic field:
2
E
2
1
u
0
=
CAPACITANCE
14. Capacitance:
(a) C = (q/V)
(b) Unit of C = farad (F)
(c) Dimensions of C = [M
1
L
2
T
4
A
2
]
15. Energy stored in a charged capacitor
(a) U=
2
1
CV
2
; (b) U= ; QV
2
1
(c)
C
Q
2
1
U
2
=
16. Energy density: (a) u =
2
1
0
E
2
; (b) u =
0
2
2
1
17. Force of attraction between plates of a charged capacitor
(a) F=
2
1
0
E
2
A; (b) F =
0
2
2
A
; (c) F=
A 2
Q
2
0
18. Capacitance formulae
(a) Sphere: (i) C
air
= 4
0
R; (ii) C
med
= K (4
0
R)
(b) Spherical capacitor: (i) C
air
=
a b
b a
r r
r r 4
0
; (ii) C
med
=
( )
a b
b a
r r
r r K 4
0
(c) Parallel plate capacitor: (i) C
air
= ;
d
A
0
(ii) C
med
=
d
A K
0
(d) Cylindrical capacitor: (i) C
air
=
( )
a b e
r / r log
2 l
0
; (ii) C
med
=
( )
a b e
r / r log
K 2 l
0
(e) Two long parallel wires: C=
( ) d/a log
e
l
0
\
|
K
1
1 ; (ii)
p
=
A
Q
p
= |
.
|
\
|
K
1
1
(c) Polarization vector: (i) | P |
=Q
p
/A ; (ii) | P |
=
0
E
d
22. Capacitance formulae with dielectric
(a)
1) (K t d K
A K
K
1
1 t d
A
C
=
|
.
|
\
|
0 0
(For a dielectric slab of thickness t)
(b)
t d
A
C
=
0
(For a metallic slab of thickness t)
(c) |
.
|
\
| +
=
0
2
K K
d
A
C
2 1
(d)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
0
2 1
2 1
K K
K K
d
A 2
C
(e)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
0
3 2
3 2
1
K K
K K 2
K
d 4
A
C
K
2
K
1
d
A/2 A/1
Fig. 11
K
2
K
1
A/2 A/2
Fig. 12
d/2
d/2
K
2
d
d
K
3
K
1
Formula Booklet Physics XII
9
(f) For n plates with alternate plates connected: C = (n1)
0
A/d
(g)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
0
3
3
2
2
1
1
K
t
K
t
K
t
A
C
23. Spherical capacitor with inner sphere grounded
(a)
( )
2
1 2
2 1
r 4
r r
r r 4
C
0
0
+
=
(b) Charge on inner sphere = q
1
, while charge on outer sphere = +q
2
(c) Magnitude of charge on inner sphere: q
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
1
r
r
q
2
24. Insertion of dielectric slab
(a) Battery remains connected when slab is introduced
(i) V = V; (ii) C = KC ; (iii) Q = KQ ; (iv) E = E; (v) U = KU
(b) Battery is disconnected after charging the capacitor and slab is introduced
(i) Q = Q; (ii) C = KC ; (iii) E = E/K; (iv) V = V/K; (v) U = U/K
25. Charge transfer, Common potential and energy loss when two capacitors are connected
(a) Common potential:
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 2 1 1
C C
q q
C C
V C V C
V
+
+
=
+
+
=
(b) Charge transfer: q = ( )
2 1
2 1
2 1
V V
C C
C C
+
(c) Energy loss: U = ( )
2
2 1
2 1
2 1
V V
C C
C C
2
1
+
26. Charging and discharging of a capacitor
(a) Charging: (i) q = q
0
(1e
t/RC
) ; (ii) V = V
0
(1e
t/RC
); (iii) I = I
0
e
t/RC
;
(iv) I
0
= V
0
/R
(b) Discharge: (i) q = q
0
e
t/RC
; (ii) V = V
0
e
t/RC
; (iii) I = I
0
e
t/RC
(b) Time constant: = RC
K
1
K
2
K
3
t
1
t
2
t
3
Fig. 14
Formula Booklet Physics XII
10
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1. Electric Current
(a) I = (q/t); (b) I = (dq/dt); (c) I = (ne/t); (d) q = IdT
2. Ohms law, Resistivity and Conductivity
(a) V = IR ; (b) R= (l/A) ; (c) = (1/) (d) v
d
= (eE/m); (e) I = neAv
d
;
(f) ;
A ne
m
R
2
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
l
(g) =
2
ne
m
; (h) =
m
ne
2
3. Current density
(a) J = (I/A); (b) J = nev
d
; (c) J = E; (d) = (v
d
/E); (e) =ne
4. Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
(a) R = R
0
[1 + (TT
0
)] ; (b) =
( )
0 0
0
T T R
R R
; (c) =
0
[1+(TT
0
)] ;
(d) =
( )
0
T T
0
0
5. Cell: (a) ;
Q
W
E = (b) I =
R r
E
+
; (c) V = E Ir (where V = IR)
6. Series Combination of Resistances
(a) R = R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
; (b) V = V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
;
(c) I = constant = I
1
= I
2
= I
3
; (d) V
1
= IR
1
, V
2
= IR
2
, V
3
= IR
3
7. Parallel Combination of resistances
(a) ;
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
3 2 1
+ + =
(b) I= I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
;
(c) V = constant = V
1
= V
2
= V
3
;
(d)
3
3
2
2
1
1
R
V
I ,
R
V
I ,
R
V
I = = =
(e) For a parallel combination of two resistances:
(i) ;
R R
R R
R
2 1
2 1
+
= (ii) I
1
= ; I
R R
R
2 1
2
+
(iii) I
2
= I
R R
R
2 1
1
+
8. Heating effect of current
(a) W = VI t;
(b) P = VI ;
(c) P = I
2
R = V
2
/R;
(d) H = I
2
Rt Joule =
J
Rt I
2
Calorie
9. Electric bulb: (a) Resistance of filament R = V
2
/P;
(b) Maximum current that can be allowed to pass through
bulb, I
max
= (P/V)
10. Total Power Consumed
(a) Parallel combination: P = P
1
+ P
2
+ P
3
(b) Series combination:
3 2 1
P
1
P
1
P
1
P
1
+ + =
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
l
l
l
l
[Q l
1
A
1
= l
2
A
2
]
12. Cells in series: I =
R
E
R nr
nE
=
+
(if n r <<R)
13. Cells in parallel:
( ) R
E
R n / r
E
I =
+
= (if r << R)
r
nE
= (if r >>R)
14. Mixed Combination (m rows with each containing n cells in series)
(a)
( )
;
R m nr
E n m
R m / nr
nE
I
+
=
+
=
(b) I is maximum when n r = m R ;
(c) I
max
=
R r n m 2
E n m
15. Chemical effect of current:
(a) Faradays first law of electrolysis: m = Zq = ZIt
(b) Faradays second law of electrolysis:
(i) m W (W = ECE) or m/W = constant (where W = atomic weight/valency)
(ii) As
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
W
W
Z
Z
so ;
W
W
m
m
and
Z
Z
m
m
= = =
(c) Faraday : 1 Faraday = 96,500 Coulomb
(d) = = F
Z
W
Faradays constant
16. Thermo e.m.f. : e = +
2
2
(where =
H
=
C
)
17. Neutral temperature:
N
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
= |
.
|
\
|
0
d
de
18. Temperature of inversion:
2
C
+
=
1
[Q
I
N
=
N
C
]
19. Thermoelectric power or Seebeck Coefficient: S =
d
de
= +
20. Peltier effect:
(i) Heat absorbed per second at a junction when a current I flows = I (where = Peltier coefficient)
(ii) Peltier coefficient, = S
H
21. Thomson Coefficient:
(i) Heat absorbed/ sec = I d
I
Q/time
Formula Booklet Physics XII
13
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT
22. BiotSavart law : dB =
2
0
4
r
sin d I
l
23. Field due to a long straight wire:
r 2
I
B
=
0
24. Field due to a circular coil:
(a) at centre: B =
a 2
I N
0
;
(b) at an axial point: B =
( )
2 / 3
2 2
2
x a 2
a I N
+
0
(c) on axis when x >> a : B =
3
2
0
x 2
a I N
(d) point of inflexion: It occurs at x = a/2
Field at the point of inflexion: B =
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
a 5 5
I N 4
= 0.716 B
centre
25. Magnetic moment of circular coil: (a) M = NIA ; (b) Field: B=
3
x
2M
4
0
26. Field due to an arc of current:
(a) B = (
0
Il/4R
2
) ;
(b) B = (
0
I/4R)
(c) At the centre of a semicircular coil: B = (
0
I/4R)
27. Field due to finite length of wire: B =
a 4
I
0
(sin
1
+ sin
2
)
28. Field at the centre of a square loop: B =
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
l
I 2 2
29. Amperes law: 1 d . H (b) ; I d . B ) a ( = =
0
l l
30. Field due to a current in cylindrical rod:
(a) outside: B = (
0
I/2r) ; (b) surface: B = (
0
I/2R); (c) inside: B=
2
R 2
r I
0
31. Field due to a current carrying solenoid:
(a) inside: B =
0
n I ; (b) at one end : B = (
0
n I/2)
(c) at an axial point: B =
2
I n
0
(cos
2
cos
1
)
32. Field due to a toroid: (a) inside: B=
0
nI
0
NI/2R ; (b) outside: B = 0
33. Force on electric current:
= B x H F
34. Force between two parallel conductors:
d 2
I I F
2 1
=
0
l
35. Comparison of magnetic and electric forces between two moving charges: (F
magnetic
/F
electric
) =
(v
2
/c
2
)
Formula Booklet Physics XII
14
36. Force on a current loop in a magnetic field: 0 F =
(any shape)
37. Torque on a current loop in a magnetic field:
= B x M or M B sin
38. Moving coil galvanometer:
(a) N I A B ;
(b) =K ;
(c) I= ;
AB N
K
|
.
|
\
|
(d) Current sensitivity = (/I) = (NaB/K) ; (e) Voltage sensitivity = (/V) = (/IR) = (NAB/KR)
39. Ammeter:
(a) Shunt resistance S = (I
g
G/ I I
g
);
(b) Length of shunt wire, l = S r
2
/;
(c) Effective resistance of ammeter, R
A
= GS/(G+S);
(d) For an ideal ammeter, R
A
= 0
40. Voltmeter:
(a) High resistance in series, R = ; G
I
V
g
|
|
.
|
\
|
(b) For converted Voltmeter, R
V
= R + G;
(c) For an ideal Voltmeter, R
V
=
41. Force on a moving charge:
(a)
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
B x v q F ; (b) F = q v B sin
42. Path of a moving charge in a magnetic field
(a) When
v is to
B :
(i) path = circular; (ii) r = (mv/qB) ; (iii) = (qB/2m);
(iv) T = (2m/qB) ; (v) = qB/m)
(b) When angle between
v and
B is :
(i) path=helical ; (ii) r = (mv
/v
||
)
43. Cyclotron:
(i) T = (2m/qB) ;
(ii) = (qB/2m) ;
(iii) = (B/m) ;
(iv) radius of particle acquiring energy E, r = [(2mE)/qB];
(v) velocity of particle at radius r, v = qBr/m;
(vi) the maximum kinetic energy (with upper limit of radius = R)
m
R B q
2
1
K
2 2 2
max
=
Formula Booklet Physics XII
15
44. Magnetic field produced by a moving charge:
(a) ;
r
) r x v ( q
4
B
3
0
=
(b)
2
0
4
=
r
sin v q
B
Formula Booklet Physics XII
16
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF CURRENT
45. Magnetic field:
(a) ;
v q
F
B
max
= (b)
max
d
dF
I
1
B |
.
|
\
|
=
l
46. Atomic magnetic moments:
(a)
L
= ;
m 2
eL
(b)
S
= ;
m
eS
(c)
J
= g ;
m 2
eJ
(d)
B
=
m 4
h e
= 0.927 x 10
23
J/T
47. Intensity of magnetization: I = (M/V)
48. Magnetizing field:
(a) H = I
B
0
;
(b) For vacuum, H =
0
B
;
(c) For medium, h = B/;
(d) H =nI (solenoid);
(e) H = I/2 r (straight wire);
(f)
2
=
r
sin d I
H
l
(Biot-Savart law) ;
(g)
free
I d . H =
l
49. Magnetic susceptibility: = (I/H)
50. Magnetic permeability:
(a) = (B/H) ; (b)
r
= (/
0
) ; (c)
r
= (B/B
0
)
51. Other relations:
(a) =
0
(1+) ; (b)
r
= 1 + or =
r
1;
(c) B = B
0
(1+ ) : (d) B =
0
(H + I)
52. Pole strength: m = F/B
53. Magnetic moment of dipole : M = m x 2l
54. Field due to a pole: |
.
|
\
|
4
=
0
2
r
m
B
55. Field due to a bar magnet:
(a) Axial point:
( )
|
.
|
\
|
4
=
0 0
3 2
2 2
r
2M
r
Mr 2
B
l
(if r > > l)
(b) Equatorial point:
( )
|
.
|
\
|
4
=
+
4
=
0 0
3 2 / 3
2 2
r
M
r
M
B
l
(c) At arbitrary point: +
4
=
0
cos 3 1
r
M
B
2
3
(b)
= B x M ; (c) MB sin
57. Potential energy of a dipole in magnetic field:
= B . M U = MB cos
58. Tangent galvanometer:
(a) B = B
H
tan ;
(b) I = K tan , where K =
n
B r 2
0
H
59. Vibration magnetometer: T = 2
H
B M
I
Formula Booklet Physics XII
18
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
60. Magnetic flux:
(a) d = ; =
cos BdA A d . B (b) = ; A d . B
(c) = BA cos ; (d) ; 0 S d . B =
(e) 0 B . V =
61. Faradays laws of e.m. induction:
(a) Induced e.m.f., e = (d/dt);
(b) Induced current, I = ;
dt
d
R
1
R
e
=
(c) Induced charge, q = (
1
2
)/R
62. Motion of a conducting rod:
(a) ; ) B x v ( e F
=
(b) Induced e.m.f., e = B/v
(c) For a rod rotating with angular frequency or rotating disc, induced e.m.f.,
f B
2
1
e
2 2
= = = l l Ba
63. Motion of conducting loop in a magnetic field:
(a) Induced e.m.f. e = Blv ; (b) Induced current, I = (e/R) = (Blv/R)
(c) F = IlB = B
2
l
2
v/R ; (d) P = Fv = IlBv = B
2
l
2
v
2
R;
(e) H = I
2
R = (B
2
l
2
v
2
/R);
(f) In non uniform magnetic field, e = (B
1
B
2
) lv and I = (B
1
B
2
)lv/R
64. Rotating loop:
(a) = NAB cos t =
0
cos t, with
0
= NAB;
(b) e = e
0
sin t, where e
0
= NaB; (c) I = (e
0
sin t/R) = I
0
sin t, with I
0
= e
0
/R
65. Induced electric field: Induced e.m.f. =
l d . E
66. Self Inductance:
(a) L = / I ;
(b) e = (LdI/dt);
(c) L =
0
N
2
A/l =
0
n
2
Al (For a solenoid with air core);
(d) L =
r
0
N
2
A/l (For a solenoid with a material core);
(e) L =
0
N
2
R/2 (For a plane circular coil)
67. Mutual inductance:
(a) M = (
2
/ I
1
) ; (b) e
2
= M(dI
1
/dt); (c) M =
0
N
s
N
p
A/lp
68. Series and parallel combination
(a) L = L
1
+ L
2
(if inductors are kept far apart and joined in series)
(b) L = L
1
+ L
2
2M (if inductors are connected in series and they have mutual inductance M)
(c)
2 1 2 1
2 1
L
1
L
1
L
1
or
L L
L L
L + =
+
=
(if two inductors are connected in parallel and are kept for apart)
0
I 2
=0.637 I
0
;
(d) ; 2 / I I
2
0
2
> <
(e) I
rms
= (I0/2) = 0.707 I
0
;
(f) form factor = /22
72. A.C. response of R, L, C and their series combinations
(a) Resistance only:
(i) e = e
0
sin t;
(ii) I = I
0
sin t ;
(iii) phase difference = 0;
(iv) e
0
= I
0
R;
(v) e
rms
= I
rms
R
(b) Inductance only:
(i) e = e
0
sin t;
(ii) I = I
0
sin (t/2) ;
(iii) current lags the voltage or voltage leads the current by a phase /2; (iv) e
0
=
I
0
X
L
;
(iv) e
rms
= I
rms
X
L
; (vi) X
L
= L
(c) Capacitance only:
(i) e = e
0
sin t ;
(ii) I = I
0
sin (t + /2);
(iii) current leads the voltage or voltage lags the current by a phase /2 ; (iv) e
0
= I
0
X
C
;
(v) e
rms
= I
rms
X
C
;
(vi) X
C
= (1/C)
(d) Series LR circuit:
(i) e = e
0
sin t ;
(ii) I = I
0
sin (t + );
(iii) the current lags the voltage or voltage leads the current by a phase = tan
1
(X
L
/R);
(iv) cos = (R/Z) and sin = (XL/Z);
(v) Impedance, Z = [R
2
+(L)
2
)] ;
(vi) e
0
= I
0
Z;
(vii) e
rms
= I
rms
Z
(e) Series RC circuit:
(i) e = e
0
sin t ;
(ii) I = I
0
sin (t + );
(iii) The current leads the voltage or voltage lags behind the current by a phase = tan
1
(X
C
/R)
(iv) cos = (R/Z);
(v) Impedance, Z = [R
2
+ (1+C)
2
)];
(vi) e
0
= I
0
Z ;
(vii) e
rms
= I
rms
Z
(f) Series LCR circuit:
Formula Booklet Physics XII
21
(i) e = e
0
sin t ;
(ii) I = I
0
sin (t );
(iii) =tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
R
X X
C L
, is positive for X
L
> X
C
, is negative for X
L
<X
C
;
(iv) current lags and circuit is inductive if X
L
< X
C
;
(v) current leads and circuit is capacitive if X
L
< X
C
; (vi) e
0
= I
0
Z;
(vi) Impedance, Z = [R
2
+ (X
L
X
C
)
2
];
(viii) cos = (R/Z) and sin =
|
|
.
|
\
|
Z
X X
C L
73. Resonance
(a) Resonance frequency,
r
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
LC 2
1
(b) At resonance, X
L
= X
C
, = 0, Z = R (minimum), cos = 1, sin = 0 and
current is maximum (=E
0
/R)
74. Half power frequencies
(a) lower,
1
=
r
L 4
R
or
1
=
r
L 2
R
(b) upper,
2
=
r
+
L 4
R
or
2
=
r
+
L 2
R
75. Band width: =
L 2
R
or =
L
R
76. Quality factor
(a) ;
R
L
Q
r r
=
=
(b) As
r
=
LC
1
, hence QL, Q
R
1
and Q ;
C
1
(c) ;
CR
1
Q
r
=
(d)
( )
R
X
Q
res L
= or
( )
R
X
res C
;
(e)
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
Q or f =
Q
r
77. At resonance, peak voltages are
(a) (V
L
)
res
= e
0
Q; (b) (V
C
)
res
= e
0
Q ; (c) (V
R
)
res
= e
0
78. Conductance, susceptance and admittance
(a) Conductance, G= (1/R);
(b) Susceptance, S = (1/X);
(c) S
L
= (1/X
L
) and S
C
=(1/X
C
) =C;
(d) admittance Y = (1/Z);
(e) Impedance add in series while admittance add in parallel
79. Power in AC circuits
(a) P
av
=
2
1
E
0
I
0
cos = E
rms
I
rms
cos ;
(b) Power factor, cos =
rms rms
av
I E
P
power Virtual
power al Re
=
Formula Booklet Physics XII
22
(c) Cos = (R/Z)
(d) (i) R only : = 0, cos = 1, P
av
= I
2
rms
R =
R
e
2
rms
(ii) C only : = 90
0
= /2, cos = 0, P
av
= 0
(iii) L only : = 90
0
= /2, cos = 0, P
av
= 0
(iv) Series RL or RC: = tan
1
|
.
|
\
|
R
X
L
or = tan
1
|
.
|
\
|
R
X
C
P
av
= E
rms
I
rms
cos = R I
Z
R E
2
rms
2
2
rms
=
(iv) Series LCR: = tan
1
= tan
1
|
.
|
\
|
R
X X
C L
, P
AV
= R, I
Z
R E
rms
2
2
2
rms
=
At resonance, = 0, cos = 1 and P
av
= I
2
rms
R = E
2
rms
/R
80. Parallel LCR circuit
(a) ;
X
1
X
1
R
1
Z
1
2
C L
2 |
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
(b) ( ) ; S S G Y
2
C L
2
+ =
(c) I
0
= E
0
Y;
(d) tan = ;
G
S S
C L
(e)
r
=
LC
1
or
r
= ;
L
R
LC
1
2
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
(f) in parallel resonance circuit, impedance is maximum, admittance is minimum and current is
minimum.
81. Transformer:
(a) C
p
= N
p
|
.
|
\
|
dt
d
and e
s
= N
s
|
.
|
\
|
dt
d
(b)
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
s
p
s
p
N
N
e
e
(c) Q e
p
I
p
= e
s
I
s
, so
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
s
p
s
p
p
s
N
N
e
e
I
I
(d) Step down: e
s
< e
p
, N
s
< N
p
and I
s
> I
p
(e) Step up : e
s
> e
p
, N
s
> N
p
and I
s
< I
p
(f) Efficiency, =
|
|
.
|
\
|
p p
s s
I e
I e
82. AC generator: e = e
0
sin (2t), (where e
0
= NBA)
83. DC motor:
(a) |
.
|
\
|
=
R
e E
I
(b) IE = Ie = I
2
R
(c) efficiency,
emf Applied
emf Back
E
e
= |
.
|
\
|
Formula Booklet Physics XII
23
LIGHT
1. Intensity of light
(a) Spherical wave front: (i) I = ,
r 4
P
2
(ii) amplitude
r
1
(b) Cylindrical wave front: (i) I
r
1
, (ii) amplitude
r
1
(c) Plane wave front: (i) I r
0
, (i) A r
0
(i.e. I and A are both constants)
2. Law of reflection: Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of reflection (r)
3. Law of reflection: Snells law: =
r sin
i sin
4. Other relations
(a) 2
1
=
v
c
and
v
v
2
1
=
(b)
medium
=
air
or v
medium
=
air
v
(Q
medium
=
air
)
(c)
1
sin i =
2
sin r
5. Electromagnetic nature of light
(a) The magnitude of
B and E are related in vacuum by: B=
C
E
(b)
B and E are such that
B x E is always in the direction of propagation of wave
(c) c=
0
0
1
and v=
1
(d) Refractive index, = (
r
r
) (
r
= /
0
and
r
= /
0
)
For nonmagnetic material,
r
1 and = (
r
)
(e) The EM wave propagating in the positive xdirection may be represented by:
E
y
= E
0
sin (kx t) and B
z
= B
0
sin (kx t)
6. Energy transmitted by an electromagnetic wave
(a) Energy density of electromagnetic wave is: u = u
e
+ u
m
=
2
1
0
E
2
+
2
1
0
2
B
(b) As for EM wave, B =
C
E
and
c
1
= (
0
0
), hence
2 2 2
2
2
0
2
E E
2
1
E
2
1
c
E
2
1
E
2
1
u
0 0 0 0
= + =
+ =
(c) Time averaged value of energy density is:
2
0
E
2
1
u
0
=
7. Intensity of an electromagnetic wave
(a) In a medium: I = v E
2
1
2
0
|
.
|
\
|
0
(b) In free space: I = c E
2
1
2
0
|
.
|
\
|
0
8. Pointing vector
Formula Booklet Physics XII
24
(a) ) B x E ( c ) B x E (
1
H x E S
2
0
0
=
= =
(b) S = c
0
E
2
= (
0
/
0
)E
2
(c) S I = and u c S =
(d) Impedance of free space, Z = (
0
/
0
) 377 ohm
9. Pressure of EM Radiation
(a) Change in momentum (normal incidence)
c
t A S
c
U
p
= = (absorber)
c
t A S
c
U 2
p
= = (reflector)
(b) Pressure (normal incidence)
u
c
S
P = = (absorber)
u 2
c
S 2
P = = (reflector)
(c) Pressure for diffused radiation
u
3
1
c
S
3
1
P = = (absorber)
u
3
2
c
S
3
2
P = = (reflector)
10. Quantum theory of light:
(a) Energy of photon, E = h = hc/
(b) Momentum, p =
=
h
c
E
(c) Rest mass of photon = 0
(d) Mass equivalent of energy, m = (E/c
2
)
11. Inclined mirrors: number of images
(a) When 360
0
is exactly divisible by
0
and 360
0
/
0
is an even integer then the number of images
formed is
1
360
n
=
360
(for unsymmetrical placement)
Formula Booklet Physics XII
25
(c) When 360
0
is not exactly divisible by , then the number of images formed is
= integer value of n (where n = 360/)
12. Reflection amplitude and intensity
(a) When a ray of light is incident (with angle of incidence i 0) from a medium 1 of refractive index
1
to the plane surface of medium 2 of refractive index
2
, then reflection amplitude is
2 1
2 1
+
= R
(b) The ratio of the reflected intensity and the incident intensity is:
2
i
r
I
I
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2 1
2 1
.
13. Refraction of light
(a) ;
r sin
i in s
= (b)
1
2
= ;
sin
sin
2
1
(c)
1
2
=
1
2
1
; (d) Cauchys relation: = A +
2
B
14. Parallel slab
(a) Angle of incidence, i = Angle of emergence, e
(b) Lateral shift = [t sin (i r)/cos r]
15. Composite block:
1
sin
1
=
2
sin
2
=
3
sin
3
= constant
16. Apparent depth
(a) a =
t R
(where R = Real depth)
(b) If there is an ink spot at the bottom of a glass slab, if appears to be raised by a distance
x = t a = t
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
1 t
t
, where t is the thickness of the glass slab
(c) If a beaker is filled with immissible transparent liquids of refractive indices
1
,
2
,
3
and individual
depths t
1
, t
2
, t
3
respectively, then the apparent depth of the beaker is:
3 2 1
+
=
3 2 1
t t t
a
17. Total internal reflection: Critical angle i
C
is given by: sin i
C
=
1
18. For a luminous body at a depth d inside a liquid: Radius of bright circular patch at the surface
r = d tan i
C
=
1
d
2
19. For optical fibre: sin i ( ) [ ] 1 n / n
2
1 2
20. Prism:
(a) i + e = A +
(b) r
1
+ r
2
= A;
(c) At minimum deviation: i = e and r
1
= r
2
. Hence, =
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
| +
2
A
sin
2
A
sin
m
(d) For small angle prism: = (1) A
Formula Booklet Physics XII
26
21. Dispersion:
(a)
red
<
violet
because
red
<
violet
(b) Angular dispersion: =
V
R
= (
V
R
)A
(c) Dispersive power: =
1 1
Y
R B
Y
R V
Y
R V
=
=
(In practice)
(d) Dispersion without deviation: (i)
C
+
F
= 0 or
( )
( ) 1
1
A
A
F
C
C
F
=
(ii) Also, angular dispersion, =A
C
(
C
1) (
C
F
)
(e) Deviation without dispersion: (i)
C
+
F
= 0 or,
FR FV
CR CV
C
F
A
A
=
(ii) Also,
FY
CY
C
F
22. Principle of superposition: y = y
1
+ y
2
23. Superposition of waves of equal frequency and constant phase difference
(a) Resultant wave amplitude, a = (a
1
2
+ a
2
2
+ 2a
1
a
2
cos )
(b) Resultant wave intensity, I = I
1
+ I
2
+ 2(I
1
I
2
) cos
(c) If a
1
= a
2
= a
0
, and I
1
= I
2
= I
0
, then a = 2a
0
cos (/2) and I = 4I
0
cos
2
(/2)
24. Constructive interference
(a) conditions: = 2n 0, 2, 4, 6,..
or, = n 0, , 2, 3,
(b) a
max
= a
1
+ a
2
(c) I
max
(a
1
+ a
2
)
2
(d) I
max
= I
1
+ I
2
+ 2 (I
1
I
2
) = (I
1
+ I
2
)
2
(e) I
max
= 4I
0
; If I
1
= I
2
= I
0
25. Destructive interference
(a) conditions: = (2n 1) , 3, 5, or, = (2n1) ,.........
5
,
2
3
,
2
2
=
2
(b) a
min
= a
1
a
2
(c) I
min
(a
1
a
2
)
2
(d) I
min
= I
1
+ I
2
2(I
1
I
2
) = (I
1
I
2
)
2
(e) I
min
= 0 if I
1
I
2
= I
0
26. Youngs double slit experiment
(a) Phase difference, =
2
(S
2
P S
1
P) =
2
x path difference
(b) A = 2a
0
cos (/2) and I 4I
0
cos
2
(/2)
(c) Position of nth fringe on the screen:
(i) for bright fringe,
d
nD
x
n
=
(ii) for dark fringe,
( )
d 2
D 1 n 2
x
n
=
27. Fringe width:
(a) Linear fringe width, =
d
D
Formula Booklet Physics XII
27
(b) Angular fringe width, =
d
(c)
liquid
=
liquid
air
air
or
liquid
=
liquid
air
air
(d)
water
=
4
3
air
28. When a thin shit is introduced in the path of one of the interfering waves:
(a) (1) t = n
(b) Shift of the central fringe =
( )
1 t
29. Fringe visibility: V =
min max
min max
I I
I I
30. Frensels biprism:
(a) d = 2a (1) ; (b) d = (d
1
d
2
)
(c) = (D/d); (d) d
liquid
< d
air
, for example, d
water
= d
air
/4
(e)
liquid
>
air
;
liquid
=
air
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
1
g
g
31. Newtons rings:
(a) Diameter of nth dark fringe, D
n
= (4nR)
(b) =
pR 4
D D
2
n
2
p n
+
and
2
n
2
p n
2
n
2
p n
' D ' D
D D
=
+
+
32. Thin films: For reflected light
2t cos r = n (Dark fringe)
2t cos r = (n
2
1
) (Bright fringe)
33. Diffraction:
(a) a sin = n (a = width of slit)
(b) Half angular width of central maxima, = sin
1
(/a)
(c) Intensity distribution of the screen I = I
0
2
sin
|
|
.
|
\
|
where, =
D
y a
and I
0
= Intensity at central point of screen
(d) Limit of resolution of telescope: =
a
22 . 1
(e) Resolving power of telescope =
=
22 . 1
a 1
34. Spherical mirrors:
(a) Focal length: = (R/2)
(b) Mirror formula:
u
1
v
1 1
+ =
(c) Newtons formula:
2
= xy (x and y are the distances of the object and image from the principal
focus respectively)
Formula Booklet Physics XII
28
(d) Linear magnification:
= = =
v
u u
v
o
I
m
(e) Longitudinal magnification:
2
2
u
v
m =
35. Spherical lenses:
(c) A single spherical surface:
(i)
( )
R u v
1 2 1 2
=
u/
/ v
2
(d) Lens Makers formula:
(i) ( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
1 2
1
1 2 1
1
2 1
2
R
1
R
1
u v
or,
R
1
R
1
1
1
[When medium is same on both sides of the lens]
(ii)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 3
1
1 2 1
2
3
R R u v
[When different medium exist on two sides of the lens]
(e) Biconvex or biconcave lens of the same radii for two surfaces:
( )
R
2
1 1
=
(f) Linear magnification:
u
v
u
v
O
I
m
+
= = =
(g) Power of lens: P=
1
(h) Lenses in contact:
(i) ;
1 1 1
2 1
+
(ii) P = P
1
+ P
2
(iii) For lenses separated by a distance d =
2 1 2 1
d 1 1 1
(i) Achromatic lens combinations: Condition of achromatism,
y y
'
'
36. Silvering at one surface:
(a)
( )
R
1 - 2
2 1 1 1
F
1
m
=
l l l
R
Fig. 1
Formula Booklet Physics XII
29
(b)
( )
R
n 2
R
2
R
2
1 2
F
1
m
= +
(
1
=
=
l
(c) ( )
2 2 1 m
R
2
R
1
R
1
2
1 2
F
1
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ 1 =
=
l
37. Optical Instruments
(a) Astronomical Telescope:
(i) For normal adjustment: m =
e
0
(ii) For nearpoint adjustment: m = |
.
|
\
|
+
D
1
e
e
0
(b) Simple Microscope:
(i) For normal adjustment: m =
D
(ii) For nearpoint adjustment = m = 1+
D
(c) Compound Microscope:
(i) For normal adjustment: m =
(
e 0
0
D
u
v
(ii) For nearpoint adjustment: m =
(
+
e 0
0
D
1
u
v
R
Fig. 2
R
2
Fig. 3
R
1
Formula Booklet Physics XII
30
MODERN PHYSICS
CATHODE RAYS AND POSITIVE RAYS
1. Cathode rays
(a) Thomson identified cathode rays as an electron beam.
(b) Specific charge q/m as measured by Thomson is: (q/m) = 1.759 x 10
11
Coulomb/Kg
2. Positive rays
(a) Positive rays were discovered by Goldstein.
(b) (q/m) for positive rays is much less than that of electrons.
3. Motion of charge particle through electric field (Field to initial velocity)
(a) The path is parabolic: y = (qE/2mu
2
)x
2
(b) The time spent in the electric field: t = (L/u)
(c) The ycomponent of velocity acquired: v
y
= (qEL/mu)
(d) The angle at which particle emerges out tan = qEL/mu
2
(e) The displacement in y-direction, when the particle emerges out of the field: y
1
=(qEL
2
/2mu
2
)
(f) The displacement on the screen = Y = (qELD/mu
2
)
4. Motion of charged particle through magnetic field (Field to initial velocity)
(a) The path is circular with radius: r = (mu/qB)
(b) Momentum of the particle: p = qBr
(c) The deflection on the screen: X = (qBLD/mu)
5. Mass spectrographs
(a) Thomsons mass spectrograph
(i) Traces on the screen are parabolic in nature
(ii) Inner parabola corresponding to heavy M white outer parabola to light M.
(iii) The upper portion of parabola is due to small v ions, while lower portion is due to high v ions.
(iv) Only v = ions can reach vertex of parabola.
(v) Equation of parabola: X
2
= (B
2
LD/E) (q/M) Y = K (q/M) Y
(b) Brain bridge mass spectrograph
(i) Velocity selector: v = (E/B)
(ii) Other relations: r = (Mv/qB) = (ME/qBB) (whre B is the magnetic field in dome);
d =2r; (d
2
d
1
) (M
2
M
1
) ; M
1
: M
2
= d
1
: d
2
[where d
1
and d
2
are the
distances of traces 1 and 2 from the slit S
2
of velocity selector].
Formula Booklet Physics XII
31
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
6. Threshold frequency: v
0
=
h
W
h
function Work
=
7. Threshold wavelength:
0
=
W
hc
hv
hc
v
c
0 0
= =
(To calculate
0
, use hc = 1240 (eV) (nm) = 1.24 x 10
6
eV) (m)
8. Maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons
(a) K
max
=
2
1
mv
2
max
= eV
0
(b) K
max
= hv W = h (v v
0
) = hc
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
1 1
9. Slope of (V
0
v) graph =
e
h
10. Energy, momentum and mass of a photon
(a) Rest mass of photon = 0 (b) E = hv =
hc
(c) p =
=
h
c
E
(d) m =
=
c
h
c
E
2
11. Number of photons:
(a) number of photons per sec per m
2
, n
p
=
( )
v h
Watt/m Intensity
2
(b) number of photons incident per second, n
p
=
( )
hv
Watt Power
(c) number of electrons emitted per second = (efficiency of surface) x number of photons incident per
second.
12. Compton wavelength:
(a)
c
=
C m
h
0
=2.426 pm
(b) Change in wavelenth, ( ) =
c
(1 cos )
Formula Booklet Physics XII
32
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
13. Rutherfords particle scattering
(a) N() cosec
4
(/2)
(b) Impact parameter, b =
( ) ( )
( ) E 4
2 cot Ze
2
0
/
, (where E =
2
1
mu
2
= KE of the particle)
14. Distance of closest approach: r
0
( )E 4
Ze 2
2
0
= (where E =
2
1
mu
2
= KE of the
particle)
15. Bohrs atomic model
(a) L = mvr =
2
nh
(b) hv = E
i
= E
f
=
hc
(c) Radius of nth orbit:
(i) r
n
,
Z
n
2
(ii) r
n
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
2 2
2 2
ke m 4
h
Z
n
(iii) Bohrs radius: a
0
= (h
2
/4
2
mke
2
) = 0.529
(iv) Ratio of radii: r
1
:r
2
: r
3
= 1 : 4 : 9 ; r
N
:
r
He
+
:
r
Li
++
= 1 :
3
1
:
2
1
= 6 : 3 : 1
(d) Velcotiy of electron in nth orbit:
(i) v
n
= c
n
Z
137
c
n
Z
= |
.
|
\
|
(where = = =
137
1
h c
Ke 2
2
fine structures constant)
(ii) v
1
: v
2
; v
3
= 1 :
3
1
:
2
1
= 6 : 3 : 2
(iii) v
1
= velocity of electron is 1
st
orbit of Hatom = (c/137)
(e) Total energy of electron:
(i) Potential energy, U = (kZe
2
/r)
(ii) K =
2
1
mv
2
= (kZe
2
/2r)
(iii) E = K + U = (kZe
2
/2r) = (U/2) = K
(iv) K = (U/2) or U = 2K = 2E
(v) E
n
=
2
2
n
Z 6 . 13
eV =
2
2
n
Z
J
n
Z 10 x 2.18
h
e k m 2
2
2 -18
2
4 2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
(f) Ionization energy = E
1
= + (13.6Z
2
)eV
(i) For Hatom, I.E. = 13.6 eV
(ii) For He
+
ion, I.E = 54.4 eV
(iii) For Li
++
ion, I.E. = 122.4 eV
(g) Ionization potential:
(i) For Hatom, I.P. = 13.6 V
(ii) For He
+
ion, I.P. = 54.42
(h) Series formula (wave number 1/ = v
Formula Booklet Physics XII
33
n
1
n
1
RZ
1
2
2
2
1
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
where
1 - 7
3
4 2
m 10 x 097 . 1
h c
e k m 2
R =
=
2
(i) Series formula for Hatom
(i) Lyman series: = |
.
|
\
|
=
...... 4, 3, 2, n ,
n
1
1 R
1
2
(ii) Balmer series: = |
.
|
\
|
=
5.... 4, 3, n ,
n
1
2
1
R
1
2 2
(iii) Paschen series: = |
.
|
\
|
=
6.... 5, 4, n ,
n
1
3
1
R
1
2 2
(iv) Brackett series: ,
n
1
4
1
R
1
2 2
|
.
|
\
|
=
n = 5, 6, 7.
(v) Pfund series: 8 7, 6, n ,
n
1
5
1
R
1
2 2
= |
.
|
\
|
=
.
(j) Series limits (
min
)
(i) Lyman:
min
= 912
(ii) Balmer:
min
= 3645
(iii) Paschen:
min
= 8201
16. Number of emission lines from excited state n = n(n1)/2
17. Time period of revolution
(a) T
n
(n
3
/Z
2
) ; (b) T
1
= 1.5 x 10
16
sec ; (c) T
1
: T
2
: T
3
= 1 : 8 : 27
18. Frequency of revolution
(a) v
n
(Z
2
/n
3
); (b) v
1
= 6.6 x 10
15
Hz ; (c) v
1
: v
2
: v
3
= 1 :
27
1
:
8
1
19. Current due to orbital motion
(a) I
n
(Z
2
/n
3
) ; (b) I
1
= 1 mA
20. Magnetic field at nucleus due to orbital motion of electron
(a) B
n
(Z
3
/n
5
) ; (b) B
1
= 12.5 Tesla
21. Magnetic moment:
(a) M
n
= (eL/2m) = (nhe/4m);
(b) M
1
= (eh/4m) =
B
= Bohr Magneton = 9.27 x 10
24
Am
2
22. Magnitude of angular momentum: L = [l(l+1)] (h/2)
23. Angle of angular momentum vector from zaxis
(a) cos = [m
l
{l(l+1)}]; (b) the least angle is for ml = l i.e. cos min = [l/{l(l+1})]
24. Magnitude of spin angular momentum
S = [s (s+1)] (h/2) =
2
3
(h/2)
XRAYS
25. Continuous Xrays:
(a) v
max
= (eV/h) ; (b)
min
= (hc/eV) = (12400/V)
Formula Booklet Physics XII
34
26. Characterictic Xrays:
(a)
K
<
L
<
M
; (b) v
K
> v
L
> v
M
27. Frequency of K
line : v (K
) =
4
cR 3
(Z1)
2
= 2.47 x 10
15
(Z1)
2
28. Wavelength of K
line: (K
) = [4/3R(Z1)
2
] = [1216/(Z1)
2
]
29. Energy of K
) = 10.2 (Z1)
2
eV
30. Mosleys law:
(a) v = a (Zb)
2
, where a = (3cR/4) = 2.47 x 10
5
Hz
(b) For K
line, b = 1; (c) v Z
31. Braggs law: 2d sin = n
32. Absorption formula: I = I
0
e
x
33. Halfvalue thickness: x
1/2
= (0.693/)
MATTER WAVES
34. For photons:
(a) E = hv = (hc/) ;
(b) p = (hv/c) = (E/c) = (h/) ;
(c) m = (E/c
2
) = (hv/c
2
) = h/c
(d) rest mass = 0, charge = 0, spin = 1 (h/2)
35. Matter waves:
(a) de Broglie wavelength,
V q m 2
h
E m 2
h
mv
h
p
h
= = = = ] qV mv E [
2
2
1
= = Q
(b) (i) For electron
e
=
V
27 . 12
(ii) For proton,
p
=
V
286 . 0
(iii) For alpha particle
=
V
101 . 0
(c) For particle at temperature T : |
.
|
\
|
=
3
= kT
2
3
E
KT m
h
(i) For neutron or proton: = (25.2/T) [if E = (3/2) kT, average energy]
but =
T
8 . 30
[if E = kT, most probable energy]
(d) The wavelength of electron accelerated by potential difference of V volts is:
e
=
v
27 . 12
Hence, accelerating potential required for obtaining de Broglie wavelength for as electron is:
volt
6 . 150
V
2
e
=
(e) Condition for obtaining stable orbit: 2r
n
= n
(f) The phase velocity of a de Broglie wave of wavelength and frequency v is
. c v i.e.
v
c
v m
h
x
h
mc
mv
h
x
h
v v
p
2 2
p
> = =
= =
(g) Group velocity, v
g
= (d/dk). It is found that group velocity is equal to particle velocity i.e., v
g
= v
Formula Booklet Physics XII
35
RADIOACTIVITY
36. Decay law: (a) (dN/dt) = N ; (b) N = N
0
e
t
; (c) (N/N
0
) = (1/2)
t/T
37. Half life and decay constant:
(a)
( )
;
N
dN/dt
= (b) T = log
e
2 or T = (0.693/) or = (0.693/T)
38. Mean life:
(a) = (1/) or =(1/); (b) T = 0.693 or = 1.443 T
39. Activity:
(a) R = |dN/dt| ; (b) R = N ; (c) R = R
0
e
t
; (d) (R/R
0
) = (1/2)
t/T
;
(e) 1 Becquerel = 1 dps ; (f) 1 curie = 1 ci = 3.7 x 10
10
dps;
(g) 1 Rutherford = 1Rd = 10
6
Rd = 10
6
dps
40. Decay of active mass:
(a) m = m
0
e
t
; (b) (m/m
0
) = (1/2)
t/T
; (c) N =
A
m x 10 x 023 . 6
23
41. Radioactive equilibrium: N
A
A
= N
B
B
42. Decay constant for two channels: (a) =
1
+
2
; (b) T =
2 1
2 1
T T
T T
+
43. Gamma intensity absorption: (a) I = I
0
e
x
; (b) Half value thickness, x
1/2
= (0.693/)
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
44. Atomic mass unit: (a) 1 amu = 1.66 x 10
27
kg ; (b) 1 amu 1u 931.5 MeV
45. Properties of nucleus
(a) Radius: R = R
0
A
1/3
where R
0
= 1.2 fermi
(b) Volume: V A
(
= = A R
3
4
R
3
4
V
3
0
3
Q
(c) Density: = 2.4 x 10
17
Kg/m
3
( is independent of A)
46. Mass defect: M = Zm
p
+ (AZ) m
n
M
47. Packing fraction: = /A = mass excess per nucleon [ = M = mass excess]
48. Binding energy: E = BE = (M)c
2
49. Binding energy per ncuelon:
(a) BEN = (BE/A);
(b) BEN for Helium = 7.1 MeV/nucleon
(c) BEN for Deuterium = 1.1 MeV/nucleon
ELECTRONICS
50. Richarson equation
(a) J = AT
2
e
W/KT
where A = 60 x 10
4
A/K
2
m
2
(b) J = AT
2
e
11600 W/T
[ K = Boltzmanns constant = 1.38 x 10
23
J/K = 8.62 x 10
5
eV/K
Hence, 1/K = 11600 kelvin/eV]
(c) I = AT
2
Se
W/KT
Formula Booklet Physics XII
36
51. Childs law: I
p
= KV
p
3/2
[K = constant of proportionality]
52. Diode resistance
(a) Static plate resistance: (i) R
p
= (V
p
/ I
p
); (ii) R
p
V
p
1/2
(iii) R
p
I
3 / 1
p
(b) Dynamic plate resistance: (i) r
p
= (V
p
/ I
p
); (ii) r
p
v
2 / 1
p
; (iii) r
p
I .
3 / 1
p
53. Triode Constants:
(a) r
p
=
constant V
p
p
g
I
V
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
; (b) g
m
= ;
V
I
t tan cons V
g
p
p
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
(c) =
consant I
g
p
p
V
V
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
; (d) = r
p
x g
m
; (e) r
p
I
p
1/3
; (f) g
m
I
p
1/3
54. Plate current equation: I
p
= K
2 / 3
p
g
V
V
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
55. Cut off voltage: V
g
= (V
p
/)
56. Triode as an amplifier:
(a) I
p
= (V
g
/R
L
+ r
p
); (b) A = (R
L
/R
L
+ r
p
)
(c) A
max
= ; (d) = A ;
R
r
1
L
p
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ (e) A = /2 if R
L
= r
p
57. Conductivity of semi conductors
(a) Intrinsic: (i) = e (n
e
e
+ n
h
h
) ; (ii)
KT 2 / E
g
e
0
=
(b) Extrinsic: (i) ntype : = en
e
e
; (ii) ptype : = en
h
h
58. Transistor:
(a) I
E
= I
C
+ I
B
(I
B
<< I
E
, I
B
<< I
C
)
(b) Current gains:
(c) Relation between and : =
=
+ 1
1
or
( )
( )
B
C
ac
B
C
C
ac
E
C
I
I
,
I
ii
I
, i