You are on page 1of 8

IEEE PES WM Panel on Modeling, Simulation and Applications of FACTS Controllers in Angle and Voltage Stability Studies, Singapore,

Jan. 2000

Power Flow and Transient Stability Models of FACTS Controllers for Voltage and Angle Stability Studies
Claudio A. Ca~izares n

University of Waterloo Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1 c.canizares@ece.uwaterloo.ca Abstract|This paper presents transient stability the system. and power ow models of Thyristor Controlled Reactor TCR and Voltage Sourced Inverter VSI based Flex- A. SVC ible AC Transmission System FACTS Controllers. The basic structure of an SVC operating under typical Models of the Static VAr Compensator SVC, the Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator TCSC, the bus voltage control is depicted in the block diagram of Fig. Static VAr Compensator STATCOM, the Static Syn- 1. Assuming balanced, fundamental frequency operation, chronous Source Series Compensator SSSC, and the an adequate transient stability model can be developed Uni ed Power Flow Controller UPFC appropriate for assuming sinusoidal voltages 4 . This model is depicted in voltage and angle stability studies are discussed in de- Fig. 2 and can be represented by the following set of p.u. tail. Validation procedures obtained for a test system equations: with a detailed as well as a simpli ed UPFC model are   also presented and brie y discussed. xc = fxc ; ; V; Vref  _ 1 Keywords: FACTS, SVC, TCSC, STATCOM, SSSC, _ UPFC, simulation, models, controls, transient stability, 2 3 power ow. Be , 2 , sin 2 , 2 , XL =XC  7 XL 6 7 6 7 I. Introduction 0 = 6 I , Vi Be 7 6 4 5 The development and use of FACTS controllers for 2B Q , Vi e power transmission systems has led to the application of | z these controllers to improve the stability of power networks g ; V; Vi ; I; Q; Be 1, 2 . Many studies have been carried out and reported in the literature on the use of these controllers in a variety where most variables are clearly de ned on Fig. 2, and xc of voltage and angle stability applications, proposing di- and f stand for the control system variables and equaverse control schemes and location techniques for enhanc- tions, respectively. These equations represent limits not ing voltage and angle oscillation control 2 . the ring angle I, Several distinct models have been proposed to represent only on voltage V and , but also on the current wellthe as FACTS in static and dynamic analysis 3 . This report control variables other the capacitor voltage Vi , as a reaccontrol types of controllers such as describes in detail some of the most appropriate models tive power Q control scheme. available for these types of studies with the following conThe di erential equations represented by trollers: SVC, TCSC, STATCOM, SSSC and UPFC rep- with the type of control system used. Fig. 3f in 1 vary depicts resented in the system. These models allow the engineer ical voltage control block diagram, which includes a a typto accurately and reliably carry out power ow and tran- to avoid continuous operation of the controller and droop to alsient stability studies of such system with its controllers. low for proper coordination with other voltage controllers The latter is demonstrated in this paper by means of a in the network. It is important to highlight the fact that an comparative study in a typical transient stability problem admittance model is numerically more stable than the coron a test system using a detailed UPFC model and the responding impedance model, i.e., using Be on the model corresponding reduced model presented here. close to the controller's Section II describes in detail the models for TCR-based averts numerical 5problems when for this controller is deresonant points . The bias o controllers, concentrating speci cally on the SVC and equations resulting from forcing TCSC, and Section III discusses in detail the models for termined by solving thevalue corresponds to the resonant Be = 0 in 1, i.e., this VSI-based controllers, namely, the STATCOM, the SSSC and the UPFC. In Section IV, the test system used for point of the SVC I = 0 and is obtained by solving the validating some of these models as well as the comparative nonlinear equation results obtained for a detailed and the simpli ed model of 2 o , sin 2 o , 2 , XL =XC  = 0 the UPFC are shown and discussed. Finally, Section V The steady state V-I characteristics for this controller brie y summarizes the material presented in this paper as well as discussing the limitations of the reduced models. are depicted in Fig. 4, and correspond to the well-known control characteristics of a typical SVC 2 . A SVC steady state model can be obtained by replacing the di erential II. Modeling TCR-based Controllers equations in 1 with the corresponding equations represtate characteristics; thus, Basic models for SVCs and TCSCs built around a TCR senting the steady the SVC in this case are the power ow" equations of structure are described in this section. These models " are based on representing the controllers as variable imV , Vref + XSL I  pedances that change with the ring angle of the TCR, 0 = 2 which is used to control voltage, current and or power in g ; V; Vi; I; Q; Be

V I a:1 Vi

Filters

max

X SL V ref (o ) XC

XL min

XC

Zero Crossing

Switching Logic C

Magnitude

Vref

Controller

Fig. 4. Typical steady state V-I characteristics of a SVC.


= min
o V >Vref ref

Fig. 1. Block diagram of a SVC with voltage control.

< min
o V <Vref ref

min< < max


o V =Vref ref

> max
o V >Vref ref

= max 0 < V < Vref ref


o

Fig. 5. Handling of limits in the SVC steady state model.

V I Q a :1 Magnitude Vi Filters

Vref

Controller

Be()

Fig. 2. Transient stability model of a SVC.

max o

which can be directly included in any power ow program, as discussed in 5 . However, for the model to be complete, all SVC controller limits should be adequately represented. The proper handling of ring angle limits is depictedo in Fig. 5 5 , where Vref is kept xed, say at a value Vref , until reaches a limit, at which point Vref is allowed to change while is kept at its limit value; voltage control is o regained when Vref returns to its xed value Vref . B. TCSC Fig. 6 shows the block diagram for a TCSC controller operating under current control. The model for balanced, fundamental frequency operation is shown in Fig. 7, and can be represented by the following set of equations, which includes the control system equations and assumes sinusoidal currents in the controller 5, 6 :   xc = fxc ; ; I; Iref  _ 3 _ 2 3 P + Vk Vm Be sin k , m  6 7 6 7 2 6 ,Vk Be + Vk Vm Be cos k , m  , Qk 7 6 7 6 7 2 0 = 6 ,Vm Be + Vk Vm Be cos k , m  , Qm 7 6 7 6 7 6 B ,B   7 e 6 e 7

KM 1+ S TM

K (1+ S T1 ) KD+ S T2

+ +
o

ref

min o

Fig. 3. Basic SVC controller for voltage control.

P + Qk , I Vk z g ; Vk ; Vm ; k ; m ; I; P; Qk; Qm ; Be where most variables are de ned on Fig. 7; xc and f stand for the internal control system variables and equations; and , 4  2 Be   =  kx , 2kx + 1 cos kx  , =  , 4 XC  kx cos kx  ,  4 , cos kx  ,  , 2 kx cos kx  , 
|
2 2

Vk k C I L Zero Crossing Switching Logic

Vm m

V I a:1 Vi Zero Crossing Switching Logic Filters

PLL

Magnitude

Magnitude
I ref Controller

Vref Controller PWM

m (PWM)

Fig. 6. Block diagram of a TCSC operating in current control mode.


Vk k P +jQ k I Magnitude
Be()

V Magnitude

dc

-P +jQ m

Vm m
Vdc
ref

Fig. 8. Block diagram of a STATCOM with PWM voltage control.

I ref

Controller

III. VSI-based Controllers

Fig. 7. Transient stability model of a TCSC.


2 4 kx cos kx  ,  , kx sin 2 cos kx  ,  2 3 2 +kx sin 2 cos kx  ,  , 4 kx cos sin kx  ,  2 ,4 kx cos sin cos kx  ,  r XC XL +2

kx

It is important to mention that as the controller gets closer to its resonant point, the current deviates from its sinusoidal condition, and hence the model presented should not be used to represent the controller under these conditions. A simple PI controller with limits can be used to control the current directly through the ring angle ; in this case, the di erential equations f in 3 can be replaced by the equations of the corresponding control system. Observe, however, that more sophisticated controls such as impedance or power control can be readily implemented on this model. A steady state model for this TCSC controller can be obtained by replacing the di erential equations on 3 with the corresponding steady state control equations. For example, for an impedance control model with no droop, which yields the simplest set of steady state equations from the numerical point of view 5 , the power ow" equations for the TCSC are
"

0 =

Be , Beref g ; Vk ; Vm ; k ; m ; I; P; Qk; Qm ; Be 

4

As previously indicated, it is important to adequately implement the controller limits on the steady state model to accurately represent its operation 5 .

In this section, the basic models of the most common VSI-based FACTS controllers, namely, the STATCOM, SSSC and UPFC, are discussed. All the models presented here are based on the power balance equation Pac = Pdc + Ploss which basically represents the balance between the controller's ac power Pac and dc power Pdc under balanced operation at fundamental frequency. For the models to be accurate, it is important to represent all losses of the controllers Ploss , especially those related to the inverters, as discussed below. Although PWM control is currently not practical in typical high-voltage applications of VSI-based controllers, given the limitations imposed by the high switching losses of GTOs, there have been some new recent developments on power electronic switches that will probably allow for the practical use of PWM control techniques on these kinds of applications in the near future 7 . The models discussed in this paper assume PWM control techniques are assumed. These models are used to develop more general models that can readily be adapted to represent phase angle control as well. A. STATCOM The basic structure of a STATCOM with PWM-based voltage controls is depicted in Fig. 8. Eliminating the dc voltage control loop on this gure would yield the basic block diagram of a controller with typical phase angle controls. Assuming balanced, fundamental frequency voltages, the controller can be accurately represented in transient stability studies using the basic model shown in Fig. 9 8, 9, 10 . The p.u. di erential-algebraic equations DAE corresponding to this model are " xc  _ _ = fxc ; ; m; V; Vdc; Vref ; Vdcref  5 m _ R I2 _ Vdc = CV VI cos ,  , R 1 C Vdc , C V dc C dc

V I Filters

mmax(Imax ) - mo

Vref

+ -

K ( 1 + S T1 ) KD+ S T 2

+ +
mo

P+jQ Magnitude

a:1
KM
ac ac

mmin (Imin ) - mo

1 + S TM

Vref

R+jX k Vdc
V max (Imax ) o

Controller PWM V dc
ref

k (PWM) Vdc C RC
V ref dc

+ KM
dc dc

KP +

KI S

+ +
o

Magnitude

min (Imin ) o

Fig. 9. Transient stability model of a STATCOM with PWM voltage control.


3 P , V I cos ,  6 7 6 Q , V I sin ,  7 6 7 6 7 6 2 G + k V V G cos ,  7 0 = 6 P ,V 7 dc 6 +k V V B sin ,  7 dc 6 7 6 7 4 Q + V 2 B , k Vdc V B cos ,  5 +k Vdc V G sin z,  | g ; k; V; Vdc; ; I; ; P; Q where most of the variables are explained on Fig. 9. The admittance G + jB = R + jX,1 , is used to represent the transformer impedance, any ac series lters, and the switching inertia" of the inverter due to its high frequency p switching. The constant k = 3=8 m, is directly proportional to the pulse width modulation index m and xc represents the internal control system variables. A simple PWM voltage controller is shown in Fig. 10 11, 12 , which basically de nes the di erential equations represented by f in 5. Observe that the ac bus voltage magnitude is controlled through the modulation index m, since this has a direct e ect on the ac side VSI voltage magnitude. Whereas the phase angle, , which basically determines the active power P owing into the controller is used to directly control the dc voltage magnitude since the power owing into the controller charges and discharges the capacitor. The controller limits are de ned in terms of the controller current limits, which are directly related to the switching device current limits, as these are the basic limiting factor in VSI-based controllers. In simulations, these limits can be directly de ned in terms of the maximumand minimumconverter currents Imax and Imin , respectively, i.e., the integrator blocks are stopped" whenever the converter current I reaches a limit, which would allow to closely duplicate the steady state V-I characteristics of the controller shown in Fig. 11. Another option is to compute these limits by solving the steady state equations of the converter; these equations are also used to compute 2

1 + S TM

Vdc

Fig. 10. Basic STATCOM PWM voltage control.

the biases mo and o 13 . The steady state model can be readily obtained from 5 by replacing the di erential equations with the steady state equations of the dc voltage and the voltage control characteristics of the STATCOM see Fig. 11 2 . Notice that the controller droop is directly represented on the V-I characteristic curve, with the controller limits being de ned by its ac current limits. Hence, the steady state equations for the PWM controller are 2 3 V , Vref + XSL I 6 7 6 Vdc , Vdc 7 ref 6 7 6 7 0 = 6 6 7 2 6 P , Vdc =RC , R I 2 7 4 5 g ; k; V; Vdc; ; I; ; P; Q A phase control technique can be readily modeled by simply replacing the dc voltage control equation in 6 with an equation for k, i.e., for a 12-pulse VSI, replace 0 = Vdc , Vdcref with 0 = k , 0:9 in the above set of equations. In this case the dc voltage changes as changes, thus charging and discharging the capacitor to control the inverter voltage magnitude. The limits on the current I, as well as any other limits on the steady state model variables, such as the dc voltage Vdc , the modulation ratio represented by k or the voltage phase angle , can be directly introduced in this model. It is important to properly represent the switching of control modes when these limits are reached, as this is a significant factor for properly modeling FACTS controllers in steady state studies 5 . Thus, the mode switching logic depicted in Fig. 5 for the SVC can be readily modi ed to represent the steady state control mode switching for the STATCOM, by simply replacing the ring angle limits with current limits.

Vk k I

a:1 Vi

Vm m

X SL V ref (mo , o )
I ref Magnitude

Zero Crossing

PLL

Switching Logic

m (PWM)

Controller PWM Magnitude

dc

min

Imax

Vdc

ref

Fig. 11. Typical steady state V-I characteristics of a STATCOM.

Fig. 12. Block diagram of a SSSC with PWM current control.


Vk k Pk +jQk I Magnitude I ref k (PWM) Vdc C RC P+jQ R+jX k Vdc Controller PWM V dc
ref

B. SSSC The basic controller structure for the SSSC operating on current control mode is depicted in Fig. 12. The corresponding transient stability model is shown in Fig. 13 9 , and can be represented by the following p.u. equations: " xc  _ _ = fxc ; ; m; I; Vdc ; Iref ; Vdcref  7 m _ I2 _ Vdc = CV VI cos ,  , R 1 C Vdc , R V C
2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 |

V a:1 aI

Pm+jQm

Vm m

0 =

Pk , Vk I cos k ,  Qk , Vk I sin k ,  Pm + Vm I cos m ,  Qm + Vm I sin m ,  P , Pk + Pm Q , Qk + Qm P , V 2 G + k Vdc V G cos ,  +k Vdc V B sin ,  Q + V 2 B , k Vdc V B cos ,  +k Vdc V G sin z,  g ; k; Vdc ; Vk ; Vm ; V; k ; m ; ; I; ; Pk ; Pm; P; Qk; Qm ; Q
p

dc

dc

3 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5

Magnitude

Fig. 13. Transient stability model of a SSSC.

the phase angle and the capacitor voltage Vdc , i.e., the current is controlled by direct control of the series voltage V 6 . A more sophisticated dq controller to control the active and reactive powers on the line is discussed in the next section for the series branch of a UPFC, which is basically a SSSC. The steady state model equations, for a PWM controller with no droops, are then
2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4

where most variables are de ned on Fig. 13, k = 3=8 m, and xc and f stand for the dynamic variables and equations of the control system, respectively. The basic VSI model follows from the model developed for the STATCOM. Di erent kinds of controls can be implemented for various controller variables. The simplest is a PI current controller that directly operates on the phase angle . The PWM controller represented on the SSSC gures in this report, indirectly controls the current I by operating on

0 =

I , Iref Vdc , Vdcref 2 P , Vdc =RC , R I 2 g ; k; Vdc ; Vk ; Vm ; V; k ; m ; ; I; ; Pk ; Pm ; P; Qk; Qm ; Q

3 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5

8

For a phase controller, the dc voltage equation is replaced by an equation de ning the variable k. Once again, it is important to properly model the controller limits in order to have an adequate steady state model of the SSSC.

Vk k

Ik k

Il l V

Vm m

V l Pl +jQl l Line

Vk k

Pk +jQk Ik k Il l I sh sh V

Vm m

V l Pl +jQl l R l +jX l

+
I sh sh

ase: 1

ase: 1

ash: 1 Vish Vise

Psh+jQ sh

P se+jQ se ash: 1

ase I l l

+
C Vdc

R sh+jX sh
sh + ksh V

R se+jX se Pdc
se + kse V

Switching Logic msh UPFC CONTROLLER

Switching Logic mse


ksh

+
C Vdc RC

kse

UPFC CONTROLLER

Pl

ref

Ql

ref

Vdcref

Vkref Vk k Vl l Vdc
Pl
ref

Fig. 14. Block diagram of a UPFC.

Ql

ref

Vdcref

Vkref Vk k Vl l Vdc

Fig. 15. Transient stability model of a UPFC.

The transient stability and power ow models presented here are based on models that have been proposed on the current literature, and can be considered to be simple, adequate models for voltage and angle stability studies of networks with these kinds of FACTS controllers. These models are all based on the assumption that voltages and currents are sinusoidal, balanced, and operate near fundamental frequency, which are the typical assumpIV. Validation Studies tions in transient stability and power ow studies. Hence, The test system of Fig. 17 was used in 12, 14 to validate they have several limitations, especially when studying the simpli ed model discussed here. The whole system is large system changes occurring close to these FACTS conmodeled in detail in the EMTP, i.e., 3-phase generators, trollers: transmission lines, etc. The detailed UPFC model of Fig. 1. These models cannot be reliably used to represent un14, with all its switches, was modeled as well as the corbalanced system conditions, as they are all based on responding simpli ed model of Fig. 15, are represented in balanced voltage and current conditions. detail. The generator is assumed to have an AVR controlling its terminal voltage, and the UPFC is designed to control the power through the line as well as the voltages at 2. Large disturbances that yield voltages and or currents Bus 4 and Bus 8, using a simpli ed PWM power controller with high harmonic content, which is usually the case proposed in 12 . when large faults occur near power electronics-based controllers, cannot be accurately studied with these A balanced 3-phase fault through an impedance is ap-

C. UPFC As shown in Fig. 14, the UPFC can be viewed as a STATCOM and a SSSC with a shared dc bus. The corresponding transient stability model re ects this fact, as shown in Fig. 15. Thus, the model equations then can be de ned as a combination of the STATCOM and SSSC equations 5 and 7, respectively, as discussed in detail in 12, 13, 14 . The shunt controller is basically the same as the one described for the STATCOM above. A control system diagram for the UPFC's series branch is depicted in Fig. 16. This controller, originally proposed in 15 , is a PQ controller based on a dq-axis decomposition to decouple the active and reactive powers of the inverter 11, 12, 14 ; this PQ controller performs better than other PQ controls proposed in the literature 12 . However, a current control strategy for the SSSC could be also used in this case. The steady state model can be obtained from the transient stability model equations and the corresponding controls, as previously done for all other models. Once more, it is important to properly model the controller limits to obtain reliable results in steady state studies.

plied at Bus 6 at 4 s. This triggers the circuit breaker of the Bus 4-Bus 5 line at 4.15 s 9 cycles later, removing the fault as well as the load at Bus 7. The generator at Bus 3 recovers successfully, keeping its terminal voltage at about 1 p.u., as shown in Fig. 18. The UPFC also recovers, maintaining its power and terminal voltages at the desired levels. Observe how close the results for both the UPFC detailed model and the simpli ed model are. The most signi cant di erences are in the internal UPFC variable e.g., capacitor voltages, as expected, but the e ect of the UPFC on the system is fairly accurately captured by the model.
V. Conclusions

Generator Phase Angle 70


x1 I ld Pl
ref

degrees

0 70 3 1.5

11 00
_

Ild

KP+ KI /S B

+ _

ref

1 0 1 0 x1

Converter Model
+ +

1 S+K

11 00
B

I ld

3.5

4 5 Generator Terminal Voltage

5.5

Vld

p.u.

Vl d Ilq
ref + ref + _

0 3 MW/phase
B B x2

3.5

4 Load Power Demand 5

5.5

180 105 0 3

Ql

KP+ KI /S

1 0

_ +

1 S+K

11 00

I lq

Ilq

11 00
= = = = = = = =

x2

3.5

4 5 Active Power in the UPFC line

5.5

K RT XT Vld Vkd Vkq Vised Viseq Vise mse

p.u.

RT !B XT Rl + Rse Xl + Xse p2 V l p2 V cos ,  k l k p2 V sin ,  k l k Vkd , Vld , XT x1 !B Vkq , XT x2 !B q 1 p2 Vi2 d + Vi2 q se se q 8 Vise 3 Vdc Vi , tan,1 V seq l ised

MW/phase

130 80

0 3 1.5 p.u. 1

3.5

4 Sending End Voltage 5

5.5

0 3 1.5 p.u. 0.97

3.5

4 Receiving End Voltage 5

5.5

0 3
0.2 0.08 0 3

3.5

4.5
Series Inserted Voltage

5.5

3.5

Fig. 16. Basic series branch dq control of UPFC with respect to the bus voltage Vl l. All variables are in p.u., and !B stands for the fundamental frequency of the system in rad s.
6

DC Voltage

5.5

30 22 kV 0 3 50 degrees

3.5

Angle Alpha

5.5

18 0 3 3.5 4 Angle Beta 5 5.5 6

13.8 kV Bus 3 245.5 MVA Generator

230 kV Bus 4 Breaker 15 mi 238 MW 15.5 MVAr Bus 5 Bus 6 Transf. Bus 7

25 degrees 70 110 3

3 Phase Fault

3.5

4 Shunt Modulation Index 5

5.5

Bus 1

Bus 2 100 mi 144.4 mi 90 mi

Bus 8 15 mi

Bus 9 Transf.

Bus 10

1.2 p.u. 0 1.2 3 1.2

Infinite Bus

Z Thevenin Bus 11

300 MW 70 MVAr

3.5

4 Series Modulation Index 5

5.5

UPFC

p.u.

Fig. 17. Test system designed for validation studies of UPFC controller models 12, 14 .

0 1.2 3

3.5

4.5

5.5

Fig. 18. Test system results for a 3-phase fault at bus 6 12 . The continuous line was obtained with the simpli ed UPFC model, whereas the dashed line was obtained with a detailed UPFC model.

models, as they are all based on the assumptions of having sinusoidal signals. 3. The above also applies for cases where voltage and current signals undergo large frequency deviations. 4. Internal faults as well as some of the internal variables of the controller cannot be reliably represented with these models. For these cases, detailed EMTP types of studies are required to obtain reliable results. Observe that these limitations also apply to most models typically used to represent other devices in transient stability and power ow studies.
VI. Acknowledgements

13 C. A. Ca~izares, Modeling of TCR and VSI Based FACTS n Controllers," internal report, ENEL and Politecnico di Milano, October 1999. available at www.power.uwaterloo.ca. 14 E. Uzunovic, C. A. Ca~izares, and J. Reeve, Fundamental Fren quency Model of Uni ed Power Flow Controller," Proc. NAPS, Cleveland, Ohio, October 1998, pp. 294 299. 15 I. Papic, P. Zunko, and D. Povh, Basic Control of Uni ed Power Flow Controller," IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 12, no. 4, November 1997, pp. 1734 1739.

Claudio A. Ca~ izares received in April 1984 the Electrical Engin

The author would like to thank the National Science and Engineering Research Council NSERC of Canada for its direct support of the research discussed in this paper, as well as Ms. Edvina Uzunovic for providing some of the information, graphs and results presented here.
1 2 3 4

neer diploma from the Escuela Polit cnica Nacional EPN, Quitoe Ecuador, where he held di erent teaching and administrative positions from 1983 to 1993. His MS 1988 and PhD 1991 degrees in Electrical Engineering are from the University of Wisconsin Madison. Dr. Ca~izares is currently an Associate Professor at the n University of Waterloo, E&CE Department, and his research activities are mostly concentrated in studying stability, modeling and computational issues in ac dc FACTS systems.

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

References N. G. Hingorani, Flexible AC Transmission Systems," IEEE Spectrum, April 1993, pp. 40 45. FACTS Applications,"technical report 96TP116-0, IEEE PES, 1996. Convener Terond, Modeling of Power Electronics Equipment FACTS in Load Flow and Stability Programs: A Representation Guide for Power System Planning and Analysis," technical report TF 38-01-08, CIGRE, September 1998. N. Christl, R. Heiden, R. Johnson, P. Krause, and A. Montoya, Power System Studies and Modeling for the Kayenta 230 KV Substation Advanced Series Compensation," AC and DC Power Transmission IEEE Conference Publication 5: International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission, September 1991, pp. 33 37. C. A. Ca~izares and Z. T. Faur, Analysis of SVC and TCSC n Controllers in Voltage Collapse," IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 14, no. 1, February 1999, pp. 158 165. S. G. Jalali, R. A. Hedin, M. Pereira, and K. Sadek, A Stability Model for the Advanced Series Compensator ASC," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 11, no. 2, April 1996, pp. 1128 1137. P. K. Steimer, H. E. Gruning, J. Werninger, E. Carroll, S. Klaka, and S. Linder, IGCT A New Emerging Technology for High Power, Low Cost Inverters," IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, July 1999, pp. 12 18. E. Uzunovic, C. A. Ca~izares, and J. Reeve, Fundamental n Frequency Model of Static Synchronous Compensator," Proc. NAPS, Laramie, Wyoming, October 1997, pp. 49 54. C. A. Ca~izares, E. Uzunovic, J. Reeve, and B. K. Johnson, n Transient Stability Models of Shunt and Series Static Synchronous Compensators," submitted for publication in IEEE Trans. Power Delivery and available upon request, December 1998. D. N. Koseterev, Modeling Synchronous Voltage Source Converters in Transmission System Planning Studies," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 12, no. 2, April 1997, pp. 947 952. E. Uzunovic, C. A. Ca~izares, and J. Reeve, EMTP Studies n of UPFC Power Oscillation Damping," Proc. NAPS, San Luis Obispo, California, October 1999, pp. 405 410. E. Uzunovic, C. A. Ca~izares, and J. Reeve, Transient Stability n Model of Uni ed Power Flow Controllers and Control Comparisons," submitted for publication in IEEE Trans. Power Delivery and available upon request, November 1999.

You might also like