FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION SYSTEM FOR RURALENERGY APPLICATION TO RUN AC AND DC LOADS ABSTRACT

The objective of this project is to generate the electric power through the fabrication of foot step arrangement. Now days power demand is increased, so this project is used to generatethe electrical power in order to compensate the electric power demand. The whole human/ bio-energy being wasted if can be made possible for utilization it will be great indentation and crowdenergy frames will be very useful energy in crowded countries In this project the conversion of the force energy in to electrical energy. The controlmechanism carries the piezo electric sensor, A.C ripples neutralizer, unidirectional currentcontroller and 12V, 1.3Amp lead acid DC rechargeable battery and an inverter is used to driveAC/DC loads. The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert the 12 voltD.C to 230 volt A.C. this 230 volt A.C voltage is used to activate the loads. We are usingconventional battery charging unit also for giving supply to circuitryCONTENTS CONTENTS

CONTENTS ABSTRACT i LIST OF FIGURES iv1.INTRODUCTION11.1Motivation11.2Problem definition21.3Objective of Project22.LITERATURE SURVEY32.1Introduction32.2Existing System 42.3Proposed System52.4Ultimate Aim. ANALYSIS3.1 Introduction63.2 Block diagram73.3Sensor83.4Piezo Electric SensorBLOCK DESCRIPTION4.1 Rectifier114.2 Filter144.3 Voltage regulator4.4 Battery154.4.1 Categories and types of batteries

4.4.2 How batteries work?184.4.3 Battery lifetime204.5 Inverter 204.6 Bulb214.7 switches5.DESIGN235.1Introduction5.2Designing figure6.RESULT256.1Method of Implementation6.2Result analysis INTRODUCTION Energy is the ability to do work. While energy surrounds us in all aspects of life, the abilityto harness it and use it for constructive ends as economically as possible is the challenge beforemankind. Alternative energy refers to energy sources, which are not based on the burning of fossilfuels or the splitting of atoms. The renewed interest in this field of study comes from theundesirable effects of pollution (as witnessed today) both from burning fossil fuels and fromnuclear waste byproducts. Fortunately there are many means of harnessing energy, which have less damaging impacts on our environment in India the alternatives are,Solar Wind Power GeothermalTidesHydroelectricIn addition to these we have developed a new methodology of generating power usinghuman energy and the name of this alternative is a foot step power generation. 1.1 MOTIVATION: Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and well being ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Primitive man required energy primarily in the form of food. He derived this by eating plants or animals, which he hunted.With the passage of time, man started to cultivate land for agriculture. He added a new dimensionto the use of energy by domesticating and training animals to work for him. With further demandfor energy, man began to use the wind for sailing ships and for driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water wheels. Till this time, it would not be wrong to say that the sun was supplying all theenergy needs of man either directly or indirectly and that man was using only renewable sources of energy . 1.2. PROBLEM DEFINITION: Some developing countries and newly-industrialized countries have several hours of daily power-cuts in almost all cities and villages because the increase in demand for electricity exceedsthe increase in electric power generation. People in these countries may use a power-inverter (rechargeable batteries) or a diesel/petrol-run electric generator at their homes during the power-cut. The use of standby generators is common in

industrial and IT hubs. This ultimately increases the shortage of power. 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT: The main aim of this project is to develop much cleaner cost effective way of power generation method, which in turns helps to bring down the global warming as well as reduce the power shortages

CHAPTER 22. LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 INTRIDUCTION: FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION:The usage of traditional power generation method such as burning of coal, wood, diesel(generators) etc is continuously depleting our natural resources such as fossil fuels, which is thedemand for power has exceed the supply due to the rising population. In addition to this thetraditional methods cause pollution GLOBAL WARMING: Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century, and its projected continuation. Global surfacetemperature increased 0.74 0.18 C (1.33 0.32 F) during the 100 years ending in 2005. TheIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that most of the increase since themid-twentieth century is "very likely" due to the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gasconcentrations. Natural phenomena such as solar variation combined with volcanoes probably hada small warming effect from preindustrial times to 1950 and a small cooling effect from 1950onward.Climate model projections summarized by the IPCC indicate that average global surfacetemperature will likely rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 C (2.0 to 11.5 F) during the twenty-first century.This range of values results from the use of differing scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissionsas well as models with differing climate sensitivity. Although most studies focus on the period upto 2100, warming and sea level rise are expected to continue for more than a thousand years even if greenhouse gas levels are stabilized. The delay in reaching equilibrium is a result of the large heat capacity of the oceans Increasing global temperature is expected to cause sea levels to rise, an increase in theintensity of extreme weather events, and significant changes to the amount and pattern of precipitation, likely including an expanse of the subtropical desert regions.. Other expected effectsof global warming include changes in agricultural yields, modifications of trade routes, glacier retreat,

mass species extinctions and increases in the ranges of disease vectors.Remaining scientific uncertainties include the amount of warming expected in the future,and how warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe. Mostnational governments have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing greenhousegas emissions, but there is ongoing political and public debate worldwide regarding what, if any,action should be taken to reduce or reverse future warming or to adapt to its expectedconsequences.Global dimming, the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at theEarth's surface, may have partially mitigated global warming in the late 20th century. From 1960to 1990 humancaused aerosols likely precipitated this effect. Scientists have stated with 66 90%confidence that the effects of human-caused aerosols, along with volcanic activity, have offsetsome of the global warming, and that greenhouse gases would have resulted in more warming than observed if not for these dimming agents.Ozone depletion, the steady decline in the total amount of ozone in Earth's stratosphere, isfrequently cited in relation to global warming. Although there are areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is not strong 2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM: Other people have developed Rack-pinion and pulley (mechanical-toelectrical) surfaces inthe past, but the Crowd Farm has the potential to redefine urban space by adding a sense of fluidity andencouraging people to activate spaces with their movement. The Crowd Farm floor is composed of standard parts that are easily replicated but it is expensive to produce at this stage. This technologywould facilitate the future creation of new urban landscapes athletic fields with a spectator area, music halls,theatres, nightclubs and a large gathering space for rallies, demonstrations and celebrations,railway stations, bus stands, subways, airports etc. like capable of Harnessing human location for electricity generation 2.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM:

NEED FOR THE SYSTEM : Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot power with human locomotion is very muchrelevant and important for highly populated countries like India and China where the roads, railwaystations, bus stands, temples, etc. are all over crowded and millions of people move around theclock. This whole human/bio energy being wasted if can be made possible for utilization it will begreat invention and crowd energy farms will be very useful energy sources in crowded countries.Walking across a "Crowd Farm,"

floor, then, will be a fun for idle people who can improve their health by exercising in such farms with earning. The electrical energy generated at such farms will be useful for nearby applications. 2.4 ULTIMATE AIM: The ultimate aim of this project is to develop much cleaner cost effective way of power generation method, which in turns helps to bring down the global warming as well as reduce the power shortages.

CHAPTER 33. ANALYSIS 3.1 INTRODUCTION: Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance andwellbeing ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Due to this a lot of energyresources have been exhausted and wasted. Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot power with human locomotion is very much relevant and important for highly populated countrieslike India and China where the roads, railway stations, bus stands, temples, etc. are all over crowded and millions of people move around the clock. This whole human/ bio-energy beingwasted if can be made possible for utilization it will be great invention and crowd energy farmswill be very useful energy sources in crowded countriesIn this project we are generating electrical power as nonconventional method by simplywalking or running on the foot step. Nonconventional energy system is very essential at this timeto our nation. Nonconventional energy using foot step is converting mechanical energy into theelectrical energy . This project uses piezoelectric sensor.In this project the conversion of the force energy in to electrical energy. The controlmechanism carries the piezo electric sensor, A.C ripples neutralizer, unidirectional currentcontroller and 12V, 1.3Amp lead acid dc rechargeable battery and an inverter is used to driveAC/DC loads. The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert the 12 VoltD.C to the 230 Volt A.C. This 230 Volt A.C voltage is used to activate the loads. We are usingconventional battery charging unit also for giving supply to the circuitry.This project uses regulated 5V, 500mA power supply. 7805 three terminal voltageregulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Figure 3.1 8: Foot Step Power Generation System For Rural Energy Application To Run Ac And DcLoads 3.3 SENSOR A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, mercury converts the measuredtemperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube.At thermocoupleconverts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by avoltmeter . Foraccuracy, most sensors are calibratedagainst knownstandards. 3.4 PIEZO ELECTRIC SENSOR A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effecttomeasure pressure, acceleration,strainor forceby converting them to an electricalsignal. Piezoelectric materials exhibit the unique property known as the piezoelectric effect. Whenthese materials are subjected to a compressive or tensile stress, an electric field is generated acrossthe material, creating a voltage gradient and a subsequent current flow. This effect stems from theasymmetric nature of their unit cell when a stress is applied. As seen in Figure 1, the unit cellcontains a small positively charges particle in the center. When a stress is applied this particle becomes shifted in one direction which creates a charge distribution, and subsequent electric field.These materials come in several different forms. The most common is crystals, but they are alsofound as plastics and ceramics.

Figure 3.2: Lead Zirconate Titanate unit cellPiezoelectric sensors have proven to be versatile tools for the measurement of various processes. They are used for quality assurance, process controland for research and development in many different industries it was only in the 1950s that the piezoelectric effect started to be usedfor industrial sensing applications. Since then, this measuring principle has been increasingly usedand can be regarded as a mature technology with an outstanding inherent reliability. It has beensuccessfully used in various applications, such as in medical, aerospace,nuclear instrumentation, and as a pressure sensor in the touch pads of mobile phones. In theautomotive industry, piezoelectric elements are used to monitor combustion when developinginternal combustion engines. The sensors are either directly mounted into additional holes into the cylinder head or thespark/glow plug is equipped with a built in miniature piezoelectric sensor.The rise of piezoelectric technology is directly related to a set of inherent advantages. Thehighmodulus of elasticityof many piezoelectric materials is comparable to that of many metalsand goes up to 10e6 N/m [ Even though piezoelectric sensors are electromechanical systems thatreact to compression, the sensing elements show almost zero deflection. This is the reason why piezoelectric sensors are so rugged, have an extremely high natural frequency and an excellentlinearity over a wide amplituderange. Additionally, piezoelectric technology is insensitive toelectromagnetic fieldsand radiation, enabling measurements under harsh conditions. Somematerials used (especially gallium phosphateor tourmaline) have an extreme stability even at high temperature, enabling sensors to have a working range of up to 1000C. Tourmalineshows pyroelectricityin addition to the piezoelectric effect; this is the ability to generate an electrical signal when the temperature of the crystal changes. This effect is also common to piezoelectric materials. Elevated temperatures cause an additional drop ininternal resistanceand sensitivity. Themain effect on the piezoelectric effect is that with increasing pressure loads and temperature, thesensitivity is reduced due to twinformation. While quartz sensors need to be cooled duringmeasurements at temperatures above 300C, special types of crystals like GaPO4gallium phosphatedo not show any twin formation up to the melting point of the material itself

CHAPTER 44. BLOCK DESCRIPTION

4.1 RECTIFIER The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C.The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cyclesof the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite endsof the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load resistanceR L and hence the current flows through R L in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thusa bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave In one simple inverter circuit, DC power is connected to a transformer through the centre tap of the primary winding. A switch is rapidly switched back and forth to allow current to flow back to the DC source following two alternate paths through one end of the primary winding andthen the other. The alternation of the direction of current in the primary winding of the transformer produces alternating current(AC) in the secondary circuit. The electromechanical version of the switching device includes two stationary contacts anda spring supported moving contact. The spring holds the movable contact against one of thestationary contacts and an electromagnet pulls the movable contact to the opposite stationarycontact. The current in the electromagnet is interrupted by the action of the switch so that theswitch continually switches rapidly back and forth. This type of electromechanical inverter switch alled a vibrator or buzzer, was once used invacuum tubeautomobile radios. A similar mechanism has been used in door bells, buzzers andtattoo guns.As they became available with adequate power ratings, transistorsand various other types of semiconductor switches h 4.2 FILTER

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant

until the mains voltage andload is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stageave been incorporated into inverter circuit designs. 4.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is anelectrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812voltage regulators are to be used.Figure 4.4:Voltage Regulator CircuitThe first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent therequired output voltage levels. The L78xx series of three-terminal positive regulators is availablein TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK packages and several fixed output voltages,making it useful in a wide range of applications. These regulators can provide local on-cardregulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. Each typeemploys internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it essentiallyindestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with externalcomponents to obtain adjustable voltage and currents.Figure 4.5:7805 Voltage Regulator 4.4 BATTERY Battery (electricity), an array of electrochemical cells for electricity storage, either individually linked or individually linked and housed in a single unit. An electrical battery is acombination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy intoelectrical energy. Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby power applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids andwristwatches; larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer datacenters. 4.4.1. Categories and types of batteries Batteries are classified into two broad categories, each type with advantages anddisadvantages. Primary batteries irreversibly (within limits of practicality) transform chemical energy toelectrical energy. When the initial supply of reactants is exhausted, energy cannot be readilyrestored to the battery by electrical means.Secondary batteries can be recharged; that is, they can have their

chemical reactionsreversed by supplying electrical energy to the cell, restoring their original composition.Historically, some types of primary batteries used, for example, for telegraph circuits, wererestored to operation by replacing the components of the battery consumed by the chemicalreaction. Secondary batteries are not indefinitely rechargeable due to dissipation of the activematerials, loss of electrolyte and internal corrosion

Primary batteries irreversibly (within limits of practicality) transform chemical energy toelectrical energy. When the initial supply of reactants is exhausted, energy cannot be readilyrestored to the battery by electrical means.Secondary batteries can be recharged; that is, they can have their chemical reactionsreversed by supplying electrical energy to the cell, restoring their original composition.Historically, some types of primary batteries used, for example, for telegraph circuits, wererestored to operation by replacing the components of the battery consumed by the chemicalreaction. Secondary batteries are not indefinitely rechargeable due to dissipation of the activematerials, loss of electrolyte and internal corrosion.Figure 4.6: Different Types Of Batteries Primary batteries: Primary batteries can produce current immediately on assembly. Disposable batteries areintended to be used once and discarded. These are most commonly used in portable devices thathave low current drain, are only used intermittently, or are used well away from an alternative power source, such as in alarm and communication circuits where other electric power is onlyintermittently available. Disposable primary cells cannot be reliably recharged, since the chemicalreactions are not easily reversible and active materials may not return to their original forms.Battery manufacturers recommend against attempting to recharge primary cells

Figure 5.1: Foot Step Design At StepsFigure 5.2: Foot Step Design Under The Road

CHAPTER 66. RESULT 6.1 METHOD OF IMPLEMENTATION

1. The "Crowd would work something like this A responsive sub-flooring system would be placedunder, say, the platform of a subway terminal. The blocks that make up the system would depressslightly under the force of human footsteps. As the blocks slipped against each other, theywould generate power in the form of an electric current.2. The electric current could be used, among other things, to light up signs about the energy created by the pedestrians, the creators say. People should understand the direct relationship between their movement and the energy produced," said cocreator Thaddeus Jusczyk. 6.2 RESULT ANALYSIS While the Crowd Farm wouldn't work in the home (a single human step generates only enough power to light 15-watt light bulb for one second), it could really draw some power from a crowd producingthousands of steps.

CHAPTER 77. CONCLUSION The project FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION FOR RURAL ENERGYAPPLICATION TO RUN A.C. AND D.C. LOADS is successfully tested and implementedwhich is the best economical, affordable energy solution to common people. This can be used for many applications in rural areas where power availability is less or totally absence. As India is adeveloping country where energy management is a big challenge for huge population. By usingthis project we can drive both A.C. as well as D.C loads according to the force we applied on the piezo electric sensor.

CHAPTER 88. FUTURE SCOPE Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and well being ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Due to this a lot of energy resourceshave been exhausted and wasted. Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot power withhuman locomotion is very much relevant and important for highly populated countries like Indiaand China in future.