Professional Documents
Culture Documents
prezentndu-la ca fiind proprii, se comite furt intelectual sau plagiat.1 Plagiatul este o problem VHULRDV R JUHHDO IRDUWH JUDY FH SRDWH IL FRPLV DWkW LQWHQLRQDW FkW L QHLQWHQLRQDW GLQQHDWHQLHVDXVXSHUILFLDOLWDWH/XFUULOHVWXGHQHWLRIHUVXILFLHQWH H[HPSOH GH SODJLDW LQWHQLRQDW L QHLQWHQLRQDW (Cf. BABBIE 1990: 331332; 1998: A18$ L ECO 'LQ DFHDVW FDX] PDWHULDOXO GH ID GRUHWH V RIHUH
LQIRUPD LL vQ OHJ WXU
este una dintre cele mai LPSRUWDQWH QRUPH GH FRQGXLW SH FDUH R vPSUWHVF PHPEULL FRPXQLWLL WLLQLILFH LQWHUQDLRQDOH 8QLYHUVLWDWHD %DEH%RO\DL 6RFLHWDWHD GH WLLQH 3ROLWLFH GLQ 5RPkQLD L LPSOLFLW FDGUHOH GLGDFWLFH GH OD FHOH GRX OLQLL GH VWXdiu ale Catedrei de WLLQH 3ROLWLFH FRQVLGHU HVHQLDO DFRUGDUHD DSURSULDW D FUHGLWXOXL WLLQLILF FkQG vQ scrierile noastre LQGLIHUHQW GDF VXQW UHIHUDWH VDX OXFUUL VWXGHQHWL OXFUUL GH OLFHQ VDX GH PDVWHUDW DUWLFROH GLVHUWDLL GRFWRUDOH VDX FUL n mod inevitabil ne LQVSLUP GLQ LGHLOH L FXYLQWHOH DOWRUD Q FD] FRQWUDU GDF QX VH VSHFLILF VXUVD LQIRUPDLLORU L VH vQVXHVF SDULDO VDX vQ WRWDOLWDWH LGHLOH RUL FXYLQWHOH DOWRUD
5HVSHFWDUHD VWDQGDUGHORU GH RQHVWLWDWHD DFDGHPLF
acestuia.
VH IDFH vQ PRG DGHFYDW VFRDWH vQ HYLGHQ SH GH R SDUWH LGHLOH SURSULL VDX FKLDU RULJLQDOH DOH DXWRUXOXL FFL GHVSUH SDVDMHOH OD FDUH QX VH PHQLRQHD] QLFL R VXUV VH FRQVLGHU F DSDULQ VHPQDWDUXOXL OXFUULL LDU SH GH DOW SDUWH DVLVW FLWLWRUXO vQ LGHQWLILFDUHD VFULHULORU UHOHYDQWHLvQORFDOL]DUHDSDVDMHORULQWHUHVDQWHUHIHULWRDUHODWHPHOHFDUHvOSUHRFXS Q SOXV SHUPLWH DXWRUXOXL V FUHGLWH]H VXUVD LGHLORU SUH]HQWDWH vQ FD]XULOH vQ FDUH VH 2 FXYLQHVSURFHGH]HDVWIHO
3UHFL]DUHD VXUVHORU DUH GRX DYDQWDMH PDMRUH 'DF
Forme ale plagiatului. Constituie plagiat reproducerea exact vQ FD]XO WH[WHORU GH DOW OLPE GHFkW FHD URPkQ FKLDU L vQ WUDGXFHUH SURSULH a cuvintelor unui alt autor
GDF
VHRPLWJKLOLPHOHOHLUHIHULQDSUHFLV
.3
1 Cf. ION COTEANULUIZA SECHEMIRCEA SECHE (coord.) 'LFLRQDUXOH[SOLFDWLYDOOLPELLURPkQHEd. a 1 2 II-D %XFXUHWL (GLWXUD 8QLYHUV (QFLFORSHGLF sv plagia, plagiat , plagiat .; Plagiarism: What It Is and How to Recognize and Avoid It., [http://www.indiana.edu/%7Ewts/pamphlets/ plagiarism.shtml@ GHVFUFDW OD GDWD GH LDQXDULH .; EARL BABBIE Survey Research Methods. 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1990. p. 331.; idem The Practice of Social Research. 8th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1998. p. A18. L LISA TRIVEDI SHARON W ILLIAMS Using Sources, [http://www.hamilton.edu/academics/resource/wc/ usingsources.html@GHVFrcat la data de 3 ianuarie 2005. 2 Cf. ibid. 3 EARL BABBIE op. cit. S $ L idem Survey Research Methods. 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1990. p. 331.
Cinci reguli sau tehnici simple pentru evitarea plagiatului: 1. n cazul citatelor directe DGLF DWXQFL FkQG UHGDL FXYkQW GH FXYkQW
FHD FH D VFULV VDX D VSXV R DOW IUDJPHQWXO vQWUH JKLOLPHOH L V FLWDWXOXL 5HJXOD GH SROLWH H
5 2. 5HIRUPXODUHD FX FXYLQWH SURSULL D XQHL H[SULPUL VDX D XQXL WH[W FH DSDULQH DOWHL SHUVRDQH VH QXPHWH SDUDIUD]. 5HIHULQD FXYHQLW WUHEXLHDGXJDWLvQDFHVWHFD]XUL
VLQWDJPHORUVDXIRUPXO ULORUFRPSXVHGLQFHOSX LQWUHLFXYLQWH
recomDQGUL
SHUVRDQ YD WUHEXL V SXQHL VSHFLILFDL SULQWU-R UHIHULQ4 sursa vQ WLLQ HVWH UHVSHFWDUHD DFHVWHL
3.
4. 5.
&LWDWHOH L UHIHULQ D SRW IL RPLVH GRDU GDF VH UHGDX LQIRUPD LL DUKLFXQRVFXWH
Q
DFHVWH
FD]XUL
RPLWHUHD
UHIHULQ HL
H
FKLDU
Patru sfaturi utile: 1. &RQVSHFWDL WRDWH OXFUULOH WLLQLILFH SH FDUH OH FLWLL /XDL-9 QRWLH
6XQW R LQYHVWL LH SH WHUPHQ OXQJ FDUH VH YD GRYHGL H[WUHP GH XWLO FKLDU GDF XOWLPD HWDS D FDULHUHL 'Y DFDGHPLFH HVWH VFULHUHD L VXV LQHUHDOXFU ULLGHOLFHQ
2. 3.
/DvQWRFPLUHDXQHLOXFU
ULvQFHUFDLVH[SORDWDLFvWPDLPXOWQRWLHOH
'Y)RORVL LWH[WHOHRULJLQDOHGRDUSHQWUXFRPSDUDUHLYHULILFDUH
3XQH L FLWDWHOH GLUHFWH vQWUH JKLOLPHOH FKLDU L vQ FD]XO OX ULL QRWL HORU $VWIHO VH SRDWH HYLWD XOWHULRU SODJLDWXO QHLQWHQ LRQDW QDLQWH GH ILQDOL]DUHD VFULHULORU 'YYHULILFD LFLWDWHOHFXYkQWGHFXYkQW5HGDU H[DFW
RGRYDG
ea
3HQWUX UHIHULQ
IRORVLL ILH R QRW GH VXEVRO FH FRQLQH GHVFULHUHD ELEOLRJUDILF FRPSOHW D VXUVHL LQGLFkQG autorul, anul SXEOLFDLHL L SDJLQDSDJLQLOH $ GRXD PHWRG SUHVXSXQH HYLGHQLHUHD vQ ELEOLRJUDILD GH OD ILQHOH OXFUULL DDQXOXLDSDULLHLSXEOLFDLLORUDGLFVSHFLILFDUHDDFHVWXLDLPHGLDWGXSQXPHOHDXWRUXOXLLORU VDX FRRUGRQDWRUXOXLLORU L QX OD VIkULWXO vQUHJLVWUULL ELEOLRJUDILFH vPSUHXQ FX GDWHOH HGLWRULDOH ORFXO HGLWXUD L DQXO $YHL JULM vQ VSHFLDO GDF XWLOL]DL XQ SURFHVRU GH WH[WH PRGHUQ V IRORVLL VHPQHOH FLWULL VSHFLILFH OLPELL URPkQH DGLF L vQ FD]XO SUH]HQHL XQui citat n
interiorul citatului. Vezi QGUHSWDURUWRJUDILFRUWRHSLFLGHSXQFWXDLH Ed. a IV-D%XFXUHWL(GLWXUD Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romnia, 1983. pp. 8487.)
IHGHUDO
/HJHD
QHFRUHVSXQ]
The Practice of Social Research. 8th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1998. p. A18. 6 EARL BABBIE op. cit. p. A18.; idem Survey Research Methods. 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1990. p. 331.; Plagiarism: What It Is and How to Recognize and Avoid It., [http://www.indiana.edu/%7Ewts/ pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml] LLISA TRIVEDISHARON W ILLIAMS op. cit.DPEHOHGHVFUFDWHODGDWDGHLDQXDULH.
DPHULFDQ UHIHULWRDUH OD GUHSWXULOH GH DXWRU SHGHSVHWH SUHOXDUHD WRDUHDIUDJPHQWHORUIRUPDWHGLQFHOSXLQRSWFXYLQWH9H]LEARL BABBIE ibid. L idem
4.
UHIRUPXODL V SDUDIUD]DL L V UH]XPDL LGHLOH OHFWXULORU reIRUPXODUHD WUHEXLH V ILH FRPSOHW QX SDULDO 9HULILFDL SDUDIUD]HOH IRORVLWH FX VFRSXO GH D HYLWD XWLOL]DUHD FXYLQWHORU L IRUPXOULORU RULJLQDOH SHQWUX D QX FGHD vQ FDSFDQD SODJLDWXOXL QHLQWHQLRQDW )RORVLL FLWDWH GRDU vQ FD]XO XQRU IRUPXOUL VDX exemple frapante, n cazul construirii unei DUJXPHQWDLL SHQWUX D FRPHQWD RSLQLD XQXL DXWRU VDX SHQWUX D-i UH]XPD LGHLOH IRORVLQG SURSULLOH VDOH FXYLQWH 1X FLWDL n ntregime
QFHUFD L V 'Y vQ FD]XO OX ULL QRWL HORU $WHQLH
([HPSOHLFRQWUDH[HPSOH
QDWXULL SUREOHPHL HVWH PXOW PDL XRU V RIHU H[HPSOHQHJDWLYH dect pozitive.9 ,DW WRWXL GRX H[HPSOH SH FDUH OH SXWHL FRQVLGHUD PRGHOH sau sfaturi menite a VJKLGDDUWkQGPDQLHUDvQFDUHWUHEXLHVSURFHGDL 1.&RPHQWDLLFLWDLGHILQLLLOH
'DWRULW
'HILQL LLOH GHPRFUD HL VXQW PXOWLSOH 8QD GLQ FHOH PDL FXQRV GHILQL LL HVWH FHD RIHULW
GH -RVHSK 6FKXPSHWHU vQ RSLQLD FUXLD GHPRFUDLD UHSUH]LQW DFHO VHW GH UHJOHPHQWUL LQVWLWXLRQDOH
privind procesul de luare a deciziilor politice n care puterea de a VH GREkQGHWH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO FRPSHWLLHL SHQtru
RE LQHUHDYRWXOXLSRSXODU
cute
GHFLGH
2.5H]XPDLLSUH]HQWDLvQWU-RPDQLHUSHUVRQDOLGHLOHDXWRULORUFLWDL Originalul:
Five major factors have contributed significantly to the ocurrence and the timing of the third-wave transitions to democracy: 1. The deepening legitimacy problems of authoritarian regimes in a world where democratic values were widely accepted, the consequent dependence of these regimes on successful performance, and their inability to maintain performance legitimacy due to economic (and sometimes military) failure.11
6DPXHO3+XQWLJWRQLGHQWLILF
10
7H[WXOFRUHVSXQ]
WRUGLQOXFUDUHDVWXGHQHDVF FLQFLIDFWRULPDMRULGHVSUHFDUH s-DU SXWHD VSXQH F DX GHWHUPLQDW vQ PDUH PVXU producerea celui de-DO WUHLOHD YDO GH WUDQ]LLH FWUH GHPRFUDLH LQFOXVLY
7 Cf. ibid. 8 n cele ce urmeaz DVHPHQHD VXUVHORU PHOH DPHULFDQH GH LQVSLUDLH ofer o serie exemple de UHVSHFWDUHDUHJXOLORUGHPDLVXVLGHHYLWDUHDDSODJLDWXOXLSUHFXPLRVHULHGHFRQWUDH[HPSOHvn care s-D SODJLDW ([HPSOHOHVDX FRQWUDH[HPSOHOHRIHULWH VXQW vQ SDUWH UHDOHILLQGOXDWH GLQOXFUULOH 9
XQRUIRWLVWXGHQ LDLIDFXOW 2 GLILFXOWDWH HYLGHQW
ce se pot ntinde pe mai multe pagini. 10 Nota studentului: JOSEPH SCHUMPETER, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. London: Allen and Unwin, 1943. p. 269. n original:
[T]he democratic method is that institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the peoples vote.
LL HVWH DFHD FDUH P vPSLHGLF V RIHU UH]XPDWH FRUHFWH SUHOXDWH GLQ OXFUUL VWXGHQHWL FH DU UHFODPD LQVHUDUHD UH]XPDWHORUGH FHO PXOW RSDJLQSUHFXPL FHDD RULJLQDOHORU
11 SAMUEL P. HUNTIGTON Democracys Third Wave., in BERNARD E. BROWNROY C. MACRIDIS Comparative Politics. Notes and Readings. 8th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1996. pp. 169170.
PRPHQWXOGHFODQ
ULLDFHVWXLDQFHOHFHXUPHD]YRLH[SOLFDL
HVWH FUL]D SURIXQG
3ULPXO
IDFWRU
sistemelor
ODUJ $VWIHO GHSLQG GH IXQFLRQDUHDORUSHUIRUPDQWGDULVWRULDSROLWLFDFHOHLGH-a GRXD MXPWL D VHFROXOXL WUHFXW QH-D DUWDW F VLVWHPHOH DXWRULWDULVWH VXQW GH UHJXO LQFDSDELOH V GH]YROWH R OHJLWLPLWDWH ED]DW SH SHUIRUPDQ performance legitimacy vQ FRQGLLLOH HHFXOXL HFRQRPLF L HYHQWXDO
militar.
12
4-807;
autoritariste
ntr-o
lume
GH
OHJLWLPLWDWH
D
care
valorile
[$0
U D-i fura cuvintele. n plus, FKLDUGDFvQWU-RPDQLHULQGLUHFW FHOH SUHOXDWH GLQ DQDOL]D IRORVLW 3ULQ DFHVWD HO DGDXJ R QRW GH RULJLQDOLWDWH (VWH GH UHPDUFDW L DGXJDUHD JKLOLPHOHORU OD IRUPXODUHD WUDGXV XQ SLF LPSUHFLV 'DU L PDL LPSRUWDQW HVWH LQVHUDUHD RULJLQDOXOXL FLWDWXOXL (67( 0$1,(5$ 1 &$5( 9 5(&20$1'6352&('$,]
FHO SX LQ OD IHO GH XWLOH FD FHOH SR]LWLYH RIHULWH PDL VXV 6 vQFHSHP GHFL
H[HPSOHOH QHJDWLYH FH 9 DUDW FXP V QX SURFHGDL VvQW H[HPSOLILFDUHD SFDWXOXL SODJLDWXOXL FX XQ WH[W RULJLQDO VFULV vQ OLPED URPkQ 13 LSUHOXDWvQWU-ROXFUDUHGHVHPHVWUX,DWIUDJPHQWHOHRULJLQDOH
&RQVLGHU F
FRPSDUDWLY
/SORIN I21, Sistemul de partide din Romnia o abordare LQSfera Politicii, Anul V (1997) nr. 52. pp. 3237./
)DSWXO F
diferite de omoloagele lor din Occident este deja un refren fredonat de WRDWOXPea DQDOLWLLMXUQDOLWLGLQ9HVWLGLQ(VW7R LSDUVILF]XW
GH DFRUG F
FDLFLVHSHWUHFH cu totul altceva, calitativ diferit. DezbaterileLDQDOL]HOHSHDFHDVWWHP VH vQFKHLH GH UHJXO FX FRQFOX]LD FRQIRUWDELO F UHDOLWDWHD H DWvW GH UHEHOvQFvW QX VHSRDWHWUDJHQLFLRFRQFOX]LHvQWHUPHQLLWLLQ HLSROLWLFH VWDQGDUG PL SURSXQ vQ FHOH FH XUPHD] V DUW GRX OXFUXUL Q SULPXO rnG YRLDUJXPHQWDSH VFXUWFQLFLVLVWHPHOHRFFLGHQWDOHGHSDUWLGHQX RIHULPDJLQHDVLPSOLFRHUHQWSRVWXODWvQPDQXDOHOHGHLQWURGXFHUH vQ SROLWRORJLH Q DO GRLOHD UvQG YRL vQFHUFD V VFKL H] XQ PRGHO WHRUHWLF VSD LDO DO FRPSHWL LHL SROLWLFH GLQ 5RPkQLD GXS DOHJHULOH GLQ QRLHPEULH $FHVWD YD DUWD QX QXPDL F GHVFULHUHD HVWH SRVLELO GDU L F
SHQWUX VLVWHPHOH SROLWLFH GLQ OXPHD SRVWFRPXQLVW VLVWHPXOURPkQHVFGHSDUWLGHHVWHSHUIHFWFRPSDUDELOFXFHOHGLQ9HVWL
12 Nota studentului: SAMUEL P. HUNTIGTON Democracys Third Wave., in BERNARD E. BROWNROY C. MACRIDIS Comparative Politics. Notes and Readings. 8th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1996. pp. 169170. Citatul n original: [t]he deepening of legitimacy problems of authoritarian regimes in a world where democratic values were widely accepted. 13 Pentru simplitate, notele din text au fost omise.
... CDR este o alian GRPLQDW FX DXWRULWDWH GH 31&' singurul partid LVWRULF GLQ (XURSD GH (VW FDUH L-D OXDW UHYDQD vPSRWULYD IRWLORU FRPXQLWL vQYLQJkQGX-L GXS vQ DOHJHUL OLEHUH 'DF vQDLQWH GH U]ERL 31-&' HUD FHO SX LQ SDU LDO XQ SDUWLG UQHVF DVW]L QXPHOH
V X HVWH WRWDO QHMXVWLILFDW GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO RULHQW
HOHFWRUDW SUHGRPLQDQW XUEDQ FX HGXFD LH PHGLH VDX VXSHULRDU WHPHOH DJUDUH QX RFXS &RQWLQXLWDWHD FX 31
XQ ORF LPSRUWDQW vQ SURJUDPXO L SROLWLFLOH VDOH LQWHUEHOLF VH SRDWH WUDVD GHRSRWULY vQWHUPHQLGH persoane L VWLO SROLWLF 7UDGL LRQDOD FRPSRQHQW JUHFR-FDWROLF DVW]L PXOW PDL VODE GHFkW SH YUHPHD OXL 0DQLX D LPSULPDW SDUWLGXOXL R DXU GH DXVWHULWDWH L PRUDOLVP FH DGXFHD SX LQ D ELJRWLVP vQWU-R FDSLWDO OHYDQWLQ FD %XFXUHWLXO 1XPDL F DFHVW PRUDOLVP GH PRG YHFKH D
VIkULWSULQD LLPSUHVLRQDFKLDULSH]HIOHPLWLLURPkQLvQVSHFLDOvQWU
-un
PRPHQW FkQG FDPSDQLD DQWLFRUXS LH HVWH OD RUGLQHD ]LOHL Q PRPHQWXO GH ID
IRUPD LXQHFUHWLQ
31&' HVWH SDUWLGXO SULQFLSDO DO FRDOL LHL JXYHUQDPHQWDOH o -dePRFUDWvQVHQVVODEGXSFXP DPH[SOLFDWPDL sus L vQFHDUF V-L PHQ LQ DXUD SXULVW vQ WLPS FH SURPRYHD]
UHIRUPH GXUHURDVH 9DJLOH HOHPHQWH FUHWLQ SURSULXVXQWGHSDUWHGHDSXWHDILSXVHvQSUDFWLF
nevoie vQ FD]XO 31&' SROLWLFLOH VXQW PDL OLEHUDOH GHFkW GLVFXUVXO
3DUWLGXO KHJHPRQ vL SXQHKRW DWvW PDL PXOW FX FvW VH EXFXU SUH]LGHQ LDOHXQGHL
plagiate IU PHQLRQDUHD VXUVHL L vQ SHQWUXDSXWHDHYLGHQLDIRUPHOHGHSODJLDW14 a) reproducerea exact D FXYLQWHORU XQXL DOW DXWRU FX RPLWHUHD JKLOLPHOHORULDUHIHULQHLSUHFLVH
CDR este o alian GRPLQDW FX DXWRULWDWH GH 31&' VLQJXUXO partid istoriF GLQ (XURSD GH (VW FDUH L-D OXDW UHYDQD vPSRWULYD IRWLORU FRPXQLWL vQYLQJkQGX-L GXS vQ DOHJHUL OLEHUH [$XWRUXO OXFUULL D SUHOXDW FXYkQW FX FXYkQW SULPD SURSR]L LH D
IUDJPHQWXOXL GH SH SDJLQD RPL kQG DWkW JKLOLPHOHOH FkW L
8UPHD]
DDGXJDUHIHULQDSUHFLV FXWRDWHSUHWHQLLOH31/GHUHGLVFXWDUH DORFXOXLLUROXOXLVXvn cadrul CDR, 31&'HVWHSDUWLGXO SULQFLSDO DO FRDOL LHL JXYHUQDPHQWDOH FKLDU GDF SURPRYHD]
Q PRPHQWXO GH ID
c)
D IUDJPHQWXOXL GH SH SDJLQD LQVHUkQG GHIHFWXRDV L QHFLQVWLW FFL SURFHGHXO IRORVLW QX vO GHJUHYHD] SH DXWRU GH REOLJDWLYLWDWHDVSHFLILFULLVXUVHL]
.
)DSWXO F DUWLILFLDOH
OLSVLWH
SDUWLGHOH SROLWLFH GLQ (XURSD GH (VW VvQW FUHD LL GH ED] VRFLDO L F HOH VvQW DWLSLFH
este
14
0RGLILF ULOHRSHUDWHGHSODJLDW
or le-DPPDUFDWFXDOWWLSGHFDUDFWHUHLFXORDUHDOEDVWUBookman
Old Style).
vQ LQWURGXFHUHD X L R GHPRQVWUHD] XOWHULRU $FHVW OXFUX WUHEXLD IFXW vQV FX PHQLRQDUHD VXUVHL QHPDLYRUELQG GH SUHOXDUHD WH[WXDODSULPHLSULDIUD]HL]
ContinuPH[HPSOHOHQHJDWLYHFXXQWH[WRULJLQDOVFULVvQOLPEDHQJOH]
FDUHDIRVWIRORVLWODVFULHUHDXQHLOXFU ULvQVFRSXORE LQHULLWLWOXOXLGHOLFHQ LDWvQ WLLQ HOHSROLWLFH
15
Originalul:
Second, since ones attachment to the social basis of certain cleavages is defined by attributes which can sometimes change with relative ease, this social basis represents a grouping and a set of social relationships which are normally much more fluid than that constituted by the cleavage itself. The cleavage, on the contrary, is a set of social relationships which implies some level of external closure which, in turn, is always more pronounced than that of the social group.16 n al doilea rnd,
VRFLDO SRW XQHRUL V
DDQXPLWRUFOLYDMHHVWHGHILQLWSHED]DXQRUDWULEXWHFDUH VH VFKLPEH UHODWLY FX XXULQ DFHDVW ED] VRFLDO UHSUH]LQW R JUXSDUH L XQ VHW GH UHODLL FDUH vQ PRG
:
norPDO VXQW PDL IOXLGH FD DFHOHD FRQVWLWXLWH GH FOLYDM vQVXL Clivajul, n schimb, este XQ VHW GH UHODLL VRFLDOH FDUH LPSOLF XQ anumit nivel de nchidere nspre exterior, care, la rndul-i, este
PDLSURQXQ DW
GHFvWFHDDJUXSXOXLVRFLDO
DFHDVWD HVWH FHD PDL JUDY IRUP GH IXUW LQWHOHFWXDO RU JUDYLWDWHD FD]XOXL GH ID HVWH VSRULW L GH servilitatea cu care VWXGHQWXO vQ FDX] UHSURGXFH LGHLOH DXWRULORU 'LQ GRULQD GH D IL FkW PDL HORFYHQW SUHLD SvQ L WLSRJUDILD SDVDMXOXLIUDPHQLRQDDFHVWOXFUX352&('85$&25(&7 SXQHUHD vQ JKLOLPHOH D IUDJPHQWXOXL L DGXJDUHD vQ vQWUHJLPH D notei nr. 12 din materiaOXOGHID]
DDGXJDUHIHULQDSUHFLV
Originalul:
[T]hus various authors refer to cleavages as political or cultural, as structural or non-structural, as institutionalised or uninstitutionalised, and so on, a practice which, while often clarifying what is meant by the individual author, inevitably tends to deprive the concept itself of its own independent theoretical value. Authors such as Dahl, for example who speak of
SH PRWLYXO QHUHVSHFWULL QRUPHORU
15
16 STEFANO BARTOLINIPETER MAIR Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability: The Stabilisation of European Electorates 18851985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. p. 218. (Italice n original.)
political cleavages which are primarily defined in terms of political attitudes and behaviour, and who thus attempt to free the concept from an emphasis on the link to social structural variables, end up by failing to distinguish the notion of political cleavage from other concepts such as political opposition or political division.17
7H[WXOFRUHVSXQ] WRUGLQOXFUDUHDVWXGHQ HDVF
&D L .LWVFKHOW DGRSW GHILQL LD FOLYDMXOXL GDW
GH %DUWROLQL L 0DLU SH FDUH R YRL SUH]HQWD vQ FRQWLQXDUH SH ODUJ ([LVW R VHULH GH DXWRUL FDUH VH UHIHU OD FOLYDMH FD ILLQG SROLWLFH VDX FXOWXUDOH structurale sau non-VWUXFWXUDOH LQVWLWXLRQDOL]DWH VDX QHLQVWLWXLRQDOL]DWH QV DFHWLD QX GHRVHEHVF FOLYDMXO GH RSR]LLD pROLWLF L GH diviziunile sociale implicate de stratificarea VRFLDO >$XWRUXO OXFUULL D UHIRUPXODW RDUHFXP FHD GH-a doua IUD] D IUDJPHQWXOXL SUHOXkQG vQV WH[WXDO aproape n ntregime SULPD IUD]Q DFHVW FD]DXWRUXO DYHDREOLJDWLYLWDWHD specifiFULL VXUVHL ED PDL PXOW L SXQHUHD JKLOLPHOHORU SHQWUX SULPD IUD] Q SOXV PDQLHUD vQ FDUH D SURFHGDW HVWH QHFLQVWLW FFL QH SURPLWH R SUH]HQWDUH GHWDOLDW D XQHL GHILQLLL GH XQ
DOLQHDW GDU UHSURGXFHDSURDSHvQWUHDJDLQWURGXFHUHL MXVWLILFDUH
pe care o dau BARTOLINI L MAIR SURSULHL ORU GHILQLLL IRORVLQG adesea chiar cuvintele acestora GXS FXP UHLHVH L GLQ fragmentul anterior.]
c)
. Originalul:
First, the choice of players in a democratic order raises the question of citizenship. Citizenship defines the range of players who are entitled to enjoy the universal rights of participation conferred on members of a political system. Political divisions about ethnicity, race, and regional collective identities usually involve distributive alternatives and conflicts about rules of political decision making but are primarily focused on alternative views of citizenship. At one end of the spectrum are demands for an inclusive definition of citizenship, calling for the acceptance of individuals as members of the polity regardless of ascriptive economic, cultural or racial attributes. At the other end is an exclusive definition of citizenship based on the cultural and socioeconomic homogeneity of a politys citizenry.18
WRULORU vQWU-R RUGLQH GHPRFUDWLF ULGLF vQWUHEDUHDFHWHQLHL&HWHQLDGHILQHWHJUXSXOGHMXFWRULFDUH VXQW vQGUHSWLWL V VH EXFXUH GH GUHSWXULOH XQLYHUVDOH DOH SDUWLFLSULLDFRUGDWHPHPEULORUXQXLVLVWHPSROLWLF/DXQFDSWDO VSHFWUXOXLVXQWFHUHULSHQWUXRGHILQLLHFXSULQ]WRDUHDFHWHQLHL XQLYHUVDOLVWFDUHSURSXQHDFFHSWDUHDLQGLYL]LORUFDPHPEULLDL
UDVLDOH H[FOXVLYLVW FDSW DO VSHFWUXOXL H[LVW R GHILQLLH ED]DW SH RPRJHQLWDWHD FXOWXUDO L socio-HFRQRPLFDFHWHQLHLPHPEULORUVLVWHPXOXLSROLWLF [Cu oarecare indulgenVHSRDWHDILUPDFDXWRUXOUH]XPLGHLOH /D
FHO
ODOW
DVFULSWLY
17 Ibid. p. 213. (Italice n original.) 18 HERBERT KITSCHELT The Formation of Party Systems in East Central Europe., in Politics and Society, vol. 20 (March 1992) no. 1, p. 12. (Italice n original.)
RPLWH GRDU R IUD] L FRORUHD] GRDU UL FH vL DSDULQ 0FDU UHIHULQD WUHEXLD LQGLFDW SULQWU-R QRW GDU GHPHUVXO FRUHFW PDL SUHVXSXQHD L HYLWDUHD vQWU-R FkW PDL PDUH PVXU D FXYLQWHORU folosite de politologul german. (Omiterea iWDOLFHORU DWUDJH GXS VLQHLRPLWHUHDSUHFL]ULLGHODVIvULWXOQRWHLQU]
BIBLIOGRAFIE: QGUHSWDU RUWRJUDILF RUWRHSLF L GH SXQFWXDLH Ed. a IV-D %XFXUHWL (GLWXUD *** Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romnia, 1983. *** Plagiarism: What It Is and How to Recognize and Avoid It., [http://www.indiana.edu/%7Ewts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml@ GHVFUFDW OD data de 3 ianuarie 2005. BABBIE, EARL Survey Research Methods. 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1990. The Practice of Social Research. 8th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1998. ECO, UMBERTO 1996. Hogyan rjunk szakdolgozatot? [Cum V VFULHP R OXFUDUH GH OLFHQ"@Budapest: Kairosz Kiad. TRIVEDI, LISAW ILLIAMS, SHARON Using Sources, [http://www.hamilton.edu/ academics/resource/wc/usingsources.html@ GHVFUFDW OD GDWD GH LDQXDULH 2005.