CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the research design, the target population and sampling procedures, data collection and research instrument, and data analysis and interpretation.

Research Design This study is a descriptive-relational study that employed a one-shot survey method. This study was entitled Knowledge about and Attitude towards Newborn Screening among Mothers with 0-1 year old Infant in Barangay San Isidro, Jaro, Iloilo City. This research design was appropriate to the study since it was intended to determine the relationships between the study variables namely knowledge about and attitude towards Newborn Screening. A descriptive-relational study describes the characteristics of the respondents and investigates relationships between factors or variables.

Target Population, Study Area and Sampling Procedures The target populations of this study were mothers who have 0-1 year old infants. This study was conducted in Barangay San Isidro, Jaro Iloilo City. The respondents is composed of 209 mothers with 0-1 year old infants were selected from the list given by the Barangay Health Worker (BHW). The respondents of this study were selected by using Simple Random Sampling. The researchers group themselves into 3 and from a random starting point of location (Barangay

Hall, railway, and relocation area), one house at a time, using to the right method, respondents within the total number of population were chosen in a particular

direction until the desired number of samples was reached. Researchers proceed to the following house when the previous house did not have the respondents. A total of 135 mothers with 0-1 year old infant within the time frame of the study were randomly selected as a sample out of 209 mothers by using the formula:

where: Z = the value of the normal variable p = the largest possible proportion d = sampling error N = population n = sample size For courtesy purposes, a letter was sent to the Barangay Captain of Barangay San Isidro, Jaro, Iloilo City, requesting permission to conduct the study among mothers with 0-1 infants. An informed consent was given to mothers asking permission to be involved in the study. All data collected were treated with strict confidentiality. Data Collection and Research Instrument The researchers first met and discussed their responsibilities prior to conducting data gathering. This included observing proper behavior and providing necessary resources for data collection such as the instrument, pen, time, effort, and money. In collecting the data,

respondents were randomly selected using random starting point of location, one house at a time, within the total number of population until the desired sample size was reached. The respondents were provided with informed consent and oriented about the objectives of the study. The respondents were assured that the data gathered will be kept confidential and will be strictly used for the purpose of this study only. Respondents were informed that their participation is voluntary and may not continue if they wish to. The conduct of the data gathering was started as soon as the respondents sign the consent and allowed the researchers to gather data. The respondents were given enough time to answer all the questions honestly and accurately. Field editing was observed to avoid missing out important data. Inconsistencies or omissions were then clarified with the respondents. After these, the questionnaires were scored and tabulated. The data were gathered using a three part self administered questionnnaire. The first part gathered data about the personal characteristics of the respondents in terms of age, religion, residence, educational attainment and occupation. The second part of the questionnaire determined the level of knowledge of the respondents about newborn screening. It was composed of a 12-item true or false test. The third part of the questionnaire determined the respondents attitude towards newborn screening. It was composed of 10 statements answerable by a fivepoint Likert Scale. All answers by the respondents were subjected to utmost confidentiality.

For the 12 items questionnaire used to assess the level of knowledge of the respondents which was answerable by true or false, only the correct answers were counted. Scores on the level of knowledge about newborn screening of the respondents were scored using the following rating scale:

Score range 9 -12 8-5 0-4

Description High Level of Knowledge Average Level of Knowledge Low Level of Knowledge

The response of mothers according to the degree to which they agree or disagree to the statements to measure their attitude toward newborn screening was given numerical weight depending on whether they are stated positively or negatively. For positively stated statements, strongly agree was given a score of 5, agree - 4, neutral - 3, disagree - 2, and strongly disagree 1. On the other way around, strongly disagree was given a score of 5, disagree - 4, neutral - 3, agree - 2, strongly agree - 1. Scores for the attitude towards newborn screening of the respondents was interpreted using the following scale: Score range 39-50 24-38 10-23 Description Good Attitude Neutral Attitude Poor Attitude

To ensure the validity of the questionnaire, the original draft constructed by the researchers were subject to validation by three recommended masters degree holder, wherein the weak points were pointed out. Any recommendations and corrections of the said professionals were taken into consideration in making the final draft of this study. The questionnaires were pre-tested to ensure reliability and comprehensibility. It was pretested to five percent of the total population of mothers with 0-1 year old infant. Reactions of the

pre-test respondents regarding the questionnaires content, structures and style were sought. Those respondents integrated from the pre-test were not included during the final administration of the survey questionnaire. Cronbach Alpha revealed the value of 0.875 from knowledge questionnaire and the value of 0.745 attitude questionnaire. The values indicated that the questionnaires were reliable and could be used in the final study. Data Processing and Analysis After data gathering, field editing was done to ensure completeness of the data obtained. It was followed by office editing, categorizing, coding, and tabulating in preparation for statistical treatment. The data were processed through a computer- based program called Statistical Package for Social Sciences or SPSS version 17. These data were subjected to appropriate statistical tools for socio-demographic characteristics such as age, religion, residence, educational attainment, working status, occupation; knowledge about newborn screening and attitude towards newborn screening, frequency count, percentage, and means were used. For relationship analysis between Socio-demographic Characteristics, and Knowledge about Newborn Screening the researchers utilized the Pearsons correlation coefficient ( r ). The Pearson coefficient of correlation ( r ) was interpreted using Garrets interpretation: 0 to + .20 = denotes indifferent or negligible relationship + .21 to + .40 = denotes low correlation, present but slight + .41 to + .70 = denotes substantial correlation + .71 to + 1.00 = denotes high to very correlation

In determining religion and working status with Knowledge about Newborn Screening, the Chi-square was employed; educational attainment with Knowledge about Newborn Screening used the Gamma(G) measurement tool. Eta reflected the relationship of Age and Attitude towards Newborn Screening, while Chisquare was appropriate in determining relationship between religion, and working status with Attitude towards Newborn Screening. Gamma reflected between the relationship of Attitude and educational attainment of mothers with 0-1 year old infants. The relationship between Knowledge and Attitude towards Newborn Screening was measured using the Gamma. The statistical tools were employed at 0.05 level of significance.