BO

:

: -
: -
:
: -
:
:
CIP -
, 904:711.424[497.17]04/14
911.375:93[497.17]04/14
,
/ ;
[ , ]. :
, 1996. 382 . : .; 24
. [3]: Mittelalterliche Stdte und Burgen in der Republik Makedonien = Medieval towns and
castles in the Republic of Macedonia / Ivan Mikuli. . Zusammenfassung;
Summary. : . 376382.
ISBN 9989-756-06-6 [ED.]
ISBN 9989-756-07-4 [No.1]

........ 5
I.
1. . "" j
.
j. ........ 11
2. ........ 13
3. ......... 14
4. : ........ 17
II.
1. : . ........ 19
2. 6. ........ 22
III. j
1. 6. . - . - 7.-8. ....... 24
2. j....... 29
3. j j. j.
....... 33
4. :
1. ....... 37
2. ....... 39
3. 9. 10. ........ 45
IV.
1. (j. - - )....... 47
2. (j. - . - j )........ 49
V. 13. 14. . .
1. : j . - ,

, j. - j 13. 14
........ 53
2. j 12. 14. :
1. ........ 55
2. ........ 60
3. ........ 62
4. .......... 63
5. .......... 64
6. j ()........ 66
VI. j
1. :
. ......... 68
. j;
......... 69
2. :
1. 11. 12. ........ 73
2. 13. ........ 74
3. jj 14. .......... 76
3. j
1. :
. ........ 81
. ........ 82
. ........ 84
2. j......... 86
3. j........ 93
4. ........ 94
5. ......... 98
. j......... 99
. ......... 100
. j......... 100
. ......... 101
......... 103-128
VII. j........ 129-356
j

( )

132

( ?)

136

(, , j ?)

139

"

144

"

144

"

()

145

"

()

148

()

150

:
"

()

154

"

( ?)

157

"

(?)

158

"

( ?)

160

"

()

163

()

165

( ?)

168

j:

171

173

"

(; ?)

176

"

( ?)

178

"

()

180

()

182

183

"

185

"

( ?)

187

"

()

189

()

193

"

()

195

"

(, )

198

( ?)

200

()

204

:
"
:

"

"

207
()

208
209

(, )

211

( ?)

215

( ?)

217

"

(j ?)

221

"

()

223

"

()

227

j-

()

: j

230
238

"

()

241

"

()

246

()

249

"

(', )

255

"

"

()

259

"

( ?)

261

"

"

(')

266

()

268

()

270

"
:

258

265

271
( ?)

273

()

276

( ?)

278

( ?)

281

j:

()

284

"

()

290

"

"

()

295

"

(, j)

298

"

( ?)

309

"
"

294

( ?)

313

"

( ?)

316

"

()

317

"

(, )

318

312

323

"

324

"

(')

326

"

()

330

"

"

( ?)

334

( ?)

339

()

340

. :
"

333

:
"

( ?)

344

()

349

(, )

351

Mittelalterliche Stdte and Burgen in der Republik Makedonien......... 357

Medieval Towns and Castles in the Republic of Macedonia......... 363
List of Illustrations......... 369
Photographies......... 375
......... 376
......... 383
......... 384
1: 6. j j
2: j

, .
. ,
, , , .
, ?
,
, , ,
.
, ? , ,
,
.
,
. , ,
.
,
. ,
. .
, , ,
.
, ,
, .
.

. ,
,

 , ,

.
? ,
. . (cives) ,
. ,
.
- , ,
.
, .
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
. ,

.
-
, - , .

,
, ,
.
. -

,
, 1996

I.
1. . "" j .
j.
2.
3.
4. :

1. .
. . .
, , ,
. ,
. ,
.
.
, ( )
.

, (
) .
, , .
,
, ,
. .
.
( )
.
, ,
, .
.

11

, , , .
; . [*]
c .
.
, .
,
(, .).

.
.

. .
, .
() . ,
. , ,
, , , , , , , .
,
. /
civitas ce . / castrum ce
. , ,
. [1] ,
.
municipium. , ,
1096 .
(pagus, provincia) [2].
oppidum suburbium
.

*. , ,
. ( Ummauerung)
, , , .
1. . 1985, 1, 841.
2. 779. III, 192.

12

 . ,
. , 11. .
castellum , , .
.
, , .
; ,
.
,
.

2.
.
(, , .)

. , .
:
( 6.7. ) (16. ).
,
.
14. .
.
6. ,
. ,
. . ,
;
.

13

 .
. ,

,
.
,
. .

3.
,
, ,
. .
.
, ,
. ,
, .
.
, .
, . ,
.
. ,
, , (1950,
1213). , ,
. 3 .
, .
1967 . (1971, 116). , c
.
1963 . . ,

14

 (1961, 103105). 1956 . . , (1956, 63104).

, ,
. (1971, 269
285 1975, 190191), (1975, 122130), (1983, 211
218), (1985, 83100), (1987, 149160), (1990, 6588).
(1982, 118127)
(4553 129133), (133135), (135138)
(9295, ).
.

(1967 .), ( ; 19761980);
( );
( ); ,
(198081, 1994); (1981, 1990).
.
(. VII), .
.
. (1992 , 1280)
. c,
.
. , (.
., 113240) ,
.

15

 .

. .
3 .
. ,
, .
, , ( 400!),
. .
, - .
, .

. ,

. .
1989 . . ( )
, . ,


( ), .
,
. .
(15. 16. ),
, . (1971, 1979). ,
,
.

16

4. :

. ,
4. 6. .
,

. 70,
.
. 10-
.

. ,
(13. 14. ),
(7. 13. ). ,
.
.

, .
80 32 , 14
, 26 , 8 .

.
- . , .
32 ,
, ( )
. , ;
; ;
. 27 ,
.

17

 , , ,
(
, , ,
).
.
. ,
. ,
.
( )
(, , , , );
: , ; , , ; , ; ,
; , ; , ; ). ,
: , , ?, ?
, ; , ,
, , . ,
- (, , ,
, ).
,
, ,
, , , , , , .
,
,
, , .

18

II.
1. : .
2. 6.

1. : . .

, .
( 476 .),
.
5. 6. : .
,

- .
,
.
, :
, , . [1]
. ,
.

. ,

1. c .
, 1984 . (4360 96
118), . (7284) . (8595), . 1975 (
), . 1978 ( ), . 1989 ( ;
33 , 1986, . (1381), . (107134) . (221277)
. 4. 6. .

19

 , [2]
.
500
455,
. . , c,
, ,
.
,
,
( 3. 5. ) ( 5. 6. ).
4. ,
,
, .
- , I
( ).
( 313 324 .)
() . ,
3. ,
,
.
5.
6. . , ,
. ,
, I
.
, .
, 6.
400.
(4.6. ) 18
, ,
2. . 2 ,
. MBVF, ( ).

20

 .
.
, . ,
6 () 1.100 .
200 .
.

. 150 .
, .

. 1 6. 7. (: 1. ; 2.
; 3, 4. ; 5. . )

;
.
.
21

2. 6.
5. .

- ( 476 ).
( 447 .). [3]
, I
.
,
. ,
.
5. 6.
:
.
,
.
, 6.
(
). (.. -
).
. [4] ( )
. .
50- (. 39, 52, 129, 135, 138, 169).
,
().
(); , -

3. . 1981, 210226; 1982, 39, . 14 1995, . 21, (Chronica minora/galica:

70 ) a .
4. . (1961,
104146), . .
. 1982, 62, 63 . 30.

22

 . . 12
, .
, 6.
, .
,
.
, . .
, :
, 6.
, ,
. , ,
.
- 6. , ()

, .
6. , 5-6
.
.
. , c 12.13. ()
,
.
, 6.
. , ,
, .
,
.
, . [5]

5. . . 2. 1 , .

23

III.
1. 6. . - . - 7.-8.
2. j
3. j j. j.
4. :
1.
2.
3. 9. 10.

III. 1. 6. . . 7.8. .
.
6.
. ,
. , .
517 ( )
.[1] ,

. [2] , ,
.
I ,
, , [3].
.
I 23 . , 540 . ( )
c .
(),
. 32 . [4] ,
,
, .

1. P. Lemerle 1954, 280.

2. . 1980, 2157, 6. .
3. Proc. 18, . 114.15115. 2, 23; . 141.19142.1.
4. Proc. BG II, 4, . 163.8164.16. . Lemerle 1954, 285.

24

Bo 548 ()
.
. [5]
( ), .
550/51 . , ,
() ,
. .
.
. [6] c
.

. 2. (, . ) . ();
6. 7.

558/59 , ,
.
, , ,
. , ,
. .
20 , .
.

5. Ibidem III, 29, .423.3-13. Lemerle 1954, 286, 550/51 .

6. Proc. BG III, 40, . 475.19483.15.
25

 , 570/71
, 571
. [7] ,
. 1977 ,
,
. ,
569/70.[8]
, , 578, 580/81
. . , 4 ( 581
584, ). [9] , .
584/85 ,
,
. , , 22. 586
. [10]
, , c .
.
(, ) ,
. , .
.
584/85. . [11]
,
.
. 20-
: 6. 7. ,
() (. 1).
.
. 5- (614/15 .)

7. . 1981, 111126.
8. . 1982, 5051.
9. . 1980, 232.
10. . Lemerle 1979, I, 126.13128.2 (Miracula I, 12).
11. . 1980. 242243 ( ). . 1981 . c
.

26

. , . ,
()
7., 8. 9. .

. 3. () (:
?; , , , . ); 8.9. .

.
( , )
; , . ,
, ,
. ,
, .
, ,
.
,
.
, .
,
27

 218 ( 586805 .). [12] 13.

() . 7. 9.
(, , , .). [13]
. 799 .
( )
. c ,
. [14] ( ) .
.
(. , . .)
( 11. ). , . ,
, . ()
7.9. , . [15] (. 2, 3).
.
. , ( ) 7.
. ,
, . , ,
, .
, - (-). [16]
. .
,
, . ,
4
3.600
. [17] .

12. 1959, 198. 1972, X, 147 .

13. . 1980, 234239, . 2, 3.
14. M. Vasmer 1970, 85, 86.
15. . 1980, 238, . 3; . 1992, 141154 1993, 159178.
16. Gy. Moravcsik 1958, 2, s.v. Sagudati; Nebulos, upan. . ;
() .
17. , , 1994 . I .
.
c . . 1992, 1115.

28

III. 2. .
, ,
. ,
.

. 4. o . -, 7.8. : . . ; . ; ( . .
).

, - .
29

 7. II
.
, -
, . .
,
() .
. II 688/89
. [18]
. (II 4) .
(), , 674 .
677 . . , , ()
, .
. 759 . V
, .
; .
, . 789 802
, , , . , , ,
. , .
809/10 ,
. [19]
() ,
, . .
. , ,
7. 8. -. ,
, ()
.

18. 1959, 195 , .

19. , 227230.

30

 ,
,
.

. 5. - 7.8. : . (1), (2,

3). . 4, 5 , ( . 48 65; . )

7. 8. , .
.. -,
. [20]

20. . . . 1992, 14 . 19. ia

.
31

 ,
(), .
, -
() .
- ()
IV (668685). II
, II (685695) .
7. .
. (.
) .
, ,
7. 8. . , .
, .
, , ,
680 . .
, ( 70.000 ), . ,

, . .
,
.
(Campus Kerameensis; ).
, ,
. [21]
-
,

21. .
, . ,
(I, II, 1980).
. 1986, 171, . 132,
, ,
.

32

. 7. ,
. [22] ,
, .
. .

.
. .
, c .

III. 3. . .
.
807 , ,
. .
,
. , ()
. (852889 .) .
, .
.
, 864 (
III ).
. 4.050 (
14.000) . ,
.
. ,
. , , 886
.

22. . 1980, 249252, . 5.

33

C. 6. 10. : 1, 2. . -
() (); 3. ; 4. - (
); 5. ; 6. -, ()
34

 , (893927 .)
.
. 904 . ,
. , .
913 . . 914 .
. 918 .
[23]. 924 . .
.
,
. .
971 . , ,
. , ,
.
* * *
,
.
. ,
10.12. . 9. . [24]
.
,
. , (
, ), ,
(. . 6). [25]
9.
.

23. . 1959, 248258 ( ).

24. . 1992, 15, 36 ., 113240 ( ).
25. -. (- ) . . 1974, 62, 67, 7273 . II.
711; . 1983, 213214, . 3; . 1981, 2227; -
; . 1989, 247257. -: . 1988, 5761 . 1980,
4851.

35

 ,
( 8. ).
. ,
() , . ,
,
.

, .
, , , . (. . 7. 108, 147, 164, 175). [26]

. 7. - -, 4 . , . , 9.10.

26. . Poulik . 1985, 14, . 3.1, 10, T. I ; . III (.

-) . . 1994, 462, . 105, 17;
- , ,
.
; . ( ,
); ;
, . ( ) - ,
(), (. ) .
36

III. 4. :
1. .

.[27] :
. , ,
(9691018 ).
()
969 . . 976 . ,
. , ( ,

. 8. , (o ) . ,
( . )

), II.
.
. 986 .
, -

27. , .
(1959), . (1985, I) . (1985, III), . (1961).
37

 (, ).
, (987 .)
.
.
, 995/6 .

. 9. II . 1017
.

.
II , 997 .
38

 . 1000 . II
( ) () , 1001 . ,
; 1002 . ,
.
. , II,
.
1014 . II .
, - (10 )
,
. .
, , .
.
.
,
1016 . ,
. 1018 . ,
.
.

III. 4.2.
, ,
. ,
() ()
.
, ,
, (, , )
(, , ) (, ; :
).
() .

39


. 7. 11. ,
( ). -,
. [28]
. ,
, (843856)
. .
( )
,
() . , ,
, .

, . [29]
, , .
30 , 35
II 1018 . [30] ,
.
II
( 1018, 1020 1025 .). [31]
, , , - ,
( ) ( ).

.
.

. .
-

28. N. Svoronos 1966. 3, 9 . 1985, I. 524 . 899; . Dunn 1994, 6030; W. Mller-Wiener 1986,
434475 .
29. . 1959, 219221 . 1985, I, 524.
30. . 1931, 526.
31. , 520 . (. 67) ( )
. ( ) .

40

 , .
, ,
. . - 4
, , . [32] , .
. ,
(). 10.
11. c .
.

, .
(. VII).

1. , , , ,
. :
. 32 ,
, .
(
, , ).
. . , 20 38
, - (. ).
. ,
. , . , 12 (. ).

2. . ,
8 . 9.
, . 10. 11. .
. , 14 . 14.

32. . - 1956, 4060 5457, .

. 198485, 3345, ,
,
.

41

 (). :
. ()
, ( ?);
, , .
. , ?
. , 3 .
4 , 15 .
, . ,
, .
. .
, , .
, ( )
, . ?
(),
II 1014 . 1018 . 14. ,
, .

3. . . ,
(), 8 .
: . :
, , .
.
, . , ( ).
.
,
1016 . , 11 .
.
4. , (?), . .
:
, . , .
14.

42

 .
(), . , 24 . . ,
.
, . . , 2 .
5. , .
. :
, . , .
, . ( ). ,
. .
, ,
. .
. .
.
- 2 . II 1015 .
(, ) , ,
.
. 2 . . . , .
.
. .
. ?
, .
, 12.
, , 8 .
. 1190 .
13. , 14. . [33]
.
, :
, ; .
.
, , (, ).

33. . p, 1933, 3377.

43

, 20 . , .
11. , 13. . 14. 9
, , . .
-,
,
. : , , , ,
, . , (), .
, , (:), 5
.
.
1016 . , .
,
.
.

. ,
,
.

.
. ,
,
()
. (10.11. ) .

, , . .
,
, .
1018 . .

44

III. 4.3. 9. 10. .

. 5. 6.
. (. II.2.A)) 17 .
, II ( 22 23).

( ; ;
; )
( ? ; ? ),
.
.
9. .
.
, , - .
7. ,
, 2
:
, .
() ,

.
.
-
.
.
9.10. .
, - .

45

 6. , .
,
10. . , ,
.
.
.
, .
(. II.2.) 230!
10.12.
. .
.
().
( ) .
, .
,

. , ,
( , , ,
).
.
, 9. 10. , ,
(, , ).

. (. VII).

46

IV. 11. 12.

1. . .
2. . .

IV. 1. .
, ,
II
.
.
. .
14. .
3 ; 14. .
. 12. 13.
, .
11. .
.
, , .
. [1]
II , (
), . , .

1. ,
. III, 1966, 262 . 14; 267 . 34; 294 .

47

 .
. ( )
() .[2]
. 1040 .
(, ). ( )
. .
, . , ;
. . [3]
, ,
() (
. . I. 2).
1035 .
. , ,
, ,
(), (). 1048
., , 1064 .,
. [4] .
, .
, 1081 .
. [5]
1072 .
. .
, . , ,
, .
, , . [6]

2. . 1985, I, 252 .14; 267 . 34; 294 .

3. . 1959, 308309.
4. . III, 1966, 164 (. ); 255 (); 229 (. ).
5. . III, 378 ( I, . 151, 2023
11. ).
6. . 1985, 726770; . 1959, 327328.

48

 , .
,
.
1081 . , ,
. 1082 . ,
. ,
. c 1088 . 1097 .
.
. 1107 . 3.400
. ,
()
. [7]
,
. .

IV. 2. .
(10811185 .).
, .
.
. ,
.
,
.
.
:
.
, ,
, , ,
.

7. . III, 379382 ( ); . 1959, 337, 344.

49

 . ,
, , .
-
. (. II)
,
. ,
.
, 11.12.
.

. , 4., 5. 6. ,
.
. , , ( ),
, .
: . . , . , . , .
, ; , . , ; . . . , ;
, . . , , , . (. , . VII).
11. .
, . . ,
III, 11.
. . , . ,
, , , ; , ()
; ; ( );
; .
, . - 50 ,
11. . , .
II (. 8. ) , ,
X , - . (
IX X) , .

50

 :
, , ,
, , . (), ,
,
.

: , ( ) II; . ,
( X): (5 VII);
( ). , ,
, 100 1050-1080 (
).
* * *
11. .
.

.

. ,
. 11. 12.

, . , 8. 10.
,
.
11. ,
. ( ) ,
1050-1080 .
. ,
, .[8]

8. . : . 1955, 1722;
. 1965 (); . 1968, 199206; . 1978, 159187; . 1983, 83
108 1987, 221236; . . 1994, 85112. . 1981 ,
13. 14. .

51

 , , 12. .
12. 13.
. , , , 10.000
; , , 5.000. 1.000
, (. ) ,
, , . 12.
,
12. .
* * *

. 30-
. :
. .
. ,
, ().
, , ,
.
,
. ,
, - .

52

V. 13. 14. .
1. : j . - , ,
j. - j 13. 14
2. j 12. 14. :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. j ()

V. 1. : . ,
, . 13. 14 .
( 10811185 .)
, .
, . 1185 .

. ,

. 1190 . ; ,
() . . [1]

.
.
1094 . ()
, .
, 1199 . .
. 1204 .
()

1. 13. 14.
. , , .
( . , . , . , . . III. IV .),
.

53

 .
, . ()
() .
.
13. . ,
(. )
:
. 13. , c, e
.
.
,
.
13. . 1201 . .
1202 . . , , 1205 .
. (1207 .)
, ,
. ,
. , 1215 .
.
. , .
1216/17 . , , .
1230 . II
. 1241 . . 1246 .
, , 1254 .
, . II
, 1256 . II
. 1258 . , I , .
, .
. 1265 . , 1270
. , 1282 .

54

 .
1392 .
.
: , , , , ,
1328 1330 ., , , 1334 . , ,
1282 1295 .

V. 2. 12. 14. :
V. 2.1.
11. 12.
14. .
,
.
, (. VII).
,

.
()
, .
, ,
- . .
,
, . ,
, ?
11. 14.
.
: , ,
. 11., 12. 13. c ,
. , c,

55

 , 13. 14.
(), .
, 12.
500 ,
. , 500
() 1255 .
. [2] , ,
40 .
- 11. 12.
, .
. [3]
, ,
. , 1082/83
, , (, ). ,
()
( ), , . [4]
- (. ).
1199 . ,
() .
, ,
. ,
,
.
.
( ) ,
, 220 .! ( , . )
14 , .
11. 14. .
, c (

2. . 1989, 8388, 9293.

3. . III, 1966, 380, 381 ( II, . 2021, 23).
4. . III, 1966, 381.

56

 ).
,
. 2-4 ,
.
( ) (
) .
.
12. 13. ,
.

. .
.
,
14. .
( ). ,
; 12. 13. . , ,
, .
. , .
, .
.
1300 . -
() - .
() ,
. -- . ,
().
-.
(, )
, .
13. 14. .

57

 14. , .
, . ,
().
; . ,
, , ,
.
, .
.
30
. , .

, , . :
, , ,
. 14. ,
.
, ,
. 13. 14.
( 1190 .).

. , 15. ,
.
.
-, ,
. ,
10-12 .
4-6 .
10- ,
. ,
. 30- .
.
,

58

 Kpaj.

. , .
, , .
14. . ( 1330 .)
, .

, c .
,
. 7 ( 13. 14. ),

(). 14. , .
( )
.
, . ,
14. .
, .
,
, .
( )
. . ,
4 ,
. , ,
,
.
.
(, ) ,
, , , 11.
14. . . ,

59

 .
,
, .
(14. )
.
,
.

V. 2.2. .

,
. , , ,
.
.
.
13. 14. ,
.
- ,
. ,
.
,
.
. .
,
.
.
,
. ; ,
.

, , -

60

 .
.
, ()
.
,
. 13.
, , , ,
.
,
, , ,
.

14. ( ).
, 12.
.
12.
13., 14.
. 13. 14.
.

, 13. 14. . ,
: ( ,
); (); (); .
: ( ); (
); ( ); (); , ;
() ( ); .
, , . (), ,
, , , . : , ,
(), , , . [5]

5. . 1912, 704 . . 1975, 70, 71.

61

Bo ,
.
: . 137

.
(. 124), , ..
.

V. 2.3. .
11. 12. , .
,
. , c, ja . 9
, 13.14. , ;
(. -, ; . ). 16
. (), .
,
, , , .
. ( )
.
() . 1230 .
(12281230) .
, , (), , .
, - .
.
, ,
,

62

, .
, . [6] ,
14. , .
(, , , , .).
.
14. .

, , , .

. ,
. 12821330 .
, .
.
, .

, .
,
.
,
. , ()
, .

V. 2.4. .
,
, .
() .
,
.

6. . 1978, II, 173176 (. IX).

63

 .
. [7]
, 14. .
(1371 .)
, c .
, .
,
. , .
. ; .
. ,
, , .
.
. ,
c ,
.
14. . , 4 , .
1 , . , 6
7 .
, .
, .

V. 2.5. .
, ,

.
,
.
.
.

7. . 1983, 285298.

64

 . .
.
. ,
.
. .
,
. .
,
. [8]
() .
, , , ,
. , (, )
, .
( ) .
610 ,
. . ,
, 100 55 , 8 .
() .
(
) ;
2,85 .
, , ,
, , ,
. .
, .
. ()
( ) .
, . , 3

8. W. Hotz 1975, 26, 27, Z 21 /Ortenburg/; 38, 39, Z 34 /Eltz/; 101, 102, Z 62 /Trifels/, ; 205, 206, Z 119
/Rapottenstein/; 207. 208, Z 120/Churburg / co .

65


.
,
() ,
, . .
.
,
? [9] .
.
11.13.
. 14.
, ,
.
c .

V. 2.6. ()
(. I)
, 14. .
, 15. 16. .
. , [10]
. .

.
. ,

9. . 1992, 1019.
10. c . 14. 17. , .
1971, 1176. , , .

66

.
. , . ,
,
.
15., 16. 17. .
. [11]

. .
. .

, . , , . ,
.

.
.
. .
, , , ,
, , ,
.

.

. , , ,
, , , .
,
. ,
. . . .
. , .
.

11. , . . 30, 33 ., 117 ., 133138.

67

VI.
1. :
.
. ;

.
. (7.10. ) ,
, .
6. . ,
.
( )
.
.

. II 1015 . () ; , .
,
.
,
68 .
, .
660 , 1,7 , 78 .
9.000 3 . 120150 () .
20
,

68

 , ,
, 68
.
. ,
.
.
.
, 70
, .

.
; .
.
, .
,
. ,
,
.

. , .
(), . . ,
()
. .
, .

. ;
. , , ,
.
, .
, ,
, ,
. , .

69

 ,
. ,
.
,
.

; .
, , . 13. 14.
.
(, , , .) 5. 6.
, .
, . ()
. .
, .
,
8. 9. , .
. , , .
,
.
, -,
.
. [1]
, . ,
,
.
.
, 893 .
. ,

1. . 1969, 141164, . . 1982, 77144

, , ,
. . . 172, 18.

70

 . , 971 . ,
.
.
. . ,
.
.
, .
.
. ,
. (. , . VII). ,
(). 5. 6.
.
9. 10. .
,
.

.
, .
.

, 23 .
,
.
. , .
,
.
,
.
* * *

71

 ,
.
, ,
.
.
, .
, .
,
.
, . ,
, ()
. ;
, , , 3 .
.
1041 . ,
.
.
, .
8 ,
. . ()
. (
) , , . [2]
,
, I

( 1091 .). ( 1107 .)
,
. [3]

2. Gy. Moravcsik 1958, II, s.v. Var.

3. III, 1966, 385-386. 391 ( II. . 153).

72

VI.
VI. 2. .
1. 11. 12.
2. 13.
3. 14.

1. 11. 12.
1. () 1967 .
, ,
11. 14. .
(. . 141, 142). C.XIV
, .
, ()
, .
.

(, , ). ,
, ,
. [4]
.
( .
).
; () , c,
. ,
( ).
, 2
. ( )
. , .
, .
,
.

4. . Hahn 1961, 24 u. w.

73

 ( ),
. ,
.

. ,
. , (
), .
() 1190 .
. .

2. 13.
2. 13. .
12. 13. .
,
, , .
, .
.
1,4, 1,3. 1,1 . 6.
1,71,8 , 3 4,30 , 13.
. .
.
, ,
. ,
, .

- , .
, ;
, ( ).
13. .

. ,

74

 .
,
. , - .
,
.
, , ,
. , ,
. 13. .
1255 II
, . . ,
, , ,
.
,
.
* * *
,
, .
12. 13. ( ,
)
. . 13.
,
. 1282 1334 .
,
.
()
. 11. 12.
, (. 130).
,

75

 .
. .
,
. , ().
.
, .
, ,
,
. ,
,
.
. .

3. 14.
3. 14. ,
, .

.

, ,
( ).
. ,
. ,
, .
. , , ,
.
14. .
:
; .
. (
1371 .) .
.

76

 , ;
(V.5).
.
.
. ,
.
, () , .
() 2
(U) . .
3.4. ,
(, , ). 13.
. ,
2 , U-.
14. . [5]
(, , , , .)
2 .
() 14. 2 U-. [6]
, () 14.
2 U-. [7]
14. 15. ,
. (
14. 15. ; 6 ) (, ,
1403 .). U-. [8]
U- , .
, ,
. ,
- .

5. W. Hotz 1975, 188 u.w.; H. Hahn 1961, 17 u.w.

6. . . 1975, 9397, . 112 . .
7. . Spahiu 1975, 151159, sl. 5.
8. . 1950, 101, . 82 103104, . 41, 84.

77

 8,20 , 5.80 . (. 2 ).
14.
, . c . 14.
, ,
.
, () .
2,30 , ()
2,85 !
, ( ).
14. ,
.
, 7
. , 2 2
. ,
.
, .

. , ,
.
()
.
,
.
, .
14. ,
.
. (. 7 8
) ;
.
.
:

78

 ( 15. ); ; (140718 .); (,

15. ); ( 14. ) . (); ( 14.
); ( 14. 15. ). [9]
13, 14.
, .
12. .[10] , ,
, . 13. 14.
, (
; ; ; ,
.). 14. .

.
( ) . (
) () . ,
.
, .
.
( ; . 151), .
. 21.60
8 ,
. 2,5 ( 4,80) 89
. ( ).
().
, 90 x 70 . 2
( 12 .), .
14. . .

( ; 1326

9. , 3842, 112113 (101190), . 25, 29, 9496, 112118, 130134, 171172, 177180, 183190.
10. . Board 1979, 99100, 109111; W. Hotz 1975, 16, 4244.

79

. .). [11]
, , 10 8
12 (. 177, 178). ,
, ()
.
.
, .
, , . ,
13 x 9 .
14. .
.
14. - (
3 9 ). , 9,5 8,5
12 . ,
.
, .
, 8 7,6 . 14. .
(. ) ,
. 10 8,3 .
14..
.
. 14. . ,
. 12,5 x 12
, , 18 .
,
- .
14. .
, . ,
45 , , .

11. W. Hotz 1975, 22, 23, 127.

80

 ,
.

VI.
VI. 3.
VI. 3.1.
,
, ,
, .
, , , , ,
.
: , ,
. :
:
; ;
.

,
.
. .
, (. , . VII)
, .

. .
1992 . . [12]
. ,
7.14. . 100
, .

12. . . 1993, 265272, .

81


.

.
. .

. .
, .
.
,
. . ,
. ,
6 , , , 4 ,
. ,
, . . [13]
,
- ( ). (
), ,
, . 4
. [14] 10. .
.
-,
. ,
. (), .

. :
,

13. , ,
.
, . ,
.
14. . 1994, 461 ., . 105, 106, 107. . . . 1993, 265272 ( ).

82

 .
. . .
10. , 11.
, . [15]

( ): , , , ; , , ,
() . 10. 11.
, .
-,
. . ,
.
. ( )
.
, 13.14. .
-
( ) , c .
, , ,
.
(. . 24, 60, 66, 80, 105, 108, 113, 153, 164).
* * *
,
.
(. ) .
. .
( )

15. . - 1977, . 10, 16, 34, 39, 44, 47 ( , , ),

; 10.12. .

83

 (. 6). [16] , ,
. ,
, .
()
, - . 9. 10. .

, - ().
.
. ,

(. 6).
- .
,
. [17]
( ) .
-
.
.
, (. 6). . . [18]
( 9. 10. , ,
.

. .
, , , ,

.
,
(. 6). , ,
. -

16. . 1989, 247257.

17. . 1980, 4851; . 1988, 5761.
18. . Waldbaum 1983, 136, pl. 51.
84

 9. ( 10.) . [19]
, .
() .
. , .
.
( ; . 175).
()
6.8. . II
, .. II 800
. 9. . [20]

.
9. ,
. ,
.
- .
-.
- (; . 6).
, , ()

() .
10. .
. [21]
,
. ,
;
. .
, .

19. . - 1986, 165168, . 4. , 10. ,

-, .
20. . 1980, 7879, . 106.3, 10 . 112, 2, 6, 10.
21. . 1974, 5781, . II, 10, 11.

85

-, , ;
2-3 .
.

VI. 3.2.
,
.
6. 7. .
,
. ,
: , , , .
- 8.-9. ( , ,
.) .
( )
. .
, .

, (. . 10).
() (8.9.

. 10. , 12.14.

86

), (),
(. 3).
. -
.
.
,
. [22]
(9.12. ):
, , , , (. 11, 15).
.
.
, c e .
, . ,
- ,
. (. .
9). 986 .
II:

. 11. , , 10.12.

() ().

22.
. . . 1966. III. . 1955,
, . .
87

 .
. ,
(. ) ,
().
, .
; ,
. ,
. ,
8.11. , . [23]
, 13.14. (. 12).

. .
: , ,
, .
() ();
.
(. 10 , . VII).

. 12. , ; 13.14. . , ,

. , .

23. . . 1977/78, 143208.

88

 .
.
.
,
, 11.14. .
. [24] ,
. .
-
.

. ,
.
.
,
.
, (Aconitum napellus).
, .
. . [25]
6.
.
1172 1189 .
, .
() . 1559 .

24. . 3.5. .
W. Bhme 1974, 110111, Taf. 27, 67, 71, 77, 91, 111, 132, 137, 143. : . Kalmar 1945, 283294.

, , (. , . , .
. . ) . . Uenze 1992, Taf. 40, Nr. 4554, Taf. 41, Nr. 147.
. 9.
11. , , . . Waldbaum
1983, 37, Pl. 4 (); . 1966, 2131, . 3 . () .
25. . II, 1952, 108.

89

 c .
, , .
II 1017 .
200 . 1083 .
(), () . [26]
. , , ;
.
(), .
,
. .
II (. 9) ,
- 12.14. (. , ,
.).

. 13. , . ; 14. ( .
)

-,
. , .
,
: , ,
. [27]
, .

26. III, 1966, 382.

27. . II, 1952, 108109.
90

,
, 14. .[28]
(. 13).
12.14. ,
.
( )
. , , -
.
13. 14. ,
:
1 . - ,
10 - .
2 - .
3 , ,
. : , . , ,
. : , , (
); ; ( ). [29]

. 14. ( ) , , 12; 13. ( . )

-
(). : (), ,
(), (. 14) . ,
; 13. -

28. . 1995, 227230, . 1, 2, .

29. . II, 1952, 105106.

91

 (), .
12. 13. . [30]
,
. , ,
.

. 15. () , , : , ; 10.11. ( .
)

30. R. Koch 1982, 80, Abb. 19.

92

 (- ) ,
. (. 15) 18 ,
- ,
( , .). [31]
2 ( ), .
, , , (
), ., .

VI. 3.3.
, , , .
,
, -, , .
,
. .
.

. 16. (), 12.14. ( .).

, ,
. .
.

31. . 1980, 103 109, 7. . .

. , 1011. .
1112. .
93

 .
, , ,
, () , , , . (.
. 16).
, .
, ,
(, , ?) (-,
). c .

VI. 3.4. .
(. IV.2)
11. . , . ,
II 7080- 11. . [32] ,
, 11. .

.
12. ,
,
. ,
, . , 12.
() , .
. [33]
c . ,
( ) ;
, -

32. . . 1994, 85102, ,

(67 ). , ,
.
33. : . 1955, 1722; . ,
1968 (); . 1968, 199206; . 1978, 159187: . 1983, 83108 1987,
221236.

94

 .
( ) .
.
. . ,
, . ,
.
13.
.
; .. . (1185
1204 .) . ,

. ,
, , , .
, .
1204 1261 .
. 12. ,
,
. ,
13. , , .
, ,
.
. :
, 24 ( 3 ): 3
, 12. .
, , 1970 . 1257 12. .
60 .
, 13 : 1975 . 910.000 12. (
, ).
: 5.000 12. . .

95

 : 1953 . 634 , 12. .

:
, : 660 12. , 1950 . (
).
, 10 , : 1958 .
232 12. , 1204 .
, 22 : 2.000 11. 12.
. 1.000
, .
, 7 : 300 12. , 1953 .
, 9 : 192 , 12. .
: 1955 . 2.430 ( ).
, 10 : 1.000
12. (1955/6. ., ).
* * *

1204 1261 .
. VII, II III
. 123034
. ;
() .
; 14.
, , , ,
, ().
:
, . , ,
, , () ,
. , .
20 ,
96

 (1281/82 .)
(1371 .). (13851392 .).
: [34]
, , 1972 .:
, ( 1391/2 .).
: 10 2 , 14. ,
.
, : 11 ( ).
, 1953 .: 782 , 6 . 4 265
1311 . ( ).
, 1974 .: 4.300 225 , 1281/2 . (
).
, 1925 .: ,
.
, 1928 .: , 273 ()
1346 . .
: I I , 345 .
1371 .
II 1959 ., . 14. .
: I . . 1965 .: 1298 6 ,
. .
II . : 18 , 1372 .
III , : 102 8
. 1378 . .
( ), 1950 .: 25 1371 .
: 17 , , 1371 .
, 1969 . : 340 ()
( ).
: 20 , (1371 .). .
, , 1930 .: 30 , 1350 . (
).
, 1938 . ( ).
, 1939, : 90 , 1371 . (
).
, 1952/54 .: 16 , 14. ( ).

34. . 1955, 1722; . 1981.

97

* * * *

.
.
, .
.
.
.

VI. 3.5.
,
. ,
,
.
.
.
, .
. ,

,
.
.
,
.

.

98

. .
9.
14. , .
11., 12. . ()
.
, , .. .
: , , , . 12.
. [35]

. 17 , -; , , 13. 14. ( .
)

, , ()
. ( ), -, , , (
) . (. . 144, 133, 17, 85). ( 11. 12. ) ,
. 13. c , .
, , -

35. c Ch. Morgan, 1942. : . 1964; .

1967; . 1981.

99

 .
(, .),
. 14.
; .

. .
- , , .
, . ( )
( ),
() . , , ,
. , ,
. (
. . [36]

. .
.
: , .
. ,
, . , .
(.VII) ,
( , ; 14.
). , ,
-, 9.10.
(. . 143).
() . [37]
,
. ,

36. . - 1973, 1421.

37. . 1986, 298-306, ,
.

100

 .
. , .

. .

. .

(),
(, ).
- (
) .. .
11. 12. , .
. [38]
( ), ,
, (. .), ,
, ( ) .
, .
: ,
.
. ()
812 ,
. 4 ( 3, 2)
, .
( ) , (. . 131)
,
, -.
, , .

38. . . ( . ) 1980, 128

129, . 1992, 131, 132, . 74.

101

 .
.. .
14. 11.12.
. , .

, ( ), .
,
, ,
.

102

 ......... 103-128

VII.

(, ) ,
. , .
,
. :
1. .
. .
. .
-,
.
.
, .
(
, ) : , ,
.
2. . ,
. ,
.
,

129

 , .,
. .
3. . :
( ),
(, , , ).
,
.
, ( ),
.
4. .
() ,
.
.
.
, .
5. .
.
, , ( );
(). ,
,
, . .
.
, ( )
() .
,
. ,
.

130

6. . ,
.
20- .
, , , .

. ,
, , .
.

.
, ,
10 ( 20 ). 13
, .
7. . ,
, ,
.
.

. ( ,
, , , )
.
.
. , . , . .
(). , .

131

 1
,

[ ?; (?); ; ; ; ?; ?; ?; ?; ; ;
?; ?; ; ?; ; ; ?; ?; ; ; ; ; ?;
; ]
132

[ ; ?; ?; ?; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
?; ; ?; ; ; ; ?; ?; ; ?; ; ;
; ; ? ]
133

[ . ?; ?; ; ?; ; ?; ; ; ?; ?; ; ; ;
. ]

134

 1.
10
. ,
. :
. ,
.
, :
, .
.. , .
.
, (, ).
.
.

()

, (100 100 = 10.000 2)

; , .
? (
, , ) .

135

VII.

1.

. . . 18, 19.
.: . 1979, 156; . TIR, 31.
. , ,
- . - - .
2070 ;
. ,
. , .
. ,
300 60 . 2 .
1. , . 0.8 ,
. ,
.
2. , 0,8 ,
. .
. ,
. 4. , 6. . :
4., 5. 6. , , 6. 7. ,
.
,

.
. , 55 50 .,
( )
. .
.
: , , , ,
(11.13. ) .
. ,


.

136

. 18. , , .
()
137

 ,
:
* * *
, .
1019 . .
.
12. : ( ?)
(= ?), ,

. 19. , , ; 11.13.

, , , (. 1971, 161, . ).
.
12.
(= , ) .
. .
(1931, 552), ,

. .
.
138

 .
. (1971, 161172)
, 5 . . .
( ) (4.5. ) .
, ,
,
. 3.6. . .

.
, ,
.

2.

( ?). . 2022.
.: 1957, 188194; . 1974, 347368; 1966, 5161;
1980, 1721; - 1980, 111122 1981, 113120; 1992, 113117.
. (),
. 50 ,
, .
, - - .
. , ,
. 2. . . 6.
. : (2. ), (4. ), 3
( 5. 6. ). , 2., 4. 6. (),
8 , 6. 5 .

139

 ,
. 4. 6. .

. 20. . ()
(?) () () ?

. - (
586 .), . c
2 . ,
.
: , , ( = ).
.
(19611974 .),
, ,
, 10.13. .
250300 , (198086).
10.13. .
.
() .
, 80100
.

140

 3 ,
. .
, ,
, .
0,8 1,5 , .
, .

. 21. . 1016/17 .: ( . ).

..
1016/17 . (. 1970, 1160).
, .
, c ,
, .
.
10.

141

 , ,
II 1014 .
. 1018 .
II 3 . -
. , 1082 . ,
; 1200 . ; 1230
. , ; 1246 . ;
1252/53 . ; 1257/58 . II ,
, . 1330 . , 1385 .
.
,
.
. , 11. 12. (, , )
,
(, , ).
(. 1989, 83104). , 12. c
, ( I 1153 .
a castro Pelagoniae).

,
. ,
, .
() ( 1467/8 .
463 ) ,
.
.
15 ,
. . ,
. .
, .

142

 ,
. 10.12. ,
( 1978, 1980 1994 .).
.

. 22. , , 10.12. (6.

68) (. 15, 9; . )
143

.
.
.: . 1954, 122; . TIR, 46; . 1992, 117.
. 2 360
(1105 ..). 2
, .
. ;
( ) 180 90 (1,3 ). ,
. : 5.
6. . I II,
.
. .
: ,
, , (12.13. ).
3 66 ( 198688 .,
); 10.12. .
,

.

.
.: . 1954, 127; . TIR, 136.
. 1 1
.
, -.
.
.
, , 10-
.
; 6. .
,
( ).
144

 .
.
11. 13. .
3 (-),
12. 13. . .
4 ()
.

()
, . . 6, 23, 24.
.: . TIR, 136; - 1978, 117120.
. ,
, 140 (560 . .), 3 .
. 3
. ,
.
. - ,
- ( ).
.
. ,
3 . ,
. .
. , 5 ( 8 ).
,
.
, 16. . I (191718)
. ,
.
.

145

. 23 , , .

146

 , 5. 6. .
. ;
13.14. .
1,5 . (197678 .)
. , 11. 14. .
-, - (10.11. ; . 6,
24).

. 24. , , -, 10.11. ( . )

6. (13.14. ?),
16. ( ). , .
, .

.
.
1331 ( 1334) . . ,
, .
, .

147

 8 , .
,
9.12. . .

()
, . . 25, 26.
.: 1964, 43; . TIR, 121; 1980, 97110.
. 1 3,5
. 6070 .
.

( ) .

. 25. , (), 6. ,
( ?).
148

 . 6.
I II;
. 195 164 (2,5 ).
.
, . 6. .
300600
- , .

. 26. , , , ; 10.11. ; ( .
)
149

 . ;

. 10.12. : 18
( ), , , .;
. 13.14. .

1330 . ( , , ).

. .
. ,
, .
. - .

.

3.

, . . 27.
. , 2 .
2 , 150
250 . , .
(),
. , ,
.
. , 250 2060 ,
.
, , .
, ,
.
:
, .
150

 4. 5. ,
. ,
-.

. 27. -, , .
()

.
; .
, .
12.13. .
, ,
, .
23 ( )
.

, . . 28, 29.
. 2 . 200
(938 ..); , ,
. ,
.

151

. 28. , , ,

152

 .
.
. ,
100 40 . .
.
5. 6. , , ,
.
.
.
11., 12. 13. , 14. ; .

.
13. 14. () .
.
.

. 29. , , ; 10.12.

893 .
( ).

. 2,5 ,
(), .
153


, . . 30, 31.
.: . 1933, 175176; . TIR, 42.
. 75
(596 ..), . .
, (
); .

. 30. , , . 13.14.
( )

. .
, .
, ,

154

. 30. , , ;

155

 3 . : , ,
6. . .
-
.

. 31. , , 13.14.

.
13.14. . , ().
160 52 (0,7 ). .
(), 8x8,5 , , 5 .
, .
, .
, .
, - ( 14. ). ,
.

156

 .
2,5 . ,
( , .),
. : ,
(10.12. ), 13. ( ),
14. .

. , 13. 14. .
, .
,
, .
, .

()
, . . 32.
.
, 1 1 . 140 (915 ..),
, , .
,
.
.
, 80 60 (0,3 ). 6. ,
. , . :
, .

,
.
.
. ,
, .
1213 . ,
. -

157

. 32 , , , (
)

.
:
.
,
. , .

. . 33, 34.
.: . 1989, 56; . 1987, 123124.
.
250 . 1 ,
. , ,

158

 ( ) ,
. .
.
. , 190 40 (0,6 )
, . :
, , ,
; 6. , 4., 5. 6. .
(5. 6. ).
,
.
.

. 33. , , , ( )

. ;
.

159

 ,
, , .
(12.13. ) ( ) 13. .
.

. 34. , , , 11.13. .

. . 35, 36.
.: . 1987, 167175 ( ); . 1992, 121.
. 440 (1022 ..)
. .
. :
( ) ;
22
. ,
.
. .

160

. 35. , , , ( )

230 195 (2,5 ). . :

, , , 4. 5. ,
6.
.
, , 6.
9 ; .
,

161

 , ,
.
. ,
(10.13. ). ,
,
10.12. . ,
, 6. . 10.12. .
.
: 10.
, , - ,
. , .

. 36. , , 6. . 10.12.
( . ).
162


, . . 37, 38.
.: . 1928, 278280; . 1933, 53; . 1934, 183; . 1971,
255258; . TIR, 87.
. 1 .
160 (645 ..).
. 5
4 . , ,
, .

. 37. , , , ( )

. ,
120 50 . (0,4 ). ,
, . :
163

 4., 5. 6. . , ,
(, , , 3. 6.
, ). () .

. 38. , , , 12.14. .

. ;
13. (
I II (12821328), 12.
14. , , , , .
200500
(), .
, ,
14. , .
164

 .
, , .

. , , .

4.

. . 39, 40.
.: . 1972; . 1975, 271278; . TIR, 129.
. -- 0,81,3 (230430
..) 100300 ( ).
, .
. ,
. ,
.
. , ,
, . :
6.4. .. (3.6. )
. 10 .
, 3. 6. .
, 3. 4. .
6. , ,
. 200
-, . , 10,7 9,2
, 8 . 6. .
, ,
615 .

165

. 39. -, , .
( )
166

 II (641668) ( )
, ;
10.11. .
, (. .
) 4
, 4. . .
,
.

. 40. , , 7. 13.14.

. 45
, 6. .
.
3 , .
, ,
.
(13.14. ).
(),
, 13.
14.

167

. 14. . ; 1349
. ( )
1378 . (. 1912, 507, 512).
150 , (
).
, . .
3
(1975, 275 . 4).
, . .
2. 3. .
(),
, .
( ). .
(1972, 50) ,
11.14. . (.., 47)
13. 14. .
. (.. 1970, 119134) 15. 16. ,
. ,
.
, ,

.
.

5.

. . 41, 42.
.: . TIR, 132; . 1986,153; . 1992,121.
. , .
4070 . ,
-

168

. 41. , , .

169

 . ,
. .

.

. 42. , , , 11.13.

. , , 320 140 (3,2 ).

: II . 4. ..
2 . 6. ,
, .
( 19851990 .) ,
, -

170

 .
( ) .
6. ( II, 569/70 .).
,
(?). 10
.
.
( 0,4 ) .
, .
.
. 10.13. .
( ) .
10.13.
( ),
, .

6.
()
. . 43, 44.
.: . TIR, 101 ().
. 1,3 2
; 4 . 100
(300 . .), .
.

. 16
( -),
.

171

 .
, 110 120 . (0,6 ) .
,

. 43. , , .

. ,
. (
).
. ,
: , 13.
( ) .
172

 ,
. , , ,
. .
. .

. 44. , , , 12.13.

,
13. 14. , .
,
.

7.

. . 45, 46.
.: . 1970, 85; TIR, 57; . 1970, 8788; 1976, 262.
. 1 2,5
. 160
.
, ,
173

 , .
, .
.
, 140 50 (0,4 ).
.
, , -
. : , 4., 5.
6. .

. 45. , . , ,

. , ,
6. 12.13. .
13.
, . ,
, 1955 . 1.300
( ),
174

 12. 13. (. 1966, 85).

. . 11.
III . ,
1265 . 1300 . .
1452/53 1467/68 . ( 1989, 187).
. ,
.
, 1318 1343 .
, 1452/53 . 88 1467/68 . 108
. . ,
.
. (1976, 262263)
, 3

. 46. , . , , 12.13.

, (), . .
;
. , . ,
. .
175


( ?), .
.: . 1933, 3738; . 1970, 86; TIR, 59; . 1976, 263; .
1989, 189.
. . 4060
. ,
.
. .
. .
. ,
, . .
0,6 .
.
, 4. 5. .
, .
4. 5. .
,
.
.
. ,
.
1190 .
( ) (, 3738). 15.
. 1452/53 88
1467/68 . 108 ( 1989, 189).
,
. (, 78) . (1933, 39),
.
13. , , .
, ,

176

 ,
.
. .
,
.
, , .
,
. , :
1153 . ,
.
, .
,
(= ) . ,
, 1189/90 . .
.
1333 ( 1912, 298).
- , .
.
, , ,
1282 . ?(
1856, 108).
15. urbs Pologus
(). , ( )
, ( . I, 107). ,
. .

.

177


, . 47, 48.
.: . 1976, 264265; . 1970, 8386.
. 970 . ., 300
.
, 2530 . ,
. , ,
, .
.

. 47. , , . (
)

. .
, 120 60/50 .
,
. ( 6. 12.13. ?).
178

 , ( )
.
: , , 4. 6.
. , 2 ,
.
, .

.

. 48. , , , 12.14.

. , ,
. 12.13.
. ,
12.13. .
,
.
.
. (1976, 265) .
. ,
.
,
.
,
.
179

 ()
, . . 49.
.: . 1970, 8285, 88; , TIR, 118; . 1976, 266267.
. - 2,5 .
80 (690 ..),
. ,
. ,
.
. ,
.
, .
.
. 45 60/23 .
, 13.
14. . , .
, . 13 8 ,
4 . , .
, .
. , ,
.
(),
() 1218 .
2,7 . , , . .
,
( , , , )
. ,
, ()
. ,
, 56

180

. .

. 49. -, , . 13.14. (
)

, 13. 14. ,
. ,
.

181

 . 4 1467/68 .
, , ()
. , 4
.
.
(15. 16. ) c
, . (
) ,
.
,
. ,
.
.

8.

(), , .
.: . 1972, 110114 1977, 1924; . 1985, I, 837845.
. ()
, . ,
. , .

. .
, 13
. ,
16. .
, , (
), , .

182

 ( ) (
) , (
, 14. ).
() .
, 1108 .,
.
1519 1583 . (),
().
.

9.

. . 50, 51.
. 50-85 2 (930
..), . , ,
. , 1
( ).
.
. ,
1,2 . ,
6. . . :
4. 6. , . (6. )
. II
.
.
, 13. ( I).

, -

183

 .
. -,
, , .

. 50. , , .

. 51. , , 13.
184

 ()
. . 52, 53.
.: . 1969, 229; . TIR, 47.
. ,
70 . 3 3
. ( ,
)
.
. ,
. 154
53/30 (0,6 ), .
. 3
, -, .
. 40 .
: 4. 7. , (,
, , , ) ,
. 23
.
. (
) .

. : ,
(12.13. ), , (10.12. ),
13. ( ).

, .

185

. 52. , , , .

186


. . 54, 55.
.: . TIR, 138.
. () 5080
, ,
(790 ..). ( ,
)
.

. 53. , , ; 11.13.

( ).
.
. ,
. 0,7 ,
. : , 4., 5. 6. . ,
200 , (5.6. ).
187

. 54. , , , ( )

. 55. , , , 12.13.

188

 .
13. ( I).
,

. .

, . . 5658.
.: . 1972, 161171; 1977, 181191; 1986, 241.
.
. 70 (520 ..)
. 3 .
( ).
,
.
.
, 10-16 (,
-). , 3.
4. .
(5.- 6. ) ,
. () ,
, ,
. , . 1
- ,
. 5,3 . 5.6.
4. : , (),
,
0,5 .
.

189

. 56. , , ?

190

 : (1969 .), 6. ,
(), .
,
.
,
, .
, 5.6. .

. 57. , , 9.12.

.
, , :
, , , ; :
I (13. ); II; I .
.

, . 6.

191

. 58. , , 12.13.

9.10. .
. (
)
,
( , ,
).
II 1019 .
() (
192

, , , , ).
,
. , 3
.
. (1978, 99) (
, ) ,
, .

10.

, . . 59, 60.
.: . 1949, 191; . TIR, 34; . 1992, 228.
. 1,5 240
(845 ..). , ,
.
.
. , ,
3 , 200 125 (1,8 ).
. : , 4. 6. .
, ,
.
,
. . .
, ;
() ( 10. )
-.

;

193

. 59. , , , ( )

-. III
1329/30 ., ,
(). . ,
1343/4 1344/5 . ,
. ( . 1989, 244).

194

. 60. , , , 11.12.

, . . 61, 62.
.: . TIR, 60; . 1981, 101; . 1964, 43 1978, 285287; .
1877, 114.
. 160
. .
. , ,

(), , 195

 , . ()
2 .
. ,
, 12 .
, 8 . 2 ,
. : 3. 6. ;
. .

. 61. , , ( ).
( )

. ,
, 90 30 .
,
196

 . () ,
: ,
: 11. , 12. 13. . (
).
.

. 62. , , o 10.13.

, , ()
.
III 1329/30 .
, , ,
(. 1989, 254). c
; ,
( 1877, 114).
.
. (1964, 43) , ,
. (1978, 28587)
, , ( ).
, 197

; (6. ) .
.

(), . . 63, 64.

.: . 1981, 93; . 1981, 64.
.
, . 130 (847 ..),
. , - .

. 63. , , , 13.14.

. : , ,
.
.
, 4.1. ..
, 4 .
. ,
198

. 64. , , , (
)

199

 , .
, , , . :
, 4. 6. ,
, , .
. .
.
, .
( ): ,
, - (13.14. .).
13. 14. ( ; II . 14.)
16. .
() 2,8
13. 14. .
();
( . 1989, 330).

11.

, , . . 65, 66, 67.

.: . 1924, 177, 214, 515; . 1973, 173197 1983, 211218.
. - 2,3 ,
.
.
, 400 130 . ,
, ;
.
,

200

. 65. , , ().
( )

201

 .
.
, .
.
17 ; (),
,

. 66. , , , 10.12.

4. . . ,
. , .
.
5. 6. .
202

 .
, . 170
40/50 . , 50 20 .
, .
. ,
.

. 67. , , , 10.13.

, :
, .. ,
, (10.13. ), ,
. - 9.10.
(. 6). : , IV, IX (
10. 11. ); , VIII, II IX ( 13. 14. ).
.

203

 , .
12.13. .
.
.
, 2,3 (12. ).

. (= , , ),
(9. ). ,
, 9. 10.
.

,
10 .
() , 15. 16. .

, , . . 68, 69.
.: . 1924, 433435; . 1971, 269285; 1975, 190191; .
1989, 125127.
. , 80
, 2 . ,
; .
, ,
(
). ,
. . ,
45 . : , 3.1, . .
, 140 155 . 7 .
6. ,
.
1959-61 196768 .

204

. 68. , , , .
( )

205

 , ,
4., 5. 6. . ,
, .
.
, ( 56
30 ). 4 (, 1924).
(?) ,
. : ,
, 13. .
,
( 2 ) .
, ,
, ., .
, ,
.
, 3 - ( )
. 13. () 15.16. ().

. 69. , , (13.14. )

15. 16.
( 1981, 63). () ,
.
, 14.
.

206

12.
()
. . 70.
.: . TIR, 17.
. , 1
.
100 (872 ..).

. 70. , , ,

207

 10,5 . 7
. ,
( ) 3 , .
.
, 1,4 . : , 4.
6. . 1 , ,
.
.
.
, ,
(, 9.10. ).
.
,
.

, .
.: . 1971, 15 .; . 1981, 75; . 1987, 185; .
1989, 279;
. .
, 20
(633 ..).
, , .
.
.
( ).
.
;
3. , 4. 6. ( ).
. ,
150 100 . 208

 , .
. .
1929 . 302 14. ( ; ,
).
. II 1020 . ;
11. ; 13. , ; ;
1265 . ; 1300 . ; 1468 . ().
( 10. 13. ),
,
. 1257 . , 1282 1297 .
. ; 1468 .
217 , 14 ; 1519 . 20 .
9.10. .

. 71. , , 10.13.

. . 71, 72.
. 1 .
, 300
.
.
209

. 72. , , ,

210

 . , 8
; , 16,5 ; ,
, ,
.
, 3 .
. (2.1. . .).
.
. 0,3 . : ,
, (6. ). .
.
, , 10.12. .
.
,
, , .
, , .

13.

, . . 73, 74.
.: . 1978, 9396; . 1983, 133142 1991, 235246.
. ,
. , 0,6
. ,
120 . , .
, .
, , ,
.

211

 . ,
( 2.6. ).
, .
: , .
, ,
.
, .
, . .

. 73. , , .
( )

0,60,8 , .
c ,
, . 212

 () (5. ), 6.
3 . , 12.13.
, .
.
. ,
6. .

. 74. , , o 5. 6. ; o 12.13. ( .
)

. : , 12. 13. (
).
213

 , .
(12.13. )
, .
200 , 12. .
,
- . . 105 ( 16
) 12.13. .

. 75. , o 105; 12.

,
, ,

. 16 ,
. (1989, 6587) .
( 865 .). , 214


( ) . ,
.
,
. .
,
,
.
II 1019 , .
12. ,
. ,
13. 14. ( ). 1348 . ,
.
13. ,

.

14.

?, . . 76
.: 1966, 118; . TIR, 94; . 1987, 129.
. 2
, , .
90 .
, . , . ,
, ,
.

215

. 76. , , , (
?)

216

 . .
180 120 (1,5 ).
, . :
, , 3. 6. .

. 120 60 (0,5 ).
10- , . ,
, .
. 60 , . 5. 6. .
. ,
. : ,
12. 13. () X ( 11.
).
, 200 .
,
.
, .
II 1019 . .

, ( )
. ,
.

15.

?, . . 77, 78.
.: . TIR, 59; . 198485, 38.
. 1 ,

217

.
- .
.
, 1025 , 7 .
. 2,5 ,
.

. 77. , , .
( ?)

.
. 460 220 .
3. 6. .
.
.
. 75 70 . ,
, .

218

 .
.
(12.14. ), ; ,
; 13. ( ).
, .
, c

. 78. , , (10.12. )

( ).
, , . ,
1864 . . 10.
.
, 13
, .
- . , .
.
219

 . (
). ,
.

. 79. , , . ,
?

II 1019 .,
. , ,
-.
220

 ,
.
, ;
. . (198485, 38 ) ,
- ,
, .

, . . 79, 80.
.: . 1974, 68, 69; . TIR, 67.
. 1,5 ,
, (). 90
. ,
1530 .
, ()
().
. .
( 110 55 .), ,
250 170 (4 ).
(4. 6. ). .
, , : ,
, , , .

.

.
4.6.
. 5
( 3. 7. ).
. , -

221

 , : ,
(12.13. ). ,
; (10.11. )
- (11. ); 4

. 80. , , , 10.13.

, (11. ) .
( , , ,
) .
,
(4
, ).
222

 II 1019 . .
, .
.
( ) .
,
, .

, . . 8183.
.: . 1952, 148168; . 1974, 207208; TIR, 7273; .
1982, 179180.
. 2 ,
. 100 (440 ..)
. .
( ),
.
. , 320 58/42 ,
.; 2 3. , ,
I ().
,
-,
.
6. 17 .
, ,
, 100 .
.
,
. 2,6 .
. .
, -

223

 .

. .
,

. 81. , , .
()

.
, . 300
6. . ,
. . ;
, 50
224

 30 (), .
.
. , ,
, . , . ,
-.

.
, (12.14. )
, II ( 8. )
12.13. ,
.

. 82. , , : ,

14.
.

225

, () .

. 83. , , : , 13. 14. ( II

8. )

, ,
. 3
, : ().

226


, . . 84, 85.
.: . 1974, 132 .; . TIR, 86; . 1989, 9599.
. ,
.
.
, , 1220 .
, , 1
.
. .
150 90 .
.
, ( 6. ).
(198386 .).
, 3. 6. .
() ,
. .
, ,

, .
. .
12.14. ,
, .
10.11. , ,
, (10.13. ).
. , 13.
14. , . , 23 ,
() ,
. 1,5 .

227

. 84. , , ,
( )

( ); 1308 11.
.

228

 ,
13. ,
.; .
. 13.14. .
( )
( ).
12 . ,
: . ( 1406/7 ., ); .
( 1628 .); . , . , . . , ( .
1950, 203208).

. 85. , , ; 13.14.

; 15. ;
() ( .
1981, 29, 63).

229

16.

. . 8691.
.: . 1966, 9102; . 1987, 171195; . 1988/89, 6587; .
1992, 141166.
. 10
, . , .
220 .
. ,
,
. ,
.

. .

. ,
; ,
, . .
.
. ,
.
,
. :
, .
,
. :
,
. () 6.
.

230

 . . 6.
, . ,
, , 10.
.

. 86. , , :
14. , ;
5, 6. , , ;
7. , , ;
8. , ;
9. 10. , , .

231

. 87. , , : 1, 2. ; 3.
; 4. (). 6. ()

232

 ,
II 1019 .
12. ,
(1186 .?). .
: ...() ,
. .
... ()
. , ,

. , , ...
(1199 .).
. 1201 .
, . ,
, 1205 . .
1207 . , .
.
( 1215 .) ( ) ,
1216 . . 1230 . . 1246 .
. 1328/30 .
. 1385 . 16.
, .
.
, .
(. . 86):
1. (), . , , .
17 . - .
220 ,
. , .
(. . 86 87, . 14):
.
-

233

. .
() ,
.
,

. 88. , , o 10.11. , o 5.6.

( . ) .

(, . 4 ) ;
. .
.
2. , . . ,
234

. 89. , o 11.13.
235

 . , 14 ,
.
, . ,
(. 5 6 . 86). ,
, .

. 90 , 11.13. ( . )

. 10. 14. .
.
3. .
. (. 7 . 86). ,
. , .
236

4. , ,
. ,

. 91. , , . , 10.12. ( . )

.
, 280
. ,
1.200 .
237

co 2 .
. 11. 13. .
5. , 40
.
. 10.11. ,
. 195052 . 11. 13. .
6. 400 . 195254 .
5. , 10.
(. 10 ; . 88). 500 ,
10. 17. (. 1966). .
.

17.

. . 92, 93.
.: . TIR, 57.
. 0,5 . 70 ,
. ,
. , c
3

. 92. , , .
.
238

 5 .
.
.
230 50 (1 ).
,

. 93. , , (12.14. )

; , ,
. : (, , ,
.).
.
. ,
,
.
(1329/30 .),
.
. .
239

. 94. , . :

240


, . . 9499.
.: . 1961, 3558; . 1964, 589590; . 1961, 1533 1970, 171175;
. - 1975, 1109 1986, 107128 1986-2, 249265; .
. : I, 1985, 1172. . 1986, 225, 238-240 (. 7).
. (),
80 .
, .
. ;
, .
3. 2. . . ,
.

.
.
5. 6. ;
8 .
( ), ,
. 8-10 , ( ) 1 .
479 . .
. 6. .
, 7. 8.
. , . 9.
.
. 886 .
.
() ,
. 9.10. ,
.

241

 (
), 10 . . ( 11. ),
. (1295 .), 14. . , . , .
(), . , . -

. 95. , , 14. .
(5.13. );

. , . . , .
. . 9. .

242

. 96, 97 Capaj, , , 14. , (, )

243

 .
(). , 1015 . II ,
. ()
( ).
, ()

. 98. . , , . ( 9. )
( . . ).
( )

(101617 .). (
, II, 185). 1018 . II
, , -

244

 . ,
().

. 99. , , . , 13.

1072 . ,
. c
. 1082/83 . .
, .
, .
I
, .
.
14. ,
. ( 11. )
. c
, 1016/17 1081/82 .

.
245

 ,
,
, 14.
, (. . VI).
,
. 2 , 1378
1379 . 1371 1385 .
14. .
,
14. . ()
. , -,
,
(. 1970, 171175).
, . 1530 . 41 ,
1560 . 7 . () 15. 16.
(. 76, 107108). 17.
(, 553) ,
. . .
.
14. ,
. 10- .
.

(), , . . 100, 101.

.: . 1964, 4243; . TIR, 100; . 1952, 206207.
. . 180
, (,
).

246

. 100. , , .
( ?)

247


. , .
- .
. 2
, ;
.
290 80 (2 ).
. , ,
, 110 40 .
: , , ,
. 4. 5. .
, .
, .

. 101. , , (13.14. )

.
, . , ,
. .

248

 (13.14.
), 13.14. .
, 0,4 ,
, .
()
1329/30 .
,
,
(, ). ,
.

18.

, 14. . . 102106.
.: . 1937, 2930; . 1956, 83104; . . TIR, 70
(), 104 (), 130 (); . 1984, 189; . 1986, 1235; .
1992, 186208; . , 1989, 319322.
. 5
. 120180 .
.
: ; ;
; ;
.
. , .
.
.
. ( 1959 . )
; -

249

 , .
.
.
(1.4. ) ,
( , , , ,
.). .

. 102. , , (), ,

. 13.
14. . . 11,3
. .

250

. 103. , -, 10.14. (1), (2) (3)

14. . .

251

 . .
:
1 ,
. 150 120 ,
. ; ,
.
.
, . 13. ,
40 ( , 1258 .).

. 104. . , , 996 . .

2 3,6 .
.
3 .
. .
14. .
3 .
, .
.
4,5 .
. ,
14. ( . ). ,
. (1395 .)
, .
252

* * *
,
. (.
. . , . , , . ). ,
200 . ,
14. . 14.
.

. 105. , , , 10.12. ( . )

. ,
,
() .
( ), .
.
, ,
253

 .
11. . 1014
. 1020 .
. 1199 .

. 106. , , , 14. . .

III; 1200 . .
13.
, , .
1334 , .

254

 1395 . ; 1468
1519 18 , 1544 5 ( 1981, 75).
, ,
. ,
, , .

, . . 107, 108.
.: . 1931, 150151; . 1966, 83 TIR, 40; . 1978, 205215 1979,
141143; . 1980, 3348; . 1992, 209211. . 97, 98.
. ( - )
1,5 , . 23
. ,
( ) ,
.
.
, . 4.
; , 175 157 . 6.
,
.
(6. ).
(6. ),
.
.
.
6. (- ),
. ( ) 7. 8.
( ?). 2
8.9. ().

255

 11. .
,
. VII, 11.
. 11. 14. .

. 107. , , ,
(). .

. . ,
. II 1019 .
.
256

 . 1343 .
: , ( ).
. (1989, 251) 1330 .
III , .
(, ) , .
1467/8 . 116 .

. 108. , , 7.8. 10.12.

,
.
;
257

 ,
. ,
. .
.

()
.. 109.
.: . 1937, 2224; . TIR, 43; . - . 1992, 228231.
. , 4 2,5
. , 270
. .
, ,
()
( ). .
,
.
. ,
3 .
180 90 (1,5 ). ,
( 4. 6. ). :
, , , 4. 6. .
.
, . , 60 50 .
.
.
, -
3 ; .

. , .
, .

258

. 109. , , ,

. . 110
.: . 1966, 7793; . 1971, 1519; . - . 1992, 234
236.
. , . 1,2 .
, 220250 (1020 ..).

, , .
, .
259

 .
. , 150 120 (1,5 )
, -

. 110. , , , 14.

. ,
(6. ).
4., 5. 6. .
. .
, 14.
260

 (. . ).
: , .
. , , 3 .
1,5 , :
, , .
. . 14.
, c .
1395 , .
.
.
, .

?, . . 111113.
.: . 1992, 214, . 77; . 1993, 221226.
. ( ) 5 4,5
. 120 .
, (
). . ,
.
.
, . 230 230 (4,5 ).
.
. () ,
(6. ).
, .
.
: , , 6. .
,
.

261

 .
. :
( ) ,
. ,
. 6.
.
( ).

. 111. , , .
( ?)

1 .
: ()
262

( 10. ), (10.12. ),
.
5 . , .
13. -

. 112. , , . .

263

 ( 11. ).
II 1019 . ()
. (, )
. ,

. 113. , , 10.12.

10.12. .
. ,
, 8
(. , ).
264


. . 114.
.: . 1937, 3940, 50 (); . TIR, 99 ().
. ,
, 8 , .
300 (960 ..) .
-

. 114. , , ; 14. ?

, .
, .
, .
.
.
,
265

 .
.
, .
11,3 , (-)
. .
.
- .
.
7 ( 2
5.3 ). ,
.
( ) .
(1371 .),
.

. . 115.
.: . 1937, 45; . 1957, 223 (); . 1966, 72;
. TIR, 72; . 1989, 342.
. 6 2
. 600 (1400 ..), .
;
, (1422 ),
20 .
, ().
. .
(2.3. ) ,
() . .
. ;

266

. 115. , , , 14.

267

 , ( ).
.
.
.
,
.
. .
, . . ,
, 14. .
, ,
. 300 150 (4 ). ,
, .
1334/5, 1343, 1345 1467/8 .
1230 . 14. ,
, .
100 . 14.
.

19.

. . 116.
.: . 1962, 52, 59, 63 1974, 154155; . TIR, 137; . 1978,
103110.
. , 0,5 ,
. , 150
.
, .
.
.
, 110 36 (0,3 ).

268

. .
,
166 90 (1 ).
. : , 4. 6. ,
, , .

. 116. , , ,

. ,
, .
.
, ,
13.14. .
. , ,
,

269

 .
( ?) II 1019 .
( ) . ,
, .
. ( , , .,
), (
); , .
1282 .
, , ().
14. 100
(. ,1912, 454, 678).
,

.
-
( ), 11.12. .

20.

, .
.
, .
. ,
,
.
. , .

. ,
, .
, .
II 1019 .
270

 . ,
.

. . 117, 118.
.: . 1957, 252, 354; . . TIR, 118 (, ).

. 117. , , .

271

. 1,5 12
. 220 (610 ..),
.
. , , 3 .
.
25
(, , -, ).

. 118. , , 11.13.

3 , .
, .
. ,
1215 .
272

 , 1958 .,
.
.
.
270 250 (4,5 ).
. , 65 60 ,
. 2 , ,
, .
4. 6. .

(), .

.
.
, .
: ,
13. ; (10.11.
); , .

,
. ,
.

21.

? . . 119, 120.
.: . 1970, 172180;
. 2,5 ,
. 60-80 , 2,5
. ,
. 17
273

 .
,
( ). 500
, .

. 119. ,

. .
.
230 45 (1,3 ).
.
.
. ,
4. .
. ,
. : II

274

 (
), () .
.
,
. - ,
. .
, , ,
. 4 .

. 120. , , . 1015 . ?

, 1540 .
, , . ,
,

275

 .
.
() ,
, 1015
.

,
, , . . 121123.
.: . 1965 (): . 1975, 4958: . 1989, 371372.
. ,
( ) . .
1700 500 ,

. 121. . , , ( 990 .). .

83 . ,
. .
276

 . .
. ().
( )

. 122. . , , ,
. 10. ( . )

. 3 ; . 3 ()
, . .
. 10. .
986 . . .
. ( )
.
1015 . II
, . .
, .
.
, 1018 . II . 1020 .
. 1072 .
,

277

 .
c
.
1108 . , .
;

. 123. . , , : ( .
)

. c . 12.
. 13. .
1253/54 1259 .
. 14 ,
.

()
. . 5, 124, 125.
.: . 1967, 147; 1986, 116119; 1988, 193210; 1989, 101133.
. ( )
, 1 ,
. , 2,5 278

. 124. , , ,

279

 , , , 4
.
. 680 440 ( 20 ).
, , 15-50 .
,
. ,
,
.
. , .
1,52 ,
.
, 2 .
(. 1. 2, 3 ).

. 125. , , . 64 55; 10.11. ( .

)

. ,
. (. 4 5 ).
.
280

 4., 5. 6. (6. ). .
;
.
. . , 12 ,
.
, .
: . 48
7. , . 63 5 7. 8. .
- . ()
.
IV (668685), . ,
, 10.11. .
(13.14. ) .
. (14. ),
.
. -
. ,
14. . , .
, .

22.
() ( ?)
( ?). . 126128.
.: . TIR, 128; . 1978, 243250; . 1992, 219.
. 1,5 0,6
. 70-80
, . .
,
; .

281

 . ,
325 155 (2,8 ). 3
(4. 6. ). , ,
( 40 22 ).
, 6. . : -

. 126. , , . ()

, 3. 6. .
, (6. ). 1
.

, .
. ( )
.
. , 14.
, c , ,
(. 1959, 121129).

282

 ,
.
.
1 .
,
. ,
. .
50 30 , ( ?) .
.
.
?
.

. 127. , , ?

. ,
. ,
,
.
,
. ,
.
283

. 128. , , ? (14. ,
. )

23.

, . . 129133
.: . . 1978, 137150 1979, 6574; . - .
198182, 205220; . 1982, 129133.
. 4,5 .
, 350 .
. ,
. ,
284

. 129. , , , 6. .

285

 , , , , ().
. 6.
360 90 . 2,5 40 .

. 130. , , , 12.13. , (
)

11 ; 9 .
, 16 13 . 1976 1980 .
, I
.
7 ;
, .


; .
.
.
10. . 6. ,
. 130 80 .

286

 4 .
.
,
. 1,61,7 .
, () .
.

. 131. , , , 12.13.

, .

13. ( I, 12041222 .), .
.
. :
.
. , 10 ,
2.400 3 . 11. 12. .

287

 , (
. . ). ,
. ,
, ,
.
. .

. 132. , , , II

.
.
11. 12. ,
. .
11.12. .
. ,
6. . ,
.
.
, 0,75 .
,
. () ,
288

 . ,
.
, 12.13. .

. 133. , , , , 12.13.

. . (22,5 12 .).
, (
). , .
3 .
. ,
. , ,
.
11.12. .
289

 , ,
, . ,
() .
.
. , ,
( ). ,
23 . .
, .
, , , , .
,
.
.
: (1300 .). ,
.
, .

, . . 134.
.: . 1982, 9192 133135.
. 1,6 1,2
, 3 .
, . 70
. ;
.
, (
) .
.
.
-

290

 .
(
), .

. 134. , , ( )

. . ,
, -

291

 , .
, 12. 13. .
(II)
), 13. 14. .
, . (
) 24 6 . .
.
,
II . 153 55 , ,
.
, . ,
, , .
,
(III ). (
), .
(III ).
13. 14. ,
.
.
, () .
. 1230 .
, , ,
.
.
(. 1912, 701, 704). 1 ,
. 16. . . 200
;
, -. ( ).

292

. 135. , (), .

293


. . 135.
.: . 1981, 118120; 1982, 9295 ( ).
. 1
1 .
,
. 100

. 135. , (), , 14.15.

530 .. ,
;
.
, ,
.
294

 .
. , 105 85 ,
60 32/22 .
.
,
.
, .
, 2,50 , ,
,
. , ,
. .
. : ,
6. , , .
, ( 1,5 ) 7
.
. .
,
. , ,
, 14. (. ) 15.
( ).

, . 14. .

,
(. 1933, 181191).

. . 136, 137.
.: . 1985, 185196, 1995, 1153.
. , 2
.

295

 , 380 860 ..
. .

.

. 136. , , . 14.

. : ,
1,61,9 , ,
. 160 115 (1,5 ).
; 5. .
.
. 14. :
. .

296

 ( ) . (
).
- -

. 137. , , , 14. ( .
)

14. , . ,
.
(
, , , , , ),
.
(1371) (1389),
, (, , . ).
.
297


, , , . . 138145.
.: . 1926, 4577 1935, 859; . 1971, 316; . 1958, 229236
1975, 7588; . 1982, 119127.
. 45
, . 4
() .
. ;
,
, .
.
. 1951 ;
, .
1953 .
. 1963 . .
, 1967 . , c,
, .
(5.
4. . .).
280 110 (2,3 ). ,
(1011 ). 2,85 ,
;
, ,
. ,
. .
, , .
,
6. .
200 ,
(. . VI).

298

 , (1982, 121123) 11.

, . (1973, 359
364). ,
. 19. ( I).

. 138. , , 6.

.

.
299

 , -
. . ,
. 10 .
,
.
.

. 139. , , , (, ), 6.

,
. , , 42
. 16.
, (. 1962, 725).
.
. 1967 .
.

300

 , 6. 10.11.
17.18. .
, , , , .,
.

. 140. , , ,

.
.
. 6.
6. .
, .

301

 , 1553 .,
1689 . 191617 .
.
.
, ,
. .
, .
12.
, .
11,5 ,
(6. ). ,
.
(12. ). (13. ). c
, . :
, 13. ,

. ,
, .
,
4,30 !
, .
,
( 17.18. ).
,
. . 141. C.IX, 10.11. ,
. XIV ; 12. ,
13. .
, ( , ,
.). 1300 1308 . 3
.
, . XV

302

 , .
12. 13. . 14.
; 15. 16. ,
17. .

. 141. , , 10. 14.

. 142. , , 14. 18.

, 12. ,
c 18. ,
(. 142).

,

303

 14. . .
1963 . .
. (), 1225
, 625 40

. 143. , , o , 9.10. ( . )

. , .

16 .
, .
. (16.17. ).
,
304

 . ..
, 67 . ,
.
6. . ,
.
(15.
18. ). ,
.
. 13.
. . ,
,
, 1300 . . .
, .
,
, .
180 60100
. 1,3
. ,
1982 .
.
1
. .
,
, 40 30 . ,
:
, .
2
. , 810 ,
.

305

 .
, -.
.
; . -
( ) ,
.
.
100 , .
(17. ) . .
6070 . , ,
. 100200 ,
- . 610
. ,
,
14. . ,
, , , .
() .
,

,
. 1963 .
.
10 13. 14. ;
. , .
.
, , 602 .
. 7., 8.
,
() .
,
: (

306

) ( 811 .).
,
(, ) .
1004 . II ,
, II.
. II
,
.
, 1018 ., -

. 144. , , ; 13. ( . )

.
, .
. , .
. 1040/41 .
. 1072 .
-

307

 .
. .
1082 .
1088 . 1097 . ,
1093 . . , I

. 145. , , , . ,
12.

. 1190 .
.
1204 ,
. (1207 .)
308

 , .
.
, 1217 . ,
. 1230 . ,
II. 1246 . 1252 .
III , . 1258 .
.
. 1259 . , VIII
.
1282 ,
1392 . 1299/1300 .
,
.
. .
, , .
1346 . .
. 1349 . .
V. . 1366 .
, 1371 .
1392 .
, -.

?, . . 7, 146.
.: . Evans 1883, 9293; . 1982, 107116, 148 ( );
. ( ) 3 12
, ,
. , , 230 .
.

309

 . .
( ) ( ).
.
. . . ,
, 185 110 (1 ). ,
, (4. ),
6. ( 518 .). ,
: ,
. ,
.
. ,
. ,
. , .
, .
, , .
, 6. .
8,4 .
6 .
.
, ,
( 5.6. ). .
. , ;
.
, .
7.8. : ,
; . ,
, 4 ;
() (. 7), ( 9.10. ?).
, (),
.
: -

310

 12.13. . ( 6. )
: . .
(1885, 9293) (?).
, ,
,
,

. 146. , , , 7.8. 13.

.
, .
;
- , II 1019 .

311

24.

. 147.
. , . 0,6 .
,
. 150 (874 ..) .
.
; 2,5 .

. 147. . , , ,

312

 . ,
( , )
3. 4. ( , ).
. ,
1,5 95 57 (0,4 ). , ,
(
?).
. , ,
. ,
10 5 ; . .
, 13. .

.

25.

?, . . 148.
.: . 1960, 111; . 1970, 176; . TIR, 21; . 1987,
125126.
. ,
, 540 .. 250
.
. , . -
, . 0,8 ,
, ;
.
. .
1970 .,
4. .. 4. .. ( , ).
, .

313

 .
. . , 240 50 (1 ).
,
. .
. , 4. ,
6. . .

, , 1,5 .. ,
, .
4. . 100 ,
. 36 24 ,
.
,
4. . ()
4. , 6. .
.
.
. ,
( ) .
12. 13. ( I, I I , II
, III , I)
13. ( 1000 , 1956 .; ).
,
.
1016
. , . (
) 5 . .
,
. .
,
, .

.

314

. 148. , , ( ?)

315

 ()
?, . . 149.
.: . TIR, 74.
. 3,5 1
( / ), ;
,
.
. 220 (590 ..),
.
. ,
. ( 4. 6. ).
152 38 / 25 ; .
.
0,7
. ,
, .
, .
. , 6
, ;
. .
, (12 10/7 ) , .

. , , 1980
11.12. ( ).
,
(). .
.
, (: ).

,
.
316

, .
?
, .

. 149. , , ,

, .
. ;
. , 120
. , .
317

 ( )
( ),
, .
.
, 85 70 . , ,
. : , , .
I II
.
. .
.
.
. .
, . ,
14. . II 1019
.

, . . 150153.
.: . 1957, 24852 () 254255 (); . 1961, 105107;
. III, 1966, 119; 122,136; . TIR, 121; . - . 1978, 93
104.
. .
,
. 180 ,
: (
); ( )
( , ).
.
.
.
, 330 230/160

318

. 150. , , (),

(5 ). .
:
, 6. .
,
, .

319

. ,
. ,
( ); (3.2.
. .) (3. 4. ..). 5. 6. ;
: , , , ,
.

. 151. , , (); 14. ( . )

6. : . 15
, , , .
.
12.14. . , ,
. ,
, () .
( )
,
. 12.13. .
, ()
( ).
9. . 15 ,
.

320

 .
864 ,
. ( ) 15
, .
.
, .

. 152. , . 15 , 9. ( . . ).

986 1018 .
. 1018 1330 . ,
12. 13. . (
1185 1202 .), , .
1330 ., 1385 . ( , , ,
.) 1395 . (

321

 ).
. ( ) 15.16.
, 17. (.
1970, 99100; . 1981, 75).

. 153. , -, 10.11. ( , ; .
)

322

26.

. . 154, 155.
.: . 1954, 417.
. 1,5
, .
90

. 154. , ,

;
.
323

 . (
) 0,3 . , .
: 4. 6. .
, .

. 155. , , ; 11.

. , 6. .
. 10. 13.
. , ,
( X, 10591067)
, .
,
, .

. . 6, 156, 157.
.: 1933, 40; . TIR, 66 1982, 47, 48 ( ).
.
324

 . 70 3
. ,
. ,
. .
. , ,
6.5. . .
0,4 . . .
: -

. 156. , , ,

, 4. 6. , 6. 7.
.
.
10.13. ,
: ..

325

 (10. ), ; ; ,
( 10.12. ); (13. );
.

,
.
.

. 157. , , 10.13.

, . . 158, 159.
.: . 1933, 3565; . 1959, 221222; . TER, 78 19823, 48
49.
326

. 6080
.
, .
. , 1
. () ,
.

. 158. , , , ( ).
10.12.
. ,
170 120 (1,6 ).
. , , ,
( 11 10,6 ). , 5,5

327

 ;
.
, .
.
; . (1976 .)
, ( ,
). ; ,
. .

1012
,
.
.
(11.12. ), (
), .
. ,

. 12.
.
10 .
, , .
11.12. ( 1959, 221).
, ,
14. , ,
( 1933, 5265). 13. - 14.
(1959, 221, 222) .
,
.
, ,
.
II 1020 . ,
. (1933, 4344) . ,
-

328

 : . ,
.
, ,
..., ...,
, (, 8;
1933, 37).
1189/90 . 13. 14.
.

. 159. , , 11.12.

: .
, .
,
, .

329

. , . 12
, 13. . ,
. 14. .
, .
, .

, . . 160, 161.
.: . 1933, 40; . 1976, 257259; . 1982, 135138.
. ,
.
, . 1
3 110 .
.
.
().

, , .
.
, 3 :
0,8 , , ,
, .
,
, .
,
.
,
. 1,5 . ( )
. .
, 0,5

330

. 160. , , , , ,
( ; )

331

 .
, . ,
2040 ,
.
.

. 161. , , (13.14. )

, , 3
. : , 4.6. ,
.
, .
,
.
.
: - ,
.
.

332

 911 .
, -
. , 30 ,
( 13.14. ).
(?),
.

, .
. ( 1939 ., ).
(,
, , , , , .).
9.10. 15. ,
.
:
,
.

( 1190 .). ,
.
,
, , .
.
c ,
. .
1467/68 . ( 73 )
(. 1989, 221).

. . 162.
.: TIR, 110; 1982, 100101.
. 250 (470 ..). 1 ,
.

333

( ).
. .
120 90 (0,7 ).
, .
(5.6. ). 4., 5. 6. ,
.
,
.
. () ,
.
.
.
: 12.13. ; ,
(10.12. ); .

,
.

?, . . 163165.
. 1 .
, 130
.
, ( )
, . .
, .
.
150 60 (0,4 ). ,

334

. 162. , ,

. , ,
() . : 4., 5. 6. ,
, 6. .
. ,
: 11. ; 12. 13.
( II I ; ; ; VIII, II III

335

 14. ); 13. ; II
(13. ); (11.12. ), (10.12. ),
(10.13. ); .

. 163. , , , ( )

c 6.
. , , ,
.
(1896, 456) ,
().

336

. 164. , , , 10.13.

337

 165. , , 11.13.
338

27.

. . 166, 167.
.: . TIR, 124.
. 1,5
. 400 ,
,
,

. 166. , , , (
)
339

 . .
. ,
1,2 .
. : , 4. 5.
. ,
, .

. 167. , , (969973)

.
, ( ).
: ,
( 10. ). ,
.

.
, . . 168170.
.: . TIR, 125; 1976, 149153 1985, 83100.
. 2 ,
. , ,
5060
340

. 168. , . , .

341

. 169. , ,

342

 . .
:
, .
. ( ),
. 5. 6.
, .
( 350 80 ) , .
.
.
. ,
.
10. . 13.
, ,
. 470 .
, ,
.
8,5 , .
1,31,6 . .
5 .
.
, ,
. 14. . , .
. .
13.14. .
. II 1019 .
().
13. ; ,
, , . II
1255 . , 500
(. . VI. 2, 2).
1272 . , . 1330 .
, .

343

. 170. , , 13. 14.

, .
, 3,5 .
1385 . ( . ).
,
, .
19. .
, . .

28.

?, . . 17173.
.: . 1983, 8500 1989, 183, 657; . TIR, 7576.
.
344

, .
23 ,
; .

. 171. , , () 5.6. .
9. 10. ?

. (
), (
).
.
.
345

 4 ,
.
() .
( ) 8 .
, , .

. -

. 172 , , 1, 9.10. ( . )

5 (6. ) ,
. (14. )
.

,
.
346

 (?) , .
.
9.10.

. 173. , , 2 (9.10. ) 6. .
(10.11. )

(. 1 ).
, 6. ( 5 -

347

) 9.10. (. 2 ).
, .
6. 9.10. ,
.
9. ( . ), .
6. 9.
!
.
. .
,
. , ,
, c ,
.

-
,
. (
864 ) (4.050
14.000 !). .
1019 . ,
14 . 10.
.
. .
,
, ( ) .
.
. ,
14. , ,
.

348


, . . 174, 175.
.: . TIR, 36 1987, 149157.
. 2
() .
. .
30-50 , 300 120 . 150
. .
();
2 .
. (
3. . .). - .
, ,
, 7 .
.
4.6. .
.
.
, ( 120 110
) . ( ) -
. , 12,5 12 .
, 13. 14. . ,
, .
.
,
8. 9. . 1013. .
12.13. .
13.14. . 14. .
1330 .

349

 . .
( ) ,
9. ( ). ,

. 174. (), , .
( )

350

.

14. .
,
, .

. 175. , , 9. 13.14.

, . . 176178.
.: . 1961, 103105; . 1964, 106109; . . TIR,
18, 19 (); . 1977, 195214; .
351

 1978, 278285.
. 120
, .
, .

. 176. , , 14.

352

jyr co . 1
( ):
-; ; -;
( );
( ).
.
: 2. 6. .
,
, .
, 6. .
, ;
.

. 177. , ,

353

 , .
.
11. , . 14. .
, 1,3 .
: 2,20
2,65 ! (
). , . :
1. (), 106
20 . .
1,5 () .
, 2,65
. 1
2 . .

, ( 4 5 4 8,7 ).
( ?).
( ) (), 9,8 8
12 ( ).
,
() ; .
.
2. () ,
, 250 50 , 60 .
.
( ), ,
. ,
. ,
, .

.

, 14. .

354

. 178. , ,

1 ,
, , - .
14. .
.
. 14. .
.
. , II 1014 .
( ). . 1282 .

355

 , ( ),
. .
1328 .,
. :
(1332 .), () (, , );
(1355 .). . , .
, . , . , . (. ).
.
, .
:
, ; .

.
, ,
, . (
19. ) ( . ).
, .
, . ( )
, 14. .
,
. .
-
( )
. , , ,
.
.
, .
1385 . ( . )
. 1530 . 17, 1573 . 11 ( 1981, 75).
(17. )
. .

356

MITTELALTERLICHE BURGEN UND STDTE IM GEBIET DER REPUBLIK MAKEDONIEN

IVAN MIKULI
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

I. Einleitung.
In den slawischen Sprachen besteht nur eine Bezeichnung fr alte befestigte Anlagen und Orte, Grad
Burg, mit der auch Stdte unserer Zeit benennt werden. Byzantinische Schriftsteller berichten uns
genauer ber diese Befestigungen. Sie unterscheiden Kastra (Kastron) und Phrouria (Phrourion) als
grere und kleinere Befestigungen, die vom 9. bis 14. Jh. auch in unserem Gebiet gebaut und benutzt
wurden.
Diese Befestigungen haben bis zum Ende des 13. Jh. einen militrischen Charakter gehabt. Doch neben
einigen bedeutenden Kastra haben sich schon im 9.10. Jh. offene zivile Ansiedlungen entwickelt, die
schriftlich Emporia (Emporion) und spter auch Varo (ung.) benannt worden sind. Im hohen Mittelalter
sind einige von ihnen auch mit Ummauerungen umgeben und die Zitadellen ber ihnen (die bisherigen
Kastra) haben ihre militrische Bedeutung verloren. So tauchen die echten zivilen Stdte, die Poleis, in
diesen Gegenden auf.
Die kleinen Burgen funktionierten grtenteils nur zeitweise als regionale hohe Wachen, nahe den
ReichsstraBen und an der Reichsgrenze. Eine Menge von diesen wurde nahe den Bergwerken erbaut. Im
hohen Mittelalter tauchen auch einige Ritterburgen, befestigte Klster und zivile Refugien auf. Alle diese
Orte sind durch ihre unterschiedliche Gre und Lage, durch die Baueigenheiten und Bauart, durch die
Strke der fortifikatorischen Elemente, durch die innere Bebauung und die Art dieser Bauten
gekennzeichnet. Ihre Datierung wird sowohl durch ihre Baueigenheiten als auch durch die Kleinfunde
aus ihnen festgestellt.
Mit einigen Ausnahmen hat der Verfasser mit seinen Assistenten alle behandelten Befestigungen in den
letzten zwei Dezenien irh Gelnde evidentiert, durchgeforscht, vermessen und in diesem Buch
vorgestellt.

357

...
361

Bergwerkskastellen und Bergbaurevieren vor. Der Umlauf dieser Mnzen hrt mit der trkischen
Eroberung auf.
Alle erwhnten Mnzfunde waren fr die zeitliche und kulturelle Identifizierung unserer Befestigungen
von grundliegender Bedentung.
3. Die mittelalterliche Keramik kommt in allen unseren Wehranlangen hufig vor, doch ist sie fr unsere
Gebiete typologisch und chronologisch noch immer nicht aus-gewertet. Deshalb haben wir dieses
umfangreiche Fundmaterial in unserer Darstellung nicht bercksichtigen knnen. Nur hier und da
wurden einige byzantinische luxurise Waren wie zu B. die glasierten Sgrafitto-Schsseln aus dem 12.
13. Jh. und ihre lokalen Nachahmungen (13. und 14. Jh.), ferner weiB engobierte und rot bemalte Ware
erwhnt (s.Abb. 17, 83, 85, 133, 137, 144, 159).
Bemerkenswert sind die Dachziegeln von neuem Typ (10.14. Jh.), die mit Mrtel an die gemauerte
Unterlage angeklebt wurden. Sie weisen auf eine gewisse formale Entwicklung, bis tief in das trkische
Zeitalter hin (s. Abb. 131).

Kap. VII. Katalog der Fundorte.

Er umfaBt 82 Wehranlagen die nach den heutigen Bezirken alphabetisch angeordnet sind. Gegeben sind:
derzeitige und alte Name; die Grundliteratur; die Lagebeschreibung; ltere (vorslawische)
Uberreste; mittelalterliche Uberreste mit schriftlichen Daten.
Dazu kommen Plne (Grundrisse) fr jede Befestigung und bei einigen auch bedeutende Bauteile
(Trme, Tore) und Kirchen aus frher Zeit (9.10. Jh.). Fast jede Befestigung wird durch Abbildungen
von einigen Kleinfunden untersttzt, die ihr Bestehen in dem Mittelalter besttigen sollen.
Die Karte 1 stellt einen Uberblick aller bekannten und sicher datierten Befestigungen aus dem 6. Jh. auf
diesem Gebiet dar, die von den Slawen erobert worden sind. Dazu sind auch die frchristlichen Kirchen
wie auch die Grenzen der Provinzen im 6. Jh. eingetragen.
Die Karte 2 stellt einen Uberblick von mittelalterlichen befestigten Orten in dem-selben Gebiet dar. Sie
werden als Kastra kirchliche Sitze im 10.12. Jh., dann kleine Befestigungen (Fruria) und sptere
regionale Zentren (aus dem 13.14. Jh.) bezeichnet. Eingetragen sind auch die Grenzen der Eparchien
(Bistmer) mit den ihnen untergeordneten Enorien. Diese Grenzteilung hat ohne Zweifel auch einen
wirtschaftlichen und administrativen Grund gehabt, die grenteils bis in unsere Zeit erhalten geblieben
ist.
(bersetzt vom Autor
Lektur: Silvana Simovska)
362

MEDIEVAL TOWNS AND CASTLES IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

IVAN MIKULI
SUMMARY
I. Introduction
II. The Heritage of the Late Antique Period
III. The Slavs in Macedonia
IV. Byzantine rule in the 11th and 12th centuries
V. Events in the 13th and 14th centuries
VI. Medieval material evidence
1. Building remains
2. Small finds
3. Ceramics
VII. A Catalogue of Sites
I. Introduction
There is only one word in Slavonic languages for ancient fortified sites, grad. Translated, it denotes a
castle, but its modern meaning is also town. A more precise denotation for fortifications that existed in
those times can be found in Byzantine documents. denotes a larger, and a smaller
fortification. Both types existed simultaneously in these regions from the 9th to the 14th centuries.
The above-mentioned fortifications were clearly military in character until the and of the 13th century. It
was only near some of the more important castra in the 9th and the 10th centuries that unfortified civilian
settlements had developed. The documents designate them as (late as varo). In Late Middle
Ages some of these emporia were fortified with city walls, while the fortresses above them (which were
known as castra) served for the housing of the city guard. Thus the civilian settlements-fortified towns
which were known as in Byzantine terminology, came into existance.
Smaller fortresses were used only occasionally as regional guard posts that watched over the main roads
or the state borders. A large number of such fortresses was built near mines. The building of feudal or
knights' castles, as weii as the buiding of for-tified monasteries, which served as civilian shelters
or refugia, began in the Late Middle Ages. All of these fortified sites vary in size and their position. They
also vary in the manner of buiiding and strength of fortification. Their interior structure is different, as
well as their planning and purpose for which they were built. The dating of these fortifications is based
on the features of their structure and on the excavated archaeological material.
With few exceptions, the fortifications included in this study appear for the first time in scholarly
literature. With the assistance of Viktor Lili, the author has been collecting material for this publication
in the course of the past twenty years, which included compiling a full list of these sites, their
archaeological treatment, measurement and technical documentation.
363

II. The Heritage of the Late Antique Period

The great plundering raids of the Huns across the Balkan provinces in the middle of the 5th century, of
the Ostrogoths in 479, and the Kutrigurs, Bulgars, Slavs and Awars in the 6th c. left of the region in ruins.
This urged the emperors Leo, Zeno, Anastasius, and Justinian I to carry out a full-scale and thorough
fortification of this region. In the region of present-day Republic of Macedonia, which covers only 25,760
sq.km., more than 400 fortifications have been catalogued. Their structural characteristics and
archaeological finds point to the late 5th and 6th centuries as their date of origin.
In most cases one comes across massively built fortifications which had remained well-preserved until
the Late Middle Ages and had been in use until that time only with smaller repairs. The most frequently
applied bulding technique is the emplectum with plenty of mortar, while the facade is covered with large
chiselled stone blocks. The walls are 6 to 12 feet wide. The towers are massive and have a triangular,
pentagonal, trapezoid or poligonal base, which made the rebounding of shots easier. The walls of some
of the fortifications have been preserved in their original height.
III. The Slavs in Macedonia
Historical documents record a series of incursions and plundering raids of Slavs and Awars from the
lands north of the Danube towards Macedonia and Greece to the south. The incursions which occured
after the death of Justinian, and especially the one in the autumn of 586, resulted in the collapse and the
end of civilized life of the Roman-Byzantine population in these regions. Soon after 615, the Slavs settled
in the south, on the Peloponessus and in Thessaly, and then in the Salonica Bay. The northernmost
sclavinii which are mentioned in Miracula ss Demetrii lay on the north coast of the Aegean Sea and at the
mouth of the Haliakmon. However, in the region of Northern Macedonia, which is covered today by the
Republic of Macedonia, there are no traces of Slavonic settlement in the late 6th, 7th and 8th centuries.
On the contrary, in this region the Byzantine rule had been re-established at that time. It relied on a small
number of fortresses along the main roads. In these fortresses coins have been discovered dating from the
7th and 8th centuries, as well as fibulae and jewellery from Byzantine South Italy, together with finds
from the local Komani Culture. (Illustrations 4, 5, 38, 137)
The breakdown of the Awarian Kaganat in Panonia at the end of the 8th century made possible the reestablishing of connections between the Slavonic heartland in the North and Macedonia in the South.
Archaeological finds point to a large-scale Slavonic colonization of the Balkan regions in the early 9th
century, for which there are no writen records. Several hundreds of necropolises with finds from the 9th
to the 12th centuries which have been discovered in the region of present-day Republic of Macedonia
serve as evidence for such a claim. The Slavonic tribes densely populated the regions of Central and East
Balkans.
These events were followed by the political expansion of the Bulgars under Boris and Simeon over the
entire region after the middle of the 9th c. They spread from the
364

original heartland in north-east Bulgaria to the Drina in the west, and to Macedonia in the south-west.
Following the collapse of this huge empire, the Macedonian (West Bulgarian) empire was founded
under Samoil and his heirs (9761018).
This state depended on a great number of large and small fortresses (castra and phrouria) for which both
written and archaeological evidence exists. In addition to the historical records from the 11th and 12th
centuries, of greatest importance are the Charters of Emperor Basil II from 1019, 1020 and 1025, which
quote the rights of the Ohrid Archbishopric. They also provide a list of all episcopal sees, as well as
their enoriae, or smaller church centres subject to them. It is important to note that the castra mentioned
above did not serve only as church centres but as administrative seats as well. Most of them have
preserved thus function until the present day.
The Ohrid Bishopric (still called Ohrid today) included the enoriae Kiava (now Kievo), Prespa (now the
region of Prespa with Resen as its centre) and Mokra (now in Albania). The Pelagonia Bishopric (now
Bitola) included the enoriae Prilep, Debrete and Veles (their names have been preserved). The
Morobisdos Bishopric (now the village of Morodvis) included the enoriaeLukovica (now the village of
Lukovica), Pijanec and Maleevo (now the regions of Pijanec and Maleevo), Kozjak and Slavite (now
the regions of Kozjak and Slavite with old centres or castra near Kanarevo and Opila). The Strumica
Bishopric administered the enoriae Radovite and Kone (their names have been preserved). The Skopje
Bishopric included the enoriaeLukovo (now the micro-region Luka with a castron near Gradite), Bine
(now a village and a region in neighbouring Kosovo), Prinip and Preamor (they have not been
identified). The Moglen Bishopric (now the region of Morihovo with its centre near thecastron at
Manastir). The Prisdiana Bishopric (now Prizren) included Lesk, now the village of Leok in the region
of Polozi.
In addition to these castra, a number of phrouria have been registered that can also be identified in the
field. There was at that time also a large number of other phrouria whose names have been preserved only
in oral folk tradition (Map 2).
IV. Byzantine rule in the 11th and 12th centuries
The 11th and the 12th centuries represent an age of political stability, when the long peace was only
occasionally interrupted by the incursions of the nomadic tribes of Pecheneges and Usi in the middle of
the 11th c. and the Normans from South Italy in the late 11th c.
Economy prospered: agriculture was in the hands of Byzantine feudal lords, to which numerous records
bears witness. Mining also thrived in the regions of Poree, Zeleznec, Debrica, Kozuf, Osogovo and
elsewhere. It was mainly iron ore that was mined from surface digs. Archaeological research has
confirmed that silver and copper ore was smelted there as well. Dozens of smallphrouria were built
adjacent to the mines as centres for government clerks and for the protection of mining sites. This activity
is well evidenced by numerous coins from the 11th and 12th centuries and iron tools which were
unearthed in these fortresses.
365

V. Events in the 13th and 14th centuries

Central Byzantine government began losing control over these regions as early as the late 12th century.
Dobromir Hrs. a local feudal lord, founded his princedom around the castra of Strumica and Prosek. The
region of Polozi was conquered by the Serbs. In the early 13th C. the castron of Prosek became the
political centre of the Povardarie region, which included Skopje in the north and Pelagonia in the west.
Prosek, as well as the castra Peiagonija-Bitola, Prilep, Veles and Skopje became the objects of incessant
strife among the lords of Salonica, Nicaea and Epirus, and then the Bulgarians and the Serbs. These
places constantly changed hands. It was not until Michael VIII, the restorer of the Byzantine Empire,
came to the throne, that these regions were reunited with the new Empire. In 12821285, however, the
Serbs disjoined permanently the north and west parts of present-day Republic of Macedonia from
Byzantium. They had conquered its other parts in 13301335, and ruled over them until the Turkish
conquest in the years of 1385, 1392 and 1395. The Ottomans ruled over these regions until 1912.
New mortar walls were built around the most important castra in the 13th century. The building
technique in these cases is specific. Chiselled stone slabs are connected with limestone mortar and
strengthened with wooden frameworks. It is undoubted that this techinque derives from the rural style
of building, which, however, used clay and not mortar as a connective material. This techinque is still in
wide use today in villages all over the Balkans and further to the East.
In the late 13th and 14th centuries, certain West European building elements and forms began to appear
in our regions as well. They reached these parts via South Italy and the Adriatic, penetrating to the
interior of the Balkan Peninsula. Such features can be identified in the large main towers (donjon,
Bergfried), the tall shield-walls and towers with open interior sides, U-shaped towers and arcades which
strengthen the interior sides of the city walls (Illustrations 28, 30, 32, 43, 49, 52, 63, 87, 95, 96, 103, 111, 129,
135, 149, 150, 151, 158, 160, 169, 174, 177, 178; Photographs 2, 3, 10, 13, 14, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38).
In the late 13th and 14th centuries almost all the castra had open unfortified lower towns with civilian
population (emporion, varo). Those in Skopje, Prosek, Morovisd, Ohrid and Strumica (?) were protected
with walls and the buildings in their interior followed a particularly regulated plan. A number of
documents dating from this period mention military and civilian officials (clercs) in these towns, nobility,
priests, craftsmen and other inhabitants.
Small fortresses continued to exist well into the Late Middle Ages. It is from them that the more
important roads, gorges, mountain passages, state borders and mines were controlled. In the course of
the 14th century several knights' castles were built as residences for local dignitaries in Ohrid, Kozle,
Strumica, Prilep and tip (Illustrations 95, 134, 150, 177). Prosperous monasteries were surrounded with
stone walls which protected them from piunder. For the same reasons a number of secluded refugia were
built in the late 14th century in inaccessible spots. It was there that the local population found shelter
under the Ottomans conquest and the final establishing of their rule (Illustrations 103.3, 110, 114, 115, 124,
136, 148).
366

When the Ottomans conquered these parts, almost all of the knifhts' castles were deserted, as well as the
small fortresses and guard posts. Several mine fortresses continued to function for another century. The
Ottomans posted small city garrisons in the citadels above the more important settlements, which stayed
there during the 15th and 16th centuries, but were eventually deserted again. Due to the changing
economic conditions, a number of small towns which served as regional administrative and economic
centres became extinct. They have barely survived to the present day as small villages. In their vicinity
new Ottoman administrative and economic centres emerged, but they were not fortified with walls.
VI. Medieval material evidence
1. Building remains.
In the period between the 7th and the 13th centuries fortresses from the pre-Slavonic period were mainly
in use. They were exceptionally firmly and massively built and remained well-preserved until the Late
Middle Ages. Small-scale repairs were ca-ried out in them without mortar, and consequently, no remains
survive. It is only in Skopje (Gorni grad, Kale) that the remains of a new city wall dating from the 10 th
12th centuries were discovered on the South wall (Illustration 141).
It was not until the 13th century, and in the 14th century in particular, that numerous new city walls were
built with hard mortar technique and with wooden frameworks, as well as towers, gates, support walls
and other building elements. This has already been discussed, as well as the innovations from West
Europe which were introduced in the course of the 14th century.
2. Small finds.
With respect to movable finds, special attention was paid to objects made of metal. Women's jewellery,
well-known from the hundreds of Slavonic cemeteries dating from the period between the 9th and the
14th centuries, has been unearthed in our fortresses as well, and there is no difficulty regarding its
dating. Most numerous are arrow tips. Among them, we lay emphasis only on those forms which were
known in the Late Antique period. The numerousness of these finds suggests that the bow and the arrow
were the basic weapons of the Slavs in Macedonia throughout the Middle Ages. It is only occasionally
that other kinds of weapons are discovered, as well as men's (military) equipment and clothing, amulets,
etc, but they have not yet been studied in our scholarly circles.
Byzantine coins appear in our fortresses at the end of the 10th and in the 11th century. Tens of thousands
of samples of trachys date from the 12th century. They were buried in hoards at the end of the 12th and
the beginning of the 13th centuries. In the course of the 13th century, a large number of Bulgarian and
Latin imitations of these coins appeared, as well as coins of the rulers from Epirus, Nicaea and Salonica.
They were discovered in almost every fortress.
In the Iate 13th and 14th centuries Serbian silver coin appear, as well as coins from Venice. About 1330,
Byzantine coins disappeared from these parts. The silver coins
367

were discovered mainly near the mines from those times. Serbian and Venetian coins remained in use
until the end of the 14th, or the beginning of the 15th centuries, when they were replaced by the
Ottomans aka.
All the enumerated types of coins dating from the end of the 10th century to the end of the 14th century
were used as the basic category of archaeological finds from these fortresses, and they were used as the
means for the determination of their cultural provenience and their daing.
3. Ceramics.
Medieval ceramics is large in number in all of these fortresses, but a well-founded typology and
chronology have not been established for this region as yet. Therefore we have decided not to include
ceramics in our study. Finds of luxurious Byzantine pottery and its local imitations are mentioned in
connection with only a few fortresses. Some of the examples include the glazed sgrafito plates from the
12th to the 14th centuries, vessels with white engobe or painted with a dark-red slip (Illustrations 17, 83,
85, 137, 143, 144). These categories of pottery are precisely dated.
The finds of a new type of roof tiles fixed with mortar onto the masonry foundation are also significant.
In these regions they can be traced in the period between the 11th and the 14th centuries, while still
exibiting stylistic development in the centuries to come, and as late as the Ottoman period.
VII. A Catalogue of Sites
The Catalogue includes 82 fortifications. They are listed alphabetically, after the names of boroughs in
present-day Republic of Macedonia. For each fortification the following information is listed: its present
and ancient name, select bibliography, topography, earlier (pre-Slavonic) remains, medieval remains and
written records, in case there are such.
The planimetry of each fortification is also included, and in the case of certain more important sites,
important building details are Iisted, such as towers and gates, and earliest churches dating from the 9th
and 10th centuries. Characteristic small finds with clear typology are indicated for each site. It is through
them that the medieval character of each of the mcluded sites is confirmed.
Map no. 1 represents a survey of all the known and safely dated fortifications from the 6th century in this
region. They had been there when the Slavs mvaded these parts and later, after they settled in these
regions.
Map no. 2 represents a survey of medieval fortifications in the same region. The locations are displayed
as church and administrative centres castra and phrouria in the period between the 10th and 12th
centuries, and as regional centres and guard posts in the later period (13th to 14th centuries). The church
territorial division corresponds to a large extent to the administrative division of the period, which has
remained almost unchanged until the present day.
Translated by Rajna Koka
368

List of Illustrations......... 369

Photographies......... 375


. 1. 6. 7. (: 1. ; 2.
; 3, 4. ; 5. . )
. 2. (, . ) .
(); 6. 7.
. 3. () (:
?; , , , . ); 8.9.
. 4. . -, 1.8. : . . : . ; ( . .
)
. 5. - 7.8. : . (1),
(2, 3). . 4, 5 , ( . 48 65: . )
. 6. 10. : 1, 2. . -
() (); 3. ; 4. -
( ); 5. ; 6. -,
()
. 7. - -, 4 . , . , 9.10.

. 8. , ( ) .
, ( . )
. 9. II .
1017 .
. 10. . 12.14.
. 11. , , 10.12.
. 12. , ; 13.14. . , ,

. 13. , . ; 14.
( . )
. 14. () , , 12; 13. ( . )
. 15. () , , : , ; 10.11.
( . )
. 16. (), 12.14. ( .)
. 17. , -; , , 13. 14.
( . )
. 18. , , .
()
. 19. , , ; 10.13.
. 20. . ()
(?) () ()?
. 21. . 1016/17 .: ( .
)
. 22. , , 10.12.
(. 68) (. 15, 9; . )
376

. 23. , , .

. 24. , , -, 10.11. ( . )
. 25. , (), 6. .
( ?)
. 26. , , , ; 10.11. ; .
)
. 27. -, , .
()
. 28. , , ,
. 29. , , ; 10.12.
. 30. , , . 13.
14. ( )
. 30. , , ;
. 31. . , 13.14.
. 32 , , , (
)
. 33. , , , ( )
. 34. , , , 10.13.
. 35. , , , ( )
. 36. , , 6. . 10.12.
( . )
. 37. , , , (
)
. 38. , , , 12.14.
. 39. -, , .
( )
. 40. , , 7. 13.14.
. 41. , , .
. 42. , , , 11.13.
. 43. , , .

. 44. , , , 12.13.
. 45. , . , ,
. 46. , . , , 12.13.
. 47. , , .
( )
. 48. , , , 12.14.
. 49. -, , . 13.14.
( )
. 50. , , .

377

. 51. , , 13.
. 52. , , , .

. 53. , , ; 11.13.
. 54. , , , (
)
. 55. . , , 12.13.
. 56. , , ?
. 57. , , 9.12.
. 58. , , 12.13.
. 59. , , , ( )
. 60. , , , 11.12.
. 61. , , ( ).
( )
. 62. , , 10.13.
. 63. , , , 13.14.
. 64. , , ,
( )
. 65. , , ().
( )
. 66. , , , 10.12.
. 67. , , , 10.14.
. 68. , , , .
( )
. 69. , , (13.14. )
. 70. , , ,
. 71. , , 10.13.
. 72. , , ,
. 73. , , .
( )
. 74. , , 5. 6. ; 12.13. ( .
)
. 75. , 105; 12.
. 76. , , , (
?)
. 77. , , .
( ?)
. 78. , , (10.12. )
. 79. , , . ,
?
. 80. , , , 10.13.
. 81. , , .
()
378

. 82. , , : ,

. 83. , , : , 13. 14. ( II

8. )
. 84. , , ,
( )
. 85. , , ; 13.14.
. 86. , , : 14.
, ; 5, 6. , , ; 7. ,
, ; 8. ,
; 9. 10. , ,

. 87. , , : 1, 2. ; 3.
; 4. (). 6. ()
. 88. , , 10.11. ,
5.6. ( . )
. 89. , 11.13.
. 90. , 11.13. ( . )
. 91. , , . , 10.12. ( .
)
. 92. , , .

. 93. . , (12.14. )
. 94. , . :

. 95. , , 14. .
(5.13. );
. 96, 97. ,, , 14. , (, )
. 98. . , , . ( 9. )
( . . ).
( )
. 99. , , . , 13.
. 100. , , .
( ?)
. 101. , , (13.14. )
. 102. , , (), ,

. 103. , -, 10.14. (1), (2) (3)
14. . .
. 104. . , , 996 . .
. 105. , , . 10.12. ( . )
379

. 106. , , , 14. . .
. 107. , , ,
(). .
. 108. , , 7.8. 10.12.
. 109. , , ,
. 110. , , , 14.
. 111. , , .
( ?)
. 112. . , .
. 113. , , 10.12.
. 114. , , ; 14. ?
. 115. , , , 14.
. 116. , , ,
. 117. , , .

. 118. , , 11.13.
. 119. ,
. 120. , , . 1015 . ?
. 121. . , , ( 990 .). .

. 122. . , , ,
. 10. ( . )
. 123. . , , : (
. )
. 124. , , ,
. 125. , , . 64 55; 10.11. ( .
)
. 126. , , . ()

. 127. , , ?
. 128. , , ? (14.
, . )
. 129. , , . 6. .
. 130. , , , 12.13. (
)
. 131. , , , 12.13. .
. 132. , , , II
. 133. , , , . 12.13.
. 134. , , ( )
. 135. . (), .
.
380

. 135. , (), , 14.15.

. 136. , , . 14.
. 137. , , , 14. ( .
)
. 138. , , 6.
. 139. , , , (, ),
6.
. 140. , , ,
. 141. , , 10. 14.
. 142. , , 14. 18.

. 143. , , , 9.10. ( .
)
. 144. , , ; 13. ( .
)
. 145. , , , .
, 12.
. 146. , , , 7.8. 13.
. 147. . , , ,
. 148. , , ,
( ?)
. 149. , , ,
. 150. , , (),

. 151. , , (); 14. ( . )

. 152. , . 15 , 9. ( . . )
. 153. , - 10.11. ( , ; .
)
. 154. , ,
. 155. , , ; 11.
. 156. , , ,

. 157. , , 10.13.
. 158. , , , ( ).
10.12.
. 159. , , 11.12.
. 160. , , , , ,
( ; )
. 161. , , (13.14. )
. 162. , ,
. 163. , , , (
)
381

. 164. , , , 10.13.
. 165. , , 11.13.
. 166. , , , (
)
. 167. , , (969973)
. 168. , . , .

. 169. , ,
. 170. , , 13. 14.
. 171. , , () 5.6. .
9. 10. ?
. 172 , , 1, 9.10. ( . )
. 173. , , 2 (9.10. ) 6. .
(10.11. )
. 174. (), , .
( )
. 175. , , 9. 13.14.
. 176. , , 14.
. 177. , ,
. 178. , ,

382


. 1 . (..9): .
. 2 , : , .
. 3 , (. . 14): - (6. ),
.
. 4 , (6. ),
. 5 , (. . 30): .

. 6 -, (. . 29): .
. 7 , . (. . 39): .
. 8 , (. . 38):
, ,
. 9 . (.
. 86)
. 10 , , : /
. 11 ,
. 12 , 220 ,
. 13 , . ..
. 14 , , , . .
. 15 , , 14. , (?). .
. 16 , , 14. , (?). .
. 17 , , (. . 47), .
. 18 , , , / ( . )
. 19 , , ( . )
. 20 , . ( . )
. 21, 22 , (. . 51), 1 (6. , )
10.11. .
. 23 , , (. . 56), .
, .
. 24 , (. . 58), .
. 24 , , ( ) (6. ),

. 25 . (. . 62): , 13.14.
. 26 , : , .
. 27 . (. . 64).
. 28 , (. . 65), , 14. ;
. 29, 30 , , / , .
6. , .
. 31 , (. . 71), , 14. . .
. 32 . (. . 71), , 14. . .
. 33 , (. . 75), - , 13.14. . .
. 34 , (. . 75), - . 13.14. . .
. 35 , (. p. 74), , 11.12. . .
. 36. 37 , . (. . 79), , 13.14. . .
. 38, 39 , (. . 82), . 14. . .
383



Cod. Iust. Codex Iustinianus. ed. P. Krueger, Dublin-Zrich 1967/68.
Cod. Theod. Codex Theodosianus /Theod. libri XVI cum constitutionibus sirmondianus/, ed. Th. Mommsen,
Berolini 1905.
Hier. Syn. Hieroclis Synecdemus, rec. A. Burckhardt, Lipsiae 1893.
Marcel. Chr. Marcellini Comitis Chronikon, ed. Th. Mommsen, MGH AA XI, a, Berolini 1893.
Not. Dign. Or. Notitia dignitatum, accedunt Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae et Laterculi provinciarum, ed.
O. Seeck, Berolini 1876.
Proc. BG, HA, De aed. Procopii Caesareensis opera omnia; De bello Gotico; Historia arcana: De aedificiis; ed.
Heimeran, Mnchen 1978.
:
J, , I (1955), III (1966),
IV (1971).
, , . VIII (1972).

Abh DAW Abhandlungen der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
AI Archaeologia Iugoslavica, SADJ, Belgrad
, J, ( 1975 . ).
VAMZ Vjesnik Arheolokog Muzeja u Zagrebu
- HP

,
, (1925-1940)

,
, ,
. ,
Corso Corso di cultura sull'arte ravennate bizantina. Ravenna
CRAI Comptes rendus Academie des inscriptions et belles lettres, Paris
Macedoniae Acta Archaeologica, Prilep / Skopje
MBVF Mnchener Beitrge zur Vor- und Frhgeschichte, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften /ed. J.
Werner/, Mnchen
MGH AA Monumenta Germaniae historica auctorum antiquorum
RE Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll. Realenziklopaedie der Altertumswissenschaften, Stuttgart
TIR Tabula Imperii Romani, K-34, sectio Naissus-Scupi. Thessalonike, Ljubljana 1976.
384

CKPATEHO
. 1955 (1921-1954 .). . III, 1955, 17-22.
"
1959 , . 3. 1959, 217-234.
"
1983 , , 1975 1981 ., . 10-11, 1983, 85-100.
"
1989 The Episcopy of Bregalnica, Skope 1989.
"
. 1965 , , e,
1965.
. 1981 , .
4/1981, , 22-27.
J. 1987 , , 1986, 1987, 125-126.
. 1985, 1 . 1, 1985.
. 1971 Trouvaille scellee de poterie de table byzantin a Skopsko Kale, AI 13, Belgrade 1971, 45-54
"
1986 .
, 1986, 1-362.
. aaou 1981 , 1981.
. 1986 , 1985. 1986, 153.
. 1977 , , , 3, 1977, 195-211.
. -, . . 1985 , I
1985, 1-172.
B. 1986 , . 22, 2, 1986, 249-265.
"
1988 1967/8; 1980 ., 9,
1988, 187-210.
"
1989 1981-86 ., 10, 1989, 101-134.
C. 1961 , . 24, 1961, 104146.
. 1989 XII XIII ,
. 33, 2, 1989, 83-104.
. W. Bhme 1974 Germanische Grabfunde des 4. bis 5. Jh. zwischen unterer Elbe und Loire, MBVF Bd. 19,
Mnchen 1974.
M. de Boueard 1979 Le chateau de Caen, Caen 1979, 1-148.
. 1966 . , , 2, 1966, .
21-31.
J. C. Waldbaum 1983 Metalwork from Sardis: The Finds trough 1974. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis.
Cambridge/Mass. 1983.
J. Werner 1953 Slawische Bronzefiguren aus Nordgriechenland, Abh.DAW 1952, 2, Berlin 1953.
"
1955 Byzantinische Grtelschnallen des 6. und 7. Jh. aus der Slg. Diergardt, Klner Jahrbuch Bd. l,
1955, 36-48, T. 1-8.

385

"
1986 Der Schatzfund von Vrap in Albanien. OeAW Bd. 184, Wien 1986, 1-125.
Z. Vinski 1970 Oruje na podruju starohrvatske drave do ok. 1000, I Int. kongres arheologii slowanskiej,
Warszawa 1970, 135-146.
"
1974 O kasnim bizantskim kopama i pitanju njihova odnosa s avarskim tvorevinama, VAM 3-VIII,
Zagreb 1974, 57-81, T. I-V.
"
1977/78 Novi ranokarolinki nalazi u Jugoslaviji, VAM 3-X-XI, Zagreb 1977/78,
143-208.
. 1931 , . 71, 1931.
N. Vuli 1937 Archologische Karte von Jugoslawien, Blatt Prilep-Bitolj, Belgrad 1937, 1-35.
. 1984 , . 26, 1,
1984, 16-28.
. 1989 , . 1987, 1989, 54-56.
. . 1954 HP , 1954.
B. 1877 , 1877.
P. 1933 - , XII/6, 1933, 33-77.
1935 , II, ,
, 1935.
G. R. Davidson 1952 The Minor Objects, Corinth Vol. XII, Washington 1952.
. 1950 , , 1950, 1-215.
"
1956 , .. 5-6, 1956. 83-104.
"
1971 , 120, 1971, 1-16.
. 1992 , . 34, 3, 1992, 10-19.
C. 1981 1371 ., 122,
1981.
. - 1973 , . 15, 3, 1973, 14-21.
"
1986 I . , , . ,
1986, 165-168.
A. Dunn 1994 The transition from polis to kastron in the Balkans (III-VII cc.): general and regional perspectives,
BMGS 18, Oxford 1994, 60-80.
A. J. Evans 1885 Antiquarian Researches in Illyricum, IV: Scupi, Scopia, the Birthplace of Justinijan, Archaeologia
Vol. 49, 1, London 1885.
B. Ebhardt 1939 Der Wehrbau Europas im Mittelalter, Berlin 1939.
J. 1970 , , 1970, 1-160.
. 1980 , . 22, 1, 1980,
48-51.
. 1931 , 1931.
. 1987 , , 1986, , 123.

386

. J 1980 "", , , 6, 1980, 1983, 97-110.

. J 1952. 1978 , II. 1952; III, 1978.
. Joa 1928 , III, 1928, 278-280.
. Joa 1961 , Mye .
II, 1961, 103-108.
. Josifovska 1982 Inscriptions de la Mesie Superieure, Vol. 1, Scupi et la region de Kumanovo,
Belgrade 1982.
J. Klmar 1945 Die Typen der awarischen Pfeilspitzen, Archeologiai Ertesito V-VI, Budapest 1944-45,
283-294.
. 1972 , 1972.
. 1978 . , , 4, 1978, 159188.
. 1968 , . IV, 2,
1968, 199-206.
. 1966 , . I, II, III, 1966.
J. . 1994 XI , . 1,
1994, 85-102.
J. 1975 , . Mye 1975.
. 1995 "" 14. , . 1. , 1995, 227-230.
R. Koch 1982 Stachelsporen des frhen und hohen Mittelalters, ZAM J. 10. Bonn 1982, 72-94.
. 1970 , .. 20, 1970, 171-179.
V. Kravari 1989 Villes et villages de Macedoine occidentale, Paris 1989.
D. Krandalov 1969 Sur le probleme des influences orienlales dans l'art ancien bulgare. Starinar N.S.
19, 1968, Belgrad 1969, 141-164, T. 1-14.
A. , . . 1981 , . I, 1981.
P. Lemerle 1954 Invasions et migrations dans les Balkans depuis la fin de l'epoque romaine jusqu'au
VIII siecle, Revue historique T. 211, Paris 1954, 265-308.
"
1979 Les plus anciens recueils des miracles de Saint Demetrius et la penetration des Slaves
dans les Balkans, 1, Paris 1979. 2, 1981 (Commentaire).
B. 1983 , , , . 19, 2.
1983, 268-280.
"
1989 , . 41-42, 1988/89,
129-136.
"
. 1989 , 13, 1992,
1993, 227-244.
"
1995 , 1995, 1-153.
. 1967 . ,
, 1967.
. 1980 6. , , 1980, 21-57.
E. 1992 , 1992.
"
J. 1993
?, 13, 1993, 265-271.
387

. Mapa-o 1977 6. 12. . . 1977, 1-91.

. Meloski 1974 Beitrge zur Agrar und Sozialgeschichte Makedoniens im 11. und 12. Jh. Auf Grand der
Privilegienurkunden der byzantinischen Kaiser, Halle 1974, 1-209.
. 1934 . . XIII/7,
1934. 171-183.
. . 1975 , 1975.
. 1966 , Erec .
. Jyr. III. - 1966.
"
1970 . , . I,
1970, 73-89.
"
1974 , . 10, 2, 1974,
347-368.
"
1975 (), 1, 1975, 173-197.
"
1977 , .. 27/1976,
1977, 181-191.
"
. 1978, 1979 , 1977 1978, 4, 1978, 137-150 5, 1979, 65-74.
"
. 1981-82 , , , 1977 1980, 7-8, 1981-82 (1987),
205-220.
"
1981 . (. . Baca),
III, 1981, 210-226.
"
1982 co , 1982, 1-161.
"
1983 - , . 36, 1983, 211-218.
"
1985 , . 38, 1985, 83-100.
"
1986 Frhchristlicher Kirchenbau in Makedonien, 33 Corso Ravennate. Ravenna 1986, 221-252.
"
1986-2 Sptantike Fortifikationen in der SR Makedonien, 33. Corso, Ravenna 1986,
253-278.
"
1987 , . 40, 1987, 149-160.
"
1995 . . 48,
1995, 239-254.
. 1983 , . 10-11,
1983, 143-145.
"
1987 6. , 7-8. 1981-82,
1987, 177-194.
. . 1978 1973 . . 15 ,
, . 8-9, 1978, 93-104.
. 1972 , . 14,
1, 1972, 1-8.
G. Moravcsik 1958 Byzantinoturcica, Bd. 2, Berlin 1958.
N. Moutsopoulos 1956 Ag. Ahilios, Prespa, Thessalonike 1956 ().
"
1989 Le tombeau du Tsar Samuil dans la basilique de Saint Achille Prespa,

388

Balkanski studii 3, BAN, Sofija 1989, 114-126.

W. Mller-Wiener 1986 Von der Polls zum Kastron, Gymnasium Bd. 93, 1986, 434-475.
. 1966 14. 19. ,
. 4-5, 1966, 77-93.
. 1912 , , 1912.
. 1982 V-X , , 1982, 77-144.
. 1959 , 1959.
. 1985, 3 , 3, 1985.
. 1957 , 1957.
. 1950 , 1950.
. 1896 . 1896.
. 1964 , e, 3, 1964, 589-590.
"
1975 11. 19. ,
. I, 1975, 75-88.
. Polak 1984 Markovi Kuli, Prilep, Konservatorski badan, Warszawa 1984, 1-89.
V. Popovi 1980 Aux origines de la slavisation des Balkans: la constitution des premiers sclavinies
macedoniennes vers la fin du VI s., CRAI 1980, 1, Paris, 230-257.
"
1981 J J II, . 4, .
1981, 111-126.
"
1988 . : , , 1988,
201-284.
J., Poulik i dr. 1985 Velka Morava, Bratislava 1985, 1-303.
B. 1924 , - 1924.
C. 1952 , 1, 1952, 148-168.
. 1983 , . 5, 1989, 83-108.
"
1987 - , 7-8, 1981-82,
1987, 221-236.
. 1988 -, . 30, 2, 1988,
57-61.
. . 1948 , 1948.
. Spahiu 1975 La ville haut-medievale albanaise de Shurdhah, Iliria V, 2, Tirane 1975, 151-159.
. 1985 , . 27, 3, 1985, 42-45.
. 1964 , I, 1964.
A. 1981 14. 17. , ,
, 1981.
B. - 1956 I ,
,

389

25/3, 1956, 40-60.

. 1961 , 1961.
. 1964 III , . 16,
1964, 41-44.
"
1970 II. , . VI, 2,
1970, 172-180.
"
1971 , . 23, 1971, 255-258.
"
1975 , . 6-7, 1975, 271-278.
"
1976 , . 28, 1976, 249-268,
"
1978 . . VI, 1978, 93-116.
"
1978-2 , , .
30, 1978, 267-294.
"
1978-3 , . 30, 1978, 243-250.
"
1980 Butella Civitas Pelagoniae, . 16. 2, 1980, 17-21.
"
1984-85 Entwurf einer Karte von Burgen in Makedonien, Balcanoslavica 11-12, Prilep 198485, 33-45.
K. Tpa 1983 1980, . 10-11, 1983, 133-142.
"
1991 105 , 12, 1991, 235-245.
S. Uenze u.a. 1992 Die sptantiken Befestigungen von Sadovec (Bulgarien) MBVF Bd. 43, Muenchen
1992, 1-600.
M. Vasmer 1970 Die Slaven in Griechenland, Leipzig 1970.
. 1980 , 1978, 6, 1980, 111-122.
"
"
1981
1978-81, . Mye . 2-3, 1980-81, 113-133.
. Hahn 1961 Hohenstaufenburgen in Sditalien, Muenchen 1961.
W. Hotz 1975 Kleine Kunstgeschichte der deutschen Burg, Darmstadt 1975.
G. Cankova-Petkova 1976 Ueber die Herkunft einiger slawischen Ethnonyme und Toponyme. Studien
zum 7. Jh. in Byzanz, BBA Bd. 47, DAW, Berlin 1976, 73-76.
. 1987 , . 40, 1987, 171-195.
"
1993 , 13, 1992. 1993, 221226.
"
1994 J , 1994, 1-546.
. 1989 , 10,
1989, 247-257.
. 1955 Opye , , 1955.

390


1: 6. j j
2:
j