A SYNOPSIS OF WORLD HISTORY

BEING AN OVERVIEW OF SOME OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT AND INFLUENTIAL EVENTS OF THE PAST SIX THOUSAND YEARS

by Darren Andrews A.D. 2003

Acknowledgements to Margaret and Paul for their advice and encouragement

Dedicated to all those who seek truth first, and please man last

"If men could learn from history, what lessons it might teach us! But passion and party blind our eyes, and the light which experience gives is a lantern on the stern, which shines only on the waves behind us!" Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834).

Author's Note The author of this work wishes to make it known that the dates, events, and explanations contained herein are subject to the fallibility of the sources (and the author) but that to the best of his ability he has produced what evidence and context would suggest to be true and has, especially in the more recent history of the past two centuries, tried to take an objective and reasoned approach rather than following the views of popularity or 'political correctness' of any kind. As to this work, however, it must be stated that it is the view of the author and not necessarily the view of any other person or organization. Copyright, Darren Andrews, 2003.

FOREWORD
A chronology and commentary on world history, even a selective 'overview' of significant key events, is a considerable enterprise in itself, and yet to discover such aspirations and intellectually brave assertions set forth within the modest proportions of a 120 page dissertation-sized booklet (albeit a 'thesis' that promises to be as useful as it is unforgettable) begs some kind of explanation. To this end it should be said that the following observations have been made as a result of a familiarity with source materials as much as with the work itself, and from a close personal acquaintance with the concerns, convictions, and extraordinary insights which both informed and motivated Darren to put pen to paper as it were. To offer an immediate explanation for such a curious, comprehensive piece of historical research, I venture to suggest that it is the somewhat natural and, perhaps, inevitable product of a reasonable and unprejudiced mind determined to preserve that very quality of reason which is ever ready to discriminate in favour of being true to the truth. In this particular sense it is a conscious celebration of the Hamiltonian aphorism, that: "In disquisitions of every kind there are certain primary truths, or first principles, upon which all subsequent reasonings must depend. These contain an internal evidence which, antecedent to all reflection or combination, commands the assent of the mind. Where it produces not this effect, it must proceed either from some disorder in the organs of perception, or from the influence of some strong interest, or passion, or prejudice." (Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist Papers, No. 31). Tempted to call upon such renowned Founding Fathers to venture further in this vein, one might make reference to a characteristically Jeffersonian fundamentalism so emphatic is our author in his unfailing resolve to engage in this genuine process of enlightenment; seeking always to create for us a more reliable document, as an index to historical truth, whose testimonial betokens an urgent need for a pre-millenial reassessment of the credibility of the historical record - even as it challenges and imposes a more inclusive agenda for future historians to seriously contemplate. Should this powerful disclosure of so many unexpected truths prove too sobering to 'celebrate' it is, nevertheless, greatly expected that such a document be revered for its power to elevate both the study and status of historical research to that conspicuously higher level of moral sensibility where all truths may be circumscribed into one great whole. Paul G. Allen, November 1998.

CONTENTS
i TITLE PAGE ii FOREWORD 1 CONTENTS 2-3 INTRODUCTION 4-37 THE FALL OF ADAM TO THE TIME OF CHRIST 38-83 THE MERIDIAN OF TIME, THE UNIVERSAL APOSTASY, AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT 84-110 THE RESTORATION OF THE CHURCH OF CHRIST AND THE LATTER DAYS 111 MAPS 119 BIBLIOGRAPHY 120 CONCISE THEME INDEX

INTRODUCTION
History is a subject which has grown in my estimation since my youth when I was interested only in the excitement and mysteries of ancient times. I am now certain that history must rank as one of the most important studies in life. I might mention in support of this claim the fact that God decreed that His people should keep records historical and that as early as the time of Adam a Book of Remembrance was kept.1 One New World prophet informs us that the scriptures (which we might define to be an inspired and authorized history or record of God's dealings with His people) had "enlarged the memory of [his] people, yea, and convinced many of the error of their ways.2 The potential of history, especially when seen in the context of the Plan of Salvation, to give so much that is beneficial to the present (and thus to futurity) is great indeed. No doubt there are many reasons for this; among them the fact that we may learn from mistakes that have already been made, learn from exemplary lives that have already been lived, come to discern the hand of Providence working in the lives of our ancestors and, likewise, detect the Adversary and his devices. Add to these, however, the 'sense of roots', heritage, and culture that history brings to the individual and to nations; surely such a knowledge serves to increase our identity and understanding of who we really are and perhaps is very much more associated with our divine origin and premortality than we suppose, after all it is but an extension of it. The value of history, as with religion and morality, does not escape the notice of the devil who has, throughout time and by means of human agents, clouded history with mists of darkness so dense that those 'false traditions' of which the scriptures speak have become both accepted and popular. It is my opinion that in the hereafter of our lives we shall discover many of the people and events of history to be quite different to how we imagined them to be. We live in a time known among the prophets as a period when there would be great lyings and deceivings 3 upon the face of the whole earth, when good would be called evil and evil good; surely this applies to history and its characters as much as it does to the present, for it is in the present that history is not only made but also interpreted and taught. We must be cautious in what we accept to be true. It has been my experience that in today's world if something is commonly accepted or promoted as true and/or important then that alone is good enough reason to scrutinize it all the more before arriving at any conclusions. * With this in mind I feel rather as Pericles** when he said: "It is hard to speak [or, in this case, write] properly upon a subject where it is even difficult to convince your hearers that you are speaking the truth. On the one hand, the friend who is familiar with every fact of the story may think that some point has not been set forth with that fullness which he
*

J. Reuben Clark, jr., a former U.S. Under-Secretary of State, Ambassador to Mexico, top constitutional expert, and member of the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, said concerning our times: "We are in the midst of the greatest exhibition of propaganda that the world has ever seen." (Enemy, p. 286). Will Durant put it even more succinctly perhaps when he wrote: "Most history is guessing, and the rest is prejudice." (Our Oriental Heritage, The Story of Civilization, (1954) New York: Simon and Schuster, p.12).
**

Or perhaps I might say as the prophet-king Benjamin, who mourned that some of the people of his time "[knew] nothing concerning [the scriptural record and truths contained therein], or even do not believe them when they are taught them, because of the traditions of their fathers, which are not correct." (Mosiah 1:5).

wishes and knows it to deserve; on the other, he who is a stranger to the matter may be led by envy to suspect exaggeration if he hears anything above his own nature."4 Alas, even when history is quite clear to us it is often the nature of man to ignore its lessons. As we look around today we see the same things happening and being planned, the same age-old philosophies being promoted, that have destroyed civilizations from earliest times. One thing we do learn from history is that mankind in general does not learn from history. It was Friedrich Von Schiller who said "Die Weltgeschichte ist das Weltgericht"5 ('The world's history is the world's judgement'). With so much history behind us how will God judge us if we do not learn from it? Explanation The chronologies below cover the earth's history from the Fall of Adam to the present day. The dates of the Second Millenia BC and earlier are not reliable and only give a rough sketch of the sequence of events. Dates based on the Old Testament are as accurate as I have been able to get them and have been adjusted in accordance with modern revelation where such account of years differs from those of the Bible. All dates are based on Calmet's Chronology which sets the year of the Fall of Adam at 4000 BC and the birth of Christ at 1 BC. Dates around New Testament times have an accepted margin of error of 1 to 7 years, thereafter dates are believed to steadily become more reliable. Legendary and unconfirmed events are listed in square brackets, although this is for the reader's benefit and does not necessarily mean that those events are any less valid than those without brackets. For excellent information on calendars and biblical chronology visit the web site of John Pratt at www.johnpratt.com. Much of course has not been included in this work due to restriction of space. Inventions, music, art, architecture, science, etc., are just some of the things in addition to the more 'strictly historical' matters I have excluded; though I have mentioned some 'lighter' matters in the chronologies for the purpose of giving the reader a sense of where certain things 'fit in' as a point of reference. The theme of this work, however, is centred around (1) the Kingdom of God, (2) the continuation of the War in Heaven (i.e. the contention between the two opposing political philosophies of freedom and slavery), (3) the blood of Israel throughout the centuries and nations, and (4) major wars and events influencing Israel, Europe, Britain, America and other parts of the world inasmuch as they touch upon these and the first three points. I have attempted a little more by way of detail as far as the last 200 years are concerned, they having such a bearing upon the present state of things. Works particularly drawn upon in the text have been abbreviated in brackets for easier citation in the endnotes (see bibliography for key). LDS works have also been clearly marked as such in the bibliography. Perspective and Intent There are two contending schools of thought or perspectives regarding the historical record. One teaches that what has happened in the past is the consequence of unplanned and unrelated events. This belief is called the Accidental View of history. It is this view which prevails in the teaching of history today. The second view claims that the past is, in the main at least, a consequence of planned and often related events. This is called the Conspiratorial View of history. This philosophy ascribes

events to unseen superintending powers that work upon mankind. It could also be called the Providential or Prophetical View. It is the contention of this author that the latter view is supported by the evidence of the historical record. Before this earth was populated there was a conflict that existed between Jehovah and Lucifer and their forces. It was called the War in Heaven and it was fought over the issue of freedom. That war, now transferred to this earth, continues mainly through earthly governments and powers.6 In this connection I have included an appendix on government, focusing on those principles inspired of heaven both anciently and in more recent times and of which every person in the world should be familiar.* Although this work has been written from a Latter-day Saint perspective (and includes many LDS historical and doctrinal points) I have tried to so present it that non-LDS readers will also benefit. It is the hope of the author that the reader, be they LDS or not, will gain a sense of the 'big picture' of history, of the contending forces thereof, remove themselves from the deceptions now so inveterate in the world, and come to teach their children "things as they really are."7

PART ONE
THE FALL OF ADAM TO THE TIME OF CHRIST
4000 BC Fall of Adam:FIRST DISPENSATION BEGINS (Adamic Dispensation)

A Dispensation is a period of dispensing (distributing) the gospel. Each dispensation is presided over by a prophet, Adam (also called The Ancient of Days) being president of all the heads (prophets) of all dispensations. It would seem that each of these heads of the dispensations were and are associated with the seven Archangels. We know, for instance, that Adam and Noah are the Archangels Michael and Gabriel respectively. The Jaredites and the Nephites had their own dispensations (as may have others of whom we know not) but these are not included among the traditional lineal dispensations headed by Adam, Enoch, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Peter/the Apostles, and the Prophet Joseph Smith who was called in AD 1820. Although the First Dispensation is considered to have begun at this time it should be noted that the scriptures indicate that divine revelation and the dispensing of the fullness of the gospel did not occur until some years after the Fall.8 39?? BC 3600 BC 3378 BC
*

Cain slays Abel; he becomes Master Mahan** and secret combinations begin Around this time the righteous posterity of Adam leave the land of Shulon and settle a 'promised land' they call Cainan9 Enoch, the seventh from Adam, born

"The fundamentals and processes of free government should be known to every school boy - and his parents...No free people can ever survive if they are ignorant of and fail to understand the principles of free government." (Ezra Taft Benson, The Red Carpet, p. 202).
**

The word Mahan may be connected with 'mind', 'destroyer' or 'great one' (see Moses 5:31).

The Book of Enoch is no longer to be found in the canon of the scriptures, being one of the many 'Lost Books'. Although there are traditional translations in existence today (the Ethiopic being the most common), prophecy speaks of a time when the writings of Enoch shall come forth;10 a portion of these writings can be found in The Pearl of Great Price.11 3353 BC Enoch ordained to the Priesthood by Adam

Summary of Adamic Dispensation: Very little is known concerning the antediluvian (Latin, ante, 'before', and diluvium, 'deluge') period. After Adam and his wife left Eden they travelled just a few miles east to the plains of Olaha Shinehah12 where they settled. Evidently this whole area later became known as Shulon and included or was very near to the mountains and valley of Adam-ondi-Ahman (see 3073 BC). In the fourth generation from Adam the residue of the righteous, apparently under the leadership of Enos (Seth's son), migrated eastward to a new 'promised land' they named Cainan (after Enos's son); Adam and Seth apparently remained in Shulon perhaps to preach repentance to those who had not departed with Enos. This period also saw the Adversary, through Cain, first establish secret combinations upon the earth within the society of Cain's descendants. Their first dwelling place was said to be called Nod (meaning 'wandering') and later they built a city called Enoch (not to be confused with the City of Zion). 3313 BC SECOND DISPENSATION BEGINS (Enochian Dispensation)> Zion established; in which days the City of Enoch (or City of Zion) is built Birth of Methuselah son of Enoch 3213 BC 3073 BC Methuselah ordained to the Priesthood by Adam Adam-ondi-Ahman: Meeting of High Priests under Adam; Adam blesses his righteous posterity and predicts all that will happen to them down to the last generation13

Adam-ondi-Ahman is one of the very few Adamic words known to us; Orson Pratt, a modern-day Apostle, said that it translates as "Valley of God, where Adam dwelt" although it has also been said to mean "The Valley where God talked with Adam". 14 It was evidently a large area and included part or all of what today is known as Daviess County, Missouri.15 3070 BC Adam dies

Evidence16 shows that Joseph Smith taught that Adam lived just a few months short of 1000 years; Hebrew tradition also refers to the same time span though adding that Adam gave 70 years of his life to another. It seems likely that Adam lived about 6970 years in the Garden of Eden and 930 years in mortality, making him just under 1000 when he died thus fulfilling the word of the Lord that Adam would die in the day (1000 years by the Lords time) he ate of the forbidden fruit. 3000 BC Around this period Enoch warreda with wicked men and giantsb

(a)

John the Beloved, in speaking of the opening of the First Seal17 which represented the events of the first thousand years of history, described a man on a white horse with a bow and crown who went forth conquering. A modern Apostle, Bruce R. McConkie, made this comment on the matter: "Truly, never was there a ministry such as Enoch's, and never a conqueror and general [see Moses 7:13-17] who was his equal! How appropriate that he should ride the white horse of victory in John's apocalyptic vision!"18 Interestingly the Book of Jasher (an apocryphal work considered to be quite reliable) also associates Enoch with a white horse at the time of being taken up (translated). Giants are mentioned in Genesis 6:419 (translated Nephilim in some versions). Later Noah fought this same race and later still, in the time of Israel, we find reference to post-flood giants, the most well-known being Goliath who, if the interpretation of measurement is correct, stood 9 foot and 9 inches tall. Many myths and legends around the world speak of giants, especially typical is the tradition that giants were the first or oldest inhabitants of many lands, Britain included; of course these traditions may also be ascribed to the probability that people of the first two thousand years or so of history were generally larger than modern-day man. Zion (Citya of Enoch) and Enoch translatedb; righteous members of the Church continue to be translated from this time to the time of the Flood

(b)

2948 BC

(a) The word 'City' may actually have included an entire geographical area. It is believed by some that Joseph Smith said that the region we now call the Gulf of Mexico was where the City of Zion once stood. The population of this city/land may have numbered in the millions. (b) Translation is a temporary condition wherein a person continues to minister in a terrestrial (mortal) sphere (not necessarily on this earth it would seem).20 It is not resurrection. Translated beings are not subject to death, disease, suffering (save it be for the sorrows of the world), etc. Those who were translated before Christ's resurrection will have been resurrected at that time; 21 those translated after Christ's resurrection will be resurrected at the Second Coming. The resurrection of translated beings, as with all other people, requires death (separation of spirit and body) to precede it; in their case death is instantaneous and resurrection immediately follows. Many of the righteous servants of the Lord seem to have been translated during the Patriarchal era, even after the translation of Zion.22 Methuselah was not translated with the City of Enoch, the reason being "that the covenants of the Lord might be fulfilled":23 Noah was Methuselah's grandson. Translation continued after the Flood with the people of Salem and such men as Moses and Elijah who both had an important work to do just prior to the Atonement and Resurrection of Christ. Many of the righteous suffered death after the Meridian of time as there was a need for them to enter into the work recently opened up in the next life - the preaching of the gospel to the dead and matters related thereto. 2944 BC Noah born

2494 BC 2452 BC 2444 BC 2400 BC

Japheth born Shem born Ham born Daughters of Priesthood holders marry outside the Covenant

The Prophet Joseph Fielding Smith said concerning this: "This offense was one cause that brought to pass the universal flood...the daughters of the [priesthood] were transgressing the commandment of the Lord and were marrying out of the Church..."24 2344 BC
(a)

Death or translation of Methuselaha; the Floodb

One interpretation25 of Methuselah's name is from methu ('he dieth') and shalach ('he sendeth out'); this would indicate that his name was prophetic, that is that when Methuselah died (or was translated) the Flood should be sent out. The story of a universal Flood or Deluge can be found in the myths of just about every culture on the face of the earth, most mentioning some form of boat that allowed a few individuals to survive. John Taylor, a modern-day prophet of God, affirmed that the Flood was universal and complete when he said "...the earth was immersed. It was a period of baptism."26

(b)

Summary of Enochian Dispensation: Like the First Dispensation relatively little is known about this time. Prominent, however, is the living of the Law of Zion by the people of Enoch and the eventual translation of Enoch and his city. This was also a time of great war between the people of Zion and the wicked. It has been estimated that the population of the earth at the time of the Flood may have exceeded present world levels of population.27 It is believed by some that this was the time when dinosaurs flourished. 2343 BC THIRD DISPENSATION BEGINS (Noachian a Dispensation)> God's Covenant with Noah; Noachians settle Middle East/Asiab

(a) The Lord promised to Noah that the world would never be subject to a universal Flood again, that Zion (the City of Enoch) would return, and that the Lord would come to dwell upon the earth. The outward token was to be the rainbow.
(b)

The Ark came to rest in a place the Assyrians called Urartu. The Hebrew name of this district is Ararat. It was "upon the mountains of Ararat"28 that the Ark settled (although the Inspired Version reads "mountain of Ararat");29 it is not known for sure where the vessel eventually grounded itself, although the explorations and discoveries of the late David Fasold in the 1980s/90s seem to support strong evidence for the decayed remains of a large boat (with the same dimensions as the Ark) being located in that region near the Turkish-Armenian border. According to historians, and supported to some extent by scriptural evidence, the first organized political cultures emerged at the latter end of the Third Millennium BC in the

Indus Valley (NW India), Mesopotamia, Canaan and Egypt; that is to say, at places near to the landing place of the Ark. Some evidence, however, seems to point at civilizations around 3000 BC. These may have been pre-Flood settlements (it is not known how far the Antediluvians travelled from their original lands), or the date of the Flood may be inaccurate, or the evidence may simply be misinterpreted. 2300 BC Prophetic blessing given to Noah's sons; Japheth's descendants are to be the Seed of Adoption,a Shem's the Chosen Seed,b and Ham's the Cursed Seedc

(a) Japheth's descendants seemed to have settled Asia Minor, Macedonia, Armenia, France, Spain, Greece, Italy, Central Europe, Southern Asia, Media, and Persia. They are referred to as Gentiles or Indo-Europeans. The gospel did not go forth to the descendants of Japheth until about AD 40. (b) Shem's descendants seem to have settled Chaldea, Syria, part of Armenia, Salem (Jerusalem), Damascus, and Eastern Mesopotamia. The Semitic lineage was chosen of the Lord to give rise to the House of Israel, which was to receive the birthright and be a means of eventually blessing all the children of God of all lineages. (c) Ham's descendants seem to have settled Egypt, Canaan (Palestine), Continental Africa, India, Australia, and Assyria (North Mesopotamia). Ham, though a holder of the Priesthood himself, was told that his children (the Hamitic peoples) could not bear the Priesthood because the blood of Cain was in their veins (Ham's wife Egyptus was a descendant of Cain). This was not to last, however, and the restriction was lifted by the Lord in AD 1978.30 Great Pyramid and Stonehenge may have began to be constructed about this time Aram, son of Shem, born around this time Aram did not give rise to the birthright line, being (according to Genesis 10:22) the brother of Arphaxad (the grandfather of Eber). Aram was therefore Semitic but not a Hebrew (see the text under 2277 BC). However, according to Genesis 22:21 Aram was a Hebrew and the grandson of Abraham's brother. Aram was said to have given rise to the Aramaeans (sometimes referred to as Syrians in the KJV), who inhabited Mesopotamia (originally called Aram-Naharaim, meaning 'Aram of the Two Rivers'). The Assyrians and Babylonians were populated and influenced by those of Aramaean stock, and the original Assyrian language gave way to the language of the Aramaeans (better known as Aramaic or Syriack). Later these people inhabited Syria. The Aramaean people finally lost their independence as a political entity with the fall of Damascus in 733 BC; their language however continued with the Assyrians and Persians, becoming a language later dominant in Palestine after the return of the exiled Jews who had been exposed to it during their Babylonian captivity. 2277 BC Eber born (a Shemite), the ancestor of all Hebrews

Shemites (later called Semites or Semitic peoples) are the descendants of Shem. Hebrews are thought to be named after their progenitor Eber, a name that may come from the word 'Eber which means 'to cross', designating 'one who had come from beyond (the Euphrates)'; in any case all Hebrews are Semitic (Eber was a descendant of Shem); the Hamitic peoples were descendants of Ham; the Israelites were descendants of Israel (Jacob) and are therefore Semites and Hebrews. Today we think of Jews when we hear the word 'Semitic' or 'Hebrew' but in reality these terms have reference to a much larger group of people. One should also remember not to confuse the Hebrew language with the Hebrew people, and likewise the Jewish religion with the Jewish race (non-Jewish people have taken up Judaism, and many Jews in the time of the early Apostles, for example, became Christians). 22?? BC Egypt named and inhabited by Egyptus (daughter of Ham). Her eldest son, Pharaoh, rules and a patriarchal government is set up in imitation of the government of the early Patriarchs.31

It should be pointed out that the scriptures do state Pharaoh to have been "a righteous man" who "judged his people wisely and justly all his days";32 it seems then that this imitation government was originally based on a sincere desire to live after the manner of God's people despite the wickedness and idolatry of the Egyptians by Abraham's time. Sumerians (Hamitic) inhabit Mesopotamia The lands of Sumer ('the land of Shinar' in the Bible) comprised what was later to become known as Babylonia. The Sumerians occupied the eastern or lower part of Mesopotamia. The name Mesopotamia itself is Greek and means 'in the middle of or between the rivers' (referring to the rivers Euphrates and Tigris). According to Genesis 11:2 the people of Sumer had come from the east, suggesting that the area nearer to Media / the Indus Valley may have been a centre of settlement for the people of Noah soon after the Flood (the Inspired Version indicates that this migration east consisted of "many" 33). It was the Sumerians who are credited with the creation of what is known as cuneiform ('wedge-shaped') writing which is the earliest known form of writing as far as records go. The famous Epic of Gilgamesh (which makes reference to the Deluge) was written in cuneiform around this time in Akkad. Nimrod (Hamitic) becomes Master Mahan and establishes Babel* Great Ebla Empire (Syria) flourishes around this time Ebla extended its rule to Mesopotamia at its height. Its existence was not known until AD 1974 from which time thousands of clay tablet began to be found; many containing references to a creation, a garden, a unique extra-biblical reference to the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah (with whom Ebla had traded), and Hebrew names such as David and Esau. The Empire was subsequently destroyed and taken over by the Akkadians.
*

Debates as to the time of Babel are many. I have kept here to the traditional scriptural chronology although this should not be considered definitive. Such should be borne in mind for all the dates of this period as well as, to a lesser extent, the sequence of events.

2240 BC

Continents divide in the days of Peleg

The pangea (or one landmass) that split in the days of Peleg (born 2243 BC) most probably comprised of the Far East being connected to the west coast of the Americas, thus there was no Pacific Ocean. A number of scriptural evidences back this up such as Enoch describing a "sea east" (the Atlantic) and the Garden of Eden being "eastward" and in North America (it would have been "westward" if the east coast of America was joined with Europe). This event probably occurred or began to occur around Peleg's birth otherwise he would not have received his name which means 'division'. Jaredites leave Babel and sail to the Americas The Confusion of Tongues 22?? BC Nineveh built around this period

According to tradition the city of Nineveh was founded by Nimrod although the Bible indicates it was Asshur; yet other sources indicate Ninus, grandson of Nimrod. It was located on the eastern bank of the Tigris and its ruins have yielded important evidences of that culture. Founding of Akkadian Empire by Sargon I in Mesopotamia; Sumerian era ends Sargon (or Sharrukin) was from the city of Akkad. Sargon invaded and incorporated the land of Sumer into his Empire and brought an end to the Sumerian era. He also possessed the land of northern Mesopotamia which would later be called Assyria and brought the land of Elam (just east of Mesopotamia, with Susa as its capital, and one of the first urban settlements in Persia) under his dominion. The Akkadian Empire is considered to be one of the first real Empires* of history. Dravidians (Hamitic?) settle Indus River and begin Harappan Civilisation 2100 BC Ministry of Melchizedek

Melchizedek (meaning 'king of righteousness') ruled a place called Salem (identified with Jerusalem). He is very much associated with Shem and may have been one and the same person;34 this belief seems to have emanated from Jewish tradition although some modern-day leaders and scholars of the Church have also hinted at the possibility. There has been no clear revelation on the matter however. Melchizedek presided in seniority over Abraham and it was from him that Abraham received the Priesthood and to whom he paid his tithes.35

An empire has been defined as the political and military domination of a single distinct cultural group over one or more other cultural groups.

20?? BC 2050 BC

Hsia (or Xia) Dynasty (or Anyang culture) flourishes in the Orient in Yellow River (or Hwang Ho) area (Gentiles) Beginning of Middle Kingdom (or Feudal Age) in Egypt

The reasons for its predecessor's decline, the Old Kingdom (or Dynastic Age), are not known. Prehistorians date the beginnings of the Old Kingdom prior to the date traditionally inferred by the scriptures for the beginning of Egypt. The first King of the Old Kingdom of Egypt was said to be Menes (or Narmer) who united Upper Egypt in the south (with its capital at Thebes) with Lower Egypt in the north (with its capital at Memphis), hence the double crown of Egypt. 2022 BC Abram (Abraham) born

The scriptures do not give a precise date for Abraham's birth, only that it was somewhere between Terah's 70th and 130th year (i.e. between 2052 and 1992 BC). Most scholars agree that it is probably the middle or latter half of this range (based partly on the fact that Abraham had a significantly older brother); I have thus assumed Abraham's birth to be in 2022 BC when his father was 100 years old. This is a commonly accepted date among scholars. Some writings and traditions say that Abraham's birth was somewhat along the lines of both Moses' and the Saviour's in that a death decree had gone forth. This decree was said to have come from Nimrod. The imprecise dates for the lives of both Abraham and Nimrod make it difficult to know if they even lived at the same time. The Book of Abraham informs us however that Abraham was the intended victim of human sacrifice later in his life but was delivered by the angel of God. 2012 BC 2000 BC Sarai (Sarah) born Minoan Empire of Crete comes to power about this time

"Minos (King of Knossus), according to tradition, was the first to build a fleet and set up an empire in the Aegean Sea" (Thucydides). The rise and decline of the Cretans is still somewhat of a mystery. They evidently bore rule over most of the Mediterranean (including Greece) during their time and were on equal terms with their contemporaries - Egypt, Assyria, and the Hittite empires. Places as far west as Spain and as far east as Palestine seem to have been influenced by the Minoan Empire. Elamites destroy lands of Sumer Hittites (Hamitic) of Asia Minor make discovery and use of chariots and iron Phoenicians become a strong sea power The Phoenicians were a Semitic people with a similar language to Hebrew, although some may have been Hamitic (descendants of Sidon, son of Canaan) as there were evidently two branches - the 'fair' and the 'dark skinned'. They were great traders in the ancient world by land and especially by sea. It was their ships that seem to have been responsible for bringing Cornish tin to Israel for use in the building of the

Temple of Solomon (Phoenicians also helped build Solomon's 'Temple Square' and construct his fleet). There are evidences that the Phoenicians also ranged as far as the Western Hemisphere (as early as 1447 BC). It was from the Phoenicians that the syllabic writing system is said to have originated; later the Greeks developed this and gave us the Latin letters which gave birth to our modern languages. The system was essentially phonetic rather than pictorial in its characters. The word alphabet actually comes from aleph and beta which were originally two Phoenician words meaning 'ox' and 'house' (alpha and beta have no meaning in Greek). Later the Phoenicians influenced Israel in the ways of nature worship, the most well-known character perhaps being Jezebel who married King Ahab. The word Phoenician is said to come from the Greek phoenix, meaning 'purple'; the Phoenicians held the secret anciently to the rare and costly purple dye. Aryans (Gentiles) enter Western Asia about this time Aryans raid Indus Valley and enslave Dravidians The Aryans (meaning 'noble') were a fair-skinned and blue-eyed race. They seem to have been nomads and raiders. Those that enslaved the Dravidians also settled eastward at the River Ganges. The Vedas were said to have come from the Aryans, as well as cow-worship, and thus the core of what was to become Hinduism. Many Dravidians fled south and settled southern India where their descendants still live to this day. The Tamil's language comes from Dravidian and they among others may be descendants of the original pre-Aryan inhabitants of India. Ugarit flourishes Located on the north Syrian coast about 50 miles southwest of Antioch. It was also called the Ras Shamrah community. The Ras Shamrah Tablets indicate the immoral and idolatrous nature of these people. 1994 BC Noah dies

Summary of Noachian Dispensation: During this time the posterity of Noah settled and were told that their descendants would become three distinct groups upon the face of the earth. A few generations later the wicked Nimrod (a great grandson of Noah through Ham) established the abomination of Babylon (a corrupt religious, political and economic entity). During this time the continents divided and the pure tongue of Adam, called Adamic, was lost to all but one group of people, the Jaredites. The other descendants of Noah expanded into the Mediterranean in the west and the basin of the Yellow River in the east. It was also during this time that Melchizedek ministered, being so righteous that his people turned from wickedness to righteousness and were eventually to be translated (see 1920 BC); the Priesthood of the Son of God was later referred to as the Melchizedek Priesthood, reflecting how great a high priest this servant of God was. 1960 BC FOURTH DISPENSATION BEGINS (Abrahamic Dispensation)> Abraham receives Abrahamic Covenant

The Abrahamic Covenant36 was the Covenant of Exaltation to Abraham and his faithful seed and to those who were adopted into it. In the Covenant Abraham was promised that his seed would: (1) include all those who accepted the fullness of the gospel regardless of whether they were blood descendants and that Christ would come through his literal seed, (2) be as numerous as the stars, (3) inherit certain lands as an everlasting possession, (4) be the means of spreading the gospel by virtue of possessing the Priesthood. Around this time Abraham receives instruction on astronomy and is commanded to declare37 it to the Egyptians which he does As we obtained much of our astronomical/mathematical knowledge from the Greeks and they got theirs from the Egyptians we might well ask: Could modern science be founded upon the ancient revelations given to Abraham? Interestingly, scrolls containing numerical data (perhaps a record of what Abraham was told in Abraham 3:10) were found with the Egyptian mummies that the Prophet Joseph Smith purchased along with the papyri from which The Book of Abraham was translated. 1950 BC Reign of Hammurabi; the Code of Hammurabi; beginnings of Babylonian Empire; Elamites attacked by Hammurabi for their attack on Sumer

Hammurabi was from the city-state of Babylon in Mesopotamia. He ruled Akkad, Sumer, and formed the Babylonian Empire; it was from this time that Babylon became the centre of political power in that region of the earth. Babylonians were also called Chaldeans (pronounced with a hard 'ch'), although technically Chaldea was the southeast portion of Babylonia (although the name was applied to the whole Mesopotamian region sometimes). That they were influenced by the Sumerians, and possibly as a product of their own Semitic traditions, is shown in the fact that inscriptions have been found proving that they had accounts of a Creation and of a Deluge very similar to the Genesis story. 1936 BC Ishmael born to Abraham by Hagar the Egyptian

Being Egyptian Hagar would have been Hamitic. The Ishmaelites (some at least) seem to have later married into the Edomites: this people dwelt between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba in a place called the Arabah Valley. This is how they came to be called 'Arabs'. Like Israel (Jacob), Ishmael also begat 12 tribes or princes.38 1923 BC Covenant of Circumcision instituted by the Lord At about this time Sodom and Gomorrah are destroyed 1922 BC Lot's daughters give birth to Moab (father of the Moabites) and Ben-ammi (father of the Ammonites) by their father Isaac born to Abraham by Sarah 1920 BC Melchizedek and his people translated39

1885 BC 1862 BC 1850 BC 1847 BC

Death of Sarah Jacob (Israel) and Esau born (Esau has the birthright) Hyksos (Semitic) rule in Egypt begins Abraham dies

Abraham had married Keturah after Sarah's death. By her he gave rise to yet other tribes and peoples, among whom were said to be the Assyrians, Midianites (a nomadic tribe of north Arabia) and even the Spartans of Greece (who were Dorian Greeks). Interestingly, Josephus mentions that King Areus of Lakedaemon (another name for Sparta) wrote to Onias III, High Priest of Jerusalem, in about 183 BC, and claimed Abraham as an ancestor; this claim was acknowledged a few years later by the High Priest Jonathan who had evidently consulted unspecified Jewish records and found the claim to be in conformity with them.40 It will be seen, if the lineages of Abraham's wives are correct, that Abraham married a Semite of his own lineage (Sarai/Sarah), a Hamitic woman (Hagar), and a woman descended from Japheth (Keturah); if this is true then we can see how the Lord's blessing that Abraham would have many children, and that all nations would be blessed through his posterity, was already beginning to be realized. 1842 BC 18?? BC 1822 BC Shem dies Esau sells birthright to Jacob Esau marries Hittite and Ishmaelite wives; his descendants are the Edomites (later called Idumaeans)

It will be remembered that the Ishmaelites were the principal ancestors of the Arabs. When Esau married into them some of his descendants, the Edomites, established what could be called the first Arab nation. They ruled as the 'Dukes of Edom'.41 To this day Arabs look to Ishmael as a father, and also, because of their Edomite blood, to Esau. Edom is associated in meaning with the colour red. The Idumaeans spoke a form of Hebrew and were certainly recognized by Israel as being of shared lineage. They were given inheritance in the lands south of Jerusalem around Mount Seir (they were also called the Sons or Children of Seir) which lands were called Edom, or Idumaea to the Greeks and Romans. Here they later made their capital at the rock fortress of Petra. There was much enmity between the Israelites and Edomites, the Idumaeans believing, according to their tradition, that their progenitor, Esau, had been cheated out of the birthright by Jacob. According to Josephus the Jews under Hyrcanus I conquered the Edomites and converted them to Judaism. The Idumaeans served under Rome as rulers of Judaea around the time of Christ, the most infamous being Herod the Great. Idumea (its more modern spelling) is also used by the Lord to mean the world or the wicked.42

1800 BC

[Around this time Hu Gadarn Hysicion (Hu the Mighty) leads the Cymri (see text (d) under 700-612 BC) from the Bosphorus area to Britain]

The name Hysicion is said to be a form of Isaacson ('son of Isaac'); Hu may have been the originator of The Welsh Triads and is by tradition the father of Druidism. The Latin word in use for Druid in the time of Christ seems to have been Magi and some believe it may have been these who followed the star and visited Christ a couple of years after he was born.43 Later practices of Druidism may have been no less than a corruption of the Mosaic Law and the duties of the Aaronic Priesthood. Although Cymru is still used to apply to Wales to this day this migratory date is too early, Hu Gadarn may have been an Ephraimite if he was born ca. 1700 BC or after but the Cymri were not thought to exist for another 900 years or more. 1799 BC 1771 BC 1754 BC 1742 BC 1741 BC Ishmael dies Joseph, 11th son of Israel, born Joseph sold into Egypt Isaac dies Joseph made Prime Minister of Egypt

The "Egyptians" that ruled Egypt at this time were not the descendants of Pharaoh but the Hyksos (Shepherd Kings), an Arabic people; being of common blood with Israel may have accounted for their kind disposition toward Jacob's people. However, they were overthrown by the original Egyptians quite soon after and those Pharaohs "who knew not Joseph" soon came to place the Israelites in bondage; this probably accounts for the change in attitude toward the Israelites and might account for the fact that the relatively few Israelites suddenly became relatively many compared to the Egyptians (i.e. the Egyptians may have lost many men in the battle with the Hyksos).44 Historians, however, date the coming of the Hyksos to Egypt about a century after the traditional biblical date and their expulsion by the original inhabitants at about 1550 BC when the Egyptian New Kingdom was said to have begun, although dates do vary quite a bit between different historians (some reckoning the expulsion to be nearer to the time of Joseph's death). Asenath, Josephs wife, may have been none other than the daughter of Dinah (Josephs sister), thus preserving the pure Israelite blood in the sons of Joseph. 173? BC 1734 BC 1732 BC 1715 BC Manasseh born to Joseph around this time Ephraim born to Joseph around this time Jacob and family (Israelites) enter Egypt (70 souls in all) Blessing and inheritance given to Ephraim and Manasseh by Jacob

Ephraim means 'fruitful' and is yet another indication of the blessing given him who was the birthright great great grandson of Abraham. It was Ephraim's descendants that were to become numerous and bear the work of the ministry in the latter-days. AngloSaxon countries, especially Britain and thus also America, have proved to be strong in this bloodline. Erastus Snow summed up Ephraim's contribution to the history of the earth well when he said: "And when the books shall be opened and the lineage of all men is known, it will be found that they [the seed of Ephraim] have been first and foremost in everything noble among men in the various nations in breaking off the shackles of kingcraft and priestcraft and oppression of every kind, and the foremost among men in upholding and maintaining the principles of liberty and freedom..."45 Jacob dies 1700 BC Harappan Civilisation of India disappears About this time the Shang Dynasty comes to power in the Orient and the Hsia Dynasty ends The dates for the decline and fall of the Hsia and the rise of the Shang dynasties, being somewhat semi-legendary, are still uncertain. Some scholars place these two events 200 years later around 1500 BC. 1661 BC Joseph dies

The prophecies of Joseph were great indeed, prophesying both of the coming of Moses as well as Joseph Smith46 (see AD 1820). The fulfilment of the blessings made to Joseph and his seed are not to be found in the Bible but rather in the Book of Mormon (Ezekiel's 'Stick of Joseph (or Ephraim)'47) and in modern revelation. 1600 BC [Westward migrations of Israelites begin into Europe and Britain; descendants of Zarah leave Egypt for Spain]

Zarah was one of the twin sons of Judah by Tamar (not to be confused with the Tamar or Tea Tephi who lived about 1100 years later in the time of Jeremiah). His twin brother was Pharez who gave rise to the kings and rulers of the Jews (beginning with King David). Part of the Zarah branch of the royal line, however, migrated from the Middle East and evidently took upon them the symbol of their progenitor's birth - a red hand or scarlet cord48 and later a red lion. The Hebrew/Zarah part of Spain where they dwelt they named Iberia. The Zarah line later, it is said, came to Ulster in Ireland (where the red hand/scarlet cord emblem is very strong). Irish invasion myths also support the belief that some of the colonizers (called Milesians, Sons of Ml or Goidels) of Ireland came from Spain around this time. The Tuatha de Danann, whom the Milesians supplanted in Ireland, were thought to be of the Israelite tribe of Dan; their memory today is preserved as the 'Little People' of Irish folklore though in their day they were considered as a fair, godlike people. Another branch of the Zarah line was said to have given rise to Troy through Zarah's son Darda (or Dardanu). Another of Judah's sons born of a Canaanite woman was called Shelah whose son, Er, was said to have colonized the southern part of Ireland. The Scandinavian, Trojan and Cretan kings were also thought to be descendants of Zarah.

Rise of Hittite Empire The Hittites were Canaanites, the descendants of Heth.49 They inhabited Asia Minor and Syria and at the peak of their power challenged Assyria and Egypt. 1597 BC 1550 BC Moses born* Hyksos driven out of Egypt by Egyptians; Rise of Egyptian Empire (New Kingdom or Eighteenth Dynasty) Mycenaeans dominate Greece Summary of Abrahamic Dispensation: This dispensation saw the Lord establish his covenant with Abraham and his seed, with the birthright in the House of Israel. Even before this period had ended parts of Israel were evidently already migrating to different parts of the world. 1517 BC FIFTH DISPENSATION BEGINS (Mosaic Dispensation)> The Exodus(The First Gathering of Israel)

Dates for the Exodus are difficult to determine. A period of 430 years is mentioned in various scriptures and sources; this seems to indicate the time between the Abrahamic Covenant (or the fathers of Israel dwelling in Haran) and the receiving of the Law of the Covenant (when Moses was 80). I have stuck here with the traditional view although it must be stressed that there is increasing evidence to suggest that the Exodus occurred about 200 years later. The reader should keep this in mind for all the subsequent biblical dates until at least the time of the division of the Kingdom in 922 BC and not be surprised at finding dates that seem to contradict those contained herein for this period. Despite the Exodus being the first 'gathering' of Israel it is believed that many Israelites left the main body of Israel during the forty years in the wilderness (and some possibly before while in Egypt) and migrated to other parts of the world. Civilizations did spring up around this time in the surrounding areas and the comparison of the census record50 of Exodus 37:38 with Numbers 26:51 suggests a migration among most of the tribes. Moses receives the Law of the Covenant (i.e. Ten Commandments, Statutes (governmental laws), and Judgments); Law of Carnal Commandments (performances and ordinances) added as a schoolmaster law because of Israel's wickedness It was the Law of Carnal Commandments that was done away in Christ not the Law of the Covenant. The former included laws of purification, dietary laws, an elaborate system of sacrifices and offerings; these were to act as a 'schoolmaster' in bringing the Israelites to Christ and the higher law. The Law of the Covenant was and is a
*

As with Abraham there is no date given for the birth of Moses; this is calculated primarily from the information given in the text under 1517 BC.

permanent part of the Gospel covenant, the philosophy of which was summarized in the Decalogue (the Ten Commandments); it incorporates laws of reparation and policies on Justice, Equality, Liberty, etc. (i.e. the Statutes regarding political/governmental/societal principles), it also includes 'simple sacrifice'; regarding this latter point it should be remembered that animal sacrifice was practised from the time of Adam and thus did not originate with Moses, although the Law of Carnal Commandments prescribed a temporary strict and complicated manner in which it was to be done; Joseph Smith taught: "It is generally supposed that sacrifice was entirely done away when the Great Sacrifice [i.e.,] the sacrifice of the Lord Jesus was offered up, and that there will be no necessity for the ordinance of sacrifice in the future; but those who assert this are certainly not acquainted with the duties, privileges and authority of the Priesthood, or with the Prophets. The offering of sacrifice has ever been connected and forms a part of the duties of the Priesthood. It began with the Priesthood, and will be continued...else how can the restitution of all things spoken of by the Holy Prophets be brought to pass...those things which existed prior to Moses' day, namely, sacrifice, will be continued." 51 And the Prophet Joseph Fielding Smith wrote: "...It will be necessary, therefore, for the sons of Levi, who offered up the blood sacrifices anciently in Israel, to offer such a sacrifice again...Sacrifice by the shedding of blood was instituted in the days of Adam and of necessity will have to be restored."52 1500 BC Mycenaean Greeks seize control of Crete

The word Greek comes from the Latin Graeci, which is the name by which the Romans knew them. However, they called themselves Hellenes after Hellen, a mythical male ancestor. The earliest name by which the Greeks are referred to is Achaians. They were Gentiles, said to be descendants of Javan, the son of Japheth, although the Spartan (Dorians that had invaded from north of Greece) kings later claimed Abraham as their ancestral father. Somewhat ironically it is believed that the Mycenaean Greeks originated from the Cretans who had colonized Greece centuries before. 1477 BC 1470 BC 1434 BC 1400 BC Moses translated / Israelites enter Canaan The Israelites conquer Canaan at about this time under the great warrior-prophet Joshua; the Fall of Jericho Reign of the Judges in Israel begins Knossus destroyed by fire; Cretan Empire comes to an end

The exact reasons why Cretan power came to an end is not known. Some believe it may have been a natural disaster (Thera - now Santorini - was known to have been half destroyed by a volcanic explosion at about this time; smoke and ash dispersing for hundreds of miles) or that it was yet another invasion force of Mycenaean Greeks that brought Cretan dominance to an end. Quite what happened to the Minoans after this is not known; some seem to have mingled with the Greeks and it has been suggested that the Philistines, supposedly of Mycenaean stock (although the Bible suggests they were descendants of Mizraim53), and/or a folk known in history as 'the Sea Peoples' were actually displaced Cretans.

Mycenaean Greeks rise to power 1250 BC Trojan War: Troy v. Greeks

Troy was in northwest Turkey and named after Tros, said to be a descendant of Zarah the son of Judah. Ilium was another name of Troy, named after Ilus the first son of Tros; Homer's Iliad is an account of the Trojan War. Some of the people who were later known as Hungarian, Norse, and French, including Charlemagne himself (see AD 800) may have been descendants* of the scattered Trojan people. Troy guarded the entrance to the Black Sea and had formerly been under Hittite protection. Hittite Empire in decline 1185 BC 1150-1000 BC Fall of Trojan Empire Rise of Dorian Greeks

The Dorians evidently came south through what is now Serbia and divided into two groups going down the east and west coast of Greece. They engulfed most of Greece and its islands (including Crete). Arcadia, immune to invasion, did not fall to the Dorians, and Attica (the land of Athens) was not subdued as she met and received the Dorians on equal terms.54 1100 BC [Brutus founds London]

According to legend some of the enslaved inhabitants of Troy escaped, led by Brutus, and came to dwell and rule in Britain, calling their capital Troia Nova or 'New Troy' (now London). Brutus was a descendant, it is said, of Tros, and is listed as the first of the British kings on the genealogical rolls of Great Britain. Assyrian Empire stretches from Euphrates to Mediterranean but decline sets in and it loses many lands over the next century 1079 BC 1037 BC 1027 BC 1002 BC
*

Samuel called as Prophet Rule of Kings in Israel begins with King Saul (a Benjamite) End of Shang Dynasty; Zhou (or Chou) Dynasty comes to power in Orient Reign of King David over Judah

It is important to note that throughout this work one will find genealogical references which may or may not be true - and which sometimes may contradict each other. Nevertheless, they do serve to remind us that modern Europe was strongly influenced and in many cases descended from those of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. Britain seems a special case; as Derek A. Cuthbert said concerning the British Isles: "The Blood of Israel is richly concentrated in these islands and the promised blessings will all be fulfilled." (Cuthbert, D. A. (1987) The Second Century: Latter-day Saints in Great Britain, 1937-87 Cambridge: The University Press, p. 194 (Whence?, p. 112)).

1000 BC

The Ionian Emigration: west Turkey settled by Greeks

Peloponnesian refugees from the Dorian invasion went east and swelled Attica so much so that there was a need to resettle many of the people elsewhere; so there was a move eastward to the coast of Asia Minor. This place became known as Ionia because many of the refugees were from the Ionia Islands (west of Greece). The Ionians and Spartans (Dorians) remained unfriendly toward each other for a long time.55 09?? BC 0995 BC Around this time Aryan tribes settle Persia (they will become the Medes and Persians) David becomes King of all Israel; he makes his capital at Jerusalem

Jerusalem was called Jebus when the Israelites first entered Canaan but an older name was Uru-Salem which is identified with the Salem (meaning 'peace') of Melchizedek's day. 0967 BC 0962 BC 0950 BC Temple of Solomon begun David dies; Solomon his son succeeds as King Temple of Solomon dedicated Rise of Sparta The Spartan state grew from the convergence of the two original groups of Dorians who met up in the Peloponnese. Greece now consisted of Dorians, Cretans, and the original inhabitants. It is this mix that was to become the classical Greece of history. 0922 BC Solomon dies and Israel divides into the Kingdom of Judah in the south (the tribes of Judah and Benjamin and a few remnants of others, especially Levi and Simeon) and the Kingdom of Israel in the north (the Ten Tribes) Omri becomes King of Israel; Dynasty of Omri begins; Samaria built around this time or soon after

0885 BC

Omri founded a strong dynasty and established a dominant governmental system under his Statutes of Omri. I make mention of him in this work among all the other kings of Judah and Israel because of the not improbable influence he may have had on the Dispersion of Israel and the people known as Cimmerians (see text (d) under 7000612 BC). The city of Samaria was named after its first owner, Shemer. 56 Later Samaria became the name for the whole of the region of central Palestine west of the Jordan river. 0884 BC Assurnazirpal becomes King of Assyria and re-establishes power throughout Mesopotamia

0878 BC

Assyrians capture Phoenicia; Phoenicians relocate to coast of North Africa, eastern Spain, and southern isles of Mediterranean Elijah ministers around this time Shalmaneser II, King of Assyria, defeats a Syrian confederation led by Damascus Phoenicians found Kar-Hadasht 'Carthage') on coast of North Africa Israel begins to pay tribute to Assyria Rise of Assyrian Empire (Later Romanized to

0855 BC 0854 BC 0850 BC 0842 BC 0800 BC

Named after Ashur, also the name of their chief god. The Assyrians were a mix of Semitic and the original Sumerian (Hamitic) peoples that inhabited Mesopotamia. Macedonia inhabited about this time 0753 BC 0750 BC 0745 BC 0740 BC [City of Rome founded by Romulus and Remus; Kingdom of Rome commences with reign of Romulus] Ministry of Isaiah Tiglath Pileser III becomes King of Assyria Assyria takes part of the tribes of Israel (mostly Gadites, Reubenites and the half tribe of Manasseh) into captivity in Assyria

The dispersion or scattering of this part of the tribes of the Northern Kingdom was but the beginning of a much greater scattering of all the tribes of Israel prophesied long ago by the prophet Moses.57 0738 BC 0734 BC 0733 BC 0727 BC 0722 BC 0721 BC Assyria takes tribute from Damascus and Samaria Damascus and Samaria revolt Damascus falls to Assyria and is destroyed Shalmaneser V becomes King of Assyria Sargon II becomes King of Assyria Assyria takes Northern Kingdom into captivity in Assyria; the Ten Tribes become the 'Ten Lost Tribes'

This captivity actually took place during three main phases: 721, 715 and 677 BC. After this Samaria was peopled mainly with an intermarried mix of Assyrians and Israelites (some had been left behind whilst others had fled south to Judah); their religion seems to have been somewhat of a mix as well, although they did believe in Jehovah. The Dehavites were one people that the Assyrians planted in Samaria but it is not known where they came from. The history of captive Israel (the 'ten lost tribes') is somewhat unclear. Some mixed with the heathen populations, some later returned (some went with the Jews at the Decree of Cyrus), some no doubt remained in Mesopotamia. Additional information can be found in The Book of II Esdras, a part of the Apocrypha58, which is a continuation of the biblical book of Ezra. This source indicates that at least some of the tribes did escape Assyria later on and went north (it is believed some groups separated from the main body of this migration and went their own separate ways). They came to the "Euphrates by the narrow passages of the river" and travelled for one and a half years through an area called Arsareth; this area has been connected with the Dariel Pass, otherwise known as the Caucasian Pass, through the Caucasus Mountains. There is a lot of linguistic and archaeological evidence to suggest that this area was influenced by an Israelitish culture.59 (see text (c) under 700-612 BC). 0715 BC Cush invades and rules Egypt

Cushites were the Hamitic inhabitants of the land to the south of Egypt, and were also called Ethiopians and Nubians. They declined as a power around AD 100-300 and were conquered by the Axumites around AD 320-352, a people who originated from the Arabic traders of the Sabaen tribes who had earlier settled on the African coast near the Red Sea. Around AD 400 these Axumites, unlike any of the other subSaharan lands, converted to Christianity. They disappeared from the pages of history with the coming of the Moslem forces around AD 900. 0705 BC 0701 BC 0700-0612 BC Sennacherib becomes King of Assyria Assyria takes 200,150 Jews into captivity from Judah During this time the ten lost tribes probably scattera and mingle among other peoples; one body goes into the 'north countries';b others (perhaps an offshoot of the first group) occupy the area above the Black Seac and either by way of descent or influence give rise to the Cimmeriansd (Celtse), Scythiansf (Europeans, including Saxons) and Ynglings

(a)

Much of this work focuses on the scattering or dispersion of Israel among the nations of the earth. Abraham was promised that through his seed "shall all the nations of the earth be blessed."60 Perhaps all that is written in this work on this subject can be summed up by a modern-day Apostle, James E. Talmage, when he stated: "...Israelites have been so completely dispersed among the nations as to give to this scattered people a place of importance as a factor in the rise and development of almost every large division of the human family."61 We know that this dispersion was quite advanced during the first quarter of the Sixth Century

BC as a prophet who lived at that time stated: 'the more part of all the tribes have been led away; and they are scattered to and fro upon the isles of the sea...' 62
(b)

Modern scriptures say regarding the lost tribes that "they who are in the north countries...their prophets shall hear his [the Lord's] voice" and shall come to Zion by miraculous means "bringing forth their rich treasures" (including their scriptures) to Ephraim by whom they shall receive their blessing.63 Orson Pratt said, regarding this last point, "God is determined to raise up prophets among [the ten lost tribes], but he will not bestow upon them the fullness of the blessings of the priesthood.";64 hence the need for that people to come to receive the full blessing (i.e. Temple ordinances) under the hand of Ephraim who holds the birthright. "This great gathering," said Bruce R. McConkie "will take place under the direction of the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, for he holds the keys."65 Concerning those who try to water-down the prophecies regarding the lost tribes James E. Talmage said: "There is a tendency among men to explain away what they don't wish to understand in literal simplicity, and we, as Latter-day Saints are not entirely free from the taint of that tendency...Some people say that prediction is to be explained in this way: A gathering is in progress, and has been in progress from the early days of this Church; and thus the 'Lost Tribes' are now being gathered; but that we are not to look for the return of any body of people now unknown as to their whereabouts. True, the gathering is in progress, this is a gathering dispensation; but the prophecy stands that the tribes shall be brought forth from their hiding place...[and their] scriptures shall become one with the scriptures of the Jews, the holy Bible, and with the scriptures of the Nephites, the Book of Mormon, and with the scriptures of the Latter-day Saints as embodied in the volumes of modern revelation."66 (See also text on 'other sheep' under AD 33). There is a significant amount of evidence now to support the belief that at least a part of the ten tribes did dwell in this region. The burial mounds found here stretch all the way across the migration path of the Ynglings and Saxons even into England and Ireland. Pottery and jewellery found in these mounds match the style "exactly" of the ancient Hebrews. There are also many geographical features in the area named after Israelite ones, such as the Valley of Jehosaphat. Perhaps most compelling of all though is a cache of epitaphs that were unearthed by the Russians (under the Tsars) in the Crimea area; here are just two of the epitaphs found: (1) "I am Jehudi, the son of Moses, the son of Jehudah the mighty, a man of the tribe of Naphtali, of the family of Shimii, who was carried captive in the captivity of Hosea, king of Israel, with the tribe of Simeon, together with other tribes of Israel." (2) "To one of the faithful in Israel, Abraham-ben-MarSinchah of Kertch, in the year of our exile 1682, which the envoys of the prince of Rosh Mesech came from Kiou to our master Chazar, Prince David, from Halah, Habor and Gozan, to which places Tiglath Pilesar had exiled the sons of Reuben and Gad and the half Tribe of Manasseh, and permitted them to settle there, and from which they have been scattered throughout the entire East, even as far as China." 67 There is also heraldic evidence; for the reader's information I quote from page 145 and page 6 of W.H. Bennett's Symbols of our Celto-Saxon Heritage: "Most of these emblems [the tribal, brigade and kingdom emblems of ancient Israel] are in the countries bordering the North Sea, where they constitute the major element in the populations of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland and the Netherlands, and

(c)

probably in Belgium, Luxembourg, Finland and the Ukraine. In smaller proportions they are found in Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Switzerland, the Provinces of Normandy and Brittany in France, and in some parts of Greece, Romania, Italy, Spain and Germany...[In] the case of Britain and the United States, we have no others! For, with the single exception of the Welsh dragon (which was not the symbol of the ancient Britons), every national emblem of Britain and the United States is an Israel emblem." 68 Linguistic evidence supports the view that Hebrew (c. 700 BC) and later Aramaic (after AD 70) came westward to influence the Germanic languages at the times corresponding to the dispersion and scattering of Israel.69
(d)

"Herodotus identified the first of the mound builders in the Black Sea area as Kimmerioi; the Romans referred to them as Cimmerii, from which we have the name Cimmerians. They called themselves Khumri, which refers to 'the Dynasty of King Omri.' Omri was king of northern Israel around 900 BC. He founded Samaria as the capital of Israel. His mode of government made him popular throughout the Middle East, and northern Israel came to be known by his name, politically, from that time on."70 The word Celt comes from the word used to describe the Celtic peoples with whom the Greeks had contact which they called Keltoi. The Romans collectively referred to the many-tribed Celts as Gauls. Or Sacites. The word comes from Assyrian captives, Esak-sa and Saka, comparable to the Hebrew 'Isaac'.71 Interestingly the Scythians appeared in this area about the same time the northern tribes of Israel became lost to history. Classical Greek period begins at about this time Medes rise to power and establish capital at Ecbatana

(e)

(f)

0700 BC

06?? BC 0681 BC 0675 BC 0671 BC 0658 BC 0650 BC

Etruscans invade and rule Kingdom of Rome Esarhaddon becomes King of Assyria Assyria captures Egypt from Cushites; however, original Egyptians soon regain power in Egypt Rise of New Babylonian Empire City of Byzantium founded by Greeks Rise of the so-called 'tyrants' of Greece Around this time Ashurbanipal, King of Assyria, founds the Library of Nineveh

0627 BC 0621 BC

Decline of Assyrian Empire begins with civil war Draco rules in Athens about this time

0612 BC 0609 BC 0606 BC 0605 BC

Assyrian Empire falls to Babylon and Media Josiah defeated and killed by Egyptians; Egypt rules Judah Fall of Nineveh to Babylon and Medes; Nineveh razed to the ground Battle of Carchemish: Babylon defeats Egypt; Babylon rules Judah Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon carries Daniel and others away captive

0604 BC 0602 BC

Nebuchadnezzar becomes King of Babylon Daniel interprets the Dream of Nebuchadnezzar

This vision72 (together with Daniel's vision of the ram and goat et. al.73) showed the great empires and kingdoms that would subsequently arise in the history of the earth right down to the latter day when the Kingdom of God would be established. Those earthly powers were: the Babylonian itself, Persian, Greek (or Macedonian), Roman, and the European nations which came from the break-up of the Roman Empire after it had split in two. 0600 BC Solon rules in Athens at about this time Founding of Zoroastrianism at about this time Zoroaster (or Zarathustra) was a Persian man who was considered a prophet by his followers. The scripture of the creed that was named after him was called the ZendAvesta. Today his philosophy survives under the name of Parseeism. Darius, grandson of Cyrus, is thought to have converted to Zoroastrianism and it became the state religion of the Persian Empire. The name Zoroaster is said to mean 'Seed of Fire' and has reference to Moloch (or Molkh Gheber), the Great King (a pagan god of human sacrifice). The word is thought to be a twisting of Zoro-asha, 'Seed of the Woman', meaning the Messiah. The ancient Chaldean sign for this (a circle with a dot at the centre) was adopted by Adam Weishaupt when he founded the Order of the Illuminati (see AD 1776). Around this time the centre of Celtic civilisation moves to Gaul (France) Corinth, a Greek city-state, at the height of her power 0597 BC First Babylonian Captivity: Babylon takes many Jews captive into Babylon Zedekiah becomes King of Judah Lehites (tribe of Joseph) leave Jerusalem

According to 1 Nephi 1:4 it was in about the first year of Zedekiah that Lehi and his family left Jerusalem but other references such as 1 Nephi 10:4 and 19:8 indicate a period of 600 years from Lehi leaving Jerusalem to the birth of Christ; either these are approximate years or there is an error in the dating of Zedekiah's reign. I have placed Lehi's departure at 597 BC so as to fit in with the contemporary history but the accepted date is nonetheless 600 BC. 0587 BC Jerusalem destroyed by Babylon; First Temple destroyed Mulek (son of King Zedekiah) and other Jews flee to America [Some traditions say that Jeremiah came to Spain and Ireland via Egypt at this time with two of Zedekiah's daughters and the Stone of Destiny (see text under AD 1296)] Namely Scota and Tamar (also called Tea Tephi). The former Jeremiah was said to have taken to Spain, the latter he took to Ireland and married her to a Milesian king of Ulster named Heremon (or Eremon). Anthony W. Ivins, an Apostle at the turn of the Twentieth Century, wrote: "These two beautiful girls [Zedekiah's daughters] were protected against the Babylonians by being placed in the cave of Jeremiah, the prophet. He became their guardian, the custodian of their welfare...Jeremiah took them down into Egypt, it is said, to the same place where Joseph and Mary went with Christ, our Lord, at the time of the execution of the decree of Herod by which the children of Bethlehem were put to death. They abode there, at a place called Taphanes, the ruins of which are now well known. The natives refer to it to this day as the palace of the Jew's daughter, or the house of the old Prophet.74 After the conquest of Palestine, the Babylonian armies invaded Egypt and it became evident that they would be victorious over the Egyptians. Just at this time we lose sight of Jeremiah and these two girls, so far as the Bible is concerned. Just at that time a ship landed upon the coast of Spain, from which an old man and his secretary [Jeremiah had taken his scribe, Baruch, with him] and two young women disembarked. They remained for a short period in that country, where one of the girls married into the reigning house of Spain, but the old man, who is referred to in Ireland as Ollamh Fodhla (the old prophet), in their traditions and the songs which they still sing of him, passed across the channel and landed on the coast of Ireland, taking with him the elder of the two girls, whose name was Tamar Tephi, which translated from Hebrew to English means the Beautiful Palm, or the Beautiful Wanderer."75 Tea (or Tamar) is said to have given her name to Teamhair more commonly spelt today as Tara. Eremon was himself a descendant of Judah through Zarah so these two branches of the royal house of Judah were combined (i.e. the lines of both Zarah and Pharez) in the marriage. This line later became rulers of Scotland (c. AD 500). Genealogical records show that both the Tudors and the Stuarts trace their lines back to Tamar Tephi; thus today's royal house of Britain (Windsor) can trace its genealogy clear back to Judah. There is a tradition that Jeremiah was stoned to death in Egypt. If this is true then he may have returned there. 0586 BC Second Babylonian Captivity: More Jews deported into Babylon

Gedaliah governs the remnant of Judah (many Jews still in Judah) 0575 BC Hanging Gardens of Babylon built

Under Nebuchadnezzar the city of Babylon became one of the most splendid cities ever built. Herodotus said that the walls themselves were 84 feet wide and 336 feet high, that small houses lined either side of the top of the wall and that four chariots could drive abreast between them! Modern discoveries have shown that Herodotus had underestimated the size, however; the wall now being considered over 130 feet thick and running an estimated 56 miles. The famous Hanging Gardens, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, were a mammoth task. Babylonia was flat land. Nebuchadnezzar raised an artificial mound to 400 feet on each side, comprised of terraces connected by flights of steps. Each terrace was intricately built and laid, machinery providing a watering system from the Euphrates (which ran through the city). Large trees were even planted. From a distance it looked like woods overhanging mountains. The whole structure rose even higher than the tall walls of the city. 0556 BC Peloponnesian League begins to be founded

Essentially the League was Sparta and her friends. Sparta made claim to the line of the Mycenaean kings. The League was the first attempt at Greek unity. The influence of Greece even now was as far flung as the Crimea in the east and Britain in the west (there were Greek trade routes established through Europe around this time or earlier, the destination being the tin mines of Britain). 0552 BC 0550-0250 BC Confucius (K'ung-fu-tzu) (Confucianism) born; later founds Ju Chia

Jaredites destroyed by civil war (probably nearer to the later date); Coriantumr found by Mulekites and dies 9 months later (probably of battle wounds) About this time Cyrus, King of Persia, overthrows the Median king and unites the Medes with Persia; beginnings of Persian Empire

0549 BC

Cyrus the Great was considered among the most benevolent and upstanding of the rulers of the ancient empires and was referred to as 'The Shepherd' by his own people. From scripture, history and the words of modern prophets, seers and revelators, we learn that Cyrus was a generous and inspired man who was used as an instrument of the Lord at that time in the world's history. His dynasty and line were referred to as the Achaemenids, perhaps after their legendary ancestor Achaemenes. The Persians and Medes were Indo-Europeans unlike the former powers who had all been of Semitic origin. In other words they were Gentiles, descendants of Japheth. Persia and Media occupied the lands east of Babylon in present-day Iran. Their capital was originally Ecbatana in Media but later became Persepolis.

Sparta the most powerful military Greek state at this time, though possessing no fleet 0546 BC Medes under Cyrus conquer Croesus (credited with first using coinage), King of Lydia (Asia Minor) and the Greek cities of Ionia Cyrus extends Persian Empire eastward into Afghanistan area Buddhism (under Gautama) and Jainism arise in India about this time Fall of Babylon to Persia under Cyrus the Great; rise of Persian Empire Cyrus destroys the city of Babylon Decree of Cyrus: Persia allows Jews of the Babylonian Captivity to return to Jerusalem; First Jews return under leadership of Joshua and Zerubbabel

0546-0539 BC 0540 BC 0539 BC 0538 BC 0537 BC

Not many Jews did return despite the Decree (those that did not formed what is known as the Jews of the Dispersion). The First Return was led by a Levite priest and descendant of Zadok (who was the high priest at the dedication of Solomon's Temple) named Joshua, and a member of the royal Davidic line named Zerubbabel. 0530 BC Death of Cyrus the Great Judaea becomes subject province of Persian Empire Judaea was the post-exilic name given to the southern part of western Palestine. It incorporated a good part of the old kingdom of Judah and also the southern part of the old Northern Kingdom (Samaria). 0525 BC 0521 BC 0520 BC 0516 BC 0514 BC 0509 BC Egypt falls to Persian Empire Darius the Great (I) becomes King of Persian Empire; later establishes capital at Persepolis Temple of Zerubbabel (or Second Temple) begun Temple of Zerubbabel completed and dedicated Persians make unsuccessful invasion of southern Russia Romans overthrow Etruscans and rise to power in Italy; rise of Roman Republic

The Romans, by 290 BC, had also destroyed the Samnites of eastern Italy, swallowed up the Greek settlements on its southern coast, and pushed the Gauls northward toward the Alps. The city of Rome came to head a league of Latium (Latin) cities in Italy, which confederation formed the beginnings of Roman power. The concept of king (rex) of the Roman Kingdom was abandoned and the government passed into the hands of two magistrates or consuls who were elected annually and who had an advisory body of senators (the heads of noble families). This was the beginnings of the Republic (from respublica meaning 'a public thing'). The Roman Constitution held that sovereignty lay in the people, a fundamental principle of Common Law. 0500 BC Emergence of La Tne Celts

La Tne is a term used by archaeologists to describe the Celtic culture in Europe as opposed to the earlier Hallstat culture which may have sprung up as early as 1200 BC according to some, although this date precludes any possibility that they were Cimmerians. 0499 BC 0495 BC 0494 BC 0490 BC 0486 BC 0484 BC 0482-0478 BC Asiatic Greeks (Ionia) revolt and throw off Persian control Sophocles born Ionian revolt, aided by Greece, overthrown by Persians Battle of Marathon (Greeks defeat Persians, losing but 200 to the Persian 6000) Death of Darius the Great; decline of Persian Empire Herodotus ('the Father of History') born Esther becomes Queen to Xerxes; Esther prevents the death of many Jews; the feast of Purim is instituted

Purim is the plural of pur, meaning 'lots', in memory of the lots which Haman used to determine a day to destroy the Jews in Persia. The Jews held that it was a blessing that the lots drawn gave a distant date for the day of execution as this gave Esther and Mordecai time, with the Lord's help, to do something about it.76 0480 BC Battle of Thermopylae

At this mountain pass a small Athenian-Spartan force withstood the Persian army for three days despite being outnumbered one hundred to one - even then they may have lasted longer had they not been betrayed. Persians under Xerxes I invade Athens; Greeks defeat Persian fleet

The Persians burned the evacuated Athens to the ground. The Athenians continued the fight however and subsequently defeated Xerxes' fleet. This Greek army consisted of the member states of the Peloponnesian League under Spartan command. As for Athens, it was soon to be rebuilt and enter its most glorious years. Zhou Dynasty of Orient descends into warring factions; Period of the Warring States begins 0479 BC Athenians defeat Persian army and recapture Athens; Greek fleet again defeats Persian fleet; much of Asiatic Greece liberated; Delian (named after meeting place on isle of Delos) League founded

Each Greek state had a vote in the assembly but Athens acted as executive and the League's treasury was transferred to Athens in 454 BC; many ships were built during this time to build up a strong Greek fleet. The League included most Greek states, including the Asiatic ones, but Sparta herself was noticeably absent from it. 0471-0469 BC 0467-0428 BC 0466 BC 0465 BC Socrates born Pericles elected in a 'democratic' Athens; Periclean Age begins Greeks push back Persians; decline of Persian Empire accelerates Artaxerxes Longimanus becomes King of Persia

Nehemiah (of the Bible) became Cupbearer to this king, a very responsible position as it included making sure that neither the food nor drink was poisoned which was not a duty given to one who was not trusted (see also 445 BC). 0462 BC Powers of Areopagus (the Athenian governing body) given to democratic council, the assembly, and the popular courts

Policy was decided by a regular assembly of all adult male citizens; these elected and controlled the most important officers of state. The assembly members were eligible for service as jurors and for election by lot to the annual council which oversaw the day-to-day administration. State pay for these duties was later introduced. 0460 BC Golden Age of Athens begins; Athens and Sparta begin hostilities Hippocrates born ('the Father of Medicine') Hippocrates was a Greek physician with a school of medicine on the island of Cos. To this day medical undergraduates take the 'Hippocratic Oath'. Hippocrates said: "Let food be thy medicine and let thy medicine be thy food", a truth that modern science is only just rediscovering and one which the Lord revealed to Joseph Smith in AD 1833. 0458 BC Ezra leads second group of Jewish exiles to Judah

0450 BC

Celts (Cimmerians) settle in Britain

The culture of the Celts bore many similarities to that of the Hebrews/Israelites. "...Israelites have migrated to Britain over more than 2500 years. According to Elizabeth Hill Elder, the further we trace the British peoples back through the centuries, the greater becomes their likeness to ancient Israel. Israelite distinctive characteristics are also present in Britain, such as belief in one supreme living deity; temples; twelve priests; the Mosaic law; language similarities [Ancient Welsh is believed by some to have been nearly pure Hebrew] ...tribal banners with emblems similar to ancient Israel; battle array similarities; division into tens, hundreds and thousands; similar feast days; similar marriage ceremonies...physical appearance. They were a beautiful people distinctly taller with longer heads than the Mediterranean peoples."77 Some say that Britain was so named after Brutus. Noting Britain's Israelite connection however, George N. Wilson of the Committee of North West British Israel World Federation in his book Coincidences? Pointers to our Heritage, says: "...is it not a strange coincidence that in the ancient Hebrew...BRITH means 'covenant' and ISH means 'man', so BRIT-ISH means 'covenant man.' AIN means 'land,' so BRITH or BRIT-AIN means 'Land of the Covenant.'"78 Rise of Greek Empire; Athens acknowledged as capital (but rivalled by Sparta) 0449 BC 0448-0432 BC 0445 BC 0435 BC 0431-0404 BC Peace treaty between Greeks and Persians Parthenon built to Athenia Parthenos Nehemiah leads back third group of Jewish exiles (from Persia) Athens and Sparta make peace Statue of Zeus made by Pheidas Athens, under Pericles, attacks allies of Sparta Peloponnesian War (Athens v. Sparta); reign of the 'Thirty Tyrants' in Athens

The Peloponnesian War commenced proper with Sparta laying siege to Athens. By the end of the war Sparta had captured the city but soon returned to her own lands, and the Athenians regained the city. The whole of Greece became weak through this long conflict and it laid open the way for the future Macedonian conquest. 0430-0428 BC 0429 BC 0427 BC Great Plague strikes Athens Pericles dies Decline of Greece brought on by sedition of Corfu Plato born (later to write Republic)

Dr. W. Cleon Skousen, ex-FBI agent who served under J. Edgar Hoover, Police Chief, writer, and LDS scholar in political and religious matters said: "Plato wanted a ruling class with a powerful army to keep it in power and a society completely subordinate to the monolithic authority of the rulers. He also advocated using whatever force was necessary for the wiping out of all existing government and social structure so the new rulers could begin with a "clean canvas" on which to develop the portrait of their great new society. The upper dimensions of Plato's "ideal" society included the elimination of marriage and the family so that all the women would belong to all the men and all the men would belong to all the women. Children resulting from these promiscuous unions would be taken over by the government as soon as they were weaned and raised anonymously by the state. Plato wanted women to be required to be equal with men -- to fight wars with the men and perform labor like men. There was to be selective breeding of men and women under control of the government and children considered inferior or crippled were to be destroyed. There was to be a three-level structure of society into fixed classes: the ruling class, the military class and the worker class. Plato said the People would be induced to believe a government-indoctrinated falsehood that people were born with gold, silver or copper in their souls and the rulers would determine which metal was present in the soul of each person and assign him to the appropriate class. Plato admitted all this was a falsehood but said it would facilitate the administration of affairs by the rulers because it would be taught to the people as a religious principle. Plato reserved the full blessings of communism for his ruling class. It would be there that he felt private property could be eliminated, family relations communalized, and intellectual energy devoted to determining what was good for the masses in the lower classes."79 This book, Plato's Republic, has provided a main source for many socialists and socialist societies throughout the ages. One need only look around today to see just how many of these ideas and practices have or are being implemented, though under subtly different terminology. 0424 BC 0421 BC 0420 BC 0405 BC Thucydides begins his History of the Peloponnesian War around this time Athens and Sparta make a temporary peace High Priests begin ruling Judaea Dionysius the Elder becomes Tyrant of Syracuse (Sicily)

It is said that it was the engineers of King Dionysius that invented the first ballista machines or catapults for attacking fortified places. Syracuse warred against Carthage successfully but was eventually heavily defeated toward the end of Dionysius's reign in the middle of the Fourth Century BC. Spartan General Lysander defeats Greeks at Aegospotamos 0404 BC 0400 BC Lysander captures Athens; end of Peloponnesian War Egyptians briefly reclaim Egypt from Persians

Mahabharata begins to be compiled around this time The great Sanskrit Indian epic. It is thought to have been concluded around AD 200. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita (Sanskrit for 'Song of the Blessed One'; philosophical in nature and the basis of Hinduism) and an abridgment of Ramayana (the story of Rama (Vishnu)), the rest of it being a mix of myth, folklore and philosophy. 0399 BC 0390 BC 0382 BC 0360 BC 0356 BC Socrates condemned to death Celts of Alpine area destroy both Etruscan and Roman cities; they raid Rome Demosthenes born King Philip II ascends the throne in Macedonia Temple of Diana rebuilt Birth of Alexander (III) also called The Great, son of King Philip II of Macedonia 0343 BC 0340 BC 0338 BC 0337 BC 0336 BC 0334 BC 0333 BC Aristotle called to Pella (Macedonian capital) to teach Alexander Epicurus born Battle of Chaeronaea: Philip II takes southern Greece Philip II of Macedonia captures Athens Philip II assassinated Alexander becomes King of Macedonia and takes Ionian (West Turkey) cities (Greek) from Persians Alexander defeats Persian army under Darius III (Darius Codomannus) at Issus in Syria; he successfully lays siege to Tyre and Gaza Alexander liberates Egypt from Persian rule; Alexandria founded (Greek capital of Egypt) by Alexander the Great; Rise of Greek (or Macedonian) Empire

0332 BC

Alexandria came to possess the largest library in the world. Many Jews settled here. And it was in this city that the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Old Testament), under Ptolemy's direction, was made. This included what is now known as the Apocrypha. Although the precise date for this translation is not known it is thought to have been started around 250 BC or before and been completed by about the middle of the Second Century BC, although according to Jewish tradition it was translated by 72 people in just 70 days (hence its name Septuagint which is Latin for

'seventy'). In addition to a library Ptolemy also founded an institute for scholars called the Museum (Greek 'temple of the Muses'). Ptolemy also brought the embalmed body of Alexander to the city and placed it in a mausoleum. Alexander adds Judaea to his Empire According to tradition the high priest in full dress, together with an impressive train of white-clad priests and citizens, came out to meet Alexander. So impressed was the Emperor that he honoured the high priest, visited Jerusalem and treated the Jews well. 0331 BC 0330 BC 0330-0230 BC 0329 BC 0326 BC 0323 BC Babylon falls to Alexander; Persian army under Darius defeated again (at Plain of Gaugamela) Persia conquered by Alexander; Persepolis captured and destroyed; Darius murdered by his own officers Celts and Romans struggle for control of Po Valley Alexander destroys Samarkand Alexander reaches the extent of his rule as he enter the Indus Valley Alexander the Great dies and the Greek Empire is divided; Ptolemy becomes Governor of Egypt; Seleucus secures Syria and Persia

After Alexander's death six of his generals struggled for control of the Macedonian Empire. They were Antigonus, Antipater, Seleucus (pron. sel-ay-oo-kus), Ptolemy, Eumenes and Lysimachus. Antipater and Eumenes died quite soon after the struggle began. Antipater's son, the cruel Cassander, became King of Macedonia thereafter (he founded the Macedonian port of Thessalonica, named after his wife) and made alliance with Ptolemy, Seleucus and Lysimachus against Antigonus. Antigonus had some success but was eventually defeated and killed in 301 BC although his son Demetrius carried on the war for a while with some success. The four generals (sometimes referred to as the 'Successors') who were predominant in the struggle for power are said to be alluded to in the Bible in another of Daniel's prophecies.80 0322 BC Rise of Maurya Empire in India under Chandragupta

Founded by Chandragupta Maurya, King of Magadha (on River Ganges). He took all of northern India within the space of ten years. His grandson, Ashoka, converted to Buddhism and the Empire flourished under him. 0320 BC 0315 BC 0314 BC Ptolemy conquers Jerusalem Zeno of Citium founds Stoicism Palestine taken by Antigonus

Palestine was the name used by the Greeks and Romans to refer to approximately the land of present-day Palestine. Originally, however, the name referred to just the coastal area where the Philistines had ruled. 0305 BC Seleucid Empire established (Middle East part of former Macedonian Empire) under Seleucus I (renamed Nicator); he cedes Indus provinces to Chandragupta Ptolemy makes himself King of the Kingdom of Ptolemy (Egyptian/south part of former Macedonian Empire) 0302 BC 0301 BC 0300 BC Ptolemy takes Palestine from Antigonus; many Jews settle in Egypt and Asia Minor Battle of Ipsus: Seleucus defeats and kills Antigonus Antioch founded in Syria by Seleucus Kingdom of Pontus founded (northeast Turkey) 0290 BC 0286 BC 0281 BC 0280 BC Around this time the Hsiung-nu great khanate is established in central Asia Around this time the Celts settle Scotland from Spain Seleucus Nicator makes himself King of Syria Colossus of Rhodes completed by Chares of Lindos Achaean League formed in Greece Pyrrhus, King of Epirus (northwest Greece) attacks Romans Pyrrhus, whom Hannibal ranked second only to Alexander, was invited by the Greek cities of southern Italy to defeat the Romans. Although he did defeat the Romans twice he lost so much of his force that he had to retire; hence 'Pyrrhic victory'. 0279 BC Celts move south into Macedonia, Greece and Asia Minor

The Greeks called them Galatae. They were repulsed but then sailed from the Sea of Marmara (south of Bosphorus) into Asia Minor. Here they attacked the Ionian Greek cities but they were defeated by the Greek captain of Pergamum. The Celts went east and founded Galatia, a kingdom that was feared in that area of the world for a short time before it was swallowed up by the Roman Empire. Rise of Kingdom of Pergamum (Ionia and western Anatolia) 0264 BC War in Judaea between Egypt and Syria

First Punic War begins (Latin punicus, 'Phoenician'): Rome v. Carthage 0260 BC Athens attempts to gain independence from Macedonia with Egyptian aid, but both the aid and attempt fail; Athens begins to become a 'university town' Rise of Parthian Kingdom; Parthians gain Persia from Seleucid Empire

0248 BC

Parthia was once part of the Assyrian and Persian Empire. Its territory covered a part of modern-day Iran. They were of Aryan descent and claimed to be the successors to the Achaemenian dynasty of the Persian Empire. They were Rome's constant enemy. They were also called the Parni. 0246 BC Rise of Chinese Empire; Great Wall of China first built; The Burning of the Books

Founded by King Chao Cheng of the mountain-kingdom of Ch'in. He renamed himself Shih Huang-Ti ('First Supreme Emperor') and called his empire China (after Ch'in). His government was centralised and a strict police-state. It was he who, in addition to building the Great Wall of China (1600 miles long and running between from the sea northeast of Peking and the mountains of central Asia), also burned all historical/philosophical books and executed certain philosophers in an effort to stamp out the memories of the rule and ideals of former dynasties. 0244 BC 0243 BC 0241 BC 0238 BC 0232 BC 0225 BC 0221 BC Colossus of Rhodes felled by earthquake End of Ch'in dynasty; civil war erupts End of First Punic War; Carthage makes peace and Sicily given to Rome Sardinia and Corsica added to Roman Empire Decline of Mauryan Empire in India Romans slaughter Celts at Battle of Telemon Han Dynasty comes to power in China; Period of the Warring States ends

Founded by Liu Bang who renamed himself Han Gaozu ('Exalted Founder'). The Chinese came to refer to themselves as 'the People of Han'. 0220 BC Romans take Celtiberians (Celtic Spain) with their fleet

The Spanish Celts had greatly aided the Phoenicians during the Punic Wars, and the Romans had long memories for such things.

0218 BC 0218-0201 BC 0217-0216 BC

Palestine conquered by Syria Second Punic War Carthaginian commander Hannibal crosses Alps with army (including elephants) and defeats large Roman armies in Italy

The army consisted mainly of well-trained Spanish foot-soldiers, with Phoenician leaders from Carthage; Numidians (African tribe of northwest Africa) acted as Hannibal's cavalry, and they were considered among the best in the world at that time. His army totalled 26,000 and due to his skill and that of his men he defeated and slaughtered a force of Roman soldiers numbering 80,000 at Cannae. 0211 BC 0207 BC Hannibal unsuccessfully assaults city of Rome Battle of Metaurus: Carthaginian commander Hasdrubal (brother of Hannibal) bringing relief supplies and army to Italy is defeated and killed by Roman consul Claudius Nero Romans (under Scipio) enter Africa; Hannibal recalled to Carthage Battle of Zama: Phoenician power declines after Scipio defeats Hannibal Phoenicians surrender to Rome and are made weak through indemnity Scythians in Europe (Saxon tribe in Northern Germany) Nephites and Mulekites become one people in Zarahemla 0197 BC 0190 BC 0185 BC Rome adds Spain to its empire Rome, in alliance with Pergamum, defeats Seleucids and pushes them out of Asia Minor Hannibal takes poison

0204 BC 0202 BC 0201 BC 0200 BC

Hannibal went into politics after his defeat at Zama and Carthage started to improve its economy a little. Rome, against Scipio's advice, demanded Hannibal to surrender himself. Hannibal fled to the Seleucid king. When Rome pushed the Seleucid king out of Asia Minor Hannibal fled north to the King of Bithynia where his house was surrounded by Roman troops and where he is said to have committed suicide. 0183 BC 0175 BC Maurya Empire of India dissolves Antiochus Epiphanes becomes King of Syria and oppresses his province of Palestine by trying to stamp out the Jewish religion and heritage

Qumran Community settles northwest shores of Dead Sea We learn about this community from archaeology and especially from the ancient documents known as the Dead Sea Scrolls (which include some of the records of this people as well as the ancient and New Testament scriptures). This community was led by a high priest whose name we do not know but who is referred to as 'the Teacher of Righteousness'. The name of this people is disputed but in the scrolls they are referred to by such names as "saints of the last days", "saints of the Most High God", "people of Zion", "elect of God", "apron wearers", and "Israel in the wilderness". They saw their purpose as preparing the people for the coming of Christ. They were presided over by a presidency of three, with a Council of Twelve and Bishops under them. All of its members would meet once a year to hear the words of these Authorities. They practised the Law of Moses as well as Christian principles later taught by Christ. They preached and gained converts in many cities, Qumran being their headquarters. Here they had buildings in which they practised "washings" and had water tanks or fonts. Some people believe that John the Baptist and Christ associated or lived among this people. It is not improbable, according to the evidence, that these were righteous followers of Jehovah who had separated themselves from the apostasy of Judaea and the Syrian oppression. They have been considered by some scholars as being the same people known as the Essenes. 0168 BC Antiochus Epiphanes leaves Second Temple desolate and forbids religious observances Greek historian Polybius taken to Rome; writes his histories 0167 BC Maccabaean Revolt

When in 175 BC the Syrian king began to make efforts to stamp out the Jewish religion there was quite some success because of the Greek influence that had come into the Jewish way of life. Around 169 BC the persecution intensified into violence. Judas was one of the seven sons of the patriotic priest of the Hasmonaean family who had been the leader of the Jewish resistance to Syria. He was otherwise known as Maccabaeus which means 'the hammerer' (hence 'Maccabees'). He gained several victories and then a war started in earnest between the two forces. Judas died in 161 BC and his brothers replaced him. The Jews had great prosperity under the Maccabaean rule. Simon, Judas's brother, had a son named John (or Jehohanan) Hyrcanus who took over as High Priest. It was he that built the fortress of Castle Antonia and destroyed the Samaritan temple on Mount Gezirim. Although their rule started well, after several generations the Hasmonaeans became corrupt and lost the throne to Idumaean rulers under the overlordship of Rome. 0165 BC Maccabaeans defeat Syrians; Second Temple restored and dedicated in Jerusalem by Judas Maccabaeus Epirus (northwest Greece) taken by Rome 0164 BC Death of Antiochus Epiphanes

0161 BC 0152 BC

Rise of Roman power Jonathan (brother of Judas Maccabaeus) made military governor of Judaea by Demetrius I (one of the claimants of the Seleucid Empire); Alexander Balas, another rival claimant of the Seleucid Empire, and also seeking support of the Hasmonaeans, makes Jonathan High Priest of Judaea Teacher of Righteousness probably killed around this time

0149-0146 BC

Third Punic War; Carthage destroyed by Rome

Marcus Cato was among the chief voices in Rome advocating the destruction of the now weak Carthage. His voice and those that supported him prevailed and Rome deliberately had its ally, the Berbers of Numidia, harry Carthage until they had to make war to protect themselves. This gave Rome opportunity to send an army over. Rome then demanded Carthage be moved 10 miles inland - an obvious impossibility if the Carthaginians were to survive (they were dependent upon the sea as merchants). Carthage closed her gates on the Roman army, withstood a siege of 3 years despite lack of arms, and by the end of it only 50,000 inhabitants remained. Carthage ceased to exist as a power in the world. Scipio, acting under orders, had led the siege, but it is said that he wept afterward for the fall of Carthage. 0148 BC 0146 BC Romans annex Macedonia after taking rest of Greece Roman government becomes more oligarchical and proud Corinth destroyed by Romans End of Achaean League 0142 BC Syria recognizes independence of Judaea under Simon (brother of Jonathan) who rules as King and High Priest; Rome follows in recognizing their independence Height of Parthian Empire (holds all Iran and Mesopotamia) John Hyrcanus I rules Judaea; territory expands under his reign Around this time John Hyrcanus, King of Judaea, invades the hostile Idumaea and forcibly converts its inhabitants to Judaism Romans take Pergamum and part of Asia Minor Romans attack Gaul German tribes press upon Italy's north border Marcus Tullius Cicero born

0140 BC 0135 BC 0129-0125 BC 0129 BC 0124 BC 0116 BC 0106 BC

0105 BC 0104 BC 0102 BC 0092 BC

Romans suffer huge defeat by Germans at Orange (in Gaul) Aristobulus I rules Judaea Alexander Janneus rules Judaea Reign of the Judges begins among Nephites Euphrates agreed upon as border between Romans and Parthians

0090 BC 0088-0084 BC 0087 BC 0083-0081 BC 0082 BC 0080 BC 0076 BC 0074-0063 BC 0074 BC 0073 BC 0072 BC 0070 BC

Italy becomes fully Roman First war between Rome and Mithradates VI (the Great), King of Pontus Mithradates invades Greece and Asiatic Greeks submit to him Second war between Rome and Pontus Roman Republic in serious decline; Sulla captures Rome and begins rule as dictator Kingdom of Galatia decimated by Pontus but saved with Roman aid Queen Alexandra (widow of Alexander Janneus) rules Judaea; Pharisees rise to become the power behind her throne Third war between Rome and Pontus: Mithradates eventually defeated by Pompey; end of Kingdom of Pontus Bithynia falls to Rome Slave War: Spartacus takes Mount Vesuvius and defeats two Roman armies Spartacus is defeated by Romans under Crassus Virgil born

Virgil wrote the Aeneid, the legendary story of Aeneas, son of Venus and Anchises, who was a survivor of Troy. He was said to have come to Italy and laid the foundation of Roman power, his son Ilius being the builder of Rome itself. 0067 BC Pompey commissioned to clear the Mediterranean of pirates Rome takes Crete

0066 BC

Hyrcanus II and his brother Aristobulus II rule Judaea as coregents; they quarrel for power and Rome enters the dispute

Hyrcanus II used the Idumaean governor Antipater, a vassal to Judaea but nonetheless on good terms with Rome, to try to get support for his cause from Rome. The Romans supported Aristobulus II though, and thus laid the path open for the conquest of Judaea by Rome. Syria captured by Pompey 0065 BC Around this time the Ynglings leave the area north of the Black Sea under their leader Odin and populate northern Europe and Scandinavia; later they intermix with the Saxons to give rise to the Anglo-Saxons, establishing a system of government remarkably similar to that revealed to Moses and practised by Zion societies; this system, being common to all of the tribes across northern Europe and Scandinavia, becomes known as 'Common Law'

Odin (also called Wotan, Woden and other variations) was the 'All Father', the chief god of Norse/Teutonic mythology. Some have suggested that this person was the 'lost tribes' counterpart of the native American Indian/Polynesian 'Great White God', Quetzalcoatl/Viracocha/Con-tici/Kukulcan/Votan et al.; that is to say, the memory of the personage of Jesus Christ in his visit to that people shortly after visiting the Nephites. This year (65 BC), however, predates the Resurrection and so conflicts with this theory, although the date itself may be inaccurate as it is only an estimate. 0063 BC Pompey captures Jerusalem for Rome Cicero holds office of Consul in Rome 0062 BC 0060 BC 0058-0050 BC 0058 BC 0055 BC Pompey returns to Rome but declines rulership Generals Caesar, Pompey and Crassus form the First Triumvirate of Rome Julius Caesar's campaign to capture all of Gaul Caesar pushes the Helvetti pressing on the north borders of Italy back to their homes in Switzerland Romans raid Britain under Julius Caesar

The Roman legions were defeated by the British. The next year the Romans advanced but then signed a treaty and withdrew all forces from England. Groups of Nephite/Lamanite peoples leave America for Polynesia

0053 BC

Vercingetorix of the Averni leads a huge army of Celtic tribes against Caesar; Caesar outmanoeuvres the Celts Crassus defeated and killed by Parthians (provoked by Rome) in Mesopotamia

0052 BC

Siege of Alesia: Romans defeat Celts

Within the fortified Alesia Vercingetorix had 80,000 men. Caesar had 60,000 total. The rest of the Celtic army numbered over 200,000 but the Roman siegeworks and outer defences allowed Caesar to defend against both armies until their morale broke and the Celts surrendered. By the end of 50 BC all of France and Belgium (then all known as Gaul) were Roman territory. 0049-0047 BC 0047 BC Pompey and Caesar vie for power Caesar defeats Pompey; Pompey flees to Egypt but is murdered by the Ptolemies in the hope of finding favour with Caesar; Caesar attacks Egyptians at Alexandria for killing a Roman General, is outnumbered, but rescued by Antipater's Idumaean army Antipater (now a Roman citizen) made Procurator of Judaea by Rome; Antipater appoints his son Herod as governor of Galilee; Hyrcanus II made High Priest by Antipater (but appoints himself as administrator of all Judaea); Idumaean rule begins in Judaea Julian Calendar introduced by Julius Caesar Romans found colony at Carthage Julius Caesar stabbed to death; Octavian comes to power Octavian formed the Classical form of Roman government, called the Principate (from the Latin princeps meaning 'first'). He changed his name to Augustus ('exalted'). He restored the Free State (the Respublica) somewhat by dividing the power between the Senate and the magistrates; however, he kept all imperial and foreign affairs to himself as well as the sole command of the military. He was aided by his soldier friend Marcus Agrippa. Augustus also instituted the first Roman census of material resources of the Empire. He founded such cities as Marseilles, Nmes and Lyons among others. 0043 BC Antipater poisoned; Antigonus (son of Aristobulus II) calls on Parthians to secure his rule; Parthians invade and Hyrcanus II is taken into captivity to Babylon and Herod flees Cicero murdered Ovid born

0046 BC

0045 BC 0044 BC

0041 BC 0037 BC

Mark Anthony (formerly Julius Caesar's right-hand man) possesses Palestine; Herod becomes one of his tetrarchs Herod becomes King of Judaea

Herod had to lay siege to Jerusalem for six months with a Roman army because the people did not want him to be their ruler. Herod became a powerful ruler of his time and a friend of the Roman Emperor Augustus. He used the Temple as a kind of national bank81 and established many royal banks elsewhere in his kingdom. He had contacts all over the Greek east and was, first and foremost, a financier. So great was his influence that he was even in receipt of half the revenue of the copper mines of Cyprus (Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper). To further get gain and the favour of Rome Herod sent his fleet 82 into the Black Sea to back up the Roman navy who were advancing on a usurper in the Crimea. Herod had a lot of influence in gaining advantages for the Jews of the Dispersion. Nevertheless Herod, The New Testament informs us, was a very cruel and evil man. 0033 BC 0031 BC 0030 BC Break between Anthony and Octavian; Anthony takes eastern half of Roman domains Battle of Actium: Anthony and Cleopatra (the last of Ptolemy's line) defeated by Octavian Octavian seizes Alexandria and thus Egypt Suicide of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra 0027 BC 0025 BC 0020 BC Roman Empire begins with Augustus (Octavian); formal end of Roman Republic Around this time the Han Dynasty drive the Hsiung-nu west and they settle the Aral Sea area Temple of Herod begun

Officially a renovation of the Temple of Zerubbabel but in reality more like a completely new one. Herod's reasons for building it were not considered too pious. In the end it was finally completed six years before the Romans under Titus destroyed it in AD 70. According to some sources (see text under 37 BC) Herod used it as a bank (this brings to mind the money-changers in the Temple in Christ's day); it certainly must have been a centre for money because not only did the Jews of Jerusalem donate money to the Temple as an offering but also many of the dispersed of the Jews around the civilized world. 0002 BC 0001 BC Birth of John the Baptist (6 Apr) Birth of Christ (signs in heaven and earth around the world)

AD 0002

Around this time the wise men visit Christ (possibly from a people who still have the fullness of the Gospel) and Herod the Great issues the order for the 'massacre of the infants' of two years of age and under Zealot uprising in Judaea Judaea placed under Roman procurator

AD 0006

AD 0009 AD 0010

Rome loses a great part of its Germanic land to the northern Tribes King Llyr rules in Britain

Shakespeare's King Lear. He was the son of King Lud and a descendant of Brutus. He was said to have married Penardin who was the daughter of Anna (St Anna) who, according to some sources, was no less than the daughter of Joseph of Arimathaea. Anna herself was said to have also married into the royal line of Britain and have been an ancestor of the House of Tudor. AD 0012-0030 [Jesus visits England with Joseph of Arimathaea]

Traditions verifying the truthfulness of the Saviour's visits to England as a youth and young man are very persistent and widespread in southwest England. Joseph of Arimathaea, evidently the great uncle of Jesus and probably his guardian, seems to have had his English dwelling in Glastonbury (also referred to as Avalon). Joseph is very much connected with the tin mines in the west of Britain and probably held a very high position in the world of business. He was, of course, also a member of the highest Jewish council, the Sanhedrin, and became a disciple of Christ. AD 0014 AD 0023 AD 0026 Augustus (Octavian) dies; Tiberius becomes Roman Emperor Pliny the Elder born Pontius Pilate appointed Procurator in Judaea

Summary of Mosaic Dispensation: This dispensation began with the Lord bringing the Children of Israel out of bondage and to the promised land of Canaan, near its end the Saviour was born into the world. This was a time when many empires rose and fell. Israel, however, failed to live by the Law of Zion under its inspired system of judges because of the wickedness of the people and its desire to have a monarchy like other nations. It has been suggested that because Israel eventually failed to live by the Law of Zion this gave opportunity for the empires and kingdoms of Nebuchadnezzar's dream to flourish.

Moses 6:5. Alma 37:8. 3 Mormon 8:31. 4 Pericles, Fifth Century BC, as quoted by Thucydides in The History of the Peloponnesian War, Chapter VI, 35. (Enemy, p. 64). 5 From Schiller's first lecture as Professor of History, Jena, 26 May 1789. 1 See Ezra Taft Benson, The Constitution A Glorious Standard, BYU Devotional, 1986. 7 Jacob 4:13. 8 See Moses 5:1-12. 9 Moses 6:17. 10 See Doctrine and Covenants 107:57. 11 See Moses 6-7. 12 Doctrine and Covenants 117:8. 13 Doctrine and Covenants 107:56-57. 14 Journal of Discourses, 18:343; and Meditation and Atonement by John Taylor, p. 69-70. 15 Doctrine and Covenants, Section 116. For other references to Adam-ondi-Ahman see Doctrine and Covenants 78:15; 107:53; 117:8, 11 and Daniel 7:9-14. 16 See Matthews, Robert J., A Plainer Translation (Provo: BYU Press, 1985), pp. 84-85; this was also confirmed in the diaries of two LDS members who recorded Josephs words. 17 See Revelation 6:2. 18 McConkie, Bruce R., (1965-73) Doctrinal New Testament Commentary, 3 Vols., Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 3:478. 19 See also Numbers 13:33, Deuteronomy 2:20, Moses 7:15, and Moses 8:18. 20 Smith, Joseph Fielding, (1976) Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company, p. 170. 21 Doctrine and Covenants 133:55. 22 See Moses 7:27. 23 See Moses 8:2. 24 Smith, Joseph Fielding, (1960) Answers to Gospel Questions, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1:136. 25 Clarke, A. The Holy Bible...with Commentary and Critical Notes, New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, Volume1:68. 26 Journal of Discourses, 26:74-75. 27 The First Two Thousand Years, p. 145. (Skousen). 28 Genesis 8:4. 29 Inspired Version, Genesis 8:49. 30 Official Declaration-2, Doctrine and Covenants. 31 Abraham 1:21-27. 32 Ibid., vs. 26. 33 Inspired Version, Genesis 11:1. 34 Taylor, John (editor), (1844) Times and Seasons, Vol. 5, December 15, (Nauvoo, Illinois), p.746. 35 For more see JST of Genesis 14:25-40. 36 Abraham 2 and Genesis 17; 22:15-18. 37 Abraham 3:15. 38 Genesis 17:20 and 25:16. 39 Joseph Smith Translation of Genesis 14:32-34. 40 I Maccabees, chapter 12. 41 I Chronicles 1:43-54. 42 See Doctrine and Covenants 1:36
1 1

Whence?, p. 81-82. Exodus 1:8-9. 45 Whence?, p. 124-125. 46 Joseph Smith Translation of Gensis 50:33. 47 Ezekiel 37:15-19; compare Joseph Smith Translation 50:31. 48 Genesis 38:27-30. 49 Genesis 10:15. 50 See, for instance, Whence?, p. 37-39. 51 Smith, Joseph Fielding, (comp.) (1979) Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, p. 172-3. 52 McConkie, Bruce R., (comp.) (1954-56) Doctrines of Salvation, 3 vols., Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 3:94. 53 Genesis 10:13-14. 54 Casson, S. (1922) Ancient Greece: A Study by Stanley Casson (1924) London: Oxford University Press, p. 14-15. 55 Casson, S. (1922) Ancient Greece: A Study by Stanley Casson (1924) London: Oxford University Press, p. 15. 56 I Kings 16:24. 57 Deuteronomy 28:64. 58 See Doctrine and Covenants, Section 91. 59 Tracing, passim. 60 Genesis 22:18. 61 Talmage, James E., (1947) The Articles of Faith Salt Lake City, Utah: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, p. 316. 62 I Nephi 22:4. 63 Doctrine and Covenants, Section 133:26-32. 64 Journal of Discourses, 18:25. 65 Mormon Doctrine, (1979) second edition, Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft, p. 458. 66 Conference Report, April 1916, p. 130; see also Doctrine and Covenants 110:11. 67 Utah Genealogical and Historical Magazine, Vol. 25, pp. 6-10. 68 Whence?, p. 71. 69 Tracing, passim. 70 Tracing, p. 68. 71 Tracing, p. 68. 72 Daniel, chapter 2. 73 Daniel, chapter 8. 74 Jeremiah 41:10-12, 14-15 and 43:1-7. 75 Ivins, A.W. (1932) Israel in History and Genealogy, Utah Genealogical and Historical Magazine, Vol. 23, January (Salt Lake City, Utah), p. 6-8. 76 Esther, chapters 1-10. 77 Whence?, p. 36. 78 Whence?, p. 30. 79 The Naked Capitalist, p. 28-29, (Skousen). 80 Daniel 8:22. 81 Grant, Michael The Jews in the Roman World, p. 74-75. 1 1 Ibid., p. 75.
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