Word Building

KZ9
VVORD-BUILDING
KELLOGG AND REED
ne.
WORD-BUILDING
FIFTY LESSONS, COMBINING LATIN, GREEK, AND ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS, PREFIXES, AND SUFFIXES, INTO ABOUT FIFTYFIVE HUNDRED COMMON DERIVATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH,
WITH A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
BY
BRAINERD KELLOGG,
LANGUAGE,"
LL.IX,
PROFESSOR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE IN THE BROOKLYN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, AUTHOR OF "A TtXT-BOOK ON RHETORIC," "A TEXT-BOOK ON ENGLISH " REED * KELLOGG's LITERATURE," AND ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF GRADED LESSONS IN ENGLISH," "HKJHKK LESSONS IN ENGLISH," "ONE-BOOK COURSE IN ENGLISH," AND "THE ENGLISH
AND
ALONZO REED,
A.M.,
AUTHOR OF "INTRODUCTORY LANGUAGE WORK," "WORD LESSONS," AND OK* or THB AUTHORS OF "REED A KELLOGG'S GRADED LESSONS IN ENGLISH," "HIGHER LESSONS IN ENGLISH," "ONE-BOOK COURSE IN ENGLISH," AND " THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE."
EFFINGHAJT
NEW YORK:
EFFINGHAM MAYNARD
771
&
&
69
Co.,
PUBLISHERS,
BROADWAY AND
67
NINTH STREET.
1892.
THK
HEED'S REED'*
OMPI.1
USE IN ENGLISH
IN.
I
I.I -
I. VTI
I.
\M,T
\<;K
WMKK.
WORD
i.i
LESSON
REED A on LESSONS IN BVOUSH, '.\- IN INCI.IMI. IK, in RKH- \ K IN c-i .N..I.IMI. RBKD ft KELLOOO'S ONE-BOOK KKIXOOa A KKKD'8 WoUD-Itril.IMN.. KEI.LOOO & KKKD'S BVOUSB LAVO1
I
i:
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Till
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VI
BDmOMI OVSli
VKKSIM
\it
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IN,
YltlUIIT, 1898,
BT
BRAIN EKD KXLLOOO AND ALONZO HBKD.
<>f
.1
I.Ktlr
CO.
Ptaoe.
New York
PREFACE.
THE
Latin derivatives in English exist in families, that
which ûnites the members of each family being the root out of which they grow. This root deeply colors the meaning of the derivatives, and largely determines their use. The prefixes and suffixes combining with the roots in the several
families are
much
vocabulary
teristics.
is
the same, so that the Latin element in our open to easy study the words composing it are
;
readily classified,
and even the
classes
have
common
dia:
These derivatives should in some way be studied by the pupil. They are not the simple words to be learned without study, familiar to one's ear and tongue from child li But one meets these derivatives everywhere as he emerges from childhood into youth. They sprinkle the pages of every book he reads, and they drop from the lips of all pub1.
The pupil must somehow make the acquaintspeakers. ance of these words, must learn to handle them himself. One of the cogent reasons for studying Latin is, that it
lic
helps the student to a knowledge of the Latin derivatives in But one does not study Latin solely or chiefly to English.
connection with English. The study of Latin in We hazard nothing in college is always with other aims. that one utterly ignorant of Latin and Greek would, saying by a judicious use of the lessons in this little book, learn more of the English derivatives from L:;tin and (ireek roots
learn
its
Preface.
classical lan-
than from the ordinary college course in the
guages. We ask attention, in these lessons, to (1) Tlu> original root-forms treated, and the forms into u hicii ti ;>ncs have changed ;
1
(;?)
The simple
in
(levk-e
l>ii::ng
by which the roots and the prefixes with them are compactly grouped
;
(:>) separation, by different type, of root from prefix and sullix, and the separation of these from each other by
The
the
4-
siirn
and the
comma
;
:
(4)
(5)
cal
(
The threefold work which we exact of the pupil The emphasis placed upon his finding the metaphori;
meanings of derivatives
i
i
in his
(7)
The models, remarks, and helps by which we guide him work The suggestions to teachers to aid them in securing
;
and retaining the

(8)
we lead the pupil to and, analyze and build up nearly fifty-five hundred words (9) The further fact that by this work the pupil is enabled
:
The
interest of pupils ; fact that in forty-four lessons
to
comprehend, at a glance, almost any other

language.
deri vative word
in the
that the mere giving of lists of derivatives, with nothing to indicate root, prefix, or sullix, and with no directions to the pupil as to what he should do or how he
Had we supposed
should do
was all the pupil needed, there would have been no call for another book on this important subject. The closing lessons of the book contain a brief history of
it,
the Knirlish language.

February,
WORD-BUILDING
ELEMENTARY ENGLISH.
" KLK.MKMAKY KMJLISM," IN THE ROOTS, OR STEMS, GIVEN UNDEII SYLLABUS OF THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF
NEW
YORK.
INTRODUCTION.
I.
The Meanings of Hoot and Stem.

word
The word
root
is
u>ed
by philologists to denote the simplest and most primitive forms whirh words once had, or to which they can now IK- traced. In this sense
of the
its
monosyllabic form which

tives.
the word root names that rigidly scientific sense is the origin and source of all verbal derivai
But usage applies the word as well to later forms of original and primitive words forms from which, by the u-e of prenouns, adjecfixed and suffixed syllables, new words are produced and adverbs. Respectable as is the authority for railing tives, verbs,
these "later forms
"
steins, what we regard as the prevailing u-
roots instead. II. Definitions. A primitive word is one not derived from another word in (lie same language. A derivative word is one derived from another word as, nnleads us to choose
;
man/f/,
man
being the primitive word.
A compound
as,
word
is
one composed of two or more simple

are,
\N
forty-two.
Prefixes and suffixes
with rare exceptions, relies of words
once independent, but now run down into mere formative elements. They are used, each with a meaning of its own, to modify the meao
4
>t
M
t<>
<
which
in
when many
cult
of
them arc used

in
.
he derivative they are attached though, in the same \\ord, it i- >omet ime> diffi:
to detect
the derivative
tin-
distinct
it.
r,...t
tot06 of each.
I'n:
and sutlixo follow
In the following
paragraph
the illuM rative instance exhibits the
the prefixes eon and ihesuffiv-/ and ///.and the six derivative word- formed mbination of the root with these prefixes and snfli
jtnnt,
III.
i:.rj>f<f
nation.
T\w work
If,
i.elow.
i-
needs explanation. I'l-evity, are to be united in succession
a-
compacted fur the sake ,.f u-ual, two ur moiv prefixes

or with this
\\ith
the following root,
and the
other
l>y
suffix after
it.
the
4-
si-rn.
thoe prcfixo stand unconnected \\ith each If any two of llu-sr aiv to he taken together
grouped
is
and The
in
treated a^ a single prefix, these two arc sutlix immediately following the i-oot
l>y
the
-i-
siuii.
it.
to
lie
united
with
If
its
combination
follow, the
\vitli
each prefix or <rroup of

tiling
is
ju-elixes.
other
suffixes
same
to
l>e
done with
these singly or
single suffixes or the groups l.eiim- x-parated from each other by an or in Roman type. The suffix, or the group lakeii as one. between the first or and the second, is to enter into the -ame combination or combinations as did the first suffix. And so i^ the
in groups, the
group between the second or and the third, etc., and For instance, if uiidcrjuncf we had that which follows the last or. dit+Junct+ion, or ive, or ive + ly, this would mean that the pupil had to do as directed with con+junct + ion.
suflix or the
.
cou+junct + ive, dis+junct + ive, con+jutn-1

or,
<I
//,
Junct + ive+ty ;
wurds
dropping signs and the black
letters,
with the
oiiijuiK-tion,
injunction, conjunctive, di*functivet coiyiinctively,
disjunctively. IV. Roots
The
Regents'
first
lists
their Order. Most of the roots in the and are found usually in the Latin verb. We These stand in the the root or roots found in the verb.
are Latin,
and
and the perfect participle. That in the perfect parthe act, ticiple ends usually in at or it or t 9 and of course denoteThe future participle root endexpressed by the verb, as completed.
infinitiveof the vêrb
any English words derived from it are to be The roots which follo\\ in icd in paragraph succeeding. those into which the roots just spoken of have parentheses are mostly changed in their long sojourn in the Fn-neh language and in
ing in
follows,
if
ur
the
Introduction.
If
the roots in the Regents' lists are from Latin nouns or m we need to say here is, that the roots in parentheses arc modified forms of those which precede them.
all
that
V.
The Meanings of the Root* and of English
tt'ords
derived
from them.
It
is
easy to ascertain the m>anii:.

in tinj
root found in the infinitive and of that found
pic.
These meanings are given or implied in the definition of t! infinitive which follows the roots them seltes. It isca>\ t>aseertain the meanings of the English words derived from the roots not in p;r
It is not so easy to get at the >ignitication of the root parentheses, and that of the English word- derived from them. Often the etymological sense has faded out of the root and the words, if
thesis.
metaphorical, do not always suggest the likeness on which the n phor is based. The pupil will sometimes need a hint from the teacher,
sometimes he may profitably consult the dictionary.
We
ha\e thrown
in liberally suggestions in parentheses and in Helps for the Pupil; but, where the pupil can seize upon the root idea, and, combining it with
the meanings of the modifying prefixes and suffixes, can give the nification of the derivative, he should be allowed to do it. As well
do his physical exercise for him as relieve him of the intellect ual labor which he can do alone. The main worth of this work consists in the exercise, which it compels, of the pupil's judgment.
VI. The Lessons. The length of the Lessons assigned has been determined by the hope that all the work called for by u> can be done. But those teachers able to take up only the root -forms selected by the Regents can perhaps run two or three of our Lessons
into one.
The root-forms they
seek
are
easily
first
found.
marked by the asterisk, by us in the several paragraphs.

VII.
and are usually the
or the
They are >eend treated

t!,
Direction.
The
roots are printed in black letters,
and suffixes in italics. The prefixes and suffixes are given and defined on the pages immediately following these Lessons under Klemnr English." Find there the meanings of the prefixo and sullixe- D below, find in the Lessons the meanings of the roots with which these prefixes and suffixes combine, and then give the signification of the Frame phra<es or >entences derivatives formed by the combination. Do not look for the meanthese derivatives properly used. containing of letters within marks of parenthesis and unitaliri. ings
6
Note the changes,
g|
it
if
any. which metaphor has wrought in the mean-
of words.
Tin
literal
meaning
of a
word
i-
not
always that which
the likeness in position between the upper pan of one's body and the top of a nail, we lran>lVr the name of the one From the real or object to the other, and speak of the In ml of a nail.
really hears.
From
fancied resemblance in function between one's head and Washington city, we may carry aver capvt, the Latin name of ih,. head, .-MM!, Div-
ing
it
to the city, call
Washington the capital of the Tnited
States.
way in which the work required in The roots we take are I-*r<tnf/, this Direction ma\ /Yffr/.and r*r(tcfitr.\.r^nu IX. Turning to the end of ihe>.
We
indicate here the
lc done.
LtMOIUJ
in
"
we combine
their meanings,
Flemeiitary F.nirlish." for the prefixes and siitti\-. found there, with the incaniiii: of the
derivative-,
roots in Lesson IX.. give the signification of the grouped in that Lesson, and illustrate their
i.
MODEL.
Frangible, capable
of being broken
a clay pipe-stem
is
frangible;
ibility. state of being frangible, the frangilility of a pipe-stem;

,
name
of the abstract (juality
incapable of being easily broken
oak
is
comparatively
infrangible;
in/rrmgribility, state of being infrangible
the infrangibility of the
oak;
re/reeitgrible, capable of l>eing turned back, or out of a straight conr-c a ray of light is refrangible;
re/Vfi/*//ibility, "state
of
being
refraniriblt
the
refraniribilily
of
light;
fragment, a
])iece
broken
off
a fragment of a tea-cup:
/ragrmentary, belonging
report of the speech
;
to a fragment, in
fragments
:
a fragnieptary
suffrage
(a
probable explanation iriven in Lesson IX.)
Introduction.
A incapable of being easily broken down irrefragable, irrefutable, a metaphorical u<- of H,.
,.
7
nt
was
irrc/V<7yal>ly. in an irrefragable his point in the debate;
manner- he
invfrairably established
infringe, to break into
one's rights an- infringed by
tin- fhi
act of infringing the infringement of n,,. tnaty, metaphorical use of tlie word, tfnce a In-aly cannot literally su a breaking into;
fraction, state of being broken, a
part
lie
Tract ion of
an hour;
/Vacfional, belonging to a fraction
fractional currency;
i
fractions, not integers, or whole numbers
and
,',
are
t'r;i<-ti
infract, to break
,
to infract
is
to encroach upon;
to
bend sharply back
water refracts the
light
infraction, the breaking

use of the word
;
the infraction of the rules, a metaphorical
refraction, the bending sharply back, half breaking of light from the oar-blade in the water;
the refraction
refractory, bent away from the proper or natural course the refractory or stubborn child, a metaphorical use of the word:
refractoriness, state of being refractory child is a grief to the father
;
the
refractoriness of his
fracture, a break
there
is
a fracture
in the plate:
fragile, capable of being broken

fragility, state of being fragile
fragile
plaything:
icicl-
the fragility of
frail, capable of being broken down. weak, feehh

constitution, metaphorical;
frail
health
..r
frailty and frailness, state of being

the intellect.
frail
frailty of character, of
LATIN ROOTS.
LESSON
To
the Teacher.
Tli is
I.
work
<>f
word-building may be
ca-y.
difficult
and
sl>\\ at first.
But
it
will rapidly
become
Tin-
MOM
pn -liv- and
suffixes
The pupil will soon become constantly reappearing:. with their meanings, and ready in combining' them \\ith the familiar If necessary, the opening lessons may be meaning of the root.
are
divided.
To
the Pupil.
You
will find the
Model
preceding this Lenon

:
Following that, your work of building up words and helpful to yon. cut, one wh illustrating their use would begin and proceed thus root ag, to do, make (tt/tnt=one who does, e.g., the agent of the firm;
/.
tion of
state or funcstate of being, function, + root ay, make <///'//'// an agent, e.g., sold through his agency, or instrumentality: /A,
of.
capable
t
the agile squirrel; ily, state of being ment, v.g.i the agility of the squirrel.
.//..
+ ay, to move, or moving, make agile quick, nimble, + agile= quick ness of move-
The prefixes, suffixes, and their meanings are to be foun have been told, at the end of these Lessons in " Elementary Kngli>h."*
Ag,* Act,
urge on
,
(ig, g, actu), from put in motion, drive.
ag e re, ac tus,
to do, move,
Aff + ent or ency or He or il\
+ ity ; man
(see this root,
* Roots thus marked are those given in the Regents' frjllulmx for the
present year.
t
The
suffixes able, cibile, ance, ate, bule, cule, ence, ibi/r.
/////-.
//.
///<
become ,//>/, c, and t'ze, le, ose, tude, ox, 1u<L and ///. one, at, bul, cul, enc, iUl, ibl, U, in, iv, iz, I, Abh. nUl, el, er, ery, ibl. if//. ///. or. and tu<1c sometime^ drop the initial letter, and appear as bh>, bil, I, r, ry, bl, ty, y, r. ami 1Mb. a; Ar\j, ly, mony, ory, and y sometimes change y to i. and and i. an, ori,
and ure often drop the
final
Elementary English.
Lesson XIII.) + ag + er or (e) man + ag(v) + able or ///< /// ; nav (see the root, Lesson XVI.) ig + ent or ency;
;
1
or able + ness ; prod + iy + al <>r tt/+ify;* c*nb + or (\\)ity ; co( + nt/ .r fl irf; cnm)+0
iveor ive + ly* or iv-ftVy or ion or

;
/v,
i<>
or
-
counter, en, ex, over, re, re
+ ni.
-I-
//<///>
;
</</
trans + act + ion ; en + act /////// ^/r/ ge + al or al + ly or 7 tVy. From navigdre, naviy</ />/*, derived from iome or or t'o^ or (e) rircum + nav+igat+or or
pf<
tn
'
or
(c).
From
or
(e).
the frequentative
f ^//
<-r
/ ///'
//.
^///
/ ///'
derived from
gitiit -\-iun
^//ryv,
8
come agitat +
or
re,
/o//
it
or (e)
In*.
r/y-h
From
-\-
ac
tit
art it
d- rived
from
(ftjfre,
come
actttat
ion or (e).
'
Helps for the Pupil. We do not in tlirse Helps doi'm.', hut attempt to point to the paths which may lead to definitions.
,
I'rodli/d/i/'/. ,-tn MIJ igency, something urging instant action. * into wasteful extravagance. Ambiguous, uncertain note thr
1
of ambi.
A.-S.
6
5 Cogency, the compelling force of the thought. The / actively is a hybrid, its parts are from different languages.
4
Cogitate, to think, involving intellectual activity.
Alt,* from al tus, high,
lofty,
Alt + ar (raised); a1t(\)hnlr.
From
ex + alt ;
the derivative ex al td re, ex al td tus, to raise, conic ex -f alt -f cd ; ex -f alta t + ion

.
Anim,* from animus, mind,

(see this root,
intolloct, fooling, spirit,

:
Lesson \l.) + ttniin -f //// nt<r</n the root, Lesson XIII.) 4- anint -\-ous or iff/; itn (see r<
A frequentative cxpn >ses a denoted by the primiti\-.
f
repetition, or
an increase, of
tin-
10
L -----!i
'/-
\\1Y.)
tntiin
"//.vnr
//// ; />//>/// (////\/////x,
small,
'
mean) + a Hi HI. + cm*
or <ws + fy or
?'/# ;
:
r/
u/
4-
os -f
////
tiHint r(t(/ (the prefix) -f r<Tt (to turn) -ftow;* the true </;///+ (us) (L.) if llie
tiniin +(/(/
all'air.
bosiil.
:
rrrs
Helps
phorioalf
fcr the Pupil.
Aniumsit,^
in
crii i.-i-in
tin-
fHn<j
its
version, the
mind turned
upon
object
i>
this
meta-
LESSON
Remark.
some form
parts of
1 1
II.
If
the pupil
this
is
iv<iuiiv<l to
like
may
IM-
a<l<ptc<l
write out any part of his work. he aecemrj work witli tint
10
word, outlined aUae, not
l.eini:
here
><!
down:
WORD.
Lm.Ku. Mi
\\i\i,.
ll,U>Ti;
TinN
01
The
flriirr
manages his
horses.
(Literml.)
Manage, To do * tin
th ing
by the
}i<tn<L
Tin- xfn nki

(
manages his
r<
Metaphorical^ N////T fin imrk is not doni- by the hum!, hut by the organs of speech
.
If the pupil
should brini:
in as
an
illustration.
The fmrht
mat
//"////*. he could perhaps see that this use of //numi/i i-<till nnnmetaphorical, since tlie work is done by nothing physical, luit l>y authority or personal influence.
Ann,* Aimi, Alum, (enni,

.titn
tj
1
en), from
an
//////
;///>,
a jear.
*
+ al+ist oral+s; anni + vers + ary ;

sept (seven). -f al ; super -f annu + at + ed or at
I\'.), tri,
-f
II,
wtit
).
Lesson
(millr. thousaiul
\
per
-f
enni
Elementary English.
11
]
From an nu A
Helps
-
Us, yearly,
come annu
.
-\
+ ly or
for the Pupil.

r*,ir,/.
a relation of
tin-
theetVnUof theywr.
<
Anni'r,
tin-
intiuinl
nfurn of
day \\hidi
omm<-inorates
some
i-vent.
Apt *,
(att, ept), from fas, fit or fitted, e re, to fasten, join together. vb., w/>
ap
UK* p. p.
or Mfxx
(in)-f the t'rc(|Hciitativf
;
in
<ti>t ;
(fjrf(\)
/ //,/,
</
/,iv
^^/,'
i/i-^c/tt.
adapt*
-sA///r</
come
ittl+ai>t
a<l
airt f ^///r
>
or abil+ihi
\daptdtu*) to ml f <//>/<//
:
tit.
Helps for the Pupil.
^dep/, one
in
>min-tling
x
,
(fo<fs,s),
from 6as, or &^8 sws, low, humble.

1t/
rfe
(e) + + bas(u) -f ///^y/ / ;
or >^ss or
'
ment
frass.
!
Helps
for the Pupil.
Bass
what part
in
music?
Brev *,
(brief), from
6r
vis, short.
'
or
^
;
brev(\)+ary; brh-f
brief -{-h
r<\
\
(adj.);
brief
///
a lawyer's)
From
Helps
<.!li.
<il>
l>rc ri
it
<il> l>r<'
rl
;
r
(e).
for the Pupil.
of higher rank
,
7?mv/, applied to a <-mmi than that for \vhii-h lu> nvrivrs pay. a book of the ('hureli. not the missal.
to
-
an
cay, eh,ca$H).f\'um <-dd ere,

to
fall
out, to perish, to luppeii.

1
Cad+ence;
Of wrt
1
de + cad + curc or
or or
riit
or
ent+al
+ al + lij MMM or (e)
<><
f ////
t
' -
'
orenf
'
+ a?;
<t<
rid +
(u)<///.s- ;
12
tti ;
ch + ance;'
4-
////*.
per
/ -f
<//
ance.
-f tfZ
Ca*(e)
or a/
"/ or
-}-
<>r
/>7
"or
/>7
/M -f ic + al or
/# ;
casti
4- ///
or
<// 4///
/*/ -f ///.
Helps for the Pupil. Add the meaning of al to that of incident, taken as a whole, and the meaning of /// to tncidrnful. taken us a In general, take tin- more simple combinations fust, and use whole. these as wholes in defining other derivatives. l Cadence, u-< d ,,f t} u
.
Incidence, a falling on or wjoon, as of one line upon only. * 4 another. Occident the sun apparently Jncidcnt, an (x-rurrrnce. 1 dlmmx down when-'/ /<r///x applied to what tn-es, and \\liy?
voice
'"
><
( An occasion falls out or happens. ning. 'asute, Aie skilled in cases or questions of conduct <//-. ir. i*t. and ism are
'hance,
'
h<ti>i
the
common Gk.
suffixes.
LESSON
To
the Teacher.
III.
The meaning
of
some
have faded out of them in certain combinations.

of de and
prefixes stein-; almost to To detect the force
re, for instance, in deceive and receirr. below, is a task too Allow him to give the proper meanings of such subtile for the pupil. words (they are few) as wholes, without a hunt for the separate mean-
ing of each element.
Cap, Capt,* Captur, (cip, ceiv, cept, cap e re, cap tus, to'take, seize, hold.
ceipt, ceit), from
Cap + able
or ac
:
or a bil
1
+ ify
or acious or ac + ity or aciovs
-f it
4-
ate ; in
4-
cap 4- Me
or ac 4- ity or
(tc 4- // 4'
ftrin
(=prim,
or al + ly
4
see root, Lesson

;
XX
+ cijt 4- nl
or
-j
h*
oTdl+ify
muni
(see root,
4- al or al 4- ity ; or(i)<7/; hi +
;
parti (see root, Lesson X V I II. )
Lesson XVI.) -dp 6 4- cip 4- le
or (\)ent + ly or (i)ence;* con, de, per, re + ceiv + er or (Me or (e). (i)ent or (e) 4- ive or iv 4- fYy or it; 4- a^ or it; + at 4- t'wr/ or or or (fy ftfs
dp + (\)ent
ex >
per,
inter,
pre + c<-pt
He,
;
ex,
pre}
rp,
sus 4- cept 4- ive
per, rr + cept + ion ; ex 4- cept -f- ion + al or ion
</<',
-f tf/>/e
or
13
Or ;
rt'
sits -f
;
cept -h Me or
run,
<h>
ibil
-f-
//// ;
/>/v
f-
fv;>f
-f
w or r + e** ;
and
capere,
:
+c<'ii>t
\ccit.
Ctijttu r(e).
/
From an tic i pa re (anti for /////r), an par tic ipd re, /mrticipd ///*, derivatives
f r/y>f//
-h /o//
of
come
or ory or (e)
imrti +cij> + nnt

<
/><irti -f
inn or (e). of capere,

o?i
From emancipdre^
come
e
cipdtu*,
+ man
(see root, Lc^x.n

<>
Mil.)
From oc cu pa re, (e). derivative of rape re, come oc + cup + y or (i)< or an/oi or + <-9tiMit + inn. From the frequentativr acceptA come ac + cept; ac+cept+abU or <////r v ceptdtus,
or or or
/
or
r/-
r/
Helps
in
for the Pupil.

3
'
'
//,
TJ.
n. st-ni cndiiiLr.
is
'
/'/////////.
importance.
A///r//y/r,
thai,
which
something
6
pr<ici-cls.
Mn/n'ri/itilfti/.
c
fnntluunufnl, from \shich originally, not no\\. a town
ceiving the rights of Hoinaii
itixcnship while retaining iN

*
"'
own
r
laws.
Participle, a word partaking of two natures. hold of at the b<><jinning. /V/rr/>///>/i. the
Incipience, a
of taking.
/"/,
r/c/
taken, through the senses into the mind.
Cam *, (carni, charn, car), from cd ro, car His. flesh.

Carn + al
-f
l
or al + ly or al + ity or
^
4
r//nii f rfi/
;
perative va/e, he strong; hence used in farewells)
(imcttrni-
vor
(to eat) 4- o?/x ;
charn + el ;*
comes
re,
rar(
r) 4-
/ow.
From
st
car nd
ti o, fleshiness,
<'<u-n<it -f ion.
-f
From
carnal
the derivative in car

-{1071
nd
in car nd tus, come in
or (e).
l for the Pupil. Carnal, fleshly ; how comes the incanini: (.\irniml. a fcxtinil just before Lmt. and sensual, sinful V " a farewell to 11. cording to Webster (but not Skeat).
Helps
houses are houses for the dead

flesh color.
6
vaults and sepulchcr Incarnation, putting into a body.
nation,
14
LESSON IV.
Ced,*
t
Ce,
'
(ceerf,
ccas
from
<
tr
;
'
.
inter, pre, re, se
+ ced(e)
-\-<'<l
;
Mice or
'//'//;
ttn+pre + ced + enl

or att
+ j>ru + ce<l +
pre +
sue
^
cc<l
Huh +<<<! + e/it

or
5.
+ lij mence ;
r/r,
ex, pro,
pro+eeed+ing
4 .
/;>-,"
##, ^ro, r#,

;
ê
4-ees/
/////
<
00,
inter, pro,
4-
re, sc,
*uc + ce88+ i<m

4- ice ;
inter. j>re
+ de, tuc
>r
-h
///
cess
-f
or
con, ex, suc + cess

t
ac + cess +
;
(>///
cess
-f r//// ; 4-
s//r -f
4-
cess
crst(
cess)
or or r
al or r
+ful /// 4- y ; ceas(e) cea(e)

;
or //// 4-
nn (
n{c) 44- less
or
From
the
frequentative
'
ces
sd
re,
ces sd
///x,
\\
CW/f a territory. 2 .4 /ASV/ Helps for the Pupil. any tissue of the body, of pus withdrawn from other
.s-x.
(.llcction. in
i>sm->.
>>/rres$,
a following, a result to a demand.
4 now, only a favorable result. Concession, a 5 Decease, a going from life, death.
Cent,*
(centi),
from
<?f^/ //f />/,
a
1
Cent; cent + ur + y wur + ion or enni+al OT en+ary 2 or en + ari + an ; per 4- cent 4- ê ; centi +ped(e) (see root, 3 Lesson XIX.) or grad(e) (see root, Lesson X.) <r </r<nn.* or meter (see root, Lesson XXV.).
2
for the Pupil. Centurion, a Roman captain of a hundred. \ * (rntii/nuh 'ihrrPercentage, the rate per cen/ or on a hu/nlml.
Helps
mometer.
Gram, the unit
of weight in the metric system.

citt
Cingr,* Cinct,
irird,
Cinctur, (shiny), from

!
ye
re,
chief us,
r/ // r/
to
surround, enclose.
Sur 4- ciny 4- fo ;
shiny +
le
+ s. Pre?
sue 4
x // r
+ cinct 4- ly
or
Efaneniary
///////?>//.
iîrth for a horse. Helps for the Pupil. 3 an eruption I'/H-itr/iny the Imdy. /W///r/. a district \\ithin certain 4 bounds. Siicrincf, \vithin narrow campa**. concise.
-
Cliii,* (clen, cliv), from L. form of (ik. lean.
Mim-in,
to IM ml, -lu
Clin + ic or
4
ze
or ic + *;
in rll m't
de
+ clen + sion
//
ac?
pro + cHr 4- //#. From in di nd re, rec li nd re, rcc li nd

de, in
///>-,
<!
mi
-
r>
tus,
we get
'
de, in,
:
re-}-
din
///
-H7//mM
In
*
ion
<l<
</ht<tfin

Hi/,
r//Wrx. the patient.deeftfofty,
<!<>'.
4
In
accliv-
the
'/<//
tilo/n'
is
ascending.; in
descending.
J'rodirify,
In wards.
IJ-:SSON
V.
coi*,
or,*
Cord, Corcli, (cow), from

1
coV
r/ts,
the heart.
Oor(e) cour + age;'* conr + aye + ous or age + onx + ly ; 3 <lix, en H- coier + ê or .40, CO-M, </z's + corrf ; ac, ^re -f ?>/ r>/ /.
-h
4
corrf 4- ww^ or
re
7^
H-
ly or
;
6
or al -f Zy
+ cord;* re + cord + or Z + ity.

'
/ê ; (ic + cord er or er + */ii/> :
-f
/'////
or
<<>/<//-}-

thought to be
seat of feeling.
*
Core, the heart of the fruit.

3
its seat.
Discord, the
//^///
Courage, the' thought t.
6 AVrorrf, Accordingly^ in accord or agivi'inrni with. * (.'ordiaL adj., fmui the a truthful copy, in accord with tla- facts. n., something cheering the heart.
;
Cur,* Curat,
care
of, heal.
:
(Mr),
from
CMC
rdre, cu ra
-f //.vx
:
tiis, to
care for, take
rit r
+ able;
:
r//r(e)
/'//
/
'
cnr(e)
or
<?,
IM
4- !//((')
+ .VP 4- cwr(e) 4- /// ^', x4 ///'(e) + ///; ^/x + s,

:
4- >v
ri/r
4- ////
<
in
-h>'
+ ur + ance
16
-f
ft
.v
f/r(i').
Cunif
-<>r
or
//
or (e)
;*
^\
Helps
safety.
in
+ar + cur + acu.

because of
liiin-d!':-'
for the Pupil.

*
Curate
Security, one whose care or duly dors

1
IK.ni care
IK-
take
upon
*^lccMra/e
correct because of what taken?
Curr
*
f
Curs, (curri, corri. cur, cor, court, re re, ctir sus, to run, move quickly.
or
1
mrs^
-
from
r/iri/
urt'tit
+ tt/;
;
con.
or
+ culum ;* rorrf -h (dor) con. i/t. nr, Cttrn + ory or o // + ///; in+ctir8 + ror;' couri + cr. ex + curs + ive or iw + ly ion; ex+cwrt+ion+istj
ctirri
^./-,
cnrr\ rr + cur :
-f
;* pre
+ curs + or;
]
cours(e)
what
cours ~rr or
'
/////.

:i
r///r
/////
/////
circulati'x.'
of.
Curriculum,
'
under, or to the aid study. from one thing to another. running

rae
<>f
SIHT<H\ to
/v/
Diet,*
(ditt),
from die ere, diet us,

e,
to say, pronounce.
^4df/ contra,
inter, pre, ver
(=verus, true)
+ <licf
tlict
bene, contra, inter, juris' (from /'//>-, male, pre, val(o) (see Lesson III., under 7'///-/s, justice), 3 Cam) + rftcf + ^'o^ / contra, /<//(() 4- <//r-/ f "/// <//^ + (<>)
;
ion or ion
+ ary ;
From the frequentative <7/> /// /v, r//V- /// ///>-, we have -f + ment ; <lictfif + ion or or or or-\-xhij> or o/- + (i)^/ or From <li n't n>. </t <,//>/*. to proclaim, (i)^/-h/# or (e). we have a, *fr, ///, />/v-M//v<//(r) ^/>, devote, consecrate,
/'//
l for the Pupil. Addict. t<> </i-n,/c to. * Jitrixdictinn. >]>hriv " or limits witliin wliich one may f//W///v or apply the law. />///*;. i
Helps
or aforesaid
Indictment,
tin- *////'/////// in
detail ol one's
'iT-ncc.
Elementary
17
L>> n\ VI.
,*
(diyni,
(l<'i</n<
it
duiiit, d<tin>. from

in \-<liyn
-f-
</!</
it
us, worthy.
///<///:
or
+ ttry;
;-
//// ;
ntn
l
driyti
dtiiitt
dttin
!>< in
///
i
, <lrri\:iti\.
'<
we
r//r///
'"//
or an/
'
ly
,<
</it/n<tf
t<
think wnrthy.
Helps for the Pupil. ('nmlitjn. A 3 (Utility unrscl.

if////.',
xiiilitMt4
tin* fault.
I)i*<lnin. not \n think
Mi',* nui-l.
.I//,
f///r/*, ilttif),
from
f/// r/
/,
.//;/ -r//s.
to
load, to hriu tr forward.

/v/y/,
^/r,
;
frtf -f <(tt('(v)
hth'n.jn'n. roy/ f///r f ^// or ^/ ;

.
,
r,
///
'
'
-f
'
r/i/r -f //^
<////.-()
-f-
;/>/. or
/A////
;
-IH,
co??, J0, e,
re-
+ due 4-
//Vr
<luk(c)
l
////r/i
or
.
//.
J>urf:* durt-ri/r
(tffjt/<f.
or //+////;
<// '.
///////
\\atci-),
re+pro, con + duct + or or r-fdw;

,
se
+ duct +
,
r/(a) (road)-! r///r/ ; '///. *r-i-<turf ion ; </> ///. ///-o,

.
+ ivej
have
nm
or
-\-duit.
vat vc of
i
From r^/ c + duwit +

Helps
and
z
6
//
/<>;
y/
/v/
//
r^' ///.v. dci'i
ln,<
,-,
\\-
io/t
or or or
'
r//
/o//
-fl
or
r>y//
or
r).
for the Pupil. Dm-at. tin- \vonl tlnt-nlii*. ln-arin.y:

'
\\r-\
/>/>/.>.
<>f
oinrd
in tin- i/urfii/ of
Apulia,
originally a
/t<i<t>r in hnttlr.
Ih/rfi/i-. capalihDuct, n p<iCnmlm't. a canal nnnhtrlinf/ water.
ln-in^ ,/ntn'n <ut. or
i:|ii,
(rr////i,
from
///
*r f/tius. equal, just.
Kf/u
+ tt/
or
-/:/
or
oJ+
1
////
^,
nn+eqit + ttf
CO,
i'n
(//"./. <'f/u. + al +////; <'(/uim>.t' or val -\-vnt* or rut + cmr or roc (see root, Lesson
HOcHs^ ni-jln) 01
XXIV.)
1^
hW-/*V /////////.
noun
//
;
in
tlu'
ii
dc'rivativr
tf*c////A/x,
/<///// -f
</'
<j
if
</t(i
Id
//>-.
-\
<-</n it
<>r '////'
nr
,////
i-
/// 4-
//
or an*
.
<>r n//.v
<
///.
From
ble or
tlu' (li-rivutivr
verb
r/-
y//^' /r.
4
DOOM
l
: ;
</ua
(t<L
+
in
bil+ity;
:
+ <jiutt + ion
(uL
or or* or ori +
f
+ (ttl+<'</u<tt((>) + equ + cif.

Helps
'////.
in --H/</-f <'<ju<it(v)
///
^//,
for the Pupil.

oi'
Equinox, timo of
*
ryj////
day ami
In
j
niwi/r/it.
c</i'(t/
i-dluc.
Equivocal,
douhtful.
to
In an ^-t/mtttiiH what antwo or more intiTpn'tuhon*. what docs this lim- divide, and into wlial part''Equator
LESSON VII.
Fa,* Fat, (f,far], from fd-ri, fa
!
tits, to spoak.
2
Af+fa &/0 or Z>// + ity or bl + y ; fa + ld<> or f+fa + ble; in+f+ant* or flwr?/ or aut +
-f-
bHJ+<
<>r
4
ili'
far
IT
inulti (see root, Lesson (\)ous* or ious + l or
XVI.) +/V/r+(i)w/x;
6
or al + ism* or al+ist or
al+ify; pre
pre+fa
2
8
l for the Pupil. fable (the We of r///M. a-il\ *}><>k>,i (,,. .Fo&fe (the 6/e of bulum), that by \\lnch something is said or taught. 4 Multifarious, liirrally. nt<ini/-jinikInfant, one unable to speak.
Helps
iny, hence various.
hence wicked.
JVi/e,
Nefarious, contrary to what is divinely .x/W,-*//, spoken by the gods or some power behind them
hence fixed, unalterable. ''Fatal, unalterably destructive. the doctrine that things are fated and so oecessarj
,
.
Fac,
Fact,* Factor, (fie, fy, fttir, featur, feUur), from facere,fdctns,

/v/r
f<-<(t,
lo do, to
(^/'.v.
feas, fash. make.

///'//.s-.
-tnhun
ht'ite.,
(ffns, every tliin.ir)

(
/////
lirlp.
art,
.-kill),
of
oj>.
</>*.
Jilility,
aid),
sttt-ri
'"//
root.
/.
Lesson
or
X\
1.
y/v
(\)>f/
or
;
(n
/"+
y/v
<
-f //<;,///
ence
or
(i)^/-//
<//
/ir
(i)r/d
(\)c)tt
or
hj
;
(i)fttri/
(/<
-\
or
(i )<///
'
or
-y/v
or
+ /y ; (i)/
to
or
niak
(i)
+ aciotW
01-
,////;
(/'//,
meaning
-uiMi.
:
HA
suHix, in derivatives loo nimirrous to mention

rari///, etc.)
;
as, inairn
/-v/r/
./
.-
af+f<tir (V\\ a
ory
/^// ;
f<tlre, to
fact + or
or
or
or
+ x/ti/t
or
t'o/i
bo done), or (!
ur or
nnnnt
:
(see root,
Lesson
i re
9
+
-f-
+/acf
im+per+fact+ion
de,
;
cf + fwt
or
w;
/o/i
10
f'cuf:*
<l<'+f<><tt
frits {-ible
or
//;//+///
/">/i.-f
or i(m-|-aifo or ion + abl + y; counter, tur (=8tijt> Mtniu jnHnifor (furix, out of doors) +/>//.
;
(e)
f'<'fifttr(v)
fur
+f'<'ittt !(>).
l-'rom
/'^
ci7 i
:
the derivative adj. /</> // /x and noun ^'5, come fac + ile or //+ //// ; /'fii-u/t
/<w,
+y
dif+
jiciilt
tive
f/ix -f
dif+flcult+y ; facilitate). affee tare, affectdtus, come

(tf+fect + ion ;
From
a/, dis
the frequenta-
+ af+ft'ct;
afy dis -f
*
/",
^ y/
+ ftf+j'*
f+
fectat+
for the Pupil. Factotum, a rfoer of everything. //;'/ n efect. able of or ow^ o/ or from itscl!' t<> /////// cient,
Helps
Deficit,
t'acf.
what
wanting. ^Faction, tliost-
is
Fact, sonu'thini; rfon; hence

,
truth, as,
t!
(/r/i//
in
o{|N>sitii>n
t>
Manufactory, the word remains, tlmu^h nutchin7 the j.lacc <.f the /////id. Infect, to taint l.y wm
noxious.
10
/a^, as of
swiinniinir.
Feasible,
that
may
Ac done.
F(i*hin. the maA^ of a thing. For/fit, that lost by some 12 \s lat one ib an assumption, a trying Affectation,
i
Word-Building.
LESSON \\\\.
To
others.
the
if
Teacher.
not
all
The
\\unls
.-elected
arc taken.
frequent ly u>ed should be arc useful. -nine m<>re u>eful lh;n All
im.si
Fer,* L,at,*
Cfofi,
(^///),
from f&rre, Id tus, to boar, carry.
de, dij\
re, suf,
///,
/w/
'
(///./,
<'
(=.pro) 9
trans + f
///m, light), circum. con, ///,
"/,
/;/>,
///,
.
<///',
re, fnnix+fcr + ence; sitf+fer + er or ance or /////; //// suf, tran*+fer + able; dif+ffr + cH/ orrHl + 1y; c<mi
,
/v
(<-u-
conc),Jlori (flos, floris, flower), fnu-ti (frnrfns, fruit), (pexiix, pest), voci (see root, Lesson \\\Y.)+fer-}3
ous.
Col, di,
e,
ob? prc, pro,
re,
trans
+ lat(e)
*
4
;
col, ob,
;'
re,
u,"
cor + re, trans + lat + ion ; di + lat -f ory or ori + ness il? re, cor + re, super + lat + ive ; de ( di) + l!/.
the derivative fer il + ize or il -f iz 4- er.
From
ti
Us come fert + ile
or
il
+ ily
or
Lucifer, the Ught-bringer Venus as mornstar; by a strange interpretation of \>\\. \\\. \~, applit-*! to Satan. ing 2 the jmlcs. Oblate, pushed, or borne, out at the sides *jiro/<t(r. at
Helps
for the Pupil.
Oblation
offering.
Dilatory, deferred, delayed. ~
Ahlttfirf
e,-i
I //afire, applied t> the that denoting separation, beari/i</ away from. B of reasoning or inferring. Fertile, bearing rielily. process
Fid,* from fid e re,
to trust.
Con+fid + ent
or ant
or ent + (\)al + ly or (e) ; From the derivative /A/
or en re or o)f-{-(\)(tl dif+fid-tcnt* or cnt + hi or /';/<r.
or atf
+ lif
//X fuithful,
.
in+fld + el; in + fid + el
-\-
ity
come^f/ + ^'/4- ////; From thr w\\\\fi <!<;< come
per+ftd + y or (i)ous or (\)ous + ly ; de+fy f* d$+Jl+aiU or ant + ly or wce ; /ai (Fr. /<n or /o//) + /A or /// -4- //^ or tli +ful + ly or ill +ful + ness or Ik -f /e.s-.s or /A -f lex* -f ///
.
-j
Helps
for the
PupiL
:i
'
Confnh-nt.
the one Irnxtri!.
lUtrnlfnf. <li*tnixtfiil of ^-If.
.'Confidant, disown or
>
fnith
in.
to dare.
Fin,*
riiiil, from y/
'
ni re,flni tu,
to end.
/</,//ie); /// +flnit + ive or jinit(v) + ly or # or wJ^ or (e) ; </ + Jinit+ inn or //v or (r). / From the derivative // ^/^' //> we have /in + ly jht or al+ity. From the derivative fi mi r< t<> funiisli a tine or
'
/V//(e) de, Jn + de
;
wm, '/>', re + fln + jlH+able;* fln + ish
Jt(e)
or
//+*.
tax or subsidy,
we have
*
////
+<t/irr or </wr+(i)^/ Of
-,
/"^T.
y//<f,
Fine, a sum pai Helps for the Pupil. 2 adj., what is well finished is fine.
*
eruia,
ma
/ion ,uls.
Definable, that
may have
Confine, to place within bounds, or an etid, set to it.
LESSON IX.
To
the Teacher.
Sometimes two
to,
suflixcs arc
found
in a
word
the
only repeating, the meaning of the first. Al, in genetical and generical below, seems only to duplicate the t.
second adding nothing
Fraiig,* Fract, Fractur, (frag, friny), from f'rangere,
frdctus,
to bend, break, subdue.
Frang+ible or ibil+ity ; in, re+fr<nif/ --//>?< or tM/+ ir-f r-f////; fray + nu'nt or ment + ary ; *t*/"-f/Vo0 (e) fruy + able or abl + y; in+frinf/(^ /// +/V'X<y(i) -f
l
;
:
'//'
Fr<t<'t
ft'ttct
+ ion or ion + al or ion

re
s ; in,
rc+fr<i<t
in, re
+fract 4- ory or o/-/ 4- w^ss. Fractnr( From /ra^ i fo's we have fray + ile or *7+ //// //</
.
+ 10/& ;
4-
//;
or il+ness.
Helps
.-I
for the Pupil.
}i<
sherd, used in voting.

I.
For other aid,
Suffrage, perhaps see the
from a broken piect, or
Model preceding
Les-
son
I ti,i<l,
to pour,
Fn., (/'<niitl./'onf-. from pour out, shed.

1
/////
<l<'
rt-.j'n >//>-. to melt,
Ke+fuH<l:
or r//;
/'//*(
i
n'+/'ttn<t
/'"
//>/
.
I<HUK!
,,
j<nui<l
/>>///.
,///',
'///',
///.
pro,
*///, //v///
/'//s
/'//>
'///',
M'"// or
'/.
///,
j>ru, trait*
r/i-fusi
//
//.<.
111
fut + ile
derivative /// or il+ity.

1
pouring forth \ain

to pnur.
*
talk,
wo get
/'

to melt, and pour
intt>
/.
Otto pay. Lack.

.
H mould.
Font of
yp-
ain,
rmpty.
or
Oeii, liienit, if/r///, y<'ntt. f/r/<f/, (/<>tit't>, from f/iy yi yen ere), to beget, produce. Gciicr,* from yen er /s, kind, race, class, species.
///'//(
H<' ><
ye
tins,
= ///)
in
'
f-f/r/*
4-0 ^.s*;
jtru
;
+ ye n+y;
+
((>
(</<n
is
found as
do-
a-sullix
many
(Jrcck words
as, hydro//'//,
.of/cn) ;
homo,* hetero* + yen
yeni
:
oral
;
+ ity or al + ly or (us) (L.) ; in + geni + ous ;* in +yritir +OHX* or ous + ness or ?/* + /// or ////
(/excrescent) -her; or ; /?r0 + yenit -h or ;
yenu + im
r//-////
7
(the
or
"/.
m + {/enrf +
co/i 4-
*r.
;
Genit +
ycnet
;
in8
or
///
yenit 4- ^/
/'
or t'c -f
Gener + al
ic
or
/-f iVy or al
I//
+ al
or ic + al +
or
+ ize or al + iz + 0w* or o.v-f //// r^//

///'//<,
ft/-*
in
or fo or
10
f/r//r/\
From
eeZ
the derivative
/A'// //>.
\v<
Iiavr </r//^ f A-
or
or Zy or r# or lei-ness or
re,
;
tVe.
1'roni
the dcrivat i\c ion or

tV0
gen era
or or (e)
generii
<&, re
In*,
we have yan-rttf
or
i'/v
N
or
+ yenerat + ion
!
Helps
-
for the Pupil.

lik? in
K
7/w//'
*
or (e). in, and hence

Ftftfo in
/./'////.
na1i\
4
Homogeneous,
kind;
hct
(,'r/i/n/.
pleasant, A-////////. Jnpi0fiHNMy gifted with inventi the BOOTO6 6 nous, high born, frank, nnblr.
7
.
<-a-e.
tin-
o/'case.
(icm run*. Genetic, pertaining to source or product inn. 10 olic; a Duality >uppo-.-d t. 1. I..DI: to liiirh. nol.]c l.irtli.
''
lilM-ral.
(it /<//-.
/i^.
cathmild,
refined; a quality Hjpp..~,-d lo belong to thoie of a chi
\.
To
OIK- "!
the Teacher.
m
\\ord-. for
-..n.
,-
n*<-ittinii.
two
.iity.
!.!!!
Kn-iNi
i^tantv,
may
be
tipiml^
rarh of a miMilM-r of pupil-, at thr hoard. or at thi-ir --al-. Tin *re to Analyse, pUcing tin- pin- -i-n h. IW^MI prvflxea, root, AIM
in-1
uii.l.-riiniiilx)
thr
root.
An
illustration of the
iinjMirtant
uonl. should then

<h-iinition.
writUui.
Thi
uw of each than writing A
(ilrad, imrv**,* (yred, to step, walk, go*

1
gradu,
(/ree),Trom
grddl,
i:
retro
+ yr
3
;
'
<l(i>)
r/-
"'/
t-
tit
*//
///
f/ri'<f
+ (i)i'Ht
'
-
yra<lu
'.
i-<tl
or
or
</!<*#
.
V^''
.s.s!
//',
/'/'",
//''///>
'/'//**
+ prOM +
////,
<//, />/v;
,-f/ri'SS
the di'fivat i\c

t
degraddre,
"
>'>i
tns, corae
/A
'<ir<t<liit
1
+ ittn.
* /m/r^/i>w/. thai ///Yiifc, a A/^/I in rank. Helps for the Pupil. ' one elevaUnl t * grad* or ///// a compound. \vliich /-/<//-i-x Graduate,
degr>
'/ression, tin-
//'>'/i//
out towards, or /,
in ho-tility.
d(-
r\ intr
jra1u. </r<iti. <jra<. yr< ), from {/r<ittt*. thanks thankfiil ; grdti*, by favor, without reward.
7
r;/v//ir/rr////
r/y./r
/
f^//
<r
fnl + ne**;
///
iw-r-f//"'
or
it
+ on.-
frail
or
ttl
///'.<-}
f 0ra
+ /infc;
or few or
//-ac(c)+/w/ or //// +
,/:
f + ness
-)-f/w/ or
*//'"
i
jrrac-f (!)"">
>r
(ijowx-f///
</
/
.r
r/
MM ;
nife 4iifjr*
.
a.
r(c)
4-
or fi/ -f y or
in
thr drrivativc
///////_
yrat ificd tu*, Come
</><(?<
jit
t/nifi
///
jit-fit
i<>n.
Kn>m
tin-
derivative </nt//////
u Id riy gral u
///>,
eome yratulat+wn or
(e).
'
oy
con + yr<tttil<it + ion or ory or

Helps
to.
for the Pupil.
Disagree, not to accord \vith or be agree-
(host, hot,
o.s/),
fnun
//o.sy>rs. //os y>/
//.s-.
OIK>
who
host
cnlrrtaiiis, or a
'
+d
-
or
7i
o,tf
-f-
^/ -f
urttl+ity* or (tbfr ; host :'' /tost MA hot + el ; h ost -f / -f r / = o^ -f / 4 //

{

//' is/tiffl /iff/,
r.
IIuMjHtul. a Indhliug
/'/// .!'
the
p-lliTi'l.
ur IH'>l-
Ho*!.
in>\v
I
\\
1/vxtft-r,
now
Sy-sV/r/-;
dice
iln- iH't-kfCjtcr.
lie
yroom.
LESSON
Ject*,
(jet, jut),
XL
to lay,
Tromjdcere,j<ictns.
/,
throw,
cast.
yv,
ob, pro, re,
mb+ject+ion;
jcct
or ed + ly derivative
or
ad, ob, xidt+ject

9
'
ivi
////.
///-o
+ + cd +ject From the

+J<'ct
<ir; ob
+ ion + able ; ab+jert + lif

^/
ness;
/>/ c^'
or
cfe
rr, to lie.
(t jet; j<t we have <"/
)//;' .////.
./V/r fry//
or
e;?6'7/;
circum,
*i'fn
r+Jac-\--////.
l-'mm the tlerivati

\\r
^re, COHJfrfux. and cjiirnld, \CUldtUS, have ron+jectur + (d or al + ly or (e) ;* e+,j<K'ut<tt
ory or
(e).
'
Hints for the Pupil. world, in distinction from

ne*v.
*
>S'/////rr/
lie
mind, or the internal

rid.
/
o/
:
t being ottf dot**. *Jet,atht * * proj-t,n. as a wharf. <7o?(y * throw out, as a guess. Ejaculation, ut.tt
Jetty,
.ly.
if
/','//////>//.
Jung,
ge
JIIIH
(.
JIIIM
in
(join, joint, joitttttr
from
re, jtiucttis, to bind, connect, unite.
Join ; join,+
joint
rr;
<L
con,
</i*.
m,
re,
sub + jot a
joint
+ hi.
;
Jttitct
+ ion;
con, dis,
in+junct+ion;*
;
run,
\jinict-\-ive or ive
joitifitr(e).
+ ly.
Junctur(o)
con, dis
From /w re, ju gd tus, derived from jugum, a yoke, we get con+jug + ar or al + ly or al + ity ; con, snb+juyat +
t
</
ion or (e)
8
.
Helps for the Pupil. Injunction, an enjoining, a mandate. *C0tt* to those joined in marriage. jn<)L jMTtaining Subjuyati \ literally, to cause to /y^.s.s under i\\e jugum, or yoke.
Jur,* Jurat, from jurdre, make oatli.

,
]
jura tus,
l
to
take
an oath,
per+jur(e) jur + y or or; per+jur + y 3 a or or; con+jur + or orer/ a^, ac?, con +jurat + ion.
2
Helps for the Pupil. Jury what is administered -1< a jury? one bound to others by an oaM. 3 Conjurer, a juggler, one Conjuror,
l
who
practiM's
magic
arts.
LESSOX XII.
To the Teacher. Do not let the pupil overlook the eonnnon metaHave him see that in sayinir. f W// r/ \mir phorical uses of words. thoughts, Recall or recollect what lie >aid, Outlim \\\ you are
using the words
collect, recall, recollect,
and
outline not literally, but
iigurat ively. nu-lapliorically.
L.at,* see
Fer.*
Legat, from le gd re, le gd tus, to bring forward, to on an embassy, to depute, to leave by will.
egat + <> or
L
ilc,
(e)
leg
a
+ acy;'
/<f/dt
4- />//?
+ ion;
1
+legat+
inn
</<>
+ legat(v)
;r +f<>f/t
or (e).
Word-lluiltlii

deputed or appointed.
,
'
hi/
will.
Delegate, one
7^
stud hack.
/r.s.s),
Lc<*t,
;:
Lwtur,
or ilnl
i//r/ f
from
/<</< re.
(<'<
fun,
to
read, leather, rhoose.

/.<?/
//>/<'
ro/
+ /f0r(e);
/
a
| 5
c,
+ ilif or /W; it + /<</ + ib/r nr /////{//// in + c + leg + ance or aw// ley + rm/* or
1
-f tf/7/
I
r,
/// 4- ^,
/^/6'/
-/iy + cHi or
se
c^.ce
or
;r
+ 'W,
/
+ l$ct; col, e, --Iwt + ur; less + on.

J
+ J/f/ H- //>^' or /7>/7 -f //// ; r///' ent + ly. Col, did,' e, //////." /////, + tli* rr + col, se + lect + pre Lectur(o)\ lectur+er; l-tm
i'-

a
collection of persons,
style
a,
7>///o/;,
semiimry.
4
a chosen lunly >f men. Klryanl what would

:i
'
manners or
now.
a
be?
;
/j^/curf,
r>
once,
that
it/i/wind-il
///
to
r
'
!><'
rnl
mytliieal story.
to
m-f/Iif/t'/if
A7 ///*////.
<iualilied A/
ill
C/HWH.
chnxi-n.
reirion.
*
Ih'li<.
7
oppo<c(l
jminxfuktiHJ
the
matter
Ih'n/rrf,
language
rer/r/
and
t^jinkcn
throughout a limited
"
Intdhrl,
the faculty of choosing, distinguishing, bias disposing one to a certain choice.
knowing.
I'mlUn-liim, a
LJfoer,* from liber, free, frank, acting at one's pleasure.

or al + ly or
or ^/4////.
<y/-h /^//
or ^/-h
/>///
or
^/+
I
/'^';
/V-f
From the /ibert + y or

;
derivative
noun Ulicr
In*.
lil>
<T hi
is.
\\r
have
iw0
or iu
+ ism.
^///rr
From
or
the dcrivati\f
o/-
vc-i'b ////;
/v,
UberdtU*,
conic Hbet'<it+ ion or

//.
or (c)
liver;* de + liver + er or
Helps
1 1
for the Pupil.

/>>
;
/,////////.
/
on.-
\vh<.M-
tihrrti/
has
ii
re license.
/ '</-.
,*
from
;
//
num. line a.
'
(lax,
"
thread.
J/in(e)
Wn +
/-//
or
/;
Mnê)-f ar or o^
or
///
DI
ment
lin(\\)+et;*
Elementary English.
27
a re, de lin e d tus, a derivative from linea, we have de + lineat + or or ion or (e). 6
de lin
e
From

*
Linen
4
is
made
of
what
and
*
lint of
what?
Lineage, line of descent.
Linnets feed on what?
D^Hnt-ntt, to
outline.
loiter,* from lit era, a letter.
Liter + al
From
-f
or al + ly or art/. the derivative adj. lit e rd tus

;
come
;
liter at (e)
i7 43
literat(e) + ly
or
Mm
liter at (e)
i7
:
*7 -f
litera
lit e
+ en
al -f literat -f i'ow
or ive.
From
the derivative
ra
til 'ra
comes
liter at itr(e).
1
Literal,
according to the
3
letter.
Lit-
erary, pertaining to letters or literature. Alliteration, repetition of the same letter at the beginning of successive words.
LESSOR XIII.
Lioc,* I, oral, (loco, lien), from locdre, locdtus, to plan arrange.
1
Loc + al
or al
+ ize
!
son XVI.)4-'i'ow
or al + ity ; loco + mot (see root, Lesor inot + ive; lieu + ten (see root, Lesson
XXVnLj+anf
-\-locat
or ten-raucy.
(e).
1
Locat+ion
or (e)
ro/. ///x
+ ion
or
Helps
for the Pupil.
Locomotion, movement from place to j9/oc.
Loqu,* Locut, from

?/ ;
ô g/ei, lo
1
cu tus,
to speak, to talk.
Loqu + acious orac + ity; col, ob, son (see root, Lesson r, XXII.) +/of/// + magni + loqu+ent or ^wre; co/-for (\)al + ly; sot-i + loqu + ize;* ventr ?er, (\)al
or f/w.
or
on -Vary or fow-f
for the Pupil. talk nhnt<> and l<> one's
Helps
to
'
Loquacityt tnlknthvneM.
trilntjnisl.
its
*tii/ilin/n-
>elf.
>ne
making
his
\niro
seem
I.
come from some nther than

l.u%, from
e.
///
n-al
ml.
<lr re.
It't
mis, to play, lauirh
at, sport \\ith.

c,
Al? dej
tntn\ pre
///.
+ lu<l(v).
Al, col* de,
//'
/".*-f
ion or ive or ive -f
derivative adj. In dicrus, AVC have Imfi or (cr) 0ws -f /y or (cr)ous + w^55.
tin'
From
(cr)
"//>
Helps
fully of.
n\e\\
for the Pupil.

2
A//n<l<*. to ////?/
//////
f//.
r^frr to.
nut
In
:<
l<>
<pi-ak
])rln <!>'. toy/A///

eoc/i other's
in
*
order to deceive.
ro////.s/o//,
play into
.
hands.
Illusion, a deceptive apprarar
(niagni)f from
//ir/</ /<//s,
great.
7// y
Mayn + anhn + 0**6'

+ al
or ic + al +
or
an tin +
itun/n
5 -f rr/^ ;
-f// orfi + er or fic + ent orfic + ent + ly OYjic + oire or From the derivative majestas come M<i.j<'st + i/ or
ic
is
ly.
/>
or
trains, come
the derivatives mayixt<'i\ until nttisti-r ; in((</ist?>r + (i)al or (\)al + lif ;

;
From
tHffstci'
+ ly
or /w/ or sAtp or Z^5 or #
nttujisti-tit^
ttt<(</isfra
Iffan,*
,)/fM/
(tnanu 9 mairi), from rua

+^f/(c)
:
i///s,
the hand.
<
1
M<tn +<ig(e)+ment or
(&)cle (dim. of manica, a glove) or ceuvre
dj
///r ;
(four)
+ mt,n + ous ; manu+al
or
nunml
mtt*
tain*
-f-er
-fartiir -rr <r

I
/'(irfi
(
(see root,
Lesson XV.) or miss + ion or script

a-f wante + 0ws +
(is)
root, Lesson
XXI.);
I
(L.)
ni<tin
(see root,
\\VIII.)
or
tain+aUe
or
or trn
+ a/i'-i'.
(I-'r. ),
From
or er
the <l-rivati\- manttre

or er4
Zi
we have wf//Mn
+ ly
+ne8s* or er + isrn ;' un
+ iH(in(u)
er
Elementary
ly
Enylixlt.
x!
From the derivative e man ci pare, e man dp a tus, we have e + man + cipat 4- ion or cipat + or From the derivative 'nm itipuldtim we get or cipat(e). tn(ftii + (pu\ <it)+ion or (pulat)-for or (pulat)(e).
or
er
+ li + ness.
Manoeuvre and 8 manure are the same word, Helps for the Pupil. = work by the hand. The chief work on the farm is to fertilize; hence it came to be called to manure, and the word was then tru in* ferred as a noun to the fertilizer. Manumit, to send from oin-'-
and
/Htm/ a slave, to release.

6
Mannerliness,
rii-il
4 Maintain, to hold by the hand, to support. manners. * Mannerism, peculiar style, or man-
ner, offensively
prominent.
LESSOR XIV.
Iflar,*
(mri), from
md re, the sea.

sub,
+ ine
or
in + er;
trans,
ultra + mar + ine ;
ma ri + time.
]tlater,* (matr, matri], from
iwa ter,
md tris, mother.
+ ly
or
Mater(n) +al
or
////
matr + ix
or on or on
i^; inatri + mony or moni + al. From the derivative materia, matter, we get al or a? 4- Zy or a? -f ity or ? 4- w^ or a/ 4- w^ 4- ic or
*
4/
or er
+ less.
1 for the Pupil. MaterntUxm. a doctrine attaching undue 8 to matter. Jhtftrr, the substance, and so, as it were, the importance
Helps
mother of material things.
Uledi,* from
we efi w, middle.
or ocr(e) or ocr + ity orev (terra, earth) +an + ean. tux, wr ^-t Hi<'<li<tt + or re, nn> di
/
1 <'/
3f<W/4-(um) (L.) or
n.iriO+flZ or
(wvum,
a
^rr From me did
or
30
or 0rt+a? or
(e)
;
\Yur,l-n,iil<ling.
$
tw,
1
inter f wr//r//(i
////.
inter
+
ila
J/ Helps for the Pupil. him; IK-I \\trn what? * Mediator,' on
</;*
>
liio
sea
named from
t<>
in fat twin
ivmnrilr.
*/m, the negate

Iflcnt,* from
mens,
/
men tis, tho
mind.
3/riif
4-
a/ or
+ ly ;
de -f inent -f ed.
Ulerc,* (merci, merch, market), from

tus, to trade.
mercdri.
;
>n<
red*
!
Merc+.er or ant + He; com + IH <'*<(?) 3fr'rr + wr4-// com 4- utewi +aJoral + ty ; merch + fltt/ or and ( = atif) 4- ?'2;e
:
or
unt + dble;
Helps
ntrh-<'t
(from
ntcrcat,
the
]).}>.
root);
for the Pupil.
Mercury, tho ôd of

to
]flerg,* sink.
Mer,
;
from
merge re, m^rsus,

;
plunge
into, to
Merg(e)
'
e,
im, sub + merg(e)

4-
+ mcrg + ent
5W^> 4-
or ercce or
4-
merg
m<?0.
^,
trw,
*'/*< 4-
/ow
////
sub f
>
Emergency, a pressing necessity suddenly
LESSON XV.
,* Mitral, to place.
from
-nti </t-fi
rt\
mi
f/r<t
tus. to io from place
Migr + ant;
(l)irds) or (e)
;
e,
im+nUgr+ant.
4 miyrtif
*
Migraf+ion
i<m or ().
or
ory
e,
im, trans
Mir,*
.)//'/
]?Iirat,
(mira, mirr), from nurnri. Htirrifus.

in;ir\<-| at.
to
look at, \\omli-r or
d + mir + able* or abl + y
01
or
/'////
or
/////
1'lli-nn-nhiry
English.
+ ly ; mira+cle A<l tnirr + or.

The
us iHttrt'
ctilttm) or cul
+ ous
or n/l
+ ous
m'n'ut
ion.
Fr. merveille,
+ el
from the derivative mirdbilis, gives or el+ous or el + ous + ly or el + ous+ness.

'
Helps
no\\-
for the Pupil.
mirage, which can *cs wonder?

into approbcUion.
Miruyr what is the optical illusion, -Admirable, the mere wonder
<-;tll-<l
Mitt,* Uliws, (ni it, mis), from w// /^ /y, nits throw, Ivt go.
,
sits, to SIMM!, cast,
re
+ ent*
ntftu
//,
+ mitt + ance ; re + mitt + ent or er; inter + in iff or ing + ly ; com + n<ift + ee oral; nil, com. <. inter,
1
per, re, xuu, trans + nt it. or ion or ion -h ary ; re + /// />* ; r^ -f
tt,
/',
Miss +
//*
ice or al
'
or He
ro///
/
/y//r/\
in<tn-u,o,per, re, sub,
+ 72^5 ; trans + m iss + ion

iss
rt</,
ad.
6
trans
+ miss + Me ; per, sub + ni iss + ive ; com -f /** is* -h ion + er ; com, e + niiss + ari/ : com + pro, de, pre, pro, sur +
'
roto(e).
Remittent*
:>
xlackt-tntHj
in
effort.
inittent, r -i-i'mHr in HTnrt.

/-x/ 4
(the congregation
is
Missile, that thrown.
mass-hook ///^.s.s from f72isa dismissed), with which word> the service closes. * Promi*-. to jt^w/, or llnnixxness, slackness.
Mixxtif. the
*nnl forth, a binding declaration.
I?Ioii,* Uloiiit, (nionti), rcinind, warn.
from in one re,
tn<'nt
tns. to
J/7 f
///<>//
+ /V* ;
5w;n
'
H- //*o/*
x///w
y/*o/* -{-er
or
5 ;
)n<ut +ment* or ment+al. or + ship ; ad, pre f in on it -f

l
Moiiit
i'ow
+ or or ton or ory or or ive or or//.

9
Summon,
t
to /m/-// to appear.
Monument,
that ly which people are n//
>'//>
<l
..f
-..met him:.
9Iort,* from tnors, im'trtis. death.
Mort + al mort + aZ or From the

Helps
Wlfl
.I/'.
or al + ity or al + ly or utiiht / -h fc or al -f t///.

tlrriviitivt-
'
or gage
8
;
im
nun- ti
*.
ri <-af(l. as it won-, into tin- /mm/*land held ly ///or///m/r Ix-canic l(-l. <>r ///////. to IK- mnrlI
gagor, on
Itn-at-li
of
tin-
condition.
'
Mnrhjiattiun,
tin-
niftaplirical
meaning
is rfe//<
of ]>ridc.
LESSON XVI.
To
the Teacher.
For
oral recitation, a Latin root-word.
//,
may be put on the l>oard. These several root-forms from this.

for instance,
Different |>upil> may be written
may name
in
the
column
U-ncath.
fixes that unite with
Other pupils may IM- a>ked in <:ivr the preti.\e> and the Mifeach root-form. Write the prefixes in a column
to the left of the root-form
and the suHixes
in
column
to the ri-hi.
thus:
etc,
Then
l.-t
otlier
of each prei;
pupils condiine the>e into \\'>nU. explain the mcanh Cottn, and Millix. and illuslrate tin- 1186 oi
t
words which th-y
Jlov, Tlil,*
(///ou fn.m
IHO
<ihl
r<' !<-.
luofus.iu
hn-\-
ino\i>.
Mav + er
or able or
//
nior
uhlr or
ii
Ele a
re
rtilnrti
Knfj 1 is //
33
:
+ mov-f al or able or ed + nes* or (e) of + w or + ment. Mot -{-ion or or or iv0; dl or /ye; pro + mot + ion or iVe or er; joro, re + mot(e) com + wof -f ion ; in o + ment or w^w/ + ary or wen/ -f /^ o r ment + ous or ment + ous + ly or 7newtf + (uni) (L.) nto + b
'
-t-
/**
(the ^
from the ending

'
i/7/s or fo70 in mdbilis, nu'ibUr, easily
moved).
innrt'iniiil.
-
ing
itself.
J/o///r. a n-ji^mi fr rlunnji- nf purpose, for Kmnt'uni. ///</ mail, agitation, of tin- fWlin^s: the * Motn *M<nnrnt. an instant of time; of iniportancr.
1
ous, of molding force.
or Multi, from
multus, many.
ows or 7>/y (see Lesson
Multi + tfwcfe or
/wrf 4- (in) -f
XX.
for
or y>// the four roots ply, plic, ple$ pli) or y >//< + ?V// or ^y or itlic + and or plicat+ion or form (sha})e or form) + or form + it y ur fu r + (i)ous.
ê
,*
office,
(mon, nuuii). From w/f

a
grift.
'
/*//>-,
mii
tic ris, a duty,
an
7m -h iw
/
// // 43
//// ;
ro??2 -h
W*.M w 4-
2
//,?/
or
/x/
or fow or
<>r
/n*
com + won + er or /^ or al + ty ; + ew^ or /rr 4- ^>// -f /y or ji<*-{-ence. f//<From the derivatives com mit ni care, cow
tHOH
4
y/rx^
or
nut ni
C(i
I"*.
and
7*e
m?^
fttf ?*
;
;/, re w?^ HC nt
///>'.
it,ti
wi' Isnvr
/vy/y/ -f
nuuii<'
ant or
^/y/r
emu
+-
nut H h't
\-
imtHi<'(tt
6
+ ion
(<
or (e): re
HiHiicr
nr //v or (e) ; +< abte ; re+ mum-rat +
-\-ion
or ?>0 or
Helps
for the Pupil.

*
Immunity.
///'/////.
<\rf motion
*
from
r7w/y.
munift/. nil *hn //////.

lavish /////.
5
Commnn.
iftofC,
xlutn-J
*>\-
l.y .///.
7/'
Mnn(ii<-mt. inn that gtivn. in
:',
\a<*. \al,' \alur, from m/s
r/,
/m
///s, to
1
he horn.
Nasc + ent
or e/jcy.
Xat + al
or ion
or ion
///,
+ <:l
:
-
or
al+itii or iu/t+al+ize or ire or iv+itt/;
r>///
/m
\<tfnr + (tloral + ly or al + ness or
al-l-ize or
<it
/W or
iz+at + ion or
hut not
*
'
(e)
////,
/>/<'/>'/-,

in fact, "-nation
<>ne.
'
Nascency,
*
si.-iic
nf
////-/A.
l-ll \
Minl>i;i
ally,
naim-s a jM-nplr uf
tlic
Wr^// nr >toofc
..r
Cognate, born with
Nature,
i-lyint.lîcally. tin- i.h-a
/;//7A
predominates,
Iav,* from
JWfr
(c):
/i<f
'
r/s, ship.
From
or y. (For navigate, etc., see the derivatives wa? î r^x and w/// x^' ^/ /r, //^//
nfir
+ al
A.
have nttuf + ic + al or ic
or (e).
+ al + ly;
mritsr + ow or (a);
Helps
for the Pupil. JYiru*e, tlic hody of the church, liknu-.l \nusea, ca-sickncss appropriai
1
LESSON
,*
from HOS ce re,

'
no tits,
grf
or
gn6s cc
rr, t/ito tus. to know.
Not (e);
not + er or
or ice or ice -{-able or
?W
or
aZ or ori + ous.*
the derivative notificdre, notified tux. to I-'roni /// //// known, we have iiofi +f'f/ or jicut + ion.
not
to
3
From
make
/v/ rr.
WW
ble or
know, we have i (= iu) + </nor + a/if /// //>-, Krom the derivatives or (e). ///
////'
or ^//rr
//<; ///
or
//x.
we
liave no + ble* or bfl +
i/i/
or
///
-//
or b/c-^ness; i
+ gno +
.
#/+y
'/*,
or ifo+
'
I-'rom
notdre, no id tus, come

itofttf
:
-{
iint+dble
no/i
'-Hy
6/e,
or abil+i/t/;
-A///
<A
con
Hot<it
in/t
(<
n<>f(tf(<-).
l-'nun
/J/r nn
ni y
which
3
a tiling
i-
Notorious, with head but ivally,

1
1
known
is
/w/
1st
(juaiitics.
amus
the
per. plu. indie,

4
Ignoramus, a blockndin- "f L. v.-rl.

:
v ice
i
ignoramus = ive are ignorant.
Noble, known
for ^rooci q
ta
JVumer,* IVumerat, (number), from nutue ra nitus, to count, to

or al + ly or 0^5 or ous
re,
nu tin/'r
+ ly
or
or
/;'
or or
ic+al+ly ; in + nuiHcr + able; number; nttinbcr + er or Ze^. Xtum-rnt-rion (e); e + minn'rat + ion or (e).
it
+ m# or super + H Htcr +
0t
or
Helps
,
for the Pupil.
'
Supernumerary, one
//"/< r*
in excess.
VuiK'ial, (nounc), from

l
f/
/v% tutu ci
to proclaim, report*
Nutici -}de, e
(o ) (It.); aî,
+ nounc(e)+ ment ;
or (e)
;
it
n<'i<tf -\-ion
re + nottn<-(e); an, + noun <-(v) + able ; an, e, re + pro pro+nunciat+ionj de + nttnci<tf
de*
e,
pro,
+ ion
or or or ory.
for the Pupil.
l
Helps
Nuncio,
*
a |>aj>al Mllfouttkior.
Denounce,
\n proclaim tluvjiteningly.
Pnuumnrf.
in utt
r .-r
speak forth.
from 6r
or
?f
//f>, eye.
/>7
or
(tr
From
tluMlerivalivi'
+ 1y ; bin +<>ctt/ inocuW r<\ in oc u

1
Id
/>/*.
ire
li;i
4-oculat + ion or or or
Helps
for the Pupil.
1
(e).
Inoculate. t> en-raft a
l>u<l,
or *y, of one
live into another.
36
Wor(/-/lui?f/int/.
Li-:ox
l*aiv
to
XVIII.
I'aral. i/vr, jxtir), from iret ready, or make ready.
yw
r<i /<',
pa
r/f /f/s, to see,
CVwi,
pre+par
50,
(e);
cow,
in-}-
com, in + se,
x^'
re, ir
+ re,
'
se
jut r + able or abl + y;

-h S0 4- t'c*' ;
Jy ;
ive;
com+par+fo) (Fr.)+on; se, or al + -f r/'f- + a/ + 56 + t'e/' + a?i6 e ; re + pair. se + jntrat + ion ; com + pa rat Pre, re,' parat + ory ; apparat+(u&) (L.)pre+
dis
<//*
-f-
l for the Pupil. Several, once, not iH'ivssarilv oiu- ly one.
Helps
many
taken w/Hini/c/y
now,
Parl * from
I'arl
Fr, partvr, to talk.
+ ance
or or
or (ia)m6nl*
3
or
(\i\)incnt
anj
or
(ia)f?i*l+ar**+an or
Helps
talking,
ey.
l
for the Pupil.
Parlor,
*
tlic
nwun
l'r /f^/r.
<
Parlinim
id.
and then & place
for
it.
Parley, a coniVivn<
-.
I'art,* (port, parti,

piece, port ion. share.
par, pars), from pars, partis, a
counter +2>art; part + y or 7y; r/, rfe, co?/i-f part + menl; port-}- ion or ion -}- less ; ap + port + ion or iow
a,
-f
Part ;
ment ; pro+port + ion
or ion
cle
+ al
3
or ion + able ; j>arti-}-
al* or al + ly or al + ity or
or cul + ar or cul + ar
+ ize
-\
or
cul -\-ar-\-ity;
l-'rnin
par + eel;
\
y>r/r.s(c).
i<ni
par t{ re, par ti tut, to <lividc, conic part it tW or ive + ty ; de, im -part ; <lc part -f ///v er=*i>artit + ion + er ; partn+er+ship.
-\
or
l-'
etc., see C'up.)
Helps
for the Pupil.

r
OUS ;irr;HL
<-FinMit
Proportion, ivlatiun brl \\vni ///^.Y. hannoniof /^//7x. etc. r<trti<il. appertaining to a ^rtr/ in
-
distinction fn.m the
//;/wê.
Parse, lo
A-//
the
/^//Y.S-
<,f
-peeeh.
37
Past,*
l
f
Patur, or dtit + or
l
/Vf.sf
///((')
pds ci 9 pas ta or + al or or + ship jMtsfui' + age or 0r.

from
!
to feed.
or or-\-ate;
re+past*
Helps
2
for the Pupil.
Pastor, a
tiltc/thenl,
n-al
or metaphorical.
Repast, a /wea?,
t,
Pa**,
:-
(jMifi),
from
/>*/ ?/
ri, y>r/s
s//.s,
to suffer.
Com/ in+com+pat+ible or ibil^-ity or t'W-h //; or ent + ly or 6^ce; im+pati + ent or ent + ly <r I '<i$a -\-ion or tve or ion -{-ate; im+past+iw or ion + edj com + pans + iou or Ion -{-ate or ion + ate + ly.
2
'
for the Pupil. Compatible, agreeing willi rai -h other, each -Patient, suffering, the one suffering, but withsuffering the other.
Helps
out
murmur.
Impassioned, the
tm adding
force, intensity.
I'alCT,* (pair, patri), from />a fer,

lather-land.
#a ^ r * s
father
pdtria,
or on or
or
patr + on or on + age + ess; /xttri+mony; patri + ot or ot + ic

)a7 or (n)ity ;
or on
+ ize
or ot+i-f
r^
o#
(e).
+ *c + al-\-ly ; com +p<ttri + o^;

i
"*
ea:
+ />fif ri
+f
Compatriot,
fefoto-WUntryman,
LESSON
To
the Teacher.
In
XIX.
may give Latin root-words, and the rout-forms from these, used in
reviews you
require pupils to write or give all
Knglish. with one or more words in winch each root-form is found. The teacher will sec that a great variety in manner of recitation easily be devised.
Ped
*
?
from pes, pe
ills, foot.
or esfr + ian
or est + al;
bi.
t/mntru
38
to
From make
the derivatives ex pe dire, cxpeditus, to I'm- from,

easy,
and
;
////
/trt/i rt
imjn
<ii
/u*. \\c p-t
/-./
/>*///
;
4-0w
or ency
ex+pcdit + ion
l
or (i)ous
+ ly;
im+ped(v)
im+pcdi+ment*
2 7mExpeditiously, with hurrying feet. pediment, literally, something by which the /eetf are obstructed; how
used metaphorically?
Pell,* I Mi
strike.
K (/>e, pelt), from
/>e^ te re,
^*U
SMS, to drive, push,
com, dis, ex, im, pro, re -{-pel. im, re+pnls(Q); com, ex, im, pro, re+puls + ion or ive ;
Pro+pdl + er;
From
the derivative pul sd

(e).
l
re,
pul sd
tus,
we have palsat
2
+ ion
beat.
or ive or ory or
Pulse, the blood driven in beats.
Pelt, to
Pend,* Pen, from pen de re, pen sus,

Ap,
de, im,
to
hang, rely upon.
sus+pend; pend + ant or ent or w/ + (um) />^/' '/ (L. ) or ul -f ous ; de, in 4- c?e +pend + ent or ence ; ap Pens + He ; sus+2>ens + er + 5. -faê or la;; 5W5+i>eiicZ +
-f-
ion or (e).
Pend,* Pen, (pendi)9 from pendere, pen sus,

out, consider,
to
weigh
pay
out.
Com,, ex, s
= dis),
a
sti (slips, a
!
irift
irivrn in small
com)-f
^' -f
4-
pend ; com +pendi + (um ) ( pendi 4- ary. J9w, 0.? 4-î(e)

3
L. ) or
;
ous or ous
4*
^ 4-i>eiis
+ ?y ;
ty>
tV^ or ^ve
ly
or tve
4-
ness ;
pens 4- ton
or
i'0n -f
er or ive
or iV0 4-
com pen sd re, com pen sd tus, and dispensdre, dispensdtus, we get com+penfat+ion or
the derivatives
From
re+eom+petwfe)] dis+pens + er or able 01 ft'>!e + nes8 orary; in + dis + pens + able or able + ness; dis+pens<it
(e)
;
4-
tVw
or
we
or ory.
*
* Helps for the Pupil. Compendium, an abrid^nu-nt. Dispense, 3 to cfeaJ <wtf in portions; what is it to dispense ivith f Expense, literally, weighed out, as gold still is in the Bank <f England; cost. 4 * Pensive, thoughtful, considering. Dispensary phuv \\hnv what is
done?
Dispensation, the act
of,
or the government, meting out.
Pet,* Petit, (petu, peat), from pet ere petitiis,to

seek, to
ask, to
rash
at, to fly to.

;
Com +pet(e) com -\-pet 4- znt or ence ; in 4- com +pet 4- ent or ence ; im 4- pet + (us) (L.); centri (center) -h/>^f 4- al; im +petn 4- OMS or 0^5 + ?y or ous + we55 or os -f Vy ; re 4- />ff/f re+peat + er or eJ or ed + ly. Petit + ion or ion + er or ; com, r^ -{-petit 4- z'o/i ; com + petit + or or tVe ;
;
LESSON XX.
Plet,* found
in
compounds of pie re,
to
;
fill.
Com,
43
de,'
in
+ com.,
re*
+ plet(e)
4-
com, in
+ com+pl<
;
ly or ness ;
com, de, in
com, re +jMet 4- ion
ex +plet 4-
Itte.
Helps
'
for the Pupil.

'
Note the force of de and

fill
re in
'
deplete
and
replete.
Expletive, used to
out.
Plic,* Plieat, or Plicit, (^c, />, />/y, !>/// y>^// from />W ca re, pJi c''
'
.Com, du,
/e
vmHL
;
sim
(=
4-
semel, once)
+ -j>lic + ify ;
/ i>?i
-I-
ac +
com +plic(v)
sim, sup
pie ; sim 4- />/* 4-/V
aw/ or
or ancy or abil+ift/ or able

1
+ ness ; ply ;
ap, com,
im y
mis + ap, MH/ti, re+jtly:
?m+]>/oi/f* em+jrfoy+er or
40
merit;
'
de+pfoi/:
:
tli*
/>/<///;'
r
com.
\
da.
mufti
.!/>.
/>/< .r.
////,
////,
Ex* im' + i>fi<'it

+ ap,
p
-
ex, itn
ittirit
i>/i<-<it
///
\
or MM*.
'///.
imifti, re,
sup
'
ion ;^ com,
du, ex,
itli<-/irifi/,
literally, -late of
il
bein^ .-mule.
!'
niicombined, without fold.

<>r
sn.iracit
is
How dec- -.-! its meaning of ;il)s-in-iHow <lnrs duplicity mean cunnini:. <!<<}!
?
*
Reply
what
returned in a reply
*
Employ,
to involve. infnl<l.
l<
by
usin^. occupying.
Display, to unfold, as a Hair.

:
show.
/;\r/t/irit,
* unfolded, and hrn<v distinctly seen implicit, folded in. the meaning the leg from the knee down Ar/*/ /////A-/only implied. 'Supplication,
in kneelinic in jtrayer.
Poll,* Poît, Poslur, (pound, post), from

it
pone re,
pos-
us, to place.
Post+pon(v)', poxt + pon(u)+ment ; com, de, ex, op + pon + ent; com, ex, pro + pound. De + posit ; jtosff inn
\
<t/>. ap, com, com, de, de + com, dis, ex, im, inter, juxta, op, pre, pro, <1> posit sup, trans + posit + ion; com, de, ex + posit + or
;
or ive
or ive + ness
orw+istj
op + j>osit((>)\
or ary ; post;* post + al or age; com, im-\ -post: 6 im+post + or or ure. J'ostur(e).
+ ory*

itory,
whom.
the ])laee where * Poxt, a stake
Positive, placed, fixed, in opinion. My>o.s* tilings are placed; deposit an/, the one with
fixed in the
a
'
'
ground; a military
'*
station:
position of duly. \\ho imposes
How
1hers.
upm
conveyance for letters? deceives them.
Inip<mfnr. one
Port,* Porlat, from portii

bear along.
r<',
/torfti fus, to carry, convoy,
Port ;
ti
com, de, dis,

ex,
ex,
im, s
= dis),
sup,
port; port + able
or able -{-ness or er or er
re,
pur* trans + + aye or /// or

i
+ ness;
im,
sup + port f er or able;
Kif 111 n ht
'
i-
[i
////////>//.
n
+ ]>orf<if
m<'an-
ant
or ance
de+port + ment
l
de, ex, im, trans
+ iott.
Helps
\\\
for the Pupil.

3
Port.
>
of the body.
/'i/r/vo/V.
carried, tenor of. importance, within.
Important, carrying ôinethin^ of weight
Port,* ( porch}, from por fa, a gate or
door.
fort ; port + aloreror

l
+ ess
or ic + (o) (It); porch.
Helps
for the Pupil.
Port, opening, as in yw/7-hole.
LESSOR
XXL
Low
Latin,
PON,* from
Fr. poser, to place
pan
sa re.
re,
ros(v) (attitude); com, de, c.c, im, inter, op, pro, jtt/r. sup, trans +pos(z) ; com+pos + er or ure or ed + ly or
ed + ness;
pro+pos + al ; ex+pos + ure.

pri), from
Prim,* (prin,
z
pr\
nt us. first.
> /
<
prhn + er or Z or r# or it + ive or age)4^; priu + cip + le or cip + al or cip + al + Ii/ or <-//>4 al + ity or cip + al + ship prin" + c(e) (c(e) from capere, to take); i>rin + c(v) + ly or c(e)4ôm or c + ess; pri+or (ending of the L. comparative) or or + ity or or^.
./'///w(e);
:

3
Prime, first in
(juality.
/'//////.
tin-
l)erson.
Priory, the house jre>iled over ly a prior.

to set
Sacr,* (sacri 9 secrat), from sacrdre, sacrdtus,

apart as sacred, to dedicate.
Sacr + ed
or ed + ly or
ed+ness; ><frr(a)4w/ or went

sr/r/-/
{
+ al;
sacri+flc+(i)al or//r(c):
/<//
(i)o//N
T/<y/
4(i)o5-f /y orlcy(o).
Ex + ecr(= seer =sacr)+ able;*
ex +
42
\Yord-BuildiHii.
or (e) or (e).
con, de f sccrat
+ ion
or
or
Execrable, worthy Helps for the Pupil. things not sacred, unholy. upon
of the curse proiioiuu -t-d
Sci,* from sci re, sci tus, to know.
Sci + ence orent(i) +fic or ent(\) +fic + al or ent(\) +fic + al + ly ; con, pre + sci + ence: con + sci + ous or ous + ness;* con + sci + ent + (\)ous* or ent + (\)ous + ly or ent+ (i)ous +
1
ness; omni(&Q)+sci+ent or ence; ous + ness or ly. Helps for the Pupil.
2
*
un + con + sci + ous
or
Prescience, a knowing beforehand, fore3 ConscienConsciousness, a knowing with one's self. tious, governed by conscience, behaving by the rules of right.
knowledge.
Scrib,* Script, Scriptur, (scriv, scrip), from scribe re scrip tus, to write.
Scrib(e)
scrib(e)',
+ en + er.
script;
4-
circum, de, in, pre, pro, sub, super, trans + sub + scrib + er ; scrib + (b)le or (b)l + er; s<-rir Script; con, manu, non + de, post, re, tran +
;
a,
a,
4-
script
ion ; de, pre, pro
circum, con, de, in, pre, pro, sub, super, trun + script + ive ; scrip. Script-
ur(e); scriptur + al.

Scrivener, once, a money lender Helps for the Pupil. who draws contracts and other writings.
1
;
now, one
Sent,* Sen*, (senti, seusu), from sen ti re, sen sus,

think, (>erceive.
to feel,
As, con 9 dis, re + sent; dis + sent + er; s(c)ent; scut + encej* sent +ent + (i) ous* or ent + (\)ous + ly ; re + scut
+ment
or
ful;' senti + ent or ment or ment + alor ment pre + senti + ment. Scns(u) sens(u) + less or
;
Elementary Enylixh.
less
43
sens + ible or ibl + y or ibil + ity ; non 4- *ens(o) ; wow 4- sens + ic + al ; sensn 4- / or aZ 4- t7y or o?*s or ows 4- ly. From the derivative adjs. sen sd tus and sens-it if, we have sensat 4- iow oriow + a?or ion + al + ly ; sensit + iveor
+ ly;
ive
+ ftm.
for the Pupil.
l
2 *
Scent, snun-tliing perceived by ih< * Sententious, wi'iirlity with thought. Sentence, containing a thought. of the feeling toward out- which InResentful, literally, /*//
Helps
toward you
now,
full of indignation, auger.
LESSOR XXII.
Sequ,* êcut9
tus, to follow.
(sec,
sequi, su, sect, suit), from se qui, se en-
Sequ + el
ly ;
or ent or ence
con + sequ + ent or ence or

1
the gerundive suffix=the pres. part.) or ond + ary or ond + ari + ly a or o?z^ -{- /i/ ; oZ> + eiyt 4- es or ows or ous 4- /^ ; .<w(e)
(
;
sub + sequ + ent or ent + ly; sec + ond
= und,
jt??/r
+ s*(e) pur + su -\-ant or flwce or ^r. Per, pro + seen t con + sccitt + ion or it# or ive + ly ; ex 4- ion or or or (e) + ecut (=8ccttt)+ion or ive or ion-\-er or or or r4< .srff ; secf -f ffr^ or ari + an or an* 4- w 4- ism ; suit ; su it + able* or able + ness or or or (e) pur + snit.
;

cause
it
'
Secon d, next after
lir-t.
r:illol
wc^wrf be-
* the Obsequious sultinis-iv.lv/ follows the first. 3 of sune one. will of another. *tfuil(tMt\ follows &c/, /07/o/wx N///A- of rooms; a train of followers. the style of, adapted to.
(soli),
from so
//fs, alone.
o/(e); 8ol(e) + ly; soli -{-hide.
sol+(o)
solit
(It.); soli
+ loqu +y
or
From
soli (as
come
+ ary
or ari + ly.
From
the
Word-Building.
derivative des o Id re, des o Id tus, or ness ; de + so/at + ion or (e).
we have de + soldt(( +ly

)
Spec,* or Spic, Sped,

(or
(spiri, sp<-<-i.
>/>//, >y>/>,
from spec
a
^
3
spic)ere, spec
(
tits, to look at,

l
or
=av, from em', bird) + sjtic + es ; de + spic + able abl+y ; s/>/c(e); su + spic + ion ;* su, an, in+au +
3
sjtici
+ ous*
3
;
or
ous
+ ly;
-f
,
speci + al or <ms
>;"'<'' -f
or
>//
f-///
or
;
;
0s
or (e)
e 4-
spec*
#0.
a?;
men ; spy ;
+ spy
e -f
spi
+ al or on +
;
circum, intro, retro

spect + ive
^4 circum, pro, re, retro,, su + spft-f + spect -f ion ; Intro, pro, re, retro -f or abl + y or abil + ity or ful re + spect + able
1
orful + ly.
the derivatives con spic u us, per spic u us, we get con, per spicit + ous or ous-rly or ous + ness ; per + spic tt + ity. From the frequentative spec tare, spectdtti*. \\v
4-
From
get specta + cle (=cule) or cle + s ; spccfftt + or ; ( spect) ; ex -rpect + #w ; ea- + pectat + ô/i ; 7 w
in + spect + iou
spec ifi cd
re,
or
or or or + ship.
From
-\-fic
the
or /// or
spec ifi cd tus, we get
sped
a/ or fic + al + ly or flcat + ion. From speculdri, u Id tus, to explore, watch, we get specnlat + ?*ow or ire
<

////v/x;
'
. 1
//.symv-x,
OIK-.-,
t
oincii
;it
I'l-oin
llic
"
flight
of
inidri-
li-
tiuspices
of=Uli(lT
:1
lie
\
:i
roliMLTc of.
:t
lh'x]n'nthli'.
deservc(ll\- lonkt-d
/,-/////.
down upon.
7tA:e
,s/;/Vv,
x/^r/Vx.
t'oi'in-.
x/>/-r/r
tilings of
1
d-r/rrsx. liavo generally

I*.
r/x/A/r
II.-IKT.
,-
<n
In-
of G.
.Marsh. xy^r/V-x cninc to
menu
/,-/////,
r///xx
aiiioii.ir
nut Imrii y llic /-/Wx or
classes of Ivisti-ru nn-n-liainlise
were drags and condiments, hence these were called spice* : species is thQ,viMU form in distinction from that which reprftu'/i/K it. hence x//rr/V \v;i^ taken to name ôM ami silver
when paper money

looking askance
1
appcai'eo! as their ivprot-ntal ive.
at.
or wit h mist rust.

i
Sux/tirinn, &
//x///V-/o//x, tlie
omen favorable.
</;/'//','.
well,
//v>/7/<
phtnsihle.
lnt
tlie
(i/>/><'<tr<i/ic<
fttej
literally.
Innkuuj
til
45
LESSON XXIII.
Spity* Spirit. (spirit, spriyht, sprit}, from spirdre, spirit
fns, to breathe.
A,
con,
in,
1
per,
re,
re
+ i?i,
%
tran
+ spird
|
ex
A, in,per,re< tra (=^p<r)(e); a+*pir+ant. <.r /// {-ness; -\-ion ; spirit ; spirit--}- less or ed or >W ///
spright; spright
f
///
<r////
sprit(e).
From thu dm \aii\r spiritudlis, we have spirit n+al or al + ly or al + ize or al + ity or al + ism or al + ist or
Helps for the Pupil. who )Htntx for soinct lung.
i
E.rpire, to breathe
o?//, die.
/,
In-
Stru,* Struct, Structur, (stroy}, from sfrw c re, struc tits. to make, buil<I, arrange. ^^^/ mis" +con + sfrtt(v) in + stru + inent* orment + al
;
+ al + ly or ment + al + ist or ment + al + it)j Cov, ///. ob+stntcf. strof/;* de + stroy + er. struct ob + struct + ion or /'vr or ire + li/j con, in Struct r(a>) super + struct ur(c).
or it>ent
;
i
de
in,
\
or.
it
Helps for the Pupil. m*eswi//.s7/'//^, to s^ //////.vx.

;i
'
Ciuixfriir.
t.
.v/
in
<>r
4
<mhr.
tr;in>ljil-
tn
misunderstand
suim-tliin.ir.
xtrtinit'ut.
inarliiiM-
fur
mnkiiuj
/>'*//"//
Mis!Tj>ri'.rni. '"
pull
down.
Sum,* Sumpt, (sumptu), from sfimere
(sub + tme*
sump
+ ing ;
Jx.
tus, to arrogate, to tako up, to
con,
in
r^//,
;^/v,
0^5
+ J//
or
r i/
t
+ con, pre, re + *um + (tM<". con >///// re + ftumjtf + ion ur /'/r sumptu -out or ows -f ; jo;* -h sumptu -f o//x
-
er.
1
or
Helps
for the Pupil.
'
Siuni>ti>us.
.r/vnsitr.
luxurious.
sumptuous,
taking liberties
unduly, rashly.
43
Word-Building.
(ting* t<uj. tign. taut, fey, tjr. tor///, tits, to touch, to reach, to handle.
Tang, Tart,"
from tan ge re, tdc
Tang + ent or ency or ible or ibl + y or ibil + ity or ent + (\)al ; con + tiny + ent or ent + ly or ency ; con + tag + i<m or (i)ous or (\)ous + ness; con+tigu+ous* or ous + ly or or able + w^s o?/s -f w-ess or ity ; at + to in ; at -f tow -h 47e t<-t or w0tt ; in + fegr -f er J f# H- *<'{/*' -h ^/ or tVy." Tact + ile; con, in + tact ; tiicttt. + al ; to8f(e);" tst(e) + less or fes 4- w^s ; tast(e) +ftil or /wZ + ly or /?/? + ness.
1
~
&
'
From
the derivative in
;
te
grd
or
re,
(e).
in te grd tus,
come in -f
tegr + ant
in
+ tegrat + ion
*
Contingent, touching, resting upon, and so transmission of disease by touch -ov contact. dependent. Contagion, 5 4 3 Attainable, reacJidble. Integer, untouched, Contiguous, touching. 7 6 character untouched, sound. whole. Tac/, sî// in touchIntegrity,

2
ing,
9
7'oste, literally, to touch with tongue or palate. to our /o*fe (metaphorical?) for the beautiful. Tasteful, agreeable
in handling.
LESSON XXIV.
To
the Teacher.
can never go far roots, prefixes, Such in his use of the many English words which they form. astray with these words as shall enable him to employ tin-in an acquaintance intelligently and correctly is an attainment to be coveted, one worth We know no bet In- road all the labor and pains it costs him and you.
and
The pupil, suffixes used
made
familiar by this work with
tin-
in these lessons,
to
I
it
ii.
than that which, under your direction, he

I
is
following.
nil. (uni) 9
from
unire, unitus,
to join,
make one;
u nus,
ion;
one.
Un + ion
anim + otis or anim + ity; dis, re + 'un + un + ique; nni + corn (cornu, liorn) or tri + un(e);
or
1
son (sonus, Bound, harmony) or voc

vers (vertere, to
(see root below)
+al or
turn)+Z
or vers + al + ity or vers (e) or
Elementary English.
47
form or/orm-M'fy or///. Unit rt/4 or dis, re + iinit(e). (e)

;
(one)
unit+y*
*
or ari'-f
Helps
for the Pupil.
Triune, three in one.
Z7/i%,
Ut,* Us, Usur, (usu), from
i, ti
sis, to use.
Ut + ens (=ent)+il; ut + il + ity or il + ize or il+iz + at + ion or t7 + itf + ari + aw. Lte + a/e or a#e ; ^r + us + a/ ; a^-hws + fye or ive + ly ; iis(e) aS/ Ji's, m^, jper4-(e)
;
us(e)+ful
Helps
or ful + ly or Zess or less or er or i + ous.
+ It/
usti+al or a/
*
for the
PupiL
Abuse, to wse wrongly.
Usury, now, un-
lawful charge for the use of money.
Vil,* Vis, (vey, vie, view), from vi

or ent
tie
re, vi stis, to see.
E, pro + vid + ew or ew^ + ly or e^ce ; pro + ttfi + ew^ -h (i)r// + (\)al + ly ; pru(=pro) + d(=vitt) + ent or ew0 or ent + ly ; j^r, sur + vey ; pur + vey + or or awce; sur + r< ij + or or or -{-ship. Vis + age* or iow or ion + ary or life or s ibl + y or or ; a^ r^ super + r/s(e) ; ad + via + able or </#/ + we^ or ed -\-ness or er ; pro, re, super + vis + ion ; ad +
l
vic(e);
risit
view;*
5
From + or
or less ; re + rictv ; the derivative vis i ^ re, vis i &z ^/s,

ri<'ir
+ er
re+rinr+er. we get r/s// :

;*6?
or a;^ ;
risifnt
+ io/i ;
re
+ risit
f rittitat
-f
Helps
means.
to do.
4
: for the Pupil. l*rudent, foreseeing and wise in the KM of * * the face, the foo&. Advisable, seen to be the Visage,
7i'ew, that seera.
Visitor,
one who goes to
C6.
Viv,*
(vi),
from rfu e re, rtc
tits, to live.
;
Viv + id or acious or ac + ity ; re, sur + r4v(e) 4-? or al + ist; sur + viv + al or or; -vi + and + s:* COH +
viv +
(\)al or
(i
48
Word-Building.
the derivatives vita Us and victudlis, we pot rit + al or al + s or a + ly or 0Z 4 //y / victu + al + s. From the
derivative
From
vivified re,
re
4!
vivified tus,
live
we
uet
riri+fy;
vivi
+ ft cat + ion ;
rivi +/ty ; re 4- ttfvi -\-ficat -f tow.

on
;
Helps
for the Pupil.
Viands, tilings to
now, only food.
Voc
*
5
(vote, voiv), from
vo&, roc
/s, voice.
;
<
j
Voc + al or al + ist or al + ize or al+iz + at + ion uni 4- voc 4- ^ ; foc(e) vot c(e) + tes ; ro tr -f ^/.
;
</:ti,
From
the derivative verb vo â

1
voca -\-ble roach 4- 0r

pro, re
or bul + ary
/
r^,
*
re, vo cd tus, to call, we get vocat + ion* or V0 ; rom-lt ; ; ^r 4- ^ 4 roc 4 /0 or abl + y ; con, e, in,
2
+ rok(e); a, con, cqui, in, pro, re + voc<it+ion; ad 4 voca + cy ; ad, cqui 4 vocat(e) From vo cif e rd re, vo cif e rd tus, we get voci +fer + ous or ous 4 ly J rod + ferat + ion or (e).
.
fr
! 2 for the Pupil. Vocable, a name, a word. Vocabulary, a * 4 AvoVocation, calling, profession. 7is, or collection, of vocables. * cation, a calling away, or a diversion, from one's vocation. Vocif-
Helps
erate, to speaA; loudly.
GREEK UooTS,
Oil
STEMS.
LESSON A XV.
Graph,* from grdphein, to
write.
Graph 4- ic or ic + al + ly or ^; aw/0 (autos, one's Kô (lithos, stone) photo (pJios, photos, "light), tele distance) 4 graph; bio (bios, life), #00 (#0, earth),
,
own), (at a
lit ho,
ortho (orthos, correct), photo, steno (stenos, narrow),

topo (topos, place), typo (tupos,
tele,
iy\w)+yi'ui>h + y ;
historio
Elementary English.
(history),
lexico
49
;
tele
(lexicon),
topo,
-f
ypo + graph + er
or ie -f a/.
graph + ic
or ist or er; typo
graph -f ic
Logti, from logos, a word, speech,

Zogr -f ic or
/c -f
/
science, reason.
or ic 4- 7 -h ly or tc + i n ; log -f arithms
(arithmos, number) ; #wa, /?o, fo'o, chrono (chronos, tin concho (conche, shell), tfrm? (doxa, praise), entomo (entoma,
(etymon, source), <w, $reâ (genos, birth), #00, mytho (muthos, fable), ornitho (ornis, ornithos, bird),
insects), e/t/w0
patho (pathos, suffering), phreno (phren, mind), phraseo, (phrasis, diction), physio (phusis, nature), philo (philos,
loved), psycho, (psuche, soul), tauto (the same), techn (tcchne, art), theo (theos, God), toxico (toxicon, poison), 2^00
(zoon, animal)
+ log + y j
ana,
bio,
chrono, etymo, genea, gco,
mytho, ornitho, patho, phreno, physio, philo, psycho, tauto, zoo + log + ic 4- al or ic + al + ly ; log(o) + mach -f y theo, ec9 syl + log + ism ; ana, apo, cata, deca (teu), dia, (strife)
;
epi,
mono, pro + logu(o).
Uleter,* Hetr, from metron, measure.
Meter ; anemo
gaso (gas), hexa
(five), peri,
did. (anernos, wind), baro (baros, weight),

(hex,
six),
hydro
(liudor, water),
penta
ther mo (thermos, heat) + mcfrr :
Hirfr + ic or ic
+ al;
geo,
sym, trigono (tri+gonia, angle) + metr + y.

lover.
;>////
Phil,* Philo, from philos, a friend or a
P/il + anthrop (anthropos, man)
+y or anthrop + t^;
(ia)
;
-fadelph (adelphos, brother) +ta;t or adelph-f
ji/*f/
harmon (harmonia, harmony)
4-t^; j^/iô-hsoph (sophia, soph -h ^ or soph -h ic -f aZ or soph +

4
+ic ; ;>/*// + log+y or Jo^r wisdom) -her or soph-fy or

ize.
BO
ll
vd-Building.
ADDITIONAL LATIN
LESSON
XX. VI.
to SPO, to
sift,
Cera, Cret,
Con,
dis
(crc), from distinguish, to separate.
cernere, cretus,
to
+ <('!
dis
+ cern + er
or ible
or
w///
e
de
'
+
5e
Dis, in 4- dis 4- cw(v)f ; cre(e) ; 56 4- ere -f cy. 3 a 4- cret -f 7y or ive or ^/'// ; ex, se -f rrrf -h ion ;
or (c)
7^ or
1-1:
,*e
f crd
+ t-rct 4- fw
or rt/w-f
wt- h;i\ c
dis
+ rwt + iun
From
or i<m
+ al
\vc
or ion
liuvc
+ al + ly.
wrt + ain*
From
uin
the derivative
a'/- ///*.
+ ty.
:
ft i :-///
wrti
cer 7//*i c +j?cftf + ion or

J
re, cer tf(/'i
m ^w>.
*

('rii:iiially
flftf
Secret, separated
and hidden.
*
;i Secretion, the private clerk, one inirusird with secrets. of secreting, that separated from tin- liluml and made into nc\v sul>4 stances. Certain, used when one has si/^ the matti-r thoroughly.
lain.
'la
ma
1
(claini), from
da ma, re, da uni fits, to call,
to cry out.
+ ous or or + ous + ness; cftihn :~ <-hiini + ant; ttn,vn+re+dain*+ed; re + claim -{-able ; ac,<l<'. dis, ex, pro, re + <'l<ihn ; de, dis, ex, pro + claun+er ; ac,
or or
de, ex,
Clam + or
pro 4- da tn at
-\-
ion
de, ex 4-
damat 4- ory.
-

a right.
4
I
Clamor, a noisy cry.
Claim.
t.
f'/amnul as
:nis.
(dos) 9 (CIucl,
to shut.
'I
u*. in conipouiKls), from
da fide re,
dausus,
Claus(e).'
Con,
ex, in, pre, 8e

tin-
+ dttd(v).
* These not in
l(-^nit>' Li>i.
Elementary
con,
c.<\
////////*//.
51
-f
in,
se
+ clus + ion
3
;
or
ive ;
in
con
-f
clot* -\-ure
or et ; c7o.s(e)
derivative
elos(o)+ly or /jm;
tr urn,,
clus + ive ; en, in + clos
+ ure
or
(e).
tiic
,
Knm
clam
*
we
get r/oi*f
+ </\
cloist + er
+ ul.
'
Helps for the Pupil. 1'nmi the rest, by itself.
(7/0se,
Clause, a portion of the sentence shut off to
Fleet, Flex, Flcxur, from flee te re, flex us,
to bend.
1
De, in, re -{-fleet; de, in, re + fleet + ion ; re + fleet + or Flex -{-He or ion or or or Me or ///// or ive or ivc + ness.
+ ity ; dream,
re
+ flex;
in,
re+flex +
ible ^
Helps for the Pupil. upon itself.
Reflection, the turning (metaphorical
?)
of
t|
Flu, Flux, from flu e re, flux us,

r
to flow.
///*.
/<Yff(e)
ef, in,
^cy or fe? or id+ity ; e/, honey) +fl,u + ent or e^c'e; in+flu + ence* or ; super+fiu + ous* or ous + ly or *Yy. Flux; con, ion. re-}- flux; flux + ion+ de+fln.r +
flu
the derivative
+ enf
or
From
fluctiiat
^^c
*
^ a re,
fluctudtus, we havr
+ ion
-
or
(e).
Flue, a passage for the smoke to ^10 Fluent, flowing ; applied to a speaker, is it metaphorical ? 3 Influence, a power conceived as flowing from a person or tiling and
throuyh.
affecting a not her.
Superfluous, overflowing.
Greg,
(f/reyi),
from grex, gregis,

l
flock.
<; *<'(/
(i
ri
2
+ ous
re,
or
or 0ws
+
^
or
^ws, to collect into a flock,
From
(/re
ya
^/re
we have
II
".'/.
M + f/rcyiit + ioH
/<>//
or
()
con + </f<wtt
(r).
'>
in
or
imi+al
or
f-///
-:
/A/
or
ion+al + ism or
!
for the Pupil. Gregc J\f/regiou8, out <>J\ or above, the flock,
Helps
-..(iaiin<>r tin-
in
flocks or herds.
LESSON XXVII.
I
lab. Habit,
(aft,
habit it.
It
Hut ^ from
ha be re, hub
it us.
to h.nr, hold, Keep.
=
4- //(i)
7f aft) -f fo
or
+
:(
T/
e^,
f/i x
-h
f //>
= hab) 4- /c ;
al or
+ metit.*
Habit
7/^ft*7
w^/e ;
habit n
ly QY ate ; ex, in, pro + Jtibit; ex, in, + hibit + or or ory or ion + er ; pro
pro + hibit + ion ; ex + hibit + ive or ory ;
fte+bt
= hibit) ;
de
+ bt + or.
From ha bil i fas, ha bil i td tis, wo get a(=ha)bilU f // ; de + bilit( = habHit}+y; de + biiit(tt(=ltbiHt<it} +ion or From the frequentative liab i td re, hab i td tus, to (e). dwell, we get habita + ble or U + y or Me + ness; luilntnt habitat +ionj co, in + habit; in + habit + ant or able; co
;
-f
habitat 4Helps for the Pupil.

*
^, called dress.
,
IldlrilimcnL tin^1&^, having pnwrr. the having, called custom, called dress al><. Habit,
'
that due another, /t#d aM>ay
/row him that owes.

1o stick.
Her, Hex, from herere 9 hcesus,

^4^7, co,
,
in
+ her(e)
J, co, in
+ her + ent
or cwcc or
co + hes+ion or ê or ive + ness. Knnn the frequentative has ltd re, hwsitdtus,WQ have un -\-hcsitat-\- in<j or ancy ; hesitat + ion or (e)
l
ing+ly.
l
Hesitancy,
he dickiny
\';^\
in <loult.
/>'//////>//.
:,;;
Nex, from nectere, nexus,
to hind or tie.
4- l\i ; rf/s 44-
Con, (Us 4- con 4- nect ; con 4- necf 4- to/& or ive or erf or erf con -\- nect 4- /on or erf or erf 4- ly. An // <./ con
\
.-
we* 4- tVw; an 4- MCJOS 4-0/4- Wtt
or 0/
4-
tow
4- 1st.
Scan, Scans, (Sccml, Seen*, .SCVM/ tic re, scan sus, to climb,
Sr<t n .
</r
(scent), in compounds),
to pass.
from
Sfft it s
4-
ion.
de,
con
4- rfe,
tra n
><v
n ft
a,
-sr<'it(l
ent
+ al
+ ant ; a + scend + ency ; tran + scend + ent or ent + al + ism. A, con + de, de + scens + ion ;
l
or
a,
de + scent.

the fir I.
Scansion, reading of poetry so as to
mark
Setl, Scss, (see, sid, sidtt, siz), from se
Sfft
4- ent
4-
wr^ or ent
4- ari
dere, ses sus. to sit. + ness; scd(i) 4- mew^ or ;//< /

f
//
+ ary; super -\-sed(o)\ see;* pre, re, sub + #id(v); pre,re + sid 4- ent ; in 4- sid 4- (i)o^s or (i)ous 4- wess ; sub 4- **rl 4- (i)
ar^; as + sidu + ous* or
Sess 4- ion or
f ow 4- al ;
ity ; re
+ sidu(e);
re
+ sidu + ari/.
4
ft
as, (pos),
sess + ion or ive or or; as

l
+ scss + ment
pre 4- (pos) 4- sess ; (pos) 4or or; 0s4-**X e )-
Sediment, tliat which has settled to the botHelps for the Pupil. tom aits there, as it were. 2 /See, the searf, or jurisdiction, of a bisliop.
:
"
.{**/</ nous, sitting
who
intent upon, attentive. 4 Assessor, originally, one 6 xat beside the judge. Assize, a sitting, or session, of the court.
LESSON XXVIII.
Serv, Scrvit, (servi, serf), from ser
he a slave to.
S<*rv(e)
?7//
// r<% >v/-
r/'
///>. to serve,
(e)
serv + ant or er or ê or ice + able or f'fe or V/4or ile + ly ; de + serv + ing or ing -{-In or erf or ed + ly or sub + servi + ent or ent + ly or fw/s, sub + 8erv(o) ;
; ;
serf+dom.
ticrcit
+ or
or ude.
54
sitfii,
IIW-/////7///////.
from siy
num.
a sisrn.
<
,s/f/u y
From
seal,
siy it- 4- tf or 7 4- ize or rtZ 4- ly >r <7. the derivative */// //</ ;v, */// w/ /KX, to
r/s,
set
we have + ly ;
de
cow, counter, de, re + siy it
mark, or re + siyn + ed
a
or ed
+ siyn + er
it
or
erf
or ed + ly
; as,
con
as,
+ siyn +
de,
mcnt or er oree; un + de, under + siy n+ed;

si</n
(it 4-
rei-
; siy sig nif i cd re, siy nif icd tus, we get siy HI +fy or fie + ant or jic + ance or jicat + ion ; in 4- siy it i +fic 4- ant or fie 4- fltttfe.
/0M
(ttu r(e).
From
Ten, Tent,
Ti'ii
(tin,tintt,
tain^ from tenerc,
1<-n
tus, to
liold.
+ able
1
or acious or ac + ity or
7 or ant
+ ry
or (e)
w^ 4- ten 4- tf#/e or aw 4- erf ; #e/i 4- ure ; Ih'ti 4ton+ant or ancy J coun, main, sus + ten + ance ; abs, con, in 4- cow, jyer, tm 4-jêr 4- tin 4- ew^ or ence ; con 4- tin a 4- a/ or
or e y
al + ly or
de, enter,
rt'Mce
we^
or lY^; con, re
fenf;
iiniin, ob, per, con + tent ment or
+ thnt(u) fe, ap+per, con, re, sus + tin. Con, dis 4- con 4dis + con + tent -{-ment or erf. 5;
;
Helps
for the Pupil.
Tenet, a doctrine 7ie/d
to.
Tribut, from t rib u e re, tri bu tus,

Tribut(e)
atf,
;
to give.
4-
tribut 4- ary
at, con, dis, re 4- dis
tribut (e) ;
cow, dis, re, re
+ able
Con,
or ive ;
+ dis + ti'ibnt + ion re + tribut + ive.

!
; at, con, dis
+ tribut
Vine, Vict,
e,
(vinci), from
;
vin ee re, vie tus,
to
conquer.
in 4- riitc -f- //>/e or f6i7 4- ^// or i^Z pro 4- vinc(e) Con, e-rvict ; con, e + H-yy pr o-r vinci + al* or al + ism.
vict + ion j vict + or or or + y or or4-(i)ows.
1 for the Pupil. Province, a conquered territory, a <li>fn'H or 2 Provincial, pertaining to a province, hcnee not national department. a term of reproach. or cosmopolitan
Helps
LATIN
LESBOS
I
IMK)TS.
\ \1.\.
j
To the Teacher. A in SO many yiggMkmfl 1mm ,, s n the sons under " Klnnentary Kntflish." the. trarhrr max we are to offer him no more. Hut, if allowed, \\v would emph.-i
those already mad< The 086 of words.
heroin.-
les-
especially that. <>ne n-latin^ to the im-laphor
Helps for the Pupil will he continued. hut will morr mrau'er as we see thai tin- pupil i- mil -I'owin- the need
the Latin roots and then the (in-ek. and follow hoth with
of them.
We
jjfive
the An^lo-Saxon
the Koots Additional.
Apcr, Apcrtiir, from a^
c ri re,
ft
JH'T tits, to open.
Art, (arti,
or hsx
<>rt),
from ars, artix,

1
skill, art, mctliod.

A'
Art; art + fitl orful + /t/
or fu1+ nrss or lest or
+ ncxx
or i*l or ist+ic or i*l
+ ir + at
3
or
ly or (is) (Fr.)
+ rt/*/
/+//<? -h(i)^/
or //r(r)
;
or
;
fie -h (i)al 4- iVy or
^c + cr
1
///
f r/^
/// -f
i-rt
///
ness or (in) (L.).
make
.1 Artful, full of ov/ //// *///. rirky. a fine distinction hetweeii ttrtixt and artixan. * Arti ticin/,
i / m
opposed to natural.
And, Audit,
to hear.
(audi, edi, ey. r/M, from

or ibl + y or
an
<lire,au<li
A ud+
or
i'Si7
(/>/<'
//>/r 4- //r,sx
/// -f
+ 17// ;
audi + ence ;
di's -f ob,
ob
aud + iblc or + edi + ent or
i*
Word-Building.
///
or
\
<tn<lit
<>r
or
+ o/Hr//: (ir + or o/-// or x/ti/i

>//.v
<//>,
1
nb
or/
+ <>is \-an<; + (urn)

</;////>///.
;lll(l
Attait
;*

ply, with UK'
7>/W/r//.
*
die mav
command
heard.
AwliL
a hniri/ig.
comor rtf/ta so an e.nit/timti
of account*.
\ni\ in !///, or/), from n/f ruin,
srold.
1
Aur
/'<;
aur(e)+dte
or ^/(c)
(diininutivc);
mtri
-\-fcr
+ ous;* ori
*
<>l
(diminutive);
l

bearing. is the bird's coZor
2 Aureole, a golden halo. Auriferous, gold4 Orinlc what Oriel, a recess, or window, gilded with #o/d.
Bat, from bat ere, popular form

beat,
of
batdercj
to
liirht.
to
+ment
or (te?* or te/'H-^ or ant or ive or ive + ness.

.
tal+f(m; cum + bat; com + bat
I5H
4
see A.-S. list below.

<
a ii.
'a ill
(cent),
from
4-
CIH e re,
0ws 4-
can,
^/es, to
Can- H- or 4- o w
or or
^/ex.v ;
ftc 4-
cent.
From
3
the frequentative m?&

(i)cle
^ re,
(Zes,
crn/ /^ ///x,
we
or
have
cant;* cant +
4- fo/i ;
or (o) (It.) ; cenf 4- or ; chant ; jt?re 4;
re -{-cant; re
+ cant at
(
(claiTy clear)
e/i 4-
chant ;
chant 4- cr en + chant 4- er or
(c).
or
///
i)r/frr
r 4- 0ss or mi'nt.*
conur^-
From
the derivative
accentudre, ac centu dtus,

l
\-centu-\-al y ac + centuat -\- ion or
Helps
8
Cant, affected,
*
4
tone.
Accent, the ône, /;//rA, x//r.s-x of th hypocritical goodness uttcrin- itself in a xhnj-xong Recantation, the charm reversed, a declaration retracting a
for the Pupil.
former one.
Enchantment, songs of sorcery.
/,'//////>//.
57
LESSOR
XX X.
.
Cupif
'i/>if,
r*/m-,
<-t. <-h(ttt. <-<itt
from
c<f /n/f, c^ -f 01^ or ou# + /// ; prc + dpi e) + rt/; chatt+el+8* or el+ism ; witt + h'.* From the derivative capitulum conic <'ai>it+u1-\-ur or From the dim. r i //// n/it. comes ul + ary; rh<if>f + er. hi From the verb capit H hi r<\ chfi/tit + er. )>if derived from the diminutive nipihihnn. come <-fij>itu/(tt + Froni the derivaor (e) re + cajritulat + iQn or (e). IUH i hi ///>-, and tives r/^ r7^/> / /^' /v. a//, [trw dp i hi r<\ /;/</. /^ ^s, come de + capitat+ ion or (e) pre + cipit + tint c-//v
/
vre 4- c*/n
tn'ti
/j)
<-<t
ti
'
'
///
/'
or ancy
pre+eipUat+ton*
'
or (e).
( Helps for the Pupil. apit<tl-=1o*x of lend, or life, when with m'we or punishment ;=the city which is tin sr;il <!' the Aa^ of the state ; money invested, in distinct inn from the income derived from it. * Capitol, from Capitolinn*, tlie hill on which the s al: Chattels, invent mt- at* temple of Jupiter at Rome was built.
1
>t'
any kind, personal or

borine.
as
little
investments in lire xtnck chidly * .\\M surrender, the terms of which an Capitulation, of a heads or headings. * Recapitulate, to ^ro ore/' th
real.
Cattle,
discourse again.
''Precipitation,
headlong haste.
"Precipitate,
to
throw
headfirst.
Celer, from cler, quick.

Celer + ity.
From
ten,
the derivative ac eel
rd
re,
ar
ccl e
ni
///*,
to has-
come ac + celerat + ion or

see
ive or ed or ing or (e).
Commocl,
Mod below.
58
<
II
/'(/-
/>tu'/t/ijiy.
oimiiiin. xrr
nun,
first list
oron.
(<-rotrn, corof}, from
co ro na,n crown.
Coron + al
-f (a)
or et ; crotrn
1
crotrn
+ less
corol
+ t(i\im.)
crown,
or
From
+ ary. the derivative

2
1
corona
re,
corondtus,
to
come cor on + cr ;
due,
9
coronat 4- ion.
Corollary, something irivrn beyond what is hence something additional, as an inference.

as a garland;
officer
Coroner,
appointed by the crown.
Corpus, torpor, (corps, cors, corpu), from corpus,
cor-
po ris,
body.
or cul + ar ; cor^s(e) ; eors pn + lent or lent + ly or /eMce or lenc + y.
Corpus -{-de
ly or
(t'l
+ //7
<>r r/
corl
Corpor+al
or
al +
+ ify.
From
re,
the derivative adj. corpo re us, and verb cor po r ticorpordtus, come corpore + al or al+ly or al+tty or
iti
lY^;
+ corpore-ral ;
(e)
;
J
corporat + ion* or
(e)
iu
+ cor-
porat+ionoi
Helps
corporat(o) + ly,
for the Pupil. CorparaL a noii-coininissiniird ofViccr SMFH-times in charge of a small /^/// of ////'//. -Corporations consist each
of two or more persons, or bodies, united for soim- purpose.
Cred, Credit,
trust to*
(ere),
from credere, credit its,

1
to
believe,
Cred + ence
# or
credit -f or
3
or
0ra
w-c.s'.v
orît<4-(i)eil4;
m Me
or ibl + y or
/ft/e -h
cre(c) ^ ; y^/.s -f cr<>. + ai(/.* or able or aft? + y or able -f M&JS ; ac, dis
Credit ;
+ end it
dis + credit
-f aft/e.
the derivative adj. credulus, ous or ul + ous + ly or ul + oux + ncss or
From
we have cred+ul +
ou& or ul + ous + ly or ul +
ity.

credit.
I
>
'W/-//////x.
/,;/*
that
.
one
is
entitled to
ers,
MixiTfttnf. /ni^c/ifrin;/ *-Crliir, In- ant- trusted.
ln-ncc, in the
viU.
I>at, from <ld re,
da tits,
to give, do, place, put, yield.

(a)
ddt + ive* or (urn) or
(both L.)
ante, mis,
the combinations of this verb with prepositions we 3 als + con -f d ; ad+d; ad+d+end+(vm) or (a) (both get ad + dit + ion or ion + al or ive ; e + dit;* e + dit + ion L.)
;
From
+ (i)^ or or + (\)al + ly or or + */>//>; tra+dU+ion;* tra+dit+ioii+al or / ), sur + ren + d + er ; ren + d+ (ez) + (vous) re + 6^;i + dit (e) #/v^ + it +kr.
or or
or
o/;
T
;
1 2 for the Pupil. Dative, the Date, the given point of *tW. case used to express that to or /or which something is done. * Abscond,
Helps
4 * to place one's self in liidlmj. Edit, to #i'ye forth. Krfradifiim, the one State to another, of an alleged criminal. * Tradigiving up, by
7 Rendezdown, across periods of time. or deliver yourself; then the j^/oce at which this is to be vous, report
tion, the giving, or luindin.i;
done.
I.KSSOST
XXXI.
Dent,
(denti, dun), from dens, dentis, tooth.

or
/x/
DeHt + fd
or ixt
+ ry
;
or
(tt
-j-
/V'/V(e) (frirf/rc. to rub)
r/r/w
efe
+ cd ; fri + dent + lion.

*
denfi
From
the derivative dcn-titn*,

tlic
/// 4-
tlie
p. p. of
/A'//
tf/re,
we
From
we
havi'
derivative
fA
j
/>/
^-//
///
r,
:
///
'
Â
//
A/ ?U*, t> not-h.

4- A>//.
it^
//^ ;
///
-I-
dv itf - un
D^mlr/ion.
in -\-<f<-nf<ff
flower so

jagged leaves, whose
t-dirrs
'
tlic
named from
Indenture
l.ok like row* of lion's teeth.
60
II
n/V/- /////A//.
duplicates of contracts once had tlu ir edges notched so that they would tintally with rarh t.tlu-r \\riling8, 80 iiotrhi-il, were callt-d
:
l>i,
from
<//
rs. a day.
/>/
^-<//
or
or nr
:
f-
/*/
nn'ri(--iHi'<li)
//
</*
<tti
or
or
:
ou+al + ltj
<jrti>/i(
///
////'
///<
M//+ ////
r)
<//
;
3
y/o>7
s-,
lm\v nianv
't
in '//
//>
wt- Lr
<linrn
+(d
jo.urn + tir or
-/ r.
or
ul+ist or
/
r//-f/-
-Joitrn
'
80
t
joiirti
<>n
Helps
.
for the Pupil.

-
(Jnntitlinn
h<r>
.
>
/mint/ a
'/"//.
(>
n
A///'.s
ilnily.
Journal. mic
d<n'/i/
tit
tcx/>"/"
/OlfflK V
â-
travel;
meaning of both extended

f/oy//
/
m>\f.
lloinin. from
>
JI//N, lord
</o/;/
//f/,
lady.
in
or ic + al or (o) or (e)
etc.);
-f
,v(
(l><>th
:
Sp.)
(in
Chaucer,
:
<l<nn<tht
<l(im(c):
)
<t<un
+dam
)
fffim
= r)^/;
<i<mn\\i\ (Sp.
<hn'nn(\\\
From
<i<nnin
the
derivative
domi)niri. domindfas, we
/>/
tlnmiit <<ntf nr
-\-itnt
pw;
<lomi imt + ion or
<r
(e);jt>r-h
Ilonii. ll<nnil. from
r/o/- //^'
r.
/v. r/o/-
//// ///s.
to
Dorm
Fae,
<!/// <*r <i,,
DormU+W6 OT
.s.
(fiH'i.jiri
;
from
;
/;/ </
tfo,
1
<
a larr
or surfar.
y>/'-/
Poe(e)
Helps
.!ll.
/tec
(
//'.
9ur+/ae(e);
^
+/Icl-f (CS)
L.
Or 0/
nr
'
///
///
nr
r//
|
////.
t<>
for the
PupiL
tfujjrrti'
|.in-
the surface,
Advanced
A'/ /////'>//.-
Cl
Felu% from felix, felt cis,

Felic + ihj or
in+f<'lic+ity or
it 4- 0?js
happy.
*7 -f
it
or
or
ous + ly or
iV -f
ous -f w0ss
it
+ oif*
From /e Z/c / tf#
tfws,
p.p. of /e
/^
re,
we get
feliciftif
+ ion
Fcs,
show
or
(o).
from
fa te ri, fes sus,
to
own, acknowledge, manifest,

l
forth.
pro +fess; con+fess + or or ion or ion + al or t-d or ed-\-/i/ ; pro+fess + or* or or + (i)Z or or -{-ship or tow or
/,
or ion
+ al + ly
2
or
erf
or ed +
ly.
co>//>.s.s//^/.
Helps
for the Pupil.
Confessor, not the one
but
7/f ///
whom
fort/i.
cunj'i'xxinii /x nxult'.
;i
I'mfvxxor, one science, ur hranch of learning.
who
openly teaches, or shows
LESSOX XXXII.
Form,
from
:
forma,
fiirure,
shape, appearance.
or al + ly or ttl + isnr or til + ity or ?// (dim.) + (a) (L.) or nl + ary or nl + at + ion or Hl + afr : <lc + <'(/ or //// ; /// +form + al or al + 1y or ttl+ity: rni'tn
fornt+dl
nn
-f
form
tint
+fnn
the
or
//'".
////.
Kmin for mfc

have fin-unit
tll8,
j>.|>.
of the dcrival
i\
/)/r ///^' /v.
we
;
\-ion
'Fnun the eoinl)inations of /br/v,
with prepositions, we have /v///, ///, \-f<n>in +able or abl + y or /V or //// ;
triuix+form
J
ro//.
///,'
/v, ///
;
+fonn<ff-r
foriHirf
I
Inn
///,
/v
+fonn+ cr ;
in
+forin
+ititt
re
//v-
or
'
Fnrinnlixin. lie- striri ml/n-rf>nce to forms Helps for the Pupil. nl 00reman68, Information^ kin\vlMlu rn-rivnl, and regard M! as
r
i
'taliln
ami
//*////
In tin-
62
Word-Builtf*
Tori, i/or//./orr). from /or

/'or/: />>//
tftttfe;
//>, stroii-,
powerful.
/ii-<tt
/''**
)
+ + (ess)
;
:
/orr(,<)
(Fr.): forti+ff/ or f<n'<-(r)+ful or //// + /// or

en,
rc
iu/i
////
or
or
or
ibl
+y
or ible + ness;
+ en+forc(u)\
en,
/orr(e)
///>/,/.
From
L-
the derivative
l
/or
& r0j
l
to strengthen, ire gel
rum + fort
rof/t
i-fort
+ dblu
or
ttbl
+y
or
/<-
or
tf+fort.*
What, -vrr
comforts, strengthens.
'
J\
the putting forth of strcnyth.
Gcr,
vc k *f.
to hciir,
4-<îur. (f//.sY, f/istr.jcsfi, from or carry on, perform.

1
ytrere,
/^7//\
///,
i/i
<;/-r-f "//'/ or t(H</+irt';
belli
(/W/ /////,
To//,
;
war), ?//()
3
+ gre r
con,
ibit'
-f- eut
a
;
m-|-flrer-f (iee) (L.).

xi/</
'//',
in
+ <lt\
:
+ </<'i*f +
:
i<i/i
or ire
</i\
or ihil + ity ; re
-f /o//
+ yist + er; re + yistr + ar or

,/rs/ 4-
or y or ^/
l<it
./>>/
///
^r or
//r>-
i;///
///.
Yromges
fir
?/
///x.
p.p. of
///
//
/^/
//.
+ ion
or o/v/ or
(r).
From
the
<;///.
ii
fre<jiu'iit;iti\r
ges
l-, up. we get
(e).
.
Helps
OF
vi-rhnl
"
Gerumlir,
A///-///// tin*
iiaiuiv of a genuul.
noun.
Ili-lliyi-i'cut.
ln-ariny irnr, tnrr/ik<.

4
The rlmim:
tilings
,m-
//o/v/r ii/tiirf.
>-jarahMl.
Congestion,
orovrrl'iiln.
4.r
an.
<(/r<iin, <j<irn
from
f//vf
nnni.
irniin, lllicr of \vood
or
doth.
(;
run
-
\-ary or wfe or ul + ar or ul + ate or nl

i
+ nt + ion
'at
or
t70
or(g(i
9f
"I" /'/.
OF -(i)
f ror + dits;
</t'tritt;
\-yrain;*
f/fU'H
Advanced
Helps
for the Pupil.
2
l
A'//////*-//.
63
it
irnmitf, a speckled stonr. full, as
were,
of grains. Orange, a ftarra, and hence grangers are fanners. *Ingrain, an insect resembling grain. to dye with seed, grain, or with cochineal
<ro**, (gros, gro, groc), from gr6s sus,
thick, fat, large.

l
Gross ; yross + ly or wess ; en, in 4- gross ; en + gross + a ment ; grros 4- beak gro 4- grain, ( = grain) ; gro + g ;* groc + er* or
;
Helps
2 for the Pupil. Engross, to write in Zan/e letters. 3 of coarse grain or texture. Admiral Vernon, tfro^r
]
who
wore grogram breeches and was called "Old Grog,'* had his sailors dilute their rum. The mixture they called grog. * Grocer, the word from the manner of selling by the gross.
Iiitegr, see
Tact,
first list*
Judic, Judicat, Judicatur, (judg), from ju di cd re (=jus + di cd re], ju di cd tus, to make known, or interpret,
the law.
Judic +(i)al
or (i)ous
a
+ -ncf*s
or (\)al + ly or (\)ary or (i)ous or (i)ous + ly ; pre +judic + (i)al or (\)al + ly ; pre+jitl ;
f//r(e);
jt"tg(e).
(e).
judgement or (e) ju<1g(o) + sliip ; ad, Judicat + ory or we; ad, j)n> +judicat+
"
pre +
ion or
Judicature).
Judicious, with good judgment.
-

t,
Prejudice,
im UK
il
without full data, and unfavorable.
/tni(/ti
from fingua, language, tongue.

/x^
Lint/ ii
+ ul
or
or
isf
+ ir
or ist
4- ics ;
langu 4- age.
Helps
for
the
Pupil.
Linguistics, the science of languages
their origin, growth, change.
Word-Building.
LESSON \\.\Ili.
Major. (m a i/or), nus, great
from
nut, /or.
greater,
comparative
of
Major; Major + it y
or ship or
gener + til
i
mat/or;
m a i/or + ship
or al 4-
///.
l
Helps for the Pupil. Majority when dot > And what is the diHVivmv iM-twcm a majority? and a plurality f
<>nr
oome
<>f
lii\
//////o ///_//
Man. ]?Ian, (mn, main), from

dwell.
mane re,
+
ttuin >//*. in sia\,
Man -{-or
main + s
Helps
within.
2
or
or + (i)a/; per
man + cut
nr
r///-f///
<>r
n 4- ew/ ;
for the Pupil.
l
re
or (d) (Fr.)+^*.
+ JMM + ant ;* re-}- in a i n ; MaHs+iu/i. ov-iun + r;i pr

<r
///'/7///t//.
re
+
or
(e),
///,
Immanent, ,*/<////////, Remnant, what remains over or after.

/
THedic, from ////W
<//>, a physician.
Medic + al or al + Iy or ////' or /// -h/// or /// -\-nMc. From the derivative met/ / rr/ r/. ///^/ / /Y/ ///>, t<> heal, or ////'/// nt<'<Hcat + ctl or /o// or /// or
;
(
Met, Meil, Hc'iiiir,

measure,
1
diu'<isttr>.
from ntrtt
ri.
nun
////
;
sits, fo
e>tiin;it<>.
M<-f(i>).
;
Ih
f iiH'ns
//// itn'iis(e) meti8(u) or abil + ity ; nt<'<isnr +
+ i*ui ;' + Iy or
(ihlf
;
it/t
incus
//// -f
4-
///*
-f
ne.vx.
<tl>l
im-itstir
+ ahlc
////
or
+y
or
///
or (<)
-f
measur + ablc
or
'////
+ //
'
tn<'<tsitr(e)+lex* OT

measure from side to
H<I-.
J/e/e, to
measure
out.
Dimension, the
Advanced English.
C5
Mod,
(modi), from
;
m6dus, measure,
2
manner, fashion.
1
Mod(e)
mod + el
or el+er or al or ish or est
or est
+y
or est+ly or fc-f (um) (L.) or 0r^ or ern + ly or ern + tie** * 3 or 0r/i + t*20 ; com 4- ///or/ 4- a'ty ; corn 4- modi 4- OMS ; /w 4com + modi + ons or ous + ly; modi + ft/ or fi + er or /fc4-
a/0
have
or
or j#ca
4- i'0?i.
From moderdtus,
p.p. of
moderdri,
6
;
to
regulate,
we
mode rat -{-or or ion; moderat (e) moderdt(e) + ly fte#. From moduldtus, p.p. of moduldriy derived
from modulus, dim. of modus, we have modulat+iuu 8 or (e). From # com mo Ja re, ac com mo J ^w, we get ac com 4- modat 4- i'0w- or (e). 4Modest, within proper bounds or measure. Helps for the Pupil. * ComModern, as if from modo, now, the now or present fashion. * modious, in measure, adapted to its use or purpose hence commodity
'
=what
*
is
adapted
to
use
or
convenience
it
articles
6
Moderate, to reduce to proper measure, to control.

expresses.
of commerce. Modulate, to fit
or adapt the voice to that which
Par, (pair ,2> ire, peer), from par, /H
r/s, equal.
JPr;
pair;
less
1
um( = non)+pire ;'

or less
i><tr+if.y;
dis+par + ity
3
or w/0 or age + inrnf ; pver ; peer + ess or less or

rv//w
+ ty
*
+ H CM
or
1
<7//^;
+peer.
for the Pupil. 7W/\ Iwo things of a A-/nrf or sort, hence wit hind peer or equal, supreme. s Peerage, the peers, equal. Umpire, e</Ka/a originally ; but now men of hnjh rank simply.
Helps
LESSON XXXIV.
Pand, Pan
ptissns,
jEfc 4-
Pa,
(pac), from
pdndere, pdnsus
////
or
to spread, stop.
patid.
Ex 4- pans 4- fVw
or /^/7 4-
or zVe or ive 4- ly
66
or
/
II
//v/- /;////,///
<T (o).
>
Pass:
1
JMISS
-f-
//////
or nl1
+y
or
<7/7#
or
f(=ayr)+^r
00^'.
(ymss is j-iviixcd to the words /<//, wore?, port); com, en + com. snr, tres + imss: ^nr + pass -\-abl //rx JHISS -fr ^>f/r )Htc(o)
or0rorn^;
<

or journeys.
*
Passenger (the n
Passing often
= dyinj:
t-\< r-< ni), .n- who passes the " Passing of Arthur."
,
Pen, trompc&na,
piinishinent.
Pen + al
From
in n
it -f
or al + ty or awce.
the derivative
ence or
êw f ^ re, to cause to repent we get ^w^ or ent + 7^ or e?^ + (i)al or e^/ + (i)ary ; or ence ; re + pent; re + pent + ant or ance.
,
Helps
for the Pupil.
<-onfeased;
now
Penitentiary, once a b-uildimj where penione where offenders are confined in

/>/'//
Pict, Pictur, (painty piy) 9 from

i'i</-}-
r/e
re, pic tus, to paint.
ment.
De+pict; pict+ori+al;
Fictur(o)
;
+ er
or ing.
pictur + esyue
)Hthtt : jKihtf or esqne + ness or
Plac, Placit, (pleas, plais, plead, plea), from ^l a cere, plac i tus, to
1
/V/
or /V-f
///
or /V/+
/v>/// -f //y/ ;
plac + oit or rW-f
///
or e?ê or ency ; 2*leas(e) ; pleas + er or t'w^r or iny + Iy <>r ant or ant + ly or (Dit + ness or (tHf + ryor urc or nr + <tlilc
or
wr -f ^/^/ 4- // or wr H- rt/0 -f we55 ;

;
co?//
+ />//* -f
we
(
/iY
or ance ;
j>fit/
I-'
plead + er
or /////-f*;
/>///
r//'
pica*
/>///
;
roin the allied verh

///
/v,
/v/ ///x,
iret
pl<i<
lcat + wn or/Vor(<).
|M-,-i-i-rul

*
gentle,
IMM-JUI>U
Plea, a pleading which 6X00060,
Advanced
Plen, (pleni), from pie nus,
pleni + tude or potent
/,'//////>//.
67
full.
Plen + ary ; re+plen+ish
or ish
+ ment
or
ish + er;
(see below) or
potent +
(\)ary.
From
-f//;
the derivative
plenti +ful or ous + ly or ous + ness.
noun pleti i tas, plenty, we get plent fnl + ly or ful+ness ; plente + ous or
come com,
ment ;
,
From the kindred verb pie re, to fill, sup*+ple + ment or ment + ary; im+ple +
!
com, $up+i>lu.
;
Helps for the Pupil. Complement, that which fills out or com2 as one hemisphere another supplement, an addition only. pletes, 3 means for fulfilling or accomplishing, an instrument. Implement,
Plum,
or
?e^ ;
(ptttnti), from
;
pluma,
//e
a feather.
flutn(e)
+y or plumi + ger + ous.

jtfunt
or
?</c
or ery;
plum(e) + less
Plumb,
(pliunbi), from
1
plum bum, lead.

f
jtfiunb + cr* or ^/ // or />/// or ic or (e)ous or or lin(e) or mJ(e) ; plumbi+fer + ous; plum(m) (e)?i
Plumb;
s Helps for the Pupil. What are a plumb and a plummet made 2 of, and what metal does the plumber handle?
!
Pot,
'ola I. (pois}, from

!
i><>
tn re, }>o td tus, to drink.
Pot ;
erf/
;
pot + ion or
4-
able or able
+ ness ;
j>ot(i) -t-er or le or
pois
on
or
o?i
+ ous
or o^ + ^/*.
Pot at + ion
or 0/77
com +potat -f low

Helps
order to get
its
or or.
for the Pupil.
What must
in
name, and
what form must
pot have been used for in * poison have been taken?
Potent, (potenc),ihe present sitm), pds se, to be able.
part, root of pos
stun (=potis +
Potent; potent + (\)al
or (i)al + ly or (i)al+
itij ;
im +
68
onnti+potriif
itn
<nnni
pott
/*/{\.
///
i>of<>n.c
+y ;
/
+ potenc + y
'
or (e)
<nnni
j>of< nr(>
From
the
of
we get p08* + Me or iM + y or ibl+y or ibil + ity.
or j>oss
ibil+
////
LESSON
XXXV.
pris,
Prehend, Prelicns, (pregn, prent,

/>re
//
<
priz\ from
or
(tltl
//
</r
9
/>re
//<'// >//>-.
to seize, lay hold of.

-{-able
Ap
com,
re+prehend; im+pwf/H
+y
or
tibif+ifi/;
ap+ prent + ice

;
or ice + *1np.
preliens + ion or ive or ible or ibl + y

com, enter, sur+pris(e)
or on -f cr
;
op, re,
Ap, com, re + ; prehens+ilc ; <//>, sur+pris + al; pris + vn
priz(o).
clearly the difference between
Helps for the Pupil. Bring out 2 apprehend and comprehend.
run;:.
Punct, Punctur, (poign, punch, re,punctus,to sting, prick, point.
point), from
1'tiny or
+ ent
or ency ;
ex+pung(e)
edf
poign-}- ant or 0*1

(i)o//<
;
?^y.
Com+punct + ion*
or or
or
point;
point + er
ed+ly
or
ed+ness or
From punctum, point, we get al + ity. From the diniiiiutivc
pum-fit
+ al*
or al + Iy or
/tunrtilln
(S]>.),
|HfltCt4*i7+(i)<W*Ort7+(i)0ttt + fl6M. verb punctudre, punctudtus, we

or(,
l
Frnm
get
we get the (lcriv;ili\c
pHn<'tu<tt
ion
Helps
what
i<
for the Pupil.
Expv ////'.
1" prick (ut.

*
iiK-taphorically n-jin-M-nird a- /irirkingf What is it to 4 punctuate? very |XH>^ of time.
compunction, Punctual, on tin-
TM
Advanced EnyU.xh.
69
Quadr, (quadru, quadri, quart, quir, quatr, qua t), from quad rtts, square, from qudttu or, four.
ji
Ouaar + ant
or ant
angul(angulus, ped+al or pie or plexj quadri + later (lotus,

;
+ al or enni + al or oon;* quadr + quudru+ped or angle) + ar or ^/////(e)

lateris, side)
4- ft/;
quat + ern + ary or ern + ion. From the derivative $w#J r# re, #w^ rrf tfws, we have 4 6 quadrat; quadrat + ic or tc'5 ; quadratur(e) s(=es
quir(e)
;
quart; quart + quatr + <iin

a
er or er + ly or
3
:
etfte
or
w or
(o) (It.)
^ or
Helps
-
for the Pupil.
Quadroon, the black blood only one fourth.

3
Quire, sheets of paper packed four (now twenty-four) together. Quat4 rain, a stanza of four lines, or verses. Quadrat (quad.), a square 5 block of type-metal used in spacing. Quadratics, that branch of
algebra in which the highest power of x, y, etc., the place where stones are dug and squared.
is
a square.
Quarry,
Quant, (quanti), from qudn
fits,
how much
Quant 4- (um) (L.) OY ity ; quanti +fy or ficat -\-ion. From qudn ti tas, quan ti td tis, come quantit+ive or ive
+ ty j quanti tat + ive
or ive
-\-
ly.
, (quir, quest), from search lor, ask, inquire. seek,
qucerere, quce situs,
to
otter
in, re
//
or ist ; con
;
+ qucr ;
con 4- quer 4- or or a&fo ; ac,

a
+ qu.ir(e) ac, re + qnir(e) + went ; ac, re + quir + able; in + quir + er or tw^r or ing + ly or y or (e). -4c, rf/5, in + quisit re + qnisit re + qttisitu*) ion; ex? per, m, ac, 4- iw or tVe -f ness ; in 4- qttisit 4- or or or/ -f al quest ; con, re -{-quest: quest + ion or ion -{-able or ion + able + ness in,
; :
or ion 4- fes$ or or
or or
4-
ship.
;o
Word-Building.
!

Iu>
Cnin/m>r.
4
t<> *"'/,3
and
.7/7/7?
by force.
taxes at
/)/,<?-
quisition, & ae&rcliiinj inwttiffdtion,

nee, of surpassing quality.
JExquisit<\ souf/hf out carefully

<>!'
Questor, a receiver
Ronu
Quicl, (quit,
cot/),
from qui es ce re, qui 6
t */.s, to
n^t,
repose, release,
o/fi
or esc(e).
t'sw y <?15
4-
+esc + ent or ent + ly or ence ; ac + qui + esc + ent or Otiicf ; <fuiet + ly or ness or ?fo or t^ or
1
quit
+ From
claiiH
3
(ad j ) </ // *7(e) or ness or ish or ish + ness. coy ;* coy + ly the derivative verb #zn0 are, to calm, to quiet. \\c
:
'//.s*
v " *V'^
:
-f
q n iet 4- ?c?e ;
</ /^
/7
quif(t) -\-ance ; ac + qtiit; ac get quit (verb) a^ or ance ; re 4- quit(e) ',* re + quit 4- aZ.
;
+ quit(t) 4-
Helps for the Pupil. * freed from; quit (verb),

*
* Acquiesce, to res satisfied. Quit (adj.), to free from, to leave. *Coy, bashful, retired.
l
Requite, to return like for
like.
LESSON XXXVI.
Radi,
(raj/),
from r<t di
(us) (L.)
les,
;
a ray.
Itadi + al or
raj//
rff
ray + less.
ra di a
tus,
(e)
;
From
the derivative ra
;
r^,
we
ir
get
r<?i
4-
aw^ or ant + ly or ance

ion or a#
or
(e).
radiat + ion or
+ ra<li<tt
Rap, Rapt, Raptur,

to seize, snatch,
(rav,rept} 9 from hurry away*
rap ere,
Rap + id or
4-/y or
1
acious 4- ?y or ae 4- iVy
t'wtf
id + ly or id + ity or W4-s or tV&0 or acious or ; rav -f ^c or ^?i or en 4- 0w$ or en 4- 0ws
or tWi or ish + er or ish-}- ing or ish + ment. a sur 4- re/>f H- tV( = ic) 4- (i)ows or it 4- (i)ows 4- ty. RapRapt; a tur(e) j raptur -f- ow or ow^ 4- ty ; en 4- raptur(e),
'
Ravine^ H yuryv cut out by ruahiny Hoods.
Advanced English.
One in Surreptitious, done stealthily and with violence. caught up and hurried aivay in thought and feeling.
2
71
s
rapture
is
Rat,
(rati, reas), from re ri,
rd tus, to
;
think, suppose, calcu-
late, fix, settle.
Rat (e)
*
;
over,
under + rat(e)
rat + able or abl + y or
w0ss or tow or (io) (L. ) or ?ow 4- al or tow + al + ly or tow ize or ion + al+ist or ion + al + ist + ic or tow 4- / 4t'sw or tow 4- al 44-
on
rail +fy or /& 4- 0r or float -f tow ; 4 or ow 4- 0r or ow 4- ing or 0tt 4- ^>fe or on 4- a5? 4- y or
^y ;
4-
able
41
Hate, the fixed proportion. Ratify, to the intellectual faculty which thinks, consanction, approve. Reason, * cludes. Reasonable, having reason, agreeable to the reason.
3
Reg, Reef,
1
(ro//,
r/gr,
regri,
ress, recti], from
rc tus, to rule,
regere,
direct, arrange.
or al + ly or al -\-ity or en/ or 0ttc# or tow y swr 2 t w 4- sur + g 4- ew/ or ency ; sou + r(=re</) ;
;
+ ce; re + sou + r + ce; re + al+(m) roy + al or al + ty or al + ist ; cor, in + cor + rig + ible* or ible + ness or iftt7 + (7or, r/7, t7# ; regi + men* or mew/ or ment + al or ct^(e). e + rect; cor, di, e, in + sur, re + sur+rect + ion; cor, di, e 4- reef 4- or or tVe or Zy or w^55 ; red 4- or or or 4- ate or or// ; di + rect + ory or or 4- ate; d( = di) +ress;* d + ress + y; ad + d, re + d + ress ; recti 4- tude or fy or fi 4- er or
or /rc
4-
tow.
From
reign. ar or ar 4- ly or r 4- ity ; ir 4- regr?^ 4- ar or ar 4- ly or

rtil
the derivative reg nd re, we got wyn + ant or From the derivative noun reg u la, we get regul 4r 4- tYy ;
1
+ er
or
t'^r/
or
(e).
From
'
r0 o;
t
/a tus, p.p. of ra/

(e).
Id re,
we get regulat + ion
or tVe or or or
Regal, pertaining to the king, the ruler.
72
*
11
ord-Buildii
the directing, or taking one's way, may be /row under. 4 the rise or origin or rause of anything. Source, Corrigible, iliat * the j>re>eribed /?//<> as of be e{ aright or mrrrrtcd. Regimen, may
Insurgency
/>ress, to
arrange
in frwf, to
arrange one's clothes.
Ki<l.
Ki*.
//<//>,
from ridtre, risus, to mock, to
laimli. to
lauirliat.
Z)e 4- Hrl(e)
de + rid + er; ridi + cute or cul + ous.
or ibil + ity or ibl + y ; de + ris + ion or u;0 or ive + ly or
LESSON XXXVII.
Riv, from
/; /
r/ ///>-.
a stream
Z 4-
///></.
!
a bank, shore.
-h
-h
er or wZ or
ry;
cor, o w/
Hv 4-
fl?
Hv
4-
ul+ et.
the derivatives of rivus, we get de + riv + able or aW or tve 4- /# ; r 4- rv 4- fl J 4- y or (e) ; de 4- rivat 4- ^'ow or or (e).'
From
w
t
Rivalry why. originally, between those on Helps for the Pupil. banks of a river? 2 Arrive originally, to reach the shore opposite
l
what, now
Rogat, from ro
f/^ /T.
ro gd tus, to
ask, question, solicit*
Ar + rog + ant* or ant + ly or awce or awcy. J^, ar, de, inter, sur + ro(/at(?)-,* ab, de, inter, pro, super *+e + n>ion; de, inter + rogat + ory ; inter, pre + rot/af //v.
9
\
for the Pupil. Arrogant, /V,////////# for one's self n>\v. * mort than one's due. Surrogate, a substitute, an officer \vlm }n -ides
Helps
* over the probate of Mu7/. Prorogation, the ending of a session 4 liament and he postponing of its business. Supererogation.
t
<
-I
than t/w/y require*.
Advanced English.
73
Rupt, Ruptur,
1
(rout, rut) 9 from
//////
pe
re,
rup
e,
tus, to
break, destroy, burst.
Ab, bank (bench),

44-
cor, inter
+ rupt ;
cor, dis,
inter, ir
rupt ion ; ab 4- rupt + 1/ or ness ; cor 4- rupt 4- ly or ness or er or ible or ibl + y or ibil + ity or ible + ness ; in + cor +
rupt 4- y or wess or
3
ible or
/W 4- y ;
ly ;
e,
ir
4- 1* *fp
4- f
inter,
un 4- iw-for 4- rw/tf 4- ed
e);
or
eo? 4-
a fowi 4- rw^f 4- cy ; ro ut ;
rout + ine; rut.

1
Huptur(o).
his debts.
Helps for the PupiL

Florence,
it is said,
2
Bankrupt, one unable^ pay
At
broken (Webster).
the bankrupt had his bench (i.e., Rout, the lines of the army broken.
money
3
table)
Route,
broken, or cut through.
Sal, from sal 9

;
sd Us,
salt.
sal + ine or
ry or ad; sal(t)+er or /sA or ness
or petr(o) (see Lesson XLIIL). From the derivative sa li re, sal sus, i 4- Zy or f -f ness or er or (e) ; saus -f aê.
or
Zm
we get sauc+y
or
Sal, Salt, (salt, sili, sail, suit, sault), from sa to leap, rush, issue suddenly forth.
li
re, sdl
sal
4-
4-
(mon)
ent or ewce ; as 43 ory or ori 4- ly or or/
^/
4-
s/i 4- ent a or ^7i^ 4- ly / 5 4- st7 4- w^ or able ; de 4- SM/

;
4-
ness
as 4- .svf n?t.
the derivative sal td re, sal td tus, we get saltat 44 w^ or ing 4- /// ; ,s#//f ea; 4- *# 4ort/ or ion ; ex 4- ult( ) ex+ultat + ion ; re + suit; re -{-suit-}- ant.
From
Helps
habits.
for the Pupil.

2
Salmon, the
fish name<l, porliaps,

s
from
its
from
stant.
Salient, springing forward, projecting. Desultory, leaping one thing to another, as from horse to horse in the ring incon;
Exult, to leap for joy.
74
II
"/'/-
AW/,//,
IVoin
Sanct, sancfi. ordain, to make
saiirttt,
saints
sand re
-f
sane
tun, to
sacred.
i7//
San t-t
//Vr/f
-\-ion
or
or (uni)(L.)
1
sanrti
/// or Ji
+ cr
or
/V;//
or
//^////
or iiioni + oife
-^.-arii
!
or mo/ti
+ ous + Ii/
1i/
<>r
///^/
+ ous + ness;
sam-ttt
saint; saint +
or like or ed.

Sat, from sa
/>
Sanctimonious, affecting sanctity.
enough.
r
$a*(is)4-/V
t(\$)
fact + ion or fact -\-ory + ion. +fy

or fact
^'
*
or /acf + ori+ly
From
c?
the kindred verb sa

;
re,
sa
î
saf /
a^Zc ;
M + wef
/M, come *wf (e)
+ a^/e or
aW + y or able +
1
//
or abil + ity ; sat iat -\-ion or (e). sd tur, we get satir + ist or ue or
derivative verb sat
the kindred adj. ic + al or (e). From the
From
u rd re,
'
sat u rd tus,
we get satur + dbU ;
saturat + ion or
Helps
ridicule.
(e).
Satire, originally, a dish filled with
tint
for the Pupil.

;
ingredients, a medley
a species of
holding
men
or things
up
to
Sec, Sect, (seg,
&ci, sick),
from se cd re, sec tus, to
cut.
Sec -{-ant; co + sec + ant; seg + ment; sci + on; sick + le.
Bi, dis, in, inter, tri + sect; sect -{-or or ion or ion -f al or t*0n-f al + ism; bi, dis, inter, tri, vivi + sect + ion.
LESSON XXXVIII.
Sen, from se nex 9
old.
Sen -{-He
or ior
4- tVy.
or
il
+ ity
is
or esc
Senior
+ ent or i'or (L. comp. ending) written also *ire, *tr, seignior.
Advanced English.
75
!
From
the derivative noun se
nd
tus,
we get senat + or
or (e).
or
or + (\)al or or
+ (i)al + ly
l
or or
+ ship
Senator, etymological ly, an old
man.
Serv, from ser vi re,
to serve, see first list, additional roots.

to save, protect,
Serv, Servat, from servdre, ser vd tus,

give heed to.
Con, ob, pre, re -f serv(e) ; con, ob, pre + serv 4- er ; ob -f serv + able or abl + y or ant or ant + ly or ance ; ob, re, un + ob, un + re + serv + ed; re + serv + ed + ly or ed + ness;
re
+ sert; + (oir)
ob -h servat -f
Gon, ob, pre, re -f servat -f ion ; con, (Fr. ) or or orz/ ; con, pre -f servat + ive ; con + servat
.
+ t'sm.
,
see
Sia below.
i
Son, Son
(sonn, souri), from so
>/ </
/v\
son
^//s, to
sound.
+ ous + ly or or -h ows 4- ^^^ ; UHI + son ; sonn + et or et + eer; soun(d) (the rf excrescent); o w d ) + less or t^ ; r^ + so un d Sonat + (a) ( L ) From the derivatives of sonare, we get as, con, di*. re + son ant or ance ; per, par + son ; per, par -f son -h age m -f al or / + ly or / + //y or al + ty ; im -{-per son or al /# ; jy^r + soni +fy or ^ca^ -f ion ; per -h son at +
l
or + ous or or
ii
-f-
-f-
-f-
ion or 0r or (e)
im+per+sonU+ ion
or
(e).
: 2 PerHelps for the Pupil. Sonnet, a stanza of fourteen lines. son, so called from the large-mouthed mask, worn by actors, through
nance.
which the voice was made to sound ( personare) with increased resoThe name then extended to every one. The 3 parson was the 4 chief person in the parish. Personalty, movables, chattels, as opposed
to real estate.
76
Sort, from sors f s6rtis 9
lot, class,
order, share.
Sort
nt.
sort
+ er
or ance ; as, con, re -{-sort;
as + sort +
get sorcer
From
the derivative sor
ti
re, to
cast lots,
we
+y
or er or ess.
for the Pupil.
*
Helps
Sorcery, divination by casting of

first list.
/o/x,
magic.
Spici, see > IM
<
* pi <
Sta, Stat,
(st,
stet),
from stare, status,
to stand.
Slant,
the present participle form. it, from sis te re, std tus, the causal and reduplicated form of stare.
Sta + ble* (bulum) or

ire.
bl
to go, count) + sta + ble; sta + ble (able) or bl+y or ble + ness or bil + ity or bl + ish or mew or min + (a) (L.) ; e-f
+ ing
con (from comes
= cum +
*
+ ment ; o^> + sta 4- c/e ; 0^, c?i, /M + sta+nt (= ant) or nt + ly; equi + di + sta + nt ; circum, di, in, sub -f sta + nc(=nt) (e) con + sta + nc+y ; in + sta + nt + an + (e)ous; circum, sub-\-sta + nt + (i)al or nt + (i)al+ly or w/ H- (\)ate ; tran + ^w^ + sta -h w^ + ion or wtf + (i)a/g ; sub -f f a + nt + ive ; ex-\-ta(= sta) + nt ; sta 4- ft(za) (It. ) st a -f n(c\i) + ion; ar + re, contra, re' + st; re + st + ive or ive + ness. + Stat(e) e, in, re, re -f in + stat (e) stat(z) + ly or ness; stat + ion or ion + ary or ion + ery or ion + er" or />/ or ^ -f *c -f al or + /C5 or ist -f + ian or wre or e(/ ; ob + stet + rix or ric-\-s or ric + al. From the derivative noun sM w a standing image, we From the derivative get statu + ary or //0 or ^we or (e).
.?/<*
-f #? -f
ish or #/ -f iA
/*'
i's
t'c
verb sta
tu tus, to set up, establish, we get statut or ory or (e) ; con, de, in, pro, sub + stitut + abl+y ion or (e) ; con + stitu + ent or ency ; con + stitut + ion + al
tti
e re, sta
-{able or
or ion + al + ly or ion + al + ist or ion + al + ism or

f if w< -h
iow -f a? or
Advanced English.
Sis
re,
in
77
the causal of stare, gives us as, con, de, in, per, sub + sist; as, re + sist + ance ; as + sist + ant; con, in,
te re,
+ con, per,
sub + sist + ent or ence ; con, in
ency
; re, ir -\-re
+ sist -f Me
or ibl 4- y or
ness or less or less + ness ; ex + ist(=sist) ; 9 or 0^s or ous-\-ly ; art/ti (<tnna, eraee; super + st iti + on 10 sol the sun)-hsic(e). arms), (sol, solis,
+ con + sist -f i W/ + tVy or ible + + to + 0ftl or

8
Helps
literally,
for the Pupil.
something
2 Stable, a building for animals. Obstacle, 3 Instant, standing near, at standing in the way.
l
4 the heels of, pressing, urgent. Circumstance, literally, standing & around. Substance, that standing under, and embodying, its qualities.
7 Rest, that which stands, or is left, over. Stationer, originally one who had a station or stand for the sale of books. 8 Exist, to stand out,
Superstition, a standing over or by a thing as in dread or wonder, hence excessiveness in worship or belief. 10 Solstice, the point in the ecliptic where the sw/i seems /o s/arcd li72 in its northward or
to arise, /o 6e.
southward motion.
LESSOR
Sl el I,
XXXIX.
from stel la, a
star.
Stell
+ ar
or ul
+ ar.
re, stel Id tus,
From
tio,
the derivative vb. stel Id

stellat
and
ion.
n. stel Id-
we have
+ ed
or (e)
con
stellcti
String, Strict, Strictur, (strain, straint, strait, stress), from strin ge re, stric tus, to bind, draw tight, filter.
String + ent or ent + ly or ency ; a + storing + wit or ency ; strain; strain + er; con, di, re + strain; con, re + *t>-<iin + able; con + strain + ed or ed+ly. Strict: #tri<'t + ly or
ness; di, re + strict
ion or
i'#6
;
con -f strict -f ion or or; re + strict +

0<# ;
or ive
+ /y
or
ww 4- rp 4- strict +
^;
con, di, re
+ straint; strait; strait + en or ly or wess; strait + x; di -f stress ; di -f stress +ful or y*wZ -f Zy or iw^. Strictur(v)
.
78
Su
or Sui, from su
i,
of one's self.
Sui+cid(cwdere,
Miaul,
y^/.s',
to slay)
+ tf/
or
<-i<l
+ al + ly
or cfrl(e).
Suas
from #*/</ ^ /v, suti sus, to advise, exhort.

;
jper-l-sfearf(e)
rf/s,
iw or ive + ly ; dis, or ive + ness. From the kindred adj. sudvis we have *uaf(e)
ton or
per + suacl + er or erf. SHUS + per + anus + ion or tw or ive + ly

;
û
see
Reg, Rect 9
(tall),
aboye.
(Fr.), to cut.
Taill or Tail,
T<ti/
from tailler
+ or
or or
;
+ ing; tall + y.
1
de, en, re -{-tail; de
+ tail + s;
kept?
en
Helps
I
: i
for the Pupil.
How
was the
tally originally
ii
see
Tact,
first list.
Teg, Tcct, from teg e re,

Teg(u)
tec tn* 9 to cover.
+ ment;
in + teg(\\)+ment or ment + ary.
De,
+ tow or ive or or or er ; pro + frrf + ion or ion + ist or tve or ive + ly or or or or + al or or + ate or or 4- *A*p or r -f c / w w H- joro + tect -f erf. From the diminutive noun teg u la we get til(e) til + ing
pro + 1 ect ; de +
1 ect
;
or
Tc
mpr
f<'tn
(temp, tens), from tern pus, tew j>or
/s, time.
Ti-nipor + al or al + ly or al + ity or rr/// or ari + ly or art -\-ness or /2orf + er; cora-f tenipoi' + ary or a^ + (e)o//;
ex +
From
/><({') oran (e)ous or fog; t<-ntj> + le;~ /r//s(c). thr derivative noun /OH /trx tas, tempcx t<i ti*. we
l
get tempest;* tempe8t(\\)
+ dus
or ous
+ ly
or ous
+ ness.
Advanced English.
79
From
rate,
the kindred verb

qualify,
tempe rd
re,
we get temper ; at, ment; tamper; temperat(v), temperat(p) + ty in + temor ness ; in 4 temper a 4- nee ; in 4- temper at (e) at ur(e). perat(e) + ly or ness ; temper
-\-nce or
;
1 for the Pupil. Extempore, without time taken for preparathe flat portion of either side of the head above the tion. Temple, cheek-bone. 3 Tempest, bad time or weather, a storm.
tempo rd tus, to modedis + temper; tempera
Helps
2
LESSOR XL.
Tend, Tens,
1
or
Tent, from ten de re, ten SMS,
or ten tus, to
stretch, strive, try.
Tend; at, con, dis, ex, in, por,* pre, pro, sub, super + in + tend; tend -{-on or ency ; at 4- tend 4- ant or ance ; t<>nd + er ; pre + tend + er ;* in + tend + ed or ant or ment; super + in 4- tend 4 ent or ence. Tens(e) tens 4- ion or He ; ex 4- fens 4- ion ; ex 4- fens 4- we or i dis, in, pre 4- tens(e) + ly or fve -f Hess or ible or ifo7 4- ity ; in + fens 4- ive or t Tent ; ÔH, #E, ly or i% or (i)/*/ or (i)ficat + ion. + fenf ; at, con, in, in + at + tent + ion ; at, in +at + tent 4;
;
ive or ive
4- ly.
From the
tit
derivatives os ten de re, ostensus, and os tenre, os ten td tus, to show, exhibit, display, we have os + tens
+ ible
(i)ous
or ibl + y
os
+ tentat + ion
1
or (i)0?/s or (i)oits
+ ly
or
+ ness.
Pupil.
toward. Portend, to one who stretches, or lays, Pretender, point 4 Ais. Ten^, canvas stretched out with ropes.
Helps for the

to
<;/irt#
Tend,
3
stretches
stretch out fn wards, to

is ?io
to.
Test,
(testi),
from
fe"s fis,
a witness, one
who
attests.
Testi+fy
or fi+er or mow^/ or
moni + al.
80
\\nnl-rnnltli,
From
the derivative tes tu
ri. /Vx
/d
///.<?,
one's last will,
we have
ti'stft
;
+ ment
at,
or
ment + ary ;
rt&fc
to depose, to make test at +
or or r + ix; in
t<
+ t<-st<it(e)
con, de,
pro + test; con +
sf 4- able ;
de + test + able or abl + y or
+ ant
or ant -{-ism or er;
#,
ote,
ro
+ >^ss ; joro + t<-stut ion.

to
Tori, Tortur, (tor, tors,tortu), from tor quere, tor f its, turn, wret, fovist.
Torf ;
'
+ tort ; con, d is -f tort -f ion ; ex + + #ry or ion -f ate ; ô/^ + (oise) tor -f ment or m^w^ + or or /w0ft + m^ + ly ; tors -h ion tort u + ous or ous + ly or ous + ness oros + ity. Tort ttr + able or
con, dis ex, re
t'ow -f
toft + ion or
r or ion
0r or (e).
2
7 or/, a wrongful act, twisted from the r*#M. a censure returned ; a twisted, or 6e?i/, taie. 3 Tortoise, nuiurd Retort,
>

its
from
bent feet.
Torture, writhing pain.
Trail, Tract, (trac, trail, train, tray, trait), from re, trdc tus, to draw.
/ivf
he-
Sub + /*/
dis, ex, pro,
4-
end.
Tract ; 2 fracf 4- ^7e or

;
i7 4- it if
<
>r
/^
//
abs, at, con, de, dis, ex,
pro, sub + tract ; abs,

con, de, ex,
at, con, de,
sub + tract + ion
pro + tract + or ;
at
fib*,
tract + able or abil + ity or ive or ive + ly or ive + ness ; dis, pro 4- fraetf 4 ed or rf 4- /y ; con 4- ^/ wcf 4- 0c? or r^/ ///
t'#Z0
or ed + ness or
or ible
+ ness
(e)
;
trc + er or m^ or ery or train + er; por + tray;

ure.
or ibil + ity or He or // //// + able ; trail ; train trac(e)

i
trait; por + trait; por + trait +
From
manage, we
the frequentative trac tare, tract a tus, to handle, 3 get tract; trftrftt +ble or W-f// or hie + ness or 4 re + tract 4- ion or ive or or r + ian ; re + tract ;
Advanced English.
He ; tractat(e) re + tractat + ion ; treat ; treat + y or ment ; en + treat; en 4- treat + y.
;
81
ise or
Helps
or taken
4
for the Pupil.

?
2
From what
is
the
Tract, a region drawn or traced ; to handle again, to withdraw. Retract,
subtrahend to be drawn, 3 tract, a short treatise.
Trit, (H), from ter ere, tritus, to wear, rub, waste.
+ fo/ or wess ; #m trit(c) + ly; at, con, de + trU + ion; de + trit + (uB) + ment or ment + al.
'
Trit(e)
trit(e)
-f-
cow
;
-f
(L.)
trU(e) de + fri
From
3
the derivatives
of
^ri'#
participles
;
^ri w
Zrf
4
re
w Z and
.
tfws
^r//
and /n7 w r^ ^ws, perfect u rd re, we get tribnlat

2
triturat + tow
for the Pupil.
!
or (e)
7Vt7e,
Helps
W;O/*AI
out by use, hackneyed.
Con-
3 Tribulation, an trite, thoroughly rubbed, bruised ; hence penitent. or providence sent to thresh and to separate the corn from the affliction
cAajf of our natures, as the tribulum was used in reo threshing. uration, reducing to grains or
LESSOR XLI.
Trud, Trus, from trn dere, trn

De, ex,
in, ob,
in, ob,
stts, to thrust,
push.
pro + trud(e);
-f
in, ob
+ trud+er.
l
De,
ex,
pro + 1 rus + ion

;
; in, ob, in
;
or ive + ness
abs
trus(e)
*
+ ob + trtis 4- ive #s -f trns(e) + ly or
or ive + /#
Helps
cealed.
for the Pupil.
Abstruse, the meaning thrust aside, con-
IJnd,
'M
Ha l, from
mi.
r?</
re,
ww da
fun (from tinda,
wax
to surge, swell.
super + ab + iui<1 + ant or ant + ly or ancej + ab-r (o)imtl. /^ -f undat + i'ow or (e). super
,
ab,
Word-Building.
From unduldtus,
undii
l<t.
p.p. <f
un
<ln
l'i
n\
a tlcrivutivr
from
a little wave,
we get i<n<lult+
iun <r ory or (c).
Yacl, Yas, from r<id e re,
J,
in,
or ive or
vd sun, to go, rush. r<1 + er. E, in, per + vas 4- ion per + ra<l(u): we -f Zy ; e, per 4 ta 4- ive 4 ne&#.
in
r<ri/).
Val, (valu,
J
from vale re,
to bo strong, to bo of worth.
o;*
<//
4 zW
or fd 4-
/%
or id + /^ or
or or
4-
0ws or or + 0ws
Zy or (i)ant or (i)aw^
4tW
pre
44-
+ ly or (i)rm 4 w^5 or ent 4- twe ; or id + ity or id -{-ism or id + at + ion or id + ate
rJ 4-
w^ or
e?i^
4 Z^
or e/ice
fow or
/Wfl? 4;
tud +
(in)
4 ar 4- taw
con + 1*
val(e) or ^w^ 4- (in)
4-
îcf 4- ory or
4-
ar -f ian
4 65C + ent or 0S 4- ence or r.sr valw 4- a^>/e or a^ 4 ion or a/ 4 or or (e) ww6?er 4 vala(o) (e) t 4 vain 4- a We ; a^ j0r0'4- ât7 ; a 4- v*^ 4- able or ##/ 4- y or dbil 4 tVy ; un + a + vail + m^ or able.
or
(in) 4 ary ;
;
;
Ven, Vent, Veiitur, ven tus, to come.

1
(veni,
venu, ventu), from ê
tti
re,
Con, contra, inter, super + ven(s) ; co+ven+#niorant+ er; con + veni + ent or ent + ly or ewc6; vcitte(e) ; a, re +
Ad, circum, con, e,* in, pre + vent; con, contra. in, inter, pre f rent 4 ion ; in, pre 4 vent 4 ive ; in 4 rent 4- or or ory ; e 4- I^M -f/wZ ; cow 4- t>en 4 ion 4- #Z or ?'ow 4 a^ -f?y or ion+al + ism or ion+al + ity or (i)c/e; eow, <?4ventu+al; e + ventu + al + ly. Venfui'(e) ;* ad,mis + ad, per + ad 4 venfwr(e) ventnr + ous 4- Zy ; r<'ttttii'(e) +some ; ad + ventur + ous orous + ness or er.
venu(e).
3
;
Convenient, coming togef/n-r ; IK-IK-C miiluhh'. * Event, wh&t comes out, result. Prevention, literally. m/nini/ <t lira*/ 4 IV//////V. an undcrlaking wh<>t.- i>su- <r imliTiuir. thwarting.
,
Helps
for the Pupil.
'
i-
ui
un-
and can wo^ be foreseen.
83
LESSOK XLII.
Vert,
Ver,
(versi),
from ver te re, ver sus,
to turn.
a,
Fer-f
(ex) (L.) or (igo) or ic
+ al
or ic + al + ly ;
ad,
(tnhn + ad, con, contro, di, in, per, re, retro, sub + verf ; ad + vert + ise or ise + ment or is + er; in -f ad 4- vert 4- ent
or ent + ly or ence ; con + vert
-f
ible or ibl
+y
or ibil + ity.
Vers(e)
vers + ion;
;
a,
ad, di, in, ob, per, re, trans, tra,

di, in, per, re, retro,
uni+vers(Q)
+ vers + ion; contro + vers + y ;
anim + ad, con, ad + vers + ary or

a,
sub
ity ;
anni + vers + ary ;
per, trans + vers(o) + ly ; re + vers -f al or ion 4- ary ; uni + vers + al or al -f ist or al -f ity or zYy; versi+fy or fi + er or flcat + ion; di + versi+fy
con,
di,
or lYy ; control versi + al or al + ly or al + ist. From the frequentative ver sari, versdtus,
0ft 4-
we have
4-
ve^s 4- fl^ or
(e)
versat + t'fe or
t7 4-
i7y ; cow
versat
4-
-{-ion
or ion + al or ion + al + ist;
tergi(tergum,
back)
versat + fc'0/&.
Vi, (voy), from v* a, way.

Zte,
o^ im+per + vi + ous
1
vi + al
or al + ly or al + ity
or ous + ly or ous + ness ; tri+ vi(&)+duct ; coy + age or a</
the derivative vb. via re, vidtus, Ave get con + vey ;* con + vey + ance or anc + er; con, en + voy; de+riat + i
or (e)
;
From
'
Trivial
of
what character would be the

*
conversation of people meeting at the junction of (three) ways f vey, to bring along the way.
Con-
\ 'if, (vis),
from vi-cis, turn, change, stead

or ar
ablative
r;i*o,
vice,
in place of.
+ ent
to
or
+ age or ar-h(i)Z or r+ (i)0ws or ri<-( (>) + roi/ or r<'<j + al m ger + ent or pre + sid + ency ; vis + count (comes = cum + ire,
from v6lverc, rolritus,
to roll,
go with).
vo/f),
Volv, Voim, (ro^f,

turn around.
+ ro/r(e) t, re + rolut + ion; e, re + roliit + ion + ist or ion + ary ; rofn + me (=men) or min ous or min + ous + ly or ble or U+y or bil + ity ; re + volt ; re + volt + er or i^ or ing + ty.
Circum, con,
l
de,
e,
in, r0
-{-

first
J
What do you
infer
from the
fact that the
volumes were
rolls ?
Vot, (vow, vout), from vov6re, vdtus,

solemnly, to dedicate*
to wish, to promise
Vow; a, dis + a + vow; a, dis + a + vow + al. Vot(e) vo# + 0r or iV0 or ive + ty or #r# or ar + ist or ar + ess or rfe + vof-h^ or ed + ly or ed + ness or r + ess ; de + vot(e) ion or ion + al or ee; de + vout; de + voiit + ly.
; ;
Helps
for the Pupil.
What
does a
vote express
GEEEK ROOTS.
LESSON XLIII.
Arch, (arche, archt), from drchein,

ginning, rule, chief.
to be first
arche, be-
(pater, father), tetr(tetra, four) -f arch; an, kept (hepta, seven), hier (hieros, sacred), mon, olig(oligos,
Mon, patri
A In inert I
<
arch + y ; mon, olig 4- arch 4- ic 4- 0Z ; patri 4- refc arch + ive + s ; arch+duk(o) or duch+y or deacon + aZ; or angel; arche + typ(e) or typ-Val; archi + tect (tekton,
few)
-f
workman)
or/ec^4Z4/*0 or totf-l-w40
m epi -\-scop + al
or
pelago (sea) or trave (irate, beam).
Cycl, (cyclo), from cyciun,

events.
(*k.
kuklos,
circle, cycle,
round of
4- al ; en 4- cycl + ic + al ; cycl + ops (eye) + cycl(o) cyclo + ne; cyclo + pedia (paideia, epi, instruction); en + cyclo + pedisi cyclo + id or id + al.
Cycl
-f-
/c
or ic
tri,
bi
Hor,
(horOf hour), from hora, hour, season.
or ary ; horo + scop(e) or scop + ic or scop + ic + al or log(e) or log+y OTlog+ic+al ; hour; hour + ly
Hor + al
or glass or plate.
Pan, (jxmto),
4-
from
pan, pantos,
all,
whole.
Pan + the(theos, Qod)+ism
or the + isi or ihe + isi
+ ic
or
0^ ; J?>H 4- egyr 4- ic or egyr 4- is or egyr 4- tc 4- J or egyr ; i>aw4-oply (o/?to, armor); ^>aH + acea (aios, cure); jpan -f demon! -f um ; pan 4- dect 4- 5 ; â?i -f orama (sight) or oram+ic or creas (flesh); pant o + mim (imitate) 4- (e) or
mim 4- ic
Petr,
or
mim 4- w^.
from petra, rock.
1
(petri),
or oleum JPe(e)r; jpefr4-^ (oil); 0o(t) 4-lefo (e) pefri +fy or ^ 4 er or /ac*f 4- ion or fact 4- ive or ficat 4- ion.
v

supposed ability to rocA; oi7 at first.
Petrel, the
name given
to the bird
*
from
its
walk on the
sea, like St. Peter.
Petroleum, called
86
1
\\nnl-
Mi on. (phono), from P/HHH'-. sound.
riinn
-if or ics;
anti
+ phon;
phon+y
p/ton
or
or ic or ic + al or
or (i)ous or + ic + al or e -f tc + al + ly or
i/in- ist
+ phon + y ; eu + (i)ous or (\)ous + ly ; sym + (i)ous+ly; phon+tt+ioorei

(tuti
y>//
^ -f ics or Ics ;
or yrj>/t
o/*
<>
4-
</raj>/i
graph + er
or
graph + ic
+ ic + al
or loy
+y
ur
Pliyi 9 (physio), from

I'/i i/si
phtisis, nature.
+c(=ic) or
+ a?
or c-f al + ly or c + ian or
or es;
meta+pkysi+cs or c + a? or c + al + ly or or Jogr + ic + al + ly or y>// //> / o + /ogr 4- y or Jo</ + ic + a?

or
gnom(gnomon,
interpreter)
+y
or
gnom + ist.
Scop,
(scept), from
;
skopbs, a watcher, a
spy.
Scop(e)
ej/5 co pus
epi + scop + acy or ? or al + ian or tfte; (from comes the A.-S. bi + shoj), and from this, bi + shop
;
+ ric ; arch + bi + shop ; arch + bi + shop + ric)
Tcal( / v/ A/>-
beautiful) 4- eido (eidos,torni), micro (mikros, small), stetho breast), stereo(stereos, solid) -f scop(e) ; micro + (stethos,
scop + ic or
ic
+ al ;
scept + ic or ic + al or ic + ism.
ANGLO-SAXON KOOTS.
LESSON XLIV.
Bear, bier, bar, bur, from beran,
to carry,
for, over + bear ; for, 3 over + bear + ing ; for + bear + ance ; bier ; bar(r) + ow ; bur + d + en or d + en + some.
Bear; bear + able
or er or ing
'
Helps for the Pupil. barrow ?
What
is
borne on a
îer?
What on a
Adr<t I/en/
I'l
Bit, bull, from
htfrtti. to lute,
Hit
bit(v)
bit
+ cr
ness or er
Briii,
+s
or 0r-hs\viri
or iny ; bit(i)+er or er + ly or er + bait.

:
brim, bran. hruii, brown, burn, from brinnan or

to be
by man,
H-o?
on
or
flre, to
burn.
;
Brin + d + ed
or
c^
+ 0^
or
d + le + dor y or (e) brim + stone; frrrm d + y; bran (bran -f d) -f new brun + t*

2
;
or 0^0;
brown;
broivn + ish; bruin; burn; burn + er

t
or
i5/i
or iV* + ^r or
*
or
:
e<tf.

a burning brand.
hottest.
4
Branded, by burning. - Bran new, fresh as Brunt, tLe place in battle where the fight rages
Brown, a
&ttrol color.
Far, fer, f>r, from faran,

.FYfcr(e)
;
to go travel.
far(e)
+ well
field^
thorough (through), wel -f

r?/-f
far(d)
fer + ry or r^/4-nian or
boat
for + d or
Grav, grov, grfov, from grafan,

;
to dig, to cut,
f/ntr
;
+ rr
or
r//
or
////;
e^ + grrav + er or
(e)
(/rov(e)
f/rooi<(e).
Hal, hail,
Hal(e)
wees, be) or Â ///
*
;
lieal, hoi, (\v)hol, from 7m/, sound.

/^^/(IJ
+ o^
;
//^
or otr
+ nut*
or o/r
//^
+ e'en
4- //
//*
i ;
-h
/
sail(=hal)
/aess
hail
heal +
/// /
or
or
///
-f
+ +
or
or
+ /'^/ or
/+>/^'-s-
or /+/// or
+// + ly + day or
or
+ful+ n<
=/tol + * + but) ; (w)lw^(e) ; ( or sowe + wes^ or so/ne H- /// or sale.

sound.
3
1
Hallow, to make
holy
that
is,
spiritually
Halibut, a ^/i eaten on holidays.
*liear, sliar,
hor, *hir,
or
*li-r,
scor, from scent H,
to cut,
r/*
or
'
afcar(e) + holder
plow+Aar(e)
i-
shir(v)
s/tcr
:'
>///>(<)
t<.\vn
s/tcr(=shir)
+ itT(
the
reeve)
+ d;
tlu-
cor(e).

9
/>/o //*// f//v r^//x <>IT
.sV/Vv <-;illrl
Shirt,
old
Knirlish
<li vision
of land,
wow a
f vunty.
furrmr. Score to
mark
twenty, a dee/? notch
was
cw/.
Shoot, shot, scot, hcct, shut, from scrotim,

Shoot
8/i^fY
;
to
throw.
;*
le
slioot + er or
t^;
off
+ shoof
;
shot
;
/////
or anchor or lightning
shut
+ frce shut(t) + er or
;
.sy-o^
or
7e 4-
cock.
* for the Pupil. Scot free, something into the general fund.
Helps
exempt from paying or shooting
Stick,
tak, steak, stock, stuck, stitch, from stician,

;
to cling, adhere
1
and a probable stecan,

//
to pierce, stab.
stick f Stick; stock + y or ish or

or dove or exchange or er.
or i + nesx ; t*tftk(e) ; 8tr<tk;' stock;* still or yard or jobber or holder or.broker

;
stock-}- s ;
stuck
; stitch ; stitch 4-
/////
Stick= to cleave=to stabrra branch. Helps for the Pupil. meat on the end of a stick to be cooked. 3 8tock=p&rt of a gun
l
>S7/7//r.
c;iji-
tal=public funds=stump of
th<-
?i
tree
= family.
true.
Stocks, for the feet, for
building
<>!'
>liij.
Tro\v, tro, tru, from trtowe,
Trow;
tro + th or tt-f plight; be + tro + th or
tli
tru(e); tru + ly or is/ft or th+ful or th+ful + ly or tf// or ^4-er or ^-j-ee or st+ful or st+ful + ly or or
Adoanccd Enylish.
st
89
+ftil + nets
worth
+ // ; w/5 4- ^rw + st
ivis,
; to
or */-h// or xt + i + ly or st or s +ful.
+ i+
>*e.s.s-
or st
-f
from witan, to know*
wit
i
wit + less or
or i + c
less -{-ness or
or
fy or
+ ness
+ ism;
wis(e)
wis(e)+ty ; wis
I'-
LATIN PREFIXES.
<tb (d, abs)
Prefixes.
91
pre
before.
92
ec (ex)
WonJ-I> ii Hill tifi.

from, out
i
of,
en
eu
lie
(tni
epi (ep)
(<
/
mi
met a (met)
Suffixes.
93
(in)
nbulnm,
bule, (bul) ble= that which or by which. place;
= belonging to
n.
end-
ing
also.
nculum, cule,
= place;
(cul), cle, cher that which or by
"/fm=act
which.
of; state of being: that
which.
ce. See acy.
inutives).
!/.
ncle, eel, cule, (cul)= little (dim-
fV//f/;= belonging to. ish. See esc. n aite = one v/ho bcimr.
:
ity, (^/)=slnt' ur quality of being.
See acy.
to
nee=one
veer.
el, eel.
whom.
er,
aive, (iv)=o\\c, who; that which

below.
See second
See
al.
having power or quality. nix, denotes a female.
nence, (enc), ency=st&te of being.

c
=that which.
ize, (iz), ise,
(I)
(itt)
[give.
to
make, to
neus of, belonging " "eut =one who

;
to.
vle 9
(frequentative).
that
which
being or ing.
See a/, el. ale, n\l). '>lence=SLbui\da,nce of.
ncr, (-/), eer, ier,=one who. ver (frequentative or causative).

(tern
aletit= abounding
in.
= of,
belonging
to.
;
=
,
&t acted upon. state of being
act of
>y,
er
;
place where
;
state
of.
thai which.
of being art collection ?=to grow to or become, denotes female agent.
(inoni)=st&te of boim::
;
that which
that derived from.

to.
pertaining
egi*e=8oraewhat,
l
like.
non, oon, iou=one

OH. Sec ion. not*=one who
;
who.
ôf, belonging to. r=of, belonging to.
that which.
"ftte, et=litt\e (diminutive). ey. See y.

ible.
<*>
"or, OH. restate or quality of being: place \\here.

(o/'/)=:relating to; place
See able.
one who. nice=st&te or quality of being thing that.

;
nic, of
ical= pertaining
to
made
;
where: thing which.

,
(os),
OM8=full
of,
having.
= onc
nr=cr
rix
who.
or
or=one who.
iri=:quality, pertaining
to.
denotes female agent.
ier.
<*ile,
See
eer.
(7)=able
to be
relating
to.
si on,
son.
See ion.
Word- 1! nil
to.
,
/>/
.
little
(diminuth
,.
u/r
-lal.
r a,
-|
,,r
lluit
ntude,(tu<I.
lag.
///.
state of bo-
which.
ttrn --belonging
ity.
//.
/')
1<>.
Sec
Btote
<>r
bring: that which.
prone to
ANGLO-SAXON, OR ENGLISH, SUFFIXES.

trr
-one who.
one wh>.
state of being;
f
wJe=little (diminuti
-.
<tr<I
r
^7 hif/=. little (diminutive).
</ow
f?,
^CfZ,
= past
domain of. tense and jiast
(ft,
y) = like. manner,
<!'
state or (juality
par. I'ndiiiir. w/7 that wliidi or
by which.
to
wocfe=little (diminutive). or=rone who. that which.

past
en
madr
<>!'
make
voiv=to make.
par. little (diminutive).
now=by
which.
nei=ono \vh<>: that which. acr=mniv (comparative degree).

(frequentative or causative).
(adjt-ctive nidi-
or es the plu. ending of nouns and the ending !':M per. >inir.
of verbs.
or
most (superlative degree).
= state
"SOMI-f
-full
denotes possessive case.

of, office of.
ol',
ful= full
nhead,
causing. /i-oocl=j>iate or (juality of

of,
eaiisim:.
ngt= state
of
bein.ir.
who.
/V, y=littlc (diminutives).
of leinr.
the act
rout inning.
:
somewliat
like; to
make.
'"'/r/.sv
manner.
ie.
--little (diminutive).
9
ny.
"
'" l
See
dcnoti- fiv(jucnt action. which.

\\ it
<*//:= full of.

I/.
having.
///.
See
s.s
Inuit.
GREEK
inpertaining t. net =one who.
^
SUFFIXES.
/'.sv.
/'.:>'
to make: to give, -talc of bring; doctrine.
n\
of
,
it-ftl
:
jH-rtaining t>
wliu.
of.
made
>'/.s7-o!le
who.
u|
l.cin
one
ny= state
i<
OrtJiography.
95
ORTHOGRAPHY.
Vowels and Consonants.
DEFINITION.
The vowels
A Vowel
i,
is
a letter that stands for a
free,
open
sound of the Toice.

are a, e,
it
o, u.
is
a vowel when
;
vowel sound
unites with a preceding vowel to represent a now ; and y is a vowel when it has the sound of i ; as, new,
as, by, duty, boy.
W and y are consonants at the beginning of a word
or a syllable
as, wet, yet.
DEFINITION. A Consonant is a letter that stands for a sound made by the obstructed voice or the obstructed breath.*
The consonants
vowels.
are the letters of the alphabet not
named above
as
Sounds
Diacritical
1.
of the Vowels.
in
1.
marks used
Webster's Dictionary.
5, long, in note.
6, short, in n8t.
a, long, in hate.
2.
a, short, in hat.
2.
3.
3. a, Italian, in far.
4. a, broad, in all. 5. 6.
(like Zongr
oo) in do.
1.
u, long, in tube.
a,
intermediate, in ask.
2.
3.
u, sftor*, in tub.
a,
long before
r,
in care.
4.
u u
(like short oo) in
pulL
1.
e, long, in &, short, in
me.
mSt.
(before r) in fur.
2.
oi
and oy (unmarked
toy.
= at)
=
in oil,
1.
I, i,
long, in pine.
short, in pin.
//,
ou and
out,
2.
ow (unmarked now.
it)
aoo) in
which represents a mere forcible breathing,
an exception.
90
One
a
letter
= 8, as in what 6 = &, as in where, heir. 5 = a, as in eight. = (nearly), as in her.

ft
i
:
used for another. 6 = a, as in form.
o (unmarked)
<5b
ft,
as in
worm.
p, as in
moon.
06
u, as in
ss p, as in
wdbL
rude.
e, as in police.
ft
= (nearly), as in sir. 6= as in done. = u, as in wolf, 9

ft,
y -I, y =f
,
as in fly.
as
i
1
1
m^th.
or
Remarks.
cal," part of
is
a
fl,
is
between a and
a.
a represents
r.
tin- first,
i.i-li
touched
" vanish/' or lightly, without the
sound,
nearly equivalent to # prolonged before
Some careful speakers discriminate between & is between -& and e. o in toorm) and e (= 1), making the former a modification of u anl (= the latter a modification of
In the
i,
*'
International Dictionary
"
(the latest
" Webster
'
"),
^,
e<
o,
u, represent
;
the long sounds as modified in syllables without

event, idea,
accent
6.0.,
senate,
obey,
unite.
The
Intt-niational
"
often respells instead of using diacritical marks. When one vowel of a diphthong is marked, the othrr
Diacritical
is
silent.
marks used
in
Worcester's Dictionary.
o in note.
a &
in hate.
Z in hat.
in far.
in all.
in not.
6 in do.
&
a
& in ask.
in care.
in
tube,
u
u
ii
in tub.
in pull,
in fur.
*
I
in
met.
61, 5$- in oil,
fiu,
in pine.
toy.
I in pin.
6w
in out,
now.
Orthography.
6
in where. 8 in her.
5 66
in
in in
form.
moon,
rude.
1 in
police.
I in sir.
in done.
f ^
of the
in fly.
in
myth.
Sounds
Explanation.
separate columns.
consonants),
Consonants.
below in
are called vocal consonants (voice
The two
in
classes of consonants are arranged
Those in
"1"
and those
of
"2 "
are called aspirates (breath consonants).
The
the
letters
with dots between them form pairs.
Give the sound of
first letter
any
pair,
and you
will find that, as the voice stops,
the vanishing sound will be the sound of the other letter.

teeth, lips,
The tongue,
and palate are
in the
is
ence being that in one there

1.
same position for both, the only differvoice, and in the other only a whisper.
Vocal Consonants.
98
Wort/-/'
Diacritical
marks
Worcester.
9 in cent.
X/, 5 (or
JD)
G,
in call.
in
gem.
s In has.
ch (unmarked) ch in chaise.
JCH, fh
J3,
in child,
th (unmarked) in thin.
TH th
in this.
(or jch) in chorus.
in exist.
&
in get.
RULES FOR SPELLING.

RULE
Towel;
I.
Final r
is
dropped before a
suffix
beginning with
as, fine, finer; love, loving.
Exceptions. Worjls ending in ce and ge retain e before able and ous to keep c and g soft ; as, peaceable, changeable, courageous. Words in oe and ee retain the e unless the suffix begins with e; as, //
seeing.
RULE
II.
r
i
after a consonant
;
becomes
i before
suffix not
beginning with
Exception.
as, witty, wittier ; dry, dried.
Y does
not change before
'
; as,
enemy's.
In III. monosyllables and words accented on tho last a final consonant after a single vowel doubles before a syllable, suffix beginning with a vowel ; as, hot, hotter; b< -/////,
RULE
Exceptions.
ative,
refer*,
The
is
final
consonant
is
not doubled when,
in tin- deriv;
the accent
reference.
thrown from the
last syllable of the primitive

ex'ctlltnt,
ex'c<
l!>
as,
k,
But we have
excel',
ncc.
X,
and v are never doubled.
Remark.
To
tin
liule^
as,
f
.
above (and inferences from thorn) there andyeing (coloring),

<i<-knirli><\<iin<>nt
a few other exceptions;

awful, wholly,
,
sinifi-imj, tinyriny, mi/cog*.,

;
,N-//////,
drynt**, piteuus
transferable,
bumbuyytd,
crystallize, cancellation.
LESSON XLV.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. EARLY CONQUESTS OF BRITAIN.
THE
THE
languages spoken on the earth have been more or

:
less
is
Above all other classes in importance perfectly classified. that to which our own tongue belongs, namely
I.
The Indo-European Family. Of this family there are Seven of ten members three Asiatic and seven European.
the ten have long been recognized (1) The Indian, or Sanskrit, used in Hindostan ; (2) the Iranian, or Ancient and Modern Persian (3) the Hellenic Ancient and Modern
:
the Italic, that is, the Latin and its descendants the Italian, the Spanish, the Portuguese, the French, viz., the Provencal, the Eheto-Romanic, and the Wallaehian (5)
;
Greek
(4)
the Slavonic
Keltic,
made
preeminently the Russian ; (6) the Celtic, or up of the Cymric and the Gaelic and (7) the
;
Teutonic, subdivided into the (Jothic, the Scandinavian, the High German, and the L>\v (Jerman. Into the Low (id-man
the English falls. To these seven, recent scholars have added (8) the Lithuanian, closely related to the Slavonic; (9) the Armenian ; and (10) the Albanian.
II.
The
Celts.
This people early occupied
Peninsula, Gaul
Caesar visited
it
were at this
united in a
Caesar subdued and in r>4 B.C. time broken into many

in 55
when
it,
the Spanish and Britain when

Celts in Britain
The
tribes,
which seldom
common
cause.
III. The Roman Conquest. The Celts did not make a stubborn resistance to the Unmans, who by 84 A.D. had conThis the Romans quered as far north as the Firth of Forth.
They joined to the river Clyde by the wall of Antoninus. subsequently built, as additional protection, the famous wall
of Severus, or Hadrian's wall, uniting the Solway tod the
Tyne.
of Britain
did not attempt a thorough conquest with their headquarters at Eboracum, now but, York, held the island by a series of fortified y>os/s, whose sites are now mainly indicated by towns with names ending in
;
The Romans
forms of the Latin castra, a camp. But the imperial city whose empire stretched so far. whose armies were largely composed of soldiers drafted from her
Chester, cester, or caster
subject peoples and led by generals of their own blood, WAS menaced by invading hordes, and was forced to recall her
legions for her
left Britain,
own
defence.
By 420
the soldiers had
all
never to return, and the Celts were again free. But their freedom, was of short duration. By the middle
of the fifth century a
more formidable invasion than the Roman had taken place, and a more thorough conquest was
the Saxons,
begun by IV. The Angles,
and the Jutes. These peoples were of the Low German branch of the Teutonic stock. They had blue eyes and flaxen hair, were large of frame, fond of adventure on land and on sea, and were fierce and cruel in battle. They were owners and fitters of the so/7, hated cities, knew no kinir. and lived cadi group of related families within its mark, or district, which was bounded by
a belt of neutral land from other "farmer
common weali
IleniriM
his
i'ollo\\
The e/f/^-s, we Horsain44 J. and

(
are
told,
came over under

Klla
and
the
settled in Kent.
his, in
and
in 477,
and Cerdic with
!'.>.">.
settled Sussex in
History of the English
////"
'
101
south and Wessex in the west, and later 'Saacons founded The ending sex, would of itself suggest the origin of Essex.
Three kingdoms north of Thames the these kingdoms. of which, Northumbria, stretched from the Humber largest
Forth were founded by the Angles. Besides Northumbria, East Anglia and Mercia were established. The conquest of the Celts by these Low German invaders proceeded slowly. Not till 607 had the unex terminated Britons taken refuge in the western part of the island. And now for more than two hundred years the conquerors waged fierce war upon one another. The several kingdoms, for war begat the king, contended for the overlordship, till at last Wessex secured it, and Egbert its king ruled from the English Channel to the Firth of Forth. Meanwhile the invaders had been Christianized, Augustine and his missionaries arriving from Kome in 597. The Christian temple rose on the site of the pagan fane. By the end of the seventh century, the Church was a single organAs population increased, the marks coalesced and ization. became shires, of which in Alfred's time there were thirtytwo, each with its religious, legal, and political organization. V. The Danish Conquest. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
to the
787 the Danes, as all Scandinavians at that time were called, began their invasions. Sweeping up the
relates that in
great rivers that pour into the North Sea, they laid waste the territory adjacent, harried and killed the inhabitants,
and
ish
they conquered. derived from their Anglo-Saxon,
settled
as
The very verb hurry is name for the dreaded Dan-
army inspired may be gathered from the prayer that made its way into the AngloSaxon litany " From the incursions of the Northmen, good
army
he-re.
What
terror this
Lord, deliver us/'
These Bcahclihavians were heaten in irreat battles and driven back, but only to return. They were bought oil' with and finally, on condition that they would eon line gold themselves within it, they were given the territory to the east and north-east of Wntlhiy Stwf, an old Roman military road which stretched from near Dover through .London But they could not be kept within to Chester on the Dee. the limits of this territory, called the I> n< l<u/ii, and at last succeeded in placing four kings in succession on the throne of England Sweyn, Canute, Harold llarefoot, and Hardi;
canute, 1013-1042.
VI. The
Norman
Conquest.
The Normans,
or
Northmen,
were originally of the Norse, or Scandinavian, branch of the " Teutonic race. They were men of action, enterprising merchants, navigators, soldiers of fortune, leading the van
from the
of every battle from Norway to Byzantium." Breaking restraints of a power that was consolidating the
Scandinavian kingdoms, they boldlv ventured forth, conquered the Shetland Isles, the Orkneys, and the Hebrides,
founded the kingdom of Caithness in Scotland, settled Iceland, discovered Greenland, and colonized Yinland. supposed to be on the coast of New-England. In 911, a Norman chief, Rolf, or Rollo, the Ganger, with his band of vikings, got a footing in the fertile valley of the
This province of Normandy he received as a lief from Charles the Simple, arid married his daughter. The rmans were brought under Fivneh law and customs,
Seine.
became Christian-, adopted the French lan.iruaê, married into French families, and caught the French spirit. In 1066, the childless Edward the Confessor, of England, Hut died, and Harold, his hrother-in-law, succeeded him. seventh Duku of Normandy, whose aunt. Kmnia, William,
History of the English Language.
103
England, claimed the throne by hereditary right and by the promise of both Edward and Harold, and set sail with thirty thousand followers for the coast of England. On October 14, 1066, he met and defeated Harold on the slope of Senlac, near Hastings, and soon after was crowned king at Westminster. This was the one conquest that reached down to the people of the The ad mixisland, and in time thoroughly leavened them. tyre of new blood and another spirit proved a most signal We can call it no less than their regenblessing to them.
to
II. of
had been married
Ethelred
eration.
LESSON XLVI.
THE ENGLISH.
I.
ITS COMPOSITION.
Celtic of the First Period
in English.
The language
spoken on the island, after its conquest by the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, was overwhelmingly that of the conBut it was not pure querors, and is called Anglo-Saxon. a few Celtic words had entered it. The Celtic names for the rivers, lakes, hills, and mountains clung fast to these objects, and are found in English even now.
;
Isaac Taylor, in his Words and Places, says, Throughout the whole of England there is hardly a single river-name which is not Celtic/' Avon, Celtic for water, is the name <>f
"
Esh, meaning the same more than twenty. Esk has entered int.tiling, designates the names of towns also, as in JSêter, Axminster, Oxford, and Abridge. Thames, Humber, Wye, Cam, Ouse, and
fourteen
English rivers to-day.
many
Celtic
other river-names are Celtic.
Pen
mountain, range called Pennine, in that of the

is
name
for a
seen in the
or Ben, the usual name for the
hills called
/Vwtland, in
104
\\'<>nl-Buildit.
Jfow-Nevis and /tat-Lo&umd.

in
Dun, a
hill-fortress, is
found
London, /Jwwbarton, 7^/wdee, etc. Many words can be found on almost any map of England, and, indeed, on the maps of Spain, Italy, Switzerland, and (M -rinany.
other Celtic
Besides these geographical terms
it
is
said that the
common words
Clout, crock, cradle, cart, clown, pillow, barrow, glen, havoc, kiln,
mattock, and pool
came into the Anglo-Saxon before the Norman Conquest. As other Celtic words appeared later, we will call all tinwhether geographical or not, entering the Anglo-Saxon and continued on into English, the Celtic, or AV///V, of f/t<> rirst Period.
II.
Latin of the First Period
in English.
But
in
the
vocabulary foreign words had found a lodgment. The Romans held most of the island for hundreds of years. Many of their words filtered down into the speech of the
Celtic
Some ef these, seven it is said, forced their subject Celts. into the language of the Anglo-Saxon conquerors. way up Castra, a camp, appears in the names of towns ending in
Lancaster, and Leicester ; strata, paved streets, in Stratford, Streat\\nm, etc. ; colonia, a settlement, in Lincoln and Colne ; fossa, a
Chester, caster,
and
cester, as
Manchester,
trench,
Fossw&y and jPosbridge portus, a harbor, in Portsmouth and Brid/wrtf; vallum, u rampart, in wall; and mile. These seven now in English we call Latin of the
in
;
rirst
III.
l'<
rio<t.
Latin of the Second Period
in English.
But. as \u
have said, the heathen Anglo-Saxons were Christianized. Hosts of Rowan trordtt, some of which were derived from came in with, or follow^ in the wake of, the the
.
History of the
Christian
En<jli*li
Language.
105
Church, whose
services were conducted in Latin.
Presbyter, originally an elder, apostolus, one sent, clericus, one ordained, and episcopus, an overseer, taking the forms
and in English of priest, apostle, clerk, and bishop, and such words as cheese, pound, candle, table, and marble illustrate these Of the Latin words brought into Anglo-Saxon acquisitions. the Church, or entering through the door which it by opened, there were before the Norman Conquest at least six
in
Anglo-Saxon
of preost, postol, clerc,
and
biscop,
thought if compounds are counted, three or four times as many. These are styled the Latin of the Second Period. IV. Scandinavian of the First Period in English. The Danish Conquest introduced Scandinavian terms. Taylor says that in the east of England, most of them in the Danelagh, there are six hundred places whose names end in by, Scandinavian for town. This is seen in RugSy, Grims#//, in one hundred names in Lincolnshire alone, and in our #y-law. Thorp, or torp, German dorf, a village, is found in Althorpe and Wilstrop; thwaite, a clearing, in FinstttPatfr and
hundred,
it is
;
ness, a nose or cape, in Sheemess and Caithness ; wic, a creek or bay, in Wickh&m, Norwich, and in
Br&ithwaite
a homestead, in Lowesrfo/2 and To^ness ; and All these and yarth, a yard, in Aipplegarth and Fishguard. a brook ; force, a waterfall ; dale, German thai, a beck,
vik'mg
toft,
and holm, an island, existing as separate words or in wcomposition, and entering before the Norman Conquest, call Scandinavian of the First Period.
valley
;
V. The^ Norman French

English.
Latin of the Third Period
in
The changes which

they
the Anglo-Saxon underwent a

are vital, we will say funrevolution. change of
because of the
Norman Conquest
amount
to
damental;
106
name
is
needed
t>
mark
this.
\\e have refrained
from
calling the dominant people of the island, or their speech, before 1066, by any other term than Anglo-Sawn. But after the union of the peoples and of the languages, a new
needed to denote new things and this term we have word Knglish. As we use it, English denotes always the race resulting from the marriage of the two peoples, or the speech resulting from the union of the two tongues.
word
is
in the
But we must guard against supposing that

ously.
either the
two
peoples or the two tongues were welded into one instantane-
They grew
The Two would be galling
together, and this growth was slow. Peoples Side by Side. Any yoke of conquest
to the liberty-loving Anglo-Saxons, but there are special reasons why this was so. The conquerors were of alien blood, and national animosity existed between
them and the conquered.

soil.
William confiscated the entire
He parceled out the land, upon condition of militarv service, among a score or more of great vassals, among Home hundreds of inferior crown-vassals, and among the higher "The meanest Norman rose to wealth and power clergy. in the new dominion of the Duke." Shoals of Norman
ecclesiastics
came
across the Channel,
forced to receive even religious
and the people were consolation from foreigners.
Another language than

authority
in
their
own
the
palace and
prevailed in all places of among the nobility, in law
their painful consciousness of social and political degradation was added their keen sense of the scorn with which the Norman regarded their lack of
courts, in the schools.
To
culture and their " harbarous tongue." Mut the influences operative through
all
these years were;
not wholly those of repulsion. 'These two peoples living together had to meet each other in the iield and in the town.
107
The}? were forced to buy of each other and to sell to each The subject race gradually acquired definite rights. other. The serf was struggling to become a copyholder, and the
military power of the nobles was waning. The courts of the feudal baronage were shorn of their power. The feudal system was giving way.
copyholder to be a freeholder.
The
The Anglo-Saxons were improving in education as in material things. They and the Normans intermarried. A strong national feeling was springing up before which
their
mutual antagonism was yielding.
This feeling was
aided by the fact that the English kings had vast possessions in France, partly hereditary and partly acquired by marTo hold these against the French kings required a riage.
And to make head against the encroachments of their own kings the nobility were forced to make common cause with the people. To what extent the barons
united people.
identified the cause of the
commons with
their
own may be
seen from the celebrated provisions of the Great Charter extorted from King John in 1215.
LESSON XLVII.
THE ENGLISH.
ITS
n>M POSITION.
CONTINUED.
in English. Continued. Yet and the French were blending how slowly the Anglo-Saxon
V. Latin of the Third Period
in the vocabulary of writers, at least, may be seen in the fact that Layamon's Brut, a poem of thirty-two thousand lines,
written in,1205, does not contain a hundred and fifty French words; and that in the Ormulnm. a poem of twenty thou-
sand
fifty
appearing in the year of French words are found.

lines,
Magna
Charta, scarcely
108
\\'nri/-/;ni/t/iiig.
The Two Languages Side by

tlu
i
Side.
fint/iiistic di/Jtcu/th's
/rs.sr////ff/.
in
But during this period the way of a coalescence were
gradually
one of great and general depression.

longer cultivated.
This period was for the subject race Their speech was no
The standards in it were all forgotten. was no longer taught in schools, spoken at the Anglo-Saxon palace and in the castles of the nobles, or used in courts of law. Few were writing in it. It was left in the care of those ignorant of the literature in it and of its grammar, and
familiar only with the vocabulary employed in speech upon the commonplace topics of the household, the farm, the street.
upon the language can easily be inA l&rge fraction of the vocabulary, the more digniferred. fied and scholarly portion, fell into neglect and then into ohlivion. Of the words kept in circulation, so much of
effect of all this
.each as
The
grammatical inflections, denoting case, These inperson, number, tense, almost entirely perished. flections would be retained only by those aware of their imWhen, then, this Anglo-Saxon speech had forced portance.
itself
we
call its
upon the Normans,
as
it
fairly succeeded
in
doing by
the second half of the fourteenth century, it was far <">/>/ to tmtstcr than it would have been immediately after HMJlJ.
It
estimated that nearly one-half of the words in the vocabulary before the Conquest dropped out of it in the three
is
hundred years immediately following, and we certainly know

that,
the
grammar had
been vastly simplified.
We said that by 1350 the conhad forced their tongue upon their conquerors. We quered have it upon the authority of John of Trevisa, that, after
Instruction Revolutionized.
the great pestilence of 1349, the instruction of youth was
revolutionized.
John Cornwall changed
the instruction in
the grammar-school from French into Knglish, and Kichard

Pencrich and others followed his lead, so that in 1385
109
in all
the grammar-schools of England the children had abandoned I'Yench and were taught in English. In 1362 French was
exchanged for English in the courts of law. An act of Parliament was passed in this year, ordering that in all the
courts
"
all
pleas
shall
be pleaded, shewed, defended,
answered, debated, and judged in the English tongm." Great writers had now arisen Wyclif, 1324-1384, in prose*;
in English, and their influence upon the plastic language of their time, and upon all English writers succeeding, is simply incalculable.
Chaucer, 1340-1400, in poetry.
They wrote
Norman-FrenchCorrupt, We may add that the adoption of Anglo-Saxon by the Norman was greatly facilitated by the fact that the French he was ttsi n</ had become That which he brought over from the Consadly corrupt. tinent was not the French of Paris, but the degenerate tongue of Normandy, and so at best was provincial, a mere But during the centuries of its use in England it patois. had been kept from free contact with the dialect of Normandy, and so had deteriorated even from this imperfect standard had become, as Lounsbury aptly puts it, a mere
The
fKtfnis of
a patois.
When now we say that by 1400, and even earlier, English was generally used, what are we really saying ? What do
we mean by
by
itself
till
Kit</fish /
We mean
a speech not in existence

;
a speech neither Anglo-Saxon nor French, but Aiiylo-Sti.ron <ntd French; a speech to which both of these contributed, to
long after the
Norman Conquest
form which both of these combined. What by mutual giving and taking the two jointly formed is the English one
speech after the union, but not uuivocal, not
every speaker of
all
of a piece,
which
is
bilingual.
110
The
Norman-French
really
Latin.
We
have
hitherto
called the tongue
brought over by the Conqueror Nortttan-
time now to say that in reality it trs Latin. Just before the Christian era began, Julius Cmar subdued the people then in possession of what is now France, and imposed upon them his language, which was This language, used for a thousand years that of Rome.
F re neb.
But
it is
by a people Normans, of
was not the mother-tongue, the still another alien stock, acquired, and brought into England. a whole millennium by those whose Spoken vernacular it displaced, and from them learned by strangers, the words had lost much of their original form and meaning. They were almost invariably shortened. By a dropping of vowels or consonants, or of both, two or three syllables had been squeezed into one as, French sur, our sure, from Latin securus ; French regie, our rule, from Latin original And someregula ; French He, English isle, from insula. times the final and unaccented syllable or syllables seem not to have been caught by the subject Gaul ; or, if caught, were not retained. The Latin domina, for instance, appears in French as the truncated dame ; and malum, as tnaL Still, though changed, the French words are Latin their essential identity with the words used by the countrymen of Horace and Virgil is easily seen. These Norman-French words, introduced in the centuries succeeding the Conquest, and entering into union with the Anglo-Saxon to form the
to
it
; ;
whom
English, constitute the Latin of the Third VI. Latin of the Fourth Period in English.
I'<
riod.
The Norman-
French words in English were largely spoken words words dropping from the tongue, and learned by the ear, both in But tin-re was another France and afterward in England. Latin words consequent upon that great large influx of
History of the EmjUxh Lunfinage.
Ill
quickening of European mind known as the Renaissance, or Revival of Learning, the first waves of which touched Knglish shores about the opening of the sixteenth century.
The New Learning and the new ideas to which it gave birth demanded new words and, from 1550 to 1660, Latin was
;
the store on which writers began to draw. But the Latin of these learned men was the Latin of the eye and the pen,
taken from Latin literature
or, if
from French
as well,
it
was not the language spoken by the people. The Latin words thus transferred to English had suffered then, and have suffered since, little or no change, and may readily be distinguished from the Latin of the Third Period by their fuller form. These Latin words, brought in to meet the needs of scholars and their coming has not yet wholly ceased are called the Latin of the Fourth Period.
LESSON XLVIII.
THE ENGLISH.
ITS COMPOSITION.
CONTINUED.
in English. But as the Celtic of Britain had Latin words in it, so the Latin original of the Normans had Celtic words in it. The Gauls them-
VII. Celtic of the Second Period
were Celts ; and it could not be that, when forced to adopt the Latin tongue, they would surrender every word of
selves
Indeed, in the province of Brittany, the native tongue was not exterminated, and, as Breton, still survives. The Celtic words brought into English by the
their
own
speech.
incoming of the Normans constitute the Celtic of the Second Period. A few of these words are
Baggage, bar, barrel, basin, button, carry, pottage, truant,
varlet,
and
vassal.
112
Word-Building.
in English.
VIII. Celtic of the Third Period
Whatever
Celtic words have been admitted into English since, whether and Irish, Welsh, Gaelic, or Breton
Clan, claymore, flimsy, kern, pibroch, plaid, spalpeen, and whiskey
are samples of these
constitute the Celtic of the

of
the
Third
Period.
IX. Scandinavian
the
Second
Period
in
English.
Whatever Scandinavian words have come into English since

their
Norman name is
call,
Conquest, and, according to Professor Skeat, legion, such as,

whim, and whisk,
Are,
drag, gabble, grab, hap, hinge, hurry, lug, lunch, pod, sag,
scratch, scream, shirt, stutter, teem,
we
Scandinavian of the Second Period. X. Greek in English. Greek has a very respectable
call
five
con-
tingent in English
Trench
estimates.
per cent, of the whole vocabulary, Perhaps half this number would be a
largely scientific and technical, rarely They are such as
:
better guess.
They are
on the tongue in conversation.
Amphibious, anodyne, blaspheme, catarrh, cynosure, decagon, dilemma, doxology, electric, exegesis, heliocentric, heterodox, hyperbole, isosceles, labyrinth, lexicon, mechanic, metamorphosis, monosyllable,
necrology, oxygen, phrenology, rhetoric, squirrel, surgeon, synonym,
telegraph, thermometer, trophy, tyrant,
and zoology.
as
:
From
the
Hebrew, we have such words
Amen, cabal, cherub, hallelujah, hosannah, Jehovah, jubilee, manna, sabbath, Satan, seraph, and shibboleth.
The English
or other,
had intercourse, commercial, with the peoples of all lands. From most
race has
literary,
of these

it
113
has brought
home words which
it
has naturalized and

as
made good English.
From
the Italian,
we have imported such words

citadel,
Alarm, balcony, bankrupt, canto,

tache,
concert,
contraband,
cupola, duet, gondola, guitar, influenza, lava, malaria, motto,

opera,
studio, trio, vista,
mus-
piano, pistol, portico, quota, regatta, sonnet, soprano,
and volcano.
:
From
the Spanish, such words as
Armada, bravado, buffalo, cargo, cigar, cork, embargo, indigo, merino, mulatto, negro, renegade, sherry, tornado, and vanilla.
From
the Portuguese, such as

commodore,
Caste, cocoa-nut,
lasso, molasses, palaver,
and tank.
From
the Dutch, such as
landscape, loiter,
yacht, and yawl.
Aloof, bluff, boor, brandy, bumpkin, elope, fop, gas, hustle, knapsack, luff, measles, ogle, reef, skates, skipper, sloop, wagon,
From
the
German,
loafer,
such as
Dutch, feldspar,
swindler, trull,
meerschaum,
nickel, plunder, poodle, quartz,
and
zinc.
From
the Slavonic, such as
Calash, czar, knout, polka, sable, slave, and steppe.
From
the J'( t-sian, such as
Bazaar, caravan, check, checkers. <-h<>s<. ghoul, hazard, horde, lemon, lilac, mummy, orange, rice, sash, shawl, and veranda.
jar,
From
the
Hindu, such
8
as
Banyan,
calico, chintz, jungle,
pagoda, shampoo, sugar, and toddy.
114
Word-Building.
the Turkish, such as
:
From
Bey, janissary, ottoman, and tulip.
From
the
Malay, such
as
Bamboo, bantam, gong, gutta-percha, mango,
rattan,
and
sago.
From
the Polynesian, such as
Boomerang, kangaroo, taboo, and
tattoo.
From
the Chinese, such as
China, junk, nankeen, serge,
silk, tea,
and typhoon.
From
the Arabic, such as
Alcohol, algebra, alkali, candy, chemistry, cipher, cotton, crimson,

elixir, gazelle,
magazine, nadir, sofa,
tariff, zenith,
and
zero.
From
the
North American Indian, such

West Indian, such
as
Hominy, moose, raccoon, skunk, squaw, tomahawk, and wigwam.
From
the
as
Buccaneer, cannibal, canoe, hammock, maize, potato, and tobacco.
But, after all, the great component elements of English are the Anglo-Saxon and the Latin the Latin mostly that of the Third and Fourth Periods, of course.
from the Anglo-Saxon that the English derives all the grammar it has. The grammatical forms of the English noun, pronoun, and verb are those not sloughed off during
It is
the centuries immediately succeeding the Norman Conquest. Some, like the 8 for the plural and for the possessive singular
of nouns, had a footing in the Anglo-Saxon, and have been universalized by the influence of the Norman-French. But
the Norman-French can hardly be said to have introduced
anything new into our grammar.
History of Jhe English Language.

1.
115
Anglo-Saxon.
2'
Lat
(Of the First Period. Of the Second Period. 1 Of the Third Period. Of the Fourth Period.
3.
Greek.
w A
4.
Indo-European.
i
5.
Celtic
x
6.
Of the First Period. Of the Second Period. Of the Third Period.

the First Period.
Scandinavian.
(Of the Second Period. Of

{
1.
Hebrew.
the
Italian 9
the
Spanish,
tin-
Portuguese (these three Latin in tut. origin), the Dutch, the
Germ
2 3
8.
?4ft other
Lan-
guages as
Persian, the Slavonic, the Turkish, the $THindu, the Polynesian, the the Arabic, the North American Indian, and the Indian.
liic
the
LESSON XLIX.
THE AXOLO-SAXOtf AND THE LATIN IN OUR VOCABULARY.
The
Norman
words. Lathi
English (1) to supply the

for terms to denote things Saxons never had, and so
we have seen, came iuto demands of the blended peoples

as
and express thoughts which the had no words to denote. They
116
!!"//
the gap caused by the loss of words which tinAnglo-Saxons before the Conquest did have. 'They came (3) as contestants for the places already filled by the Anglo(2) to
fill
came
Saxon.
swi/t c(i//
the Anglo-Saxon.
%
In this contest the Latin (a) sometimes dislodged Labor and (oil do duty now instead of and mice has supplanted stefen. Often in the
struggle the Latin (b) divided the ground with the AngloSaxon. Color exists side by side with ///// or lnu\ and juy
with
tliss.
But
oftener, perhaps, the
Anglo-Saxon
(c)
held
their positions, and the Latin eted footing in the language.
words never secured the cov-
numbers, since, to ever-increasing knowledge and For little attempt has been made to higher development. meet these insatiable requirements by any effort to com-
Latin words have come satisfy the demands of our
in, in great
pound
served.
into
new
vocables the old Anglo-Saxon material pre-
have entered into contest with the AngloSaxon for the places occupied by them. We may say that the pronouns the numerals the irregThese,
too,
;
;
ular verbs (except strive), including the auxiliaries ; the prepositions and the conjunctions (excepting save, exec/if,
concerning, and because, and a few others) are An irlo-Sa.\on. slight percentage of the other words are Indo-European
(
some are Celtic, some Scandinavian, some Greek, some Hebrew, and some have been adopted from the peoples with
whom
the Knirlish
have
h,-id
intercourse.
The remainder are Anglo-Saxon and Latin. It is of this remainder, the bulk of the vocabulary, more than ninety And we should per cent, of it, that we wish now to speak. more plainly if we could speak specifically, if we could speak throw these words into classes and look at them there. This
Language.
117
we cannot o!<> In- re, but we can give the results reached by us in work of this kind done elsewhere results which not
unfaithfully picture the functions of the Anglo-Saxon and of the Latin in the English vocabulary. What Words Belong to the Anglo-Saxon. The names of
such things
(1) in the
animal and vegetable worlds as were
native to the island, and generally known before the Norman Conquest ; the names (2) of the outward parts of the animal
body, and of those internal organs that easily reveal their

buildings and their necessary >arts ; (4) of the household equipment that families living in such houses must have ; (5) of such farm implements as a
presence
]
(3)
of
common
people rude in arts and agriculture could
make and
use
(6)
of occupations mainly manual ; (7) of the essential divisions of time ; (8) the verbs that express many of the customary
acts in the material world
and operations
in the mental
and
(9) adjectives that denote obvious sensible qualities, and the obtrusive attributes of the intellect, of the emotional nature, and of character ; these are mainly Anglo-Saxon.
Belong to the Latin. But to name (1) things and vegetable kingdoms seen by travel; (2) to denote buildings higher and more complex than the common dwelling, and to mark those parts of them and those belongings to them unfamiliar to the Anglo-Saxons, but needful, we should think, even for comfort (3) to indicate those parts of the body and their functions which science has disto denote (4) the longer or the more minute divisions closed of time, and the occupations that indicate higher culture and (5), generally, to mark the less ordinary physical acts, requiring, many of them, plan and combination, and to denote the less obvious objects and qualities of objects in the to do these things we draw largely upon outward world
in the animal
; ;
What Words
118
the Latin element of the laniruaire.
And when we
turn to
the words in Knirlish expressive (<J) of civil and social organization, or used (7) to denote intellectual acts, states. qualities, powers, possessions, products, or required (8) to express the higher feelings and the traits of character, or needed (i)
and general notions, we find the contract between the Anglo-Saxon and the Latin in English most It is in words expressive of these things that the striking.
to denote classes
Anglo-Saxon element
is
painfully lacking.
LESSON
THI:
L.
\\<;LO-SAXON
AND
THI:
LATIN IN ACTUAL USE.
of the AHg?o-Sft.roit and the I;<ifin< in used by writers and public speakers depend upon Ent/fis/t, the man, upon his subject, and upon the culture of those
The percentage*
addressed.
But they depend
in the
showing
still
more
largely
upon the mcf/tod of counting. If every word is counted every time it is used, the result reached will be one thing ; if each word is counted but once, no matter how many times it
is
words oftenest employed, not alone

tion
The used, the result reached will be quite another tiling. in ordinary conversabut for literary purposes as well, are the irregular verbs
(especially the auxiliary), the pronouns, the articles, the prep'These with scarcely an exositions, and the conjunctions.
ception are An.irlo-Saxnn.
So that the trords

as
in
<-<>iisf
itf/i/
appearing.
in
j>itl>li<
r<'tfjt/H'firin</,
on the ymr/rs of /ifrrfftiirr and

colloquial speech, As was said, then,
<u-<-
(tisrottrsi; as well
the almost exclusively .ltt<//o-S<t.rott. with the exhihit made. method of counting has much to do Our countryman, the eminent Marsh's Examination.
History of the Etnjlixh L
George
Marsh, at one time made several excerpts from many British and American writers. He counted each trord every time it was found, and gave us the results in
P.
tables
which show that the Anglo-Saxon words used by these to 95 per cent, of all the words employed by them. We give these figures without judgment as to whether the extracts made were ample in number and in
men ranged from 70
which these men in
length to justify the claim that they fairly represent the levy their complete works made upon the
Anglo-Saxon. Our Own Examination.

since, to
make
came in our way, some years a far more extended examination of the words
It
eminent writers and speakers choose. The different words of one American, Rufus Choate, found in his complete works, were brought together and arranged alphabetically. Twenty ten British and ten American other distinguished men were chosen. From each of these a speech, an argument at the bar, an oration, or some chapters of a book were taken, and the words of each were alphabetically placed. No word in any one of the twenty-one lists thus formed trtts counted more than once, unless the several forms of it were from distinct roots only one degree of an adjective or an adverb only one of the six or seven possible forms of Let any verb only one case of any noun or pronoun. it is the one point of difference, this hi- borne in mind to be emphasized here, between our work and that of Mr.
;
Marsh.
After the classification of the words, a count was made, and the percentages were reached. Our tables show that
twenty-one representative authors in representative efforts use a per cent, of Latin words varying from 56 to 72, and
of Latin
and Greek together from
03^
to 75 TV> over against
180
a per cent, of
is
Word-Building.
Anglo-Saxon ranging only from 23 r% to 33^. if each word is counted but once. This The general belief (1) that for ordinary communication we
the showing
make
the heaviest drafts upon the Anglo-Saxon
(2) that
the words coming most frequently to the tongue and oftenest repeated on the page are Anglo-Saxon; and ('.}) that, while on social or business topics we can construct whole paragraphs without a word of Latin, it is all but impossible this belief to frame a sentence without the Anglo-Saxon
;
the figures of the comparison do not disturb.
And
this
is
an acknowledgment that our confess; dependence upon the Anglo-Saxon is absolute, so far as it Nor do these figures (4) give the number of the extends. Anglo-Saxon and of the Latin words in our vocabulary, or
to
much
for
it
is
settle their ratio to
whether, had our ancestors
each other, or (5) decide the question of the thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries imitated the ancient Greeks or the
modern Gerand formed new words by compounding native matemans, rial, we might not now be using a vocabulary all of a piece, and yet ample for our utmost needs. Our Need of Both Anglo-Saxon and Latin. But from the
exhibit
the comparison above we think we are warranted in claiming that we cannot do without the Latin
;
made by
words in our English that, when we rise above the commonplace in matter and in manner, we find such words
say indispensable; for, while the ferryindispensable. boat that takes us daily to our place of business is indispensable, the transatlantic steamer that bears us to Europe is
We
even though we go but once. It would seem that these two classes of words, mingling freely in the current of every English sentence, have dwelt
not
less so,
BO long
and pleasantly together, that we should cease
to call

either class foreign, alien.
tell
I,(unjnage.
121
Often we cannot, without close which words are Latin and which are Angloscrutiny, Saxon. By some ear-marks, perhaps, hut certainly not by their length, hy their strangeness, or by his inability to handle them deftly, would one of but average culture suspect that the following nouns, adjectives, and verbs belong to the
Latin
:
Age, art, case, cent, cost, fact, form, ink, line, mile, pain, pair, part, pen, piece, price, rule, sound, ton, tone, and vail; apt, clear, cross, crude, firm, grand, large, mere, nice, pale, plain, poor, pure, rare, real,
rich,
round, safe, scarce,

fail, fix,
siire,
cook, cure,
use.
fry,
vast; add, aid, aim, boil, close, mix, move, pay, save, serve, try, turn, and
vain,
and
These, and hundreds of other short Latin words, as well understood as the simplest Anglo-Saxon, are mostly without Saxon equivalents. But even those with Saxon duplicates
are necessary ; they give to our speech a rich synonymy that aids us in making and in expressing the finer distinctions in
thought. The Latin are often (1) the most forcible words in English. What Anglo-Saxon verb of teaching matches in vigor incul-
with the heel ? What other adjective health has the strength of robust oaken ? Such denoting words, unfortunately, are pregnant with meaning mainly to the etymologist. In this they differ from what the vigorcate to
drive in
ous, self-explaining Anglo-Saxon words would have been had that element been fostered. They give (2) conciseness to expression ; like canals across isthmuses they shorten the route
witness mutual, reanimate, circumlocution. Of tenor than the Anglo-Saxon they are (3) metaphorical, and flash upon the thought a poetic light ; as, dilapidated, applied to fortune or dress ; ruined, to character ; luminous, to expression.
They impart
mL
De
grace and smoothness to style are the mnxiThev Mclodinux, and mclUjluunx words of the language..
(4)
irive (5)
pomp and
manner
stateliness to discourse,
and make possible

of Milton,
the grand
of Sir
Thomas Browne,
and
of
Quincey. duly compounded the Teutonic and the Romance, has a manifoldness and an affluence of wealth that adapt it to every kind of writing, and are wonderfully stimulative of it. And so while the
literatures
vocabulary like ours,
of
in other
languages excel,
each in some single
department, ours is confessedly eminent in all. While it is difficult to exaggerate the work and the worth of the Anglo-Saxon in English, we deprecate what has been
called the "violent reaction" that has set in, in favor of
it
a reaction which, carried to the extreme, would practically disinherit us of vast verbal possessions. But, without any
wish or effort to champion the
we may
extreme.
decried Latin element, safely say that this reaction cannot be carried to the
much
We
on the opening page " To write
are glad to find the wise Alexander Bain breaking out, of his work, On Teaching /-Jnt/tixh, into,
continuously in anything like pure Saxon is plainly impossible. Moreover, none of our standard English authors, whether in prose or in poetry, have thought it a merit to be
studiously Saxon in their vocabulary." The words chosen should be appropriate to the topic, and This much level to the comprehension of those addressed.
we may properly insist upon but it would be unwise to encourage our pupils to seek for such words in the AngloSaxon element alone.
;
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KZ9

WITH A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

BRAIN EKD KXLLOOO AND ALONZO HBKD.

and even the

than from the ordinary college course in the

and retaining the

interest of pupils ; fact that in forty-four lessons

comprehend, at a glance, almost any other

deri vative word

the Knirlish language.

The Meanings of Hoot and Stem.

monosyllabic form which

steins, what we regard as the prevailing u-

being the primitive word.

one composed of two or more simple

Prefixes and suffixes

with rare exceptions, relies of words

them arc used

and sutlixo follow

the illuM rative instance exhibits the

needs explanation. I'l-evity, are to be united in succession

compacted fur the sake ,.f u-ual, two ur moiv prefixes

the following root,

each prefix or <rroup of

cou+junct + ive, dis+junct + ive, con+jutn-1

dropping signs and the black

injunction, conjunctive, di*functivet coiyiinctively,

disjunctively. IV. Roots

The Meanings of the Root* and of English

easy to ascertain the m>anii:.

root found in the infinitive and of that found

sometimes he may profitably consult the dictionary.

The root-forms they

marked by the asterisk, by us in the several paragraphs.

and are usually the

They are >eend treated

roots are printed in black letters,

any. which metaphor has wrought in the mean-

always that which

to the city, call

Washington the capital of the Tnited

indicate here the

ibility. state of being frangible, the frangilility of a pipe-stem;

of the abstract (juality

incapable of being easily broken

in/rrmgribility, state of being infrangible

the infrangibility of the

probable explanation iriven in Lesson IX.)

irrc/V<7yal>ly. in an irrefragable his point in the debate;

infringe, to break into

one's rights an- infringed by

fraction, state of being broken, a

/Vacfional, belonging to a fraction

fractions, not integers, or whole numbers

bend sharply back

water refracts the

infraction, the breaking

the infraction of the rules, a metaphorical

fragile, capable of being broken

frail, capable of being broken down. weak, feehh

frailty and frailness, state of being

will find the

preceding this Lenon

(ig, g, actu), from put in motion, drive.