Indian Minerals Yearbook 2011

(Part- II) 50th Edition

IRON & STEEL AND SCRAP
(ADVANCE RELEASE)

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF MINES INDIAN BUREAU OF MINES

Indira Bhavan, Civil Lines, NAGPUR 440 102
PHONE/FAX NO. (0712) 2565471 PBX : (0712) 2562649, 2560544, 2560648

E-MAIL : cme@ibm.gov.in
Website: www.ibm.gov.in October 2012

IRON & STEEL AND SCRAP

48 Iron & Steel and Scrap

teel is decidedly the vital component of a country's economy and is considered as the crux of modernisation. The level of per capita consumption of steel is treated as one of the important indicators of socio-economic development and living standards in any country. Steel continues to be the foremost engineering material, environment-friendly and is recyclable. The finished steel production in India has grown from a mere 1.1 million tonnes in 1951 to 66.01 million tonnes in 2010-11. The growth in the steel sector in the early decades after independence was mainly in the public sector units. However, following the adoption of new economic policy and subsequent deregulation and decontrol of Indian Iron & Steel Sector, the 1990's witnessed accelerated growth in the private sector, catapulting its share of finished steel from 45% in 1992-93 to 80.1% in 2010-11. Steel exports from India began in 1964. Exports in the first five years were mainly as a result of recession in the domestic Iron and Steel market. Exports subsequently declined due to revival of domestic demand. India once again started exporting steel in 1975 only to witness slump in exports again due to rising domestic demand. Post liberalisation, a rejuvenation in the steel sector, resulted in large-scale exports of iron and steel. In 1991-92, the main producers exported 3.87 lakh tonnes iron & steel as against 10.17 million tonnes in 2010-11 including finished steel exports of 5.1 million tonnes. Though the country's production of iron & steel is sufficient to meet the domestic demand, it imports mainly finished/semi- finished steel and iron & steel (scrap) to meet requirements of supply of essential grades.

the Steel Industry. With a view to accelerating growth in the steel sector, the Government since 1991 has been initiating and implementing a number of policy measures. These measures have impacted the Indian steel sector to achieve a positive growth.

NATIONAL STEEL POLICY-2005

The National Steel Policy (NSP) was announced in 2005. The salient features of the NSP 2005 are as under: 1. The NSP has set a target of 110 million tonnes of domestic steel production by 2019-20. This would require about 190 million tonnes iron o r e . To m e e t t h e a d d i t i o n a l i r o n o r e requirement, the Government plans to take the following steps: (a) Create additional mining capacity of 200 million tonnes iron ore. (b) Encourage investments totalling to about ` 20,000 crore. (c) Ensure that clearances from authorities of Environment & Forest be obtained within a specified time frame. (d) To m a k e i n v e s t m e n t p l a n s f o r l a rg e number of iron ore leases which are idle. (e) Renewal of existing leases only against credible mining investment plans. (f) Grant of fresh leases only against new norms and stringent assessment of technical and financial capabilities of the applicants. (g) Restrictions on long-term exports of iron ore to a maximum of 5-year contract. (h) Encourage sintering and pelletisation so as to use fines which make up about 90% of the present exports.

Liberalisation of the Indian Steel Sector

The Government's new economic policies have opened up opportunities for expansion of

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2.

Projections for requirement of coking coal and non-coking coal were fixed at 70 million tonnes and 20 million tonnes, respectively, to achieve the target steel production. The NSP has recommended first priority to the Steel and Sponge Iron Industry in allocation of higher grade (below 12% ash content) non-coking coal. The policy makes it clear that 85% of the requirement of coking coal will have to be imported. Further, reduced rate of production of non-coking coal would necessitate import of non-coking coal as well for utilisation in the steel sector. The coal shortages have prompted the NSP to call for a constant review of allocation and pricing of natural gas as a suitable alternative. The NSP assumes that 60% of the new steel capacity would come up through blast furnace route, 33% through sponge iron & EAF route and 7% through other routes. Sponge iron units are expected to increase capacity from 13 million tonnes at present to 38 million tonnes by 2020, especially in Jharkhand and Odisha. The NSP envisages a judicious blend of exports and domestic supply of steel. The NSP also seeks the upgradation and modernisation of the refractory industry. The NSP seeks to examine and formulate corrective measures to obtain fiscal incentives which are usually available to other infrastructure projects as also the rationalisation of customs and excise duty structure for reducing the fiscal and revenue deficits.

STRUCTURE AND ROLE OF INDIAN STEEL INDUSTRY

India has risen to the 4th position as largest crude steel producing country in the world in 2010-11. The Indian Steel Industry comprises integrated steel plants in the primary sector using BF-BOF route of iron & steel production. In the primary sector, there are 13 integrated steel plants in the public and private sectors. The secondary sector constitutes Electric Arc Furnace/Induction Furnace, pig iron/sponge iron units, re-rolling units, HR units, CR units, galvanised/colour coated units, tin plate units, wire-drawing units, etc. for producing either semifinished or finished steel. Traditionally, Indian steel industry was classified into Main Producers (SAIL plants, Tata Steel and Vizag Steel of RINL) and Secondary Producers. However, with the coming up of larger capacity steel making units of different process routes, the classification has been characterised as Main Producers & Other Producers. Other Producers comprise Major Producers, namely, Essar Steel, JSW Steel and Ispat Industries as well as large number of Mini Steel Plants based on Electric Furnaces & Energy Optimising Furnaces (EOF). Besides, the steel producing units, there are a large number of Sponge Iron Plants, Mini Blast Furnace units, Hot & Cold Rolling Mills & Galvanising/Colour Coating units which are spread across the country. The structure of the Indian Steel Industry in 2010-11 is given in Table-1. Production of iron & steel by main producers and others during 2006-07 to 2010-11 is furnished in Table-2 and by public/private sector in Table-3. The details on plantwise capacity and production of hot metal and crude/liquid steel are given in Table-4. Table-5 elucidates the production of crude/liquid steel by BOF and EAF/IF routes. Prices of steel are provided in Table-6.

3.

4.

5.

6. NSP 2005 is presently under review and Ministry of Steel has formulated a Committee in May, 2012 to review the existing National Steel Policy 2005.

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Table 1 : Structure of the Indian Steel Industry, 2010-11

(In million tonnes) Working Sector Type of units No. of units Primary Integrated plants (Oxygen 1 3 (Crude/Liquid/Steel) route) Secondary Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Induction Furnace (IF) Pig iron Sponge iron 38 1114 >19 324 Annual capacity 35.55 17.99 24.40 +4.83 30.09 30.98 14.39 9.55 0.71 5.06 0.10 No. of units 1 NA 568 65 2 Annual capacity 0.05 NA 4.21 0.73 0.11 No. of units 13 39 1114 >19 324 2288 12 65 100 20 3 Annual capacity 35.55 18.04 24.40 +4.83 30.9 35.19 14.39 9.55 1.44 5.06 0.21 2009-10 2010-11(P) 29.83 16.18 19.83 5.88 24.32 NA 16.03 5.91 NA 5.62 0.24 31.05 16.46 22.07 5.54 26.71 NA NA 5.76 NA 5.60 0.23 Non-working To t a l Production

HR (sheets/strips/plates rerolling units) 1720 HR steel (sheets, strips, 1 2 plates units) CR Mills (sheets & strips) 6 5 Steel wire drawing units 3 5 GP/GC/PVC - coated sheets/strips Tin plate 20 1

Source: Annual Report of Ministry of Steel, 2011-12.

Table 2 : Production of Iron and Steel, 2006-07 to 2010-11

(In '000 tonnes) Item/producers I. Pig Iron : Total Main Producers Other Producers II. Sponge Iron : Total Gas Based Coal Based III. Crude Steel : Total Main Producers ASP + VISL Other Producers EAF Units (Including Corex & MBF/EOF) Induction Furnaces IV. Finished Steel for Sale (Alloy/Non-alloy) : Total Main Producers Other Producers Less: Inter Plant Transfer/Own Consumption 2006-07 4993 860 4133 18345 5265 13080 50817 21868 309 13250 15390 52529 17614 40047 5132 2007-08 5314 936 4378 20376 5845 14531 53857 21789 315 14820 16933 56075 18020 43332 5277 2008-09 6207 589 5618 21091 5516 15575 58437 21755 263 18365 18054 57164 17216 46229 6281 2009-10 2010-11(P) 5884 731 5153 24326 6148 18178 65839 22969 308 22738 19824 60624 18038 51093 8507 5541 579 4962 26709 5794 20915 69575 23544 308 23655 22068 66013 18280 57461 9728

Figures rounded off. Source: Ministry of Steel, Annual Report, 2010-11 and 2011-12. EAF: Electric Arc Furnace, MBF: Mini Blast Furnace, EOF: Energy Optimising Furnace.

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Table 3 : Production of Iron and Steel, 2006-07 to 2010-11 (By Sectors)

(In '000 tonnes) Item/producers I. Pig Iron : Total Public Sector Private Sector II. Crude/Liquid Steel : Total Public Sector Private Sector III. Finished Steel for Sale (Alloy/Non-alloy) : Total Public Sector Private Sector 2006-07 4993 860 (17.2%) 4133 (82.8%) 50817 17003 (33.5%) 33814 (66.5%) 52529 13176 (25.1%) 39353 (74.9%) 2007-08 5314 936 (17.6%) 4378 (82.4%) 53857 17091 (31.7%) 36766 (68.3%) 56075 13521 (24.1%) 42554 (75.9%) 2008-09 6207 589 (9.5%) 5618 (90.5%) 58437 16372 (28.01%) 42065 (71.98%) 57164 12673 (22.2%) 44491 (77.8%) 2009-10 2010-11(P) 5884 731 (12.4%) 5153 (87.6%) 65839 16714 (25.4%) 49125 (74.6%) 60624 13018 (21.5%) 47605 (78.5%) 5541 579 (10.4%) 4962 (89.6%) 69575 16996 (24.41%) 52579 (75.6%) 66013 13123 (19.9) 52890 (80.1%)

Figures rounded off. Source: Ministry of Steel, Annual Report, 2010-11 and 2011-12.

Table 4 : Capacity and Production of Hot Metal and Crude/Liquid Steel, 2009-10 and 2010-11 (By Principal Producers)
(In '000 tonnes) Annual installed capacity Hot metal Unit Crude/Liquid steel Production Hot metal 2009-10 Public Sector Bokaro Steel Plant (Jharkhand) Bhilai Steel Plant (Chhattisgarh) Rourkela Steel Plant (Odisha) Durgapur Steel Plant (West Bengal) IISCO Steel Plant, Burnpur (West Bengal) Visvesvaraya Iron Steel Plant (Karnataka) Salem Steel Plant (Tamil Nadu) Alloy Steel Plant, Durgapur (West Bengal) Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (Andhra Pradesh) IDCOL Kalinga Iron Works Ltd Private Sector JSW Steel Ltd (Karnataka) Tata Steel Ltd (Jharkhand) Ispat Industries Ltd (Maharashtra) Essar Steel Ltd (Gujarat) Jindal Steel & Power Ltd (Chhattisgarh) Lloyds Steel Industries Ltd (Maharashtra) Jindal Stainless Ltd 2010-11(P) Crude/Liquid steel 2009-10 2010-11(P)

4585 4700 2120 2088 550 205 3400 170

4360 3925 1900 1802 500 118 320 264 3000

4066 5370 2258 2174 502 126 3900 NA

4108 5708 2303 2143 495 131 3830 -

3599 5108 2128 1966 400 103 NA 205 3205

3592 5329 2160 1961 411 108 NA 200 3235 -

NA NA 2000 NA 1670

6800 6800 3000 4600 3000 850 NA

NA 7232 NA NA NA

NA 7501 NA NA NA -

6254 6563 2689 3474 1961 505 517

6864 6856 2377 3367 2273 553 703

Figures rounded off. Source: Annual Report of Ministry of Steel, 2010-11, 2011-12 and individual plants.

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Table 5 : Production of Crude/Liquid Steel, 2006-07 to 2010-11 (By Route)

(In '000 tonnes) Route/plant All Routes : (A+B) Total A. Oxygen Route : Total Bhilai Steel Plant (Chhattisgarh) Durgapur Steel Plant (West Bengal) Rourkela Steel Plant (Odisha) Bokaro Steel Plant (Jharkhand) IISCO Steel Plant (West Bengal) Visvesvaraya Iron Steel Ltd (Karnataka) Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (Andhra Pradesh) Tata Steel Ltd (Jharkhand) JSW Steel Ltd (Karnataka) Other Oxygen Route 2006-07 50817 25394 4799 1869 1990 4067 472 159 3606 5174 2643 724 2007-08 53857 25966 5055 1914 2093 4127 458 158 3322 5013 3147 872 2008-09 58437 26063 5183 1886 2083 3577 417 95 3145 5646 3218 995 2009-10 2010-11(P) 65839 29832 5108 1966 2128 3599 400 103 3205 6563 6254 506 69575 31047 5329 1961 2160 3592 411 108 3235 6856 6864 531

B. Electric Route : Total Electric Arc Furnace

Alloy Steel Plant, Durgapur (West Bengal) Essar Steel Ltd (Gujarat) Ispat Industries Ltd (Maharashtra) Jindal Steel & Power Ltd (Chhattisgarh) Lloyds Steel Ltd (Maharashtra) Jindal Stainless Ltd (Haryana) Other Electric Arc Furnace Route

25423 10033
150 3006 2761 803 537 585 2191

27891 10958
157 3564 2827 1219 463 585 2143

32374 14320
168 3342 2201 1457 460 470 6222

36007 16180
205 3474 2689 1961 505 679 6667

38528 16457
200 3367 2377 2273 553 703 6984

Electric Induction Furnace

15390

16933

18054

19824

22071

Figures rounded off. Source: Ministry of Steel, Annual Report, 2010-11 and 2011-12.

Table 6 : Prices of Iron & Steel, 2008-09 to 2010-2011 (Domestic Markets)

(In ` per tonne) Grade CTD Bars (ISI, 8mm) Joists (150 x 7.5mm) Channels (75 x 40mm) MS Squares (8mm) MS Angles (25 x 3mm) Melting Scrap Blooms (SAIL, 150mm) Heavy Slab (Bokaro) Melting Scrap (rolling) MS Rounds (10mm) CTD Bars (ISI 8mm) MS Squares (8mm) MS Angles (25x 3mm) Joists (150 x 75mm) Induction ingots (round) Old Ship Breaking Scrap Market Delhi '' '' '' '' '' Mandi Gobindgarh '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' 2008-09 38114 34986 35590 37657 26100 25875 44329 34850 26631 35631 41581 34796 37113 34077 32227 30433 2009-10 31600 29367 29437 30796 29965 19333 40583 26560 20815 28127 34446 27742 30965 28473 25190 22962 2011-12 (P) 32738 30312 30713 31755 31358 22704 40860 28971 24355 31196 36827 30637 33758 27957 29588 26917

(Contd.)

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IRON & STEEL AND SCRAP Table - 6 (Concld.)

Grade Joists (150 x 75mm) MS Angles(40 x 6mm) Induction ingots Melting Scrap CTD Bars (local 8mm) MS Rounds (8mm) Market Mumbai '' '' '' '' '' 2008-09 34618 35514 29959 24584 37551 35657 2009-10(R) 2010-11(P) 28587 29046 23244 18121 30985 28792 28173 30358 26515 22371 30735 30075

CTD Bars (ISI, 8mm) MS Squares (8mm) MS Angles (25 x 3mm) Channels (75 x 40mm) Joists (150 x 75mm) Induction Ingots Melting Scrap Arc Ingots Concast Billet Ingots

Kolkata '' '' '' '' '' '' '' ''

32141 32892 31724 33196 31635 24259 19573 24460 24737

25727 25881 25227 26446 22606 18729 15204 19131 19223

26348 25922 30819 26935 23131 19689 18380 20057 20647

Source : Minerals & Metals Review, April 2012.

Finished Steel The Indian Steel Industry continued to record increased production of finished steel from 52.53 million tonnes in 2006-07 to 66.01 million tonnes in 2010-11. Finished steel produced by the steel plants of SAIL in 2010-11 was 10.2 million tonnes. In 2010-11, Visakhapatnam Steel Plant of Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd produced 2.93 million tonnes and Tata Steel produced 5.16 million tonnes. JSW Steel (Vijaynagar) is the largest finished steel producer among private sector integrated steel plants. It produced 5.77 million tonnes saleable steel (comprising 5.04 million tonnes flat products and 0.73 million tonnes long products). Various finished steel products produced by principal steel plants are furnished in Table-7. Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Steel produced in the Secondary Sector is mostly by recycling of steel scrap using Electric
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Table 7 : Various Finished Steel Products Produced by Principal Steel Plants

Plant Bokaro Steel Plant (Jharkhand) Durgapur Steel Plant (West Bengal) Products Plates, HR coils, HR sheets, CR coils, CR sheets, GP/GC sheets, TMBP. Bars & rods, rails & railway materials, wheels and axles, fish plates, sleeper structurals, bars, rods, TMT bars, skelp, bloom, billets, slabs. Flat products, bars and rods, plate, HR coil, CR coil, CR sheets, GP/GC sheets, electrical sheets, electrolytic tin plates, spirally welded large dimension pipes. Billets, slabs, rails & railway materials, heavy structurals and squares, plates, merchant products, wire rods, plates and blooms. Bars & rods, rail & railway materials, foundry & pipes and structural steel. Stainless steel, tool steel, other alloys & steel, bearing steel, spring steel, free cutting steel, constructional steel (a) carbon steel, (b) case hardening steel & (c) heat treatable steel. Steel products in long categories, finished steel (round & square), wire rods, re-bars, angles (equal & unequal), sections, channels, beams, saleable billets, flat products, light & medium merchant products (bars), medium merchant products (structural). Bars & rods, HR sheets and strips, CR coils, rolled/forged bars & structurals, plates, GP/GC sheets. Plates, HR sheets, HR coils, CR coils/sheets, GP/GC sheets. HR coils, CR coils/sheets, GP/GC sheets. Plates, HR sheets, HR coils, CR coils/sheets, GP/GC sheets. Plates, structurals, HR coils, rails & railway materials.

Rourkela Steel Plant (Odisha)

Bhilai Steel Plant (Chhattisgarh)

IISCO Steel Plant (West Bengal)

Visvesvaraya Iron Steel Ltd (Karnataka)

Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (Andhra Pradesh)

Tata Steel Ltd (Jharkhand)

JSW Steel Ltd (Karnataka) Ispat Industries Ltd (Maharashtra) Essar Steel Ltd (Gujarat) Jindal Steel & Power Ltd (Chhattisgarh)

Source: Annual Report of Ministry of Steel and information from individual plants.

Arc Furnace (EAF). Presently, there are 39 EAF based steel plants in operation in the country, with an aggregate capacity of 18.04 million tonnes per annum. One unit with a capacity of 0.05 million tonnes is reportedly closed. The production of steel ingots/ concast billets by EAF units reporting production in 2010-11 was estimated at 16.46 million tonnes as against 16.18 million tonnes in 2009-10 (Table-5). The recent developments in EAF technology, viz, to increase oxygen consumption, to reduce power consumption and to reduce tap time have led to increase in metal production. The development of thin slab casting has made EAF route more productive. This route enables slab strips rolling at lesser cost, facilitating production

of cheaper strips/sheets than those that can be achieved through BF/BOF route. Induction Furnace (IF) Presently, in India, EAF based industries are yet to switch over to induction furnace route. An induction furnace is an electrical furnace in which heat is generated through electromagnetic induction in an electrically conductive medium. Induction furnaces use steel melting scraps, sponge iron and pig iron/cast iron. On an average the proportion of these items is 40% sponge iron + 10% cast iron or pig iron and the remaining is steel melting scraps. Induction furnace has capability to operate on a charge up to 85% DRI

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(sponge iron). There are 1,114 induction furnaces with an aggregate capacity of 24.40 million tonnes. These units reportedly produced about 22.07 million tonnes steel in 2010-11 as against production of 19.83 million tonnes in 2009-10.

Pig Iron
Pig iron is one of the basic raw materials required by the foundry & casting industry for manufacturing various types of castings for the engineering section. The main sources of pig iron have traditionally been the integrated steel plants of SAIL besides plants of Tata Steel Ltd and Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd. Domestic production of pig iron lags and is not in tandem with the demand. Efforts were, therefore, made to increase pig iron manufacturing facilities in the secondary sector.

As a result of various policy initiatives taken by the Government, private sector showed considerable interest in setting up new pig iron units especially in the post-liberalised period. This has resulted in drastic change, in the contribution of private/secondary sector units from merely 8% in 1991-92 to about 89.6% by 2010-11. In 2010-11, about 5.54 million tonnes pig iron was produced. The production of pig iron by public and private sector plants is furnished in Table-3. The share of private/ secondary producers in the years 2009-10 and 2010-11 was around 87.6% and 89.6%, respectively, in spite of the unprecedented increase in the price of imported metallurgical coke that the industry was constrained with. Location and capacity of principal pig iron units in private sector are furnished in Table - 8.

Table 8 : Location and Capacity of Principal Pig Iron Units

(In lakh tonnes) Sl.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Unit Lanco Industries Ltd Sathavahana Ispat Ltd Jayaswal NECO Industries Ltd Sesa Goa Ltd Usha Martin Industries JSW Steel Ltd Kalyani Ferrous Industries Ltd Kirloskar Ferrous Industries Ltd KIOCL Ltd Usha Ispat Ltd Ispat Metallics India Ltd Kalinga Iron Works Kajaria Iron Castings Ltd Electrosteel Castings Ltd Tata Metaliks Ltd Location Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh Raipur, Chhattisgarh Bicholim, Goa Jamshedpur, Jharkhand Bellary, Karnataka Koppal, Karnataka Koppal, Karnataka Mangalore, Karnataka Redi, Maharashtra Dolvi, Raigad, Maharashtra Barbil, Keonjhar, Odisha Durgapur, West Bengal Khardah, West Bengal Kharagpur, West Bengal Capacity 1.65 1.20 7.50 1.80 1.10 7.20 1.20 2.40 2.27 3.00 20.00 1.70 1.10 1.10 0.90

Source: Development Commissioner for Iron & Steel, Ministry of Steel, Kolkata, and individual plants.

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Sponge Iron
India is the largest producer of sponge iron in the world. Sponge is produced from iron ore by using non-coking coal. Direct reduced iron (DRI), called as sponge iron, is a metallic material formed by reduction of iron oxide at temperatures below the fusion point of iron. Hot briquetted iron (HBI) is a product obtained after densification process where the DRI feed material is at temperature more than 6500C at the time of moulding (hot briquetting) with density more than 5.0 g/cm 3. During the early 1990s, sponge iron industry was specially promoted to provide an alternative to steel melting scrap which was increasingly becoming scarce. The production of sponge iron during the last five years is given in Table-2. The installed capacity of sponge iron has also increased over the years from 1.52 million tonnes in 1990-91 to currently at 34.9 million tonnes which includes 3 gas-based units having 9.3 million tpy

capacity. The production has risen from 0.9 million tonnes in 1991-92 to about 26.71 million tonnes in 2010-11. Over the years, the coal based route has emerged as a key contributor to overall production; its share has increased from 63% in 2004-05 to 78.3% in 2010-11. About 80% coalbased sponge iron produced in the world comes from India. However, the constraints faced by sponge iron industry include non-availability of right grade of iron ore and non-coking coal at affordable prices. Production of the sponge iron in the country has also resulted in providing an alternative feed material to steel melting scrap which was hitherto imported in large quantities by the Electric Arc Furnace units and the Induction Furnace units for steel making. This has resulted in a considerable saving in foreign exchange. The available data on annual installed capacity of principal sponge iron units are given in Table-9.

Table 9 : Capacities of Principal Sponge Iron (DRI) Plants

(In lakh tonnes) Unit Gas-based Essar Steel Ltd Welspun Maxsteel Ltd, (formerly, Vikram Ispat) Ispat Industries Ltd (formerly, JSW Ispat Ltd) Coal-based Action Ispat & Power Pvt. Ltd Adhunik Metaliks Ltd Alliance Integrated Metallics Ltd Anjani Steel Ltd API Ispat Powertech Pvt. Ltd Beekay Steel & Power Ltd Bhushan Steel & Strips Ltd Bihar Sponge Iron Ltd Crest Steel & Power Pvt. Ltd Deepak Steel & Power Ltd Gallant Metal Ltd Global Hi-tech Industries Ltd Marakuta & Pandaripathar, Jharsuguda, Odisha Chandrihariharpur, Sundergarh, Odisha Bemta, Raipur, Chhattisgarh Ujalpur, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh IGC Siltara, Raipur, Chhattisgarh Uliburu, Barbil, Odisha Meramandali, Dhenkanal, Odisha Chandil, Singhbhum, Jharkhand IGC Borai, Durg, Chhattisgarh Topadihi, Keonjhar, Odisha Samakhilai, Kachchh, Gujarat Gandhidham, Gujarat 2.50 1.80 5.00 1.02 1.05 1.05 3.00 2.10 1.15 1.44 1.70 1.05 Geetapuram, Dolvi, Raigad, Maharashtra 16.00 Hazira, Gujarat Salav, Raigad, Maharashtra 68.00 9.00 Location Capacity

(Contd.) 48-10

IRON & STEEL AND SCRAP Table - 9 (Concld.)

Unit Goa Sponge Iron & Power Ltd Godawari Power & Ispat Ltd Goldstar Steel & Alloys Ltd Ind Synergy Ltd Jai Balaji Sponge Ltd Jai Shri Balaji Steel Pvt. Ltd (HEG Ltd) Jayaswal Neco Ltd Janki Corporation Ltd Jindal Steel & Power Ltd Lloyds Metals & Engineering Ltd Mastek Steels Pvt. Ltd MGM Steels Ltd Monnet Ispat Energy Ltd Monnet Ispat & Energy Ltd MSP Steel & Power Ltd Nalwa Steel & Power Ltd Nova Iron & Steel Ltd OCL Iron & Steel Ltd Orissa Sponge Iron Ltd Prakash Industries Ltd Rungta Mines Ltd Sarda Energy & Minerals Ltd Scaw Industries Pvt. Ltd Shivshakti Steel Ltd Shri Bajrang Power & Ispat Ltd Shraddha Ispat Pvt. Ltd Shyam Sel Ltd Singhal Enterprises Pvt. Ltd Sree Metaliks Ltd S.K.S. Ispat & Power Ltd Sunflag Iron & Steel Co Ltd Sunil Ispat & Power Ltd Sunil Sponge Iron Ltd Tata Sponge Iron (Ipitata Sponge) Topworth Steel Pvt. Ltd Vandana Global Ltd Vallabh Steels Ltd Visa Steels Ltd Zoom Vallabh Steels Ltd Location Santona, Sanguem, Goa IGC Siltara, Raipur, Chhattisgarh Srirampuram, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh Kotmar, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh Baktarnagar, Raniganj, West Bengal Borai, Durg, Chhattisgarh IGC Siltara, Raipur, Chhattisgarh Sidiginamola, Bellary, Karnataka Kharsia Road, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh Ghuggus, Chandrapur, Maharashtra Holakundi, Bellary, Karnataka Chintapokhri, Dhenkanal, Odisha Chandkhuri Marg, Hasaud, Raipur, Chhattisgarh Naharpalli, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh Jamgaon, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh Taraimal, Raipur, Chhattisgarh Dagori, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh Lamloi, Sundergarh, Odisha Palaspanga, Keonjhar, Odisha Champa, Jangir Champa, Chhattisgarh Karakola and Kamando, Sundergarh, Odisha IGC Siltara, Raipur, Chhattisgarh Gundichapara, Dhenkanal, Odisha Chakradharpur, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh Urla, Raipur, Chhattisgarh Santona, Sanguem, Goa Dewabdighi, Burdwan, West Bengal Taraimal, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh Loidapada, Keonjhar, Odisha Raipur, Chhattisgarh Bhandara, Maharashtra IGC Siltara, Raipur, Chhattisgarh Chiraipani, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh Joda, Keonjhar, Odisha IGC Borai, Durg, Chhattisgarh IGC Siltara, Raipur, Chhattisgarh Sahnewal, Ludhiana, Punjab KIC, Jajpur Road, Odisha Dughda, Saraikela-Kharswan, Jharkhand Capacity 1.00 4.95 2.20 3.00 1.05 1.20 2.55 1.80 13.70 2.70 1.05 1.00 3.00 5.00 1.92 1.98 1.50 1.20 2.50 4.50 3.30 2.10 1.00 1.00 2.10 1.28 1.00 1.94 1.74 2.70 1.50 1.15 1.05 3.90 1.65 2.16 1.20 3.00 1.20

I.G.C.: Industrial Growth Centre. Source: Sponge Iron Manufacturers' Association (SIMA) and individual plants.

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Apparent Consumption of Steel

India's per capita steel consumption increased from 38 kg in 2005-06 to 55 kg in 2010-11 and it is far below the level of other developed and developing countries. The world average of per capita steel consumption stands at 150 kg and that of developed country stands at 400 kg. Apparent consumption of steel is calculated by taking into consideration export of steel, total domestic production and import of steel in the country. Sometimes change in stock is adjusted to arrive at the consumption figures. It is also treated as the actual domestic demand of steel in t h e c o u n t r y. T h e a p p a r e n t c o n s u m p t i o n o f finished steel since 2001-02 is given in Table-10. Table 10 : Domestic Consumption of Finished Steel
(In million tonnes) Year 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 Consumption 27.44 (3.43%.) 30.68 (11.81%) 33.12 (7.95%) 36.38 (9.84%) 41.43 (13.88%) 46.78 (12.91%) 52.13 (11.41%) 52.35 (0.42%) 59.34 65.61 (13.35%) (10.57%)

MODERNISATION & EXPANSION

Modernisation and expansion works undertaken by different plants are as follows:

SAIL
SAIL is in the process of modernising and expanding its production units. The objective is to achieve a production capacity of 26.2 million tonnes/annum of hot metal. The expansion plans would increase the capacity of SAIL from 14.61 million tonnes (in 2006-07) per annum hot metal production to 26.18 million tonnes by 2012-13 is given below:
Plant Hot metal capacity by 2012-13 (Million tonnes) 7.44 7.50 4.50 3.50 2.91 0.33 Total 26.18

Bokaro Plant Bhilai Plant Rourkela Plant Durgapur Plant IISCO Plant VISL

Order for all major packages of ISP & SSP and part packages for expansion of Bokaro, Bhilai, Rourkela and Durgapur Steel Plants have been placed and they are in various stages of implementation. Objectives of expansion plan are: * 100% production of steel through Basic Oxygen Furnance (BOF) route. * 100% processing of steel through continuous casting. * Value addition by reduction of semi-finished steel. * Auxilliary fuel injection system in all the Blast furnaces. * State-of-the-art process control computerisation/ automation. * State-of-the-art online testing and quality control.

Source: Annual Report, Ministry of Steel, 2008-09 to 2 0 11 - 1 2 . Figures in parentheses indicate the percentage increase over the previous year.

The normal demand of steel for infrastructure is 23%, construction 22%, manufacturing 18%, automobiles 12%, consumer durables 6% and other sectors 19%. With the ongoing economic liberalisation resulting in faster economic growth, the steel consumption is expected to increase rapidly. With the expansion of capacities in the integrated plants and installation of new plants, additional supply of steel in Indian markets has increased considerably. This has created an intense competition in the domestic market in the short run.

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IRON & STEEL AND SCRAP

* Energy saving schemes. * Secondary refining and * Adherence to environment norms. Bhilai Steel Plant The Board of SAIL has given permission to the proposal in principle, for modernisation and capacity expansion of Bhilai Steel Plant to 7.5 million tonnes of hot metal and 7 million tonnes of crude steel per annum at an indicative cost of `11,267 crore. The proposal includes: a) Installation of a new blast furnace, b) A new 7 metre tall coke oven battery and a new sinter machine, c) Phasing out of ingot route with 100% continuous casting by adding a new steel m e l t i n g s h o p o f 4 m i l l i o n t p y c a p a c i t y, d) Installation of a universal beam mill of 1 million tpy capacity, e) Addition of a new bar & roll mill of 0.9 million tpy capacity, f) Installation of a new universal rail mill of 1.2 million tpy capacity and g) capacity expansion of plate mill to 1.42 million tpy. Bokaro Steel Plant The hot metal production capacity at Bokaro is likely to touch 7.44 million tpy by 2012-13 from 4.59 million tpy in 2006-07. The facilities as planned for expansion include a) new Steel Melting Shop Complex (SMS III) with an installed annual capacity of 3.8 million tonnes crude steel, b) Cold Rolling Mills Complex of 1.2 million tpy capacity and c) Rebuilding of three coke oven batteries. Rourkela Steel Plant The hot metal production from RSP is to reach to 4.50 million tonnes by 2012-13 from 2.12 million tonnes. The progress at RSP includes a) New half coke oven battery (0.23 million tpy), b) New Sinter plant (3.9 million tpy), c) New blast furnace (1.6 million tpy), d) Third BOF converter (150 tonnes), e) Third slab caster in SMS II, f) Upgradation of Hot Strip Mill and Plate Mill, g) New CRNO Line (0.1 million tpy) and h) New Pipe Coating Plant (0.06 million tpy). Durgapur Steel Plant DSP's hot metal production is projected to touch 3.50 million tonnes by 2012-13 from

2.06 million tonnes in 2006-07. The new facilities as planned are a) New Sinter Plant b) Bloom-cumR o u n d C a s t e r, c ) M e d i u m St r u c t u r a l M i l l , d) Additional finishing Mill and e) New Bar and Rod Mill (0.6 million tpy). IISCO Steel Plant The plant is set to undergo modernisation cum expansion through which its hot metal production capacity will be raised to 2.91 million tpy by 2012-13. Salem Steel Plant Expansion and modernisation of the Salem Steel Plant, envisages installing Steel Melting and Continuous Casting facilities to produce 180,000 tpy slabs along with expansion of Cold Rolling Mill complex for Stainless Steel products from 60,000 tpy to 146,000 tpy and an additional Roll Grinding Machine for Hot Rolling Mill for enhancing the production to 364,000 tpy. Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd (RINL) Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (VSP) of RINL is the first shore-based integrated steel plant located at Visakhaptnam in Andhra Pradesh. The plant was commissioned in 1992 with a capacity to produce around 3 million tonnes of liquid steel per annum. The plant has been built to match international standards in design and engineering with state-of-the-art technology, incorporating extensive energy saving and pollution control measures. Visakhapatnam has excellent layout which allows expansion of the plant capacity. VSP is in the midst of implementing an expansion plan to double its annual liquid steel making capacity from the present level of 3 million tpy to 6.3 million tpy. The new units are set to come on stream progressively from 2011-12. Tata Steel Ltd (formerly TISCO) The company has been rechristened as Tata Steel Ltd (TSL). The company has an integrated steel plant located at Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, with annual crude steel making capacity of 6.8 million tonnes which was slated to increase to 9.7 million tonnes by 2011-12. The 2.9 million tpy expansion inter alia comprises a 2.9 million tpy blast furnace, 6 million tpy pellet plant, 2.4 million tpy Linz -

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Donawit (LD) basic oxygen converter, etc. TSL has achieved a production of 5.02 million tonnes and 5.16 million tonnes of finished steel and 5.56 million tonnes and 6.86 million tonnes of crude steel in 2009-10 and 2010-11, respectively. Setting up of a new integrated steel plant with 12.5 million tonnes capacity in Kalinganagar, Jajpur, Odisha by TSL is currently underway, which the company plans to complete in phases. Government of Odisha has allotted 2000 acres of land for the plant at Kalinganagar. The company has further plans to set up a 7.0 million tpy per year capacity integrated steel plant at Jagdalpur in Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. In the first phase, installation of a 2 million tpy per year capacity plant is likely to be taken up; and it is expected to be completed in 3.5 to 5 years. Capacity expansion to 5 million tpy per year will be undertaken subsequently. The process of acquiring of land is under progress. The company also signed an MoU with the Government of Jharkhand for setting up of a 12 million tonnes per year integrated steel plant at Saraikela in phases. The above projects are, however, subject to raw material linkages and receipt of requisite approvals. JSW Steel Ltd JSW Steel Ltd has an installed crude steel capacity of 6.8 million tpy with value added products constituting 1.8 million tpy spread across four locations; Toranagallu (Vijaynagar Works), Salem (Salem Works), Vasind, and Tarapur (downstream units). Vijaynagar works existing operations produce flat and long steel products, Salem Works focus only in long products and the downstream units produce CR/Galvanised, colour coated, value added flat products. All the existing operating facilities have been accredited with OHSAS-18001, ISO-9001: 2000 and ISO - 14001. Vijaynagar works has integrated operations from beneficiation plant to 1 million tpy Cold Rolling Mill Complex. The Salem works has an integrated manufacturing facility with an overall crude steel capacity of 1 million tpy, comprising sinter plant, blast furnace, EOF, billet caster, bloom caster and rolling with associated facilities such as coke oven, power plant, oxygen plant, etc. The slabs and HR coil produced at Vijaynagar works are further processed in downstream units at Va s i n d a n d Ta r a p u r i n t o v a l u e a d d e d H R

plates, CR, galvanised, galvalume and colour coated products. The Company is enhancing the total capacity to 9.6 million tpy at Vijaynagar works. Two subsidiaries of the company - M/s JSW Bengal Steel Ltd and M/s JSW Jharkhand Steel Ltd are incorporated to set up greenfield steel plants with 10 million tpy capacity each in West Bengal and Jharkhand, respectively. The company is in possession of required land in West Bengal while in Jharkhand it has obtained a mining lease for iron ore. Jindal Steel & Power Ltd (JSPL) JSPL has set up a rail & universal beam plant with capabilities to produce 120 m long finished rails, the longest in the world, for the first time in India. The company has captive coal mines at Dongamahua in Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh and coal washing unit with capacity of 6 million tonnes per year to wash 47-48% coal ash to 26%. The sponge iron plant at Raigarh, Chhattisgarh has c a p a c i t y o f 1 . 3 7 m i l l i o n t p y. F a c i l i t i e s a t Raigarh also include following capacities steel 3 million tonnes (Rail and structurals 0.75 million tonnes, plates 1.00 million tonnes and slabs, rounds, blooms and billets 1.25 million tonnes), hot metal 1.67 million tonnes and captive powerplant 623 MW. As expansion projects, JSPL is setting up a 6 million tpy integrated steel plant at Angul in Odisha. Other plants being set up are : 6 million tpy integrated steel plant at Patratu, Jharkhand and 7 million tpy steel plant at Raigarh, Chhattisgarh. It is planned to implement these projects in phases. The present plant at Raigarh is also under expansion to 7 million tpy (3 million tpy through EF route and 4 million tpy through BOF route) comprising 3 million tpy flat products and 4 million tpy long products. It will also have 6 million tpy gas-based DRI plant with matching coal gasification unit and 4 million tpy hot metal capacity.

Essar Steel Limited (ESL)

A state-of-the-art hot rolled coil steel plant was set up at Hazira, Gujarat. This plant was set up with 4.6 million tpy capacity and is expanded to 10 million tonnes per annum. It is the largest fully-integrated manufacturer of high quality flat steel products in

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western India. Company's operations include 8 million tpy and 12 million tpy beneficiation plants at Bailadila in Chhattisgarh and Dabuna in Odisha. Essar has the world's second largest slurry pipeline of 267 km and also 253 km to transport beneficiated iron ore slurry to the pellet plants namely 8 million tpy pellet complex at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh and 6 million tpy at Paradip at Odisha. The Essar Steel Complex at Hazira in Surat district, Gujarat houses the world's largest gas-based single location sponge iron plant with a capacity of 6.8 million tpy. The complex also house 1.4 million tpy cold rolling complex, 4.6 million tpy electric arc furnace, 4.6 million tpy continuous caster and 3.6 million tpy hot strip mill. Outstanding performance has been observed in the 3 DRI-HBI modules of the company. The company has plans to set up a steel plant of 6 million tonnes per annum capacity at Paradip, Odisha. The scheme also includes installation of pellet plant and iron ore beneficiation plant. The company has plans to set up a steel plant of 3.2 million tonnes per annum capacity at Bastar, Chhattisgarh, (In first phase, a 1.6 million tpy steel plant with a captive power plant is to be set up), 3 million tonnes per annum in Jharkhand and 6 million tonnes per annum in Karnataka. Ispat Industries Ltd (formerly, JSW Ispat Steel Ltd) JSW Steel has aquired a 45.53% majority stake in Ispat Industries w.e.f. 21.12.2010. Ispat Industries Ltd, with its associated companies, had set up one of the largest integrated steel plants in the private sector in India at Dolvi in Raigad district, Maharashtra. The plant has a capacity to produce 3 million tpy of hot rolled coils (HRC). The company also manufactures sponge iron and pig iron at their Dolvi complex. The company has a gas-based DRI plant of 1.6 million tpy capacity and an ultra-modern blast furnace of 2 million tpy capacity to produce hot metal/pig iron. It also has a 2.24 million tpy sinter plant at Dolvi. The integrated steel plant functions on the Convertercum-Electric Arc Furnace route (CONARC process) to produce steel through modern Twin Shell Electric Arc Furnace. IIL has plans to expand its HR coils capacity at Dolvi to 3.6 million tonnes per year. A new 2 million

tonnes sinter plant, a 1,260 tonnes/day oxygen plant and a new electric arc furnace have also been commissioned at IIL Dolvi. The capacity is considering to scale up the plant to 5 million tpy capacity and also company has plans to set up 5.0 million tpy integrated steel plant at Paradip, Odisha. Neelachal Ispat Nigam Limited (NINL) NINL has a 1.1 million tonnes per annum capacity iron & steel plant located at Duburi, Jajpur district, Odisha. The NINL and Odisha Government will be setting one million tonne steel plant at Kalinganagar, Jajpur, Odisha. The other product of the company that is sold in the domestic market is granulated slag which is consumed by several cement plants.

NEW STEEL PROJECTS

In the context of long-term demand projection of steel, the Government adopted a two-pronged strategy for increasing steel production in the country. Firstly, through modernisation and expansion of existing public sector steel plants in the country and secondly, by offering initiatives to private sector to install new steel capacities. After the announcement of the Industrial Policy in 1991 and encouraged by the various other policy initiatives of the Government, substantial interest by several entrepreneurs to set up new steel plants has been witnessed. Besides the steel PSUs, massive capacity addition is in the pipeline by private steel producers including foreign direct investors. As per the latest information available, 301 MoUs have been signed in various states with intended capacity of around 488.56 million tonnes with an investment of over ` 5-10 lakh crore by 2020. Some projects were at various stages of implementation. POSCO has planned to set up 12 million tpy capacity steel plant in Odisha by using "Finex" process with direct utilisation of sinter feed iron ore (-8 mm) besides utilising the advantages of "Corex" technology. Similar expansion is also coming up in secondary steel sector consisting of sponge iron, EAF, induction furnace, rolling mill, etc. With these new steel plants, contribution of private sector units is gradually increasing and this trend is expected to continue.

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National Mineral Development Corporation Ltd NMDC is now directing its resources to diversifying into steel making. An integrated steel plant with a capacity of three million tonnes will be set up in Chhattisgarh near Nagarnar, Bastar district. NMDC is in the process of expanding its business through forward integration in both greenfield and brownfield projects by setting up (a) 2.0 million tpy pellet plant in Chhattisgarh (b) 1.2 million tpy pellet plant at Donimalai in Karnataka (c) 0.36 million tpy BHJ ore beneficiation plant at Donimalai.

industry. It is also consumed by some major steel plants. Scrapespecially that from the ship breaking industry supplies substantial quantity of re-rollable steel and steel scrap for the iron & steel industry. Iron scrap is available in the country in the form of pressed bundles, a mixture of used steel components (called as a commercial scrap), turnings and borings and heavy melting scrap. These are generated by industries of all sectors like automobiles, railways and engineering workshops. The collection and processing of scrap in an organised manner is undertaken by a few units in the country. In the local market, scrap is supplied by dealers who in turn arrange to have scrap collected manually or through subdealers. The consumption of scrap is mainly reported by Induction Furnace and Electric Arc Furnace units, integrated steel plants and alloy steel & foundry industries. Scraps are used in the steel sector after recycling. Recycling scrap helps in conservation of energy as remelting of scrap requires much less energy than production of iron or steel from iron ore. Also, the consumption of iron and scrap by remelting reduces the burden on land fill disposal facilities and prevents the accumulation of abandoned steel products in the environment. It increases the availability of semifinished material which otherwise would have to be produced using the ore. Thus, it helps in conservation of natural resources. Ship breaking Ship breaking has been a major source of scrap generation. Ship breaking activities are carried out at various places on the Indian Coast, the largest concentration is on the West Coast. Private entrepreneurs handle the task of ship breaking in India. It is a labour intensive job and in India, it is cost efficient activity. Location of present ship breaking activities are: i) Alang and Sosiya yards in Bhavnagar district, Gujarat,

KIOCL Ltd
The company is operating 350 cu m capacity blast furnace at Panambur, New Mangalore Port for production of pig iron with 2.27 lakh tpy capacity and a Ductile Iron Spun Pipe (DISP) plant of 100,000 tonnes per year capacity. The hot metal from blast furnace will be the main feed stock for the DISP plant. The company was also in the process of selecting a joint venture equity partner for an integrated steel plant to be set up in Karnataka. The company also operates a 3.5 million tpy pellets plant at Mangalore with hematite ore purchased from NMDC. It has signed an MOU with Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation Ltd. (KSIDL) for setting up of iron ore mining, beneficiation and pelletisation plant in Kerala.

VISA Steel Ltd

The Kolkata based VISA Group was in the process of implementing a 500,000 tpy integrated special and stainless steel plant along with a 400,000 tpy coke oven plant. Its first blast furnace with 225,000 tonnes of pig iron per annum capacity was commissioned in 2005 at Kalinganagar Industrial Complex, Odisha. The 250 cu m blast furnace will have carbon hearth refractories, stoves & blowers and twin pig casting machines.

IRON & STEEL SCRAP

Iron & Steel Scrap is one of the essential requirements for manufacture of steel in mini-steel

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(ii) Sachana in Gujarat (iii) Mumbai and (iv) Kolkata. Alang & Sosiya yards account for 90% concentration of the ship breaking industry in India. During 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010-11, a total of 267, 379 and 357 ships were beached by the industry accounting for 2.0 million tonnes, 3.1 million tonnes and 2.8 million tonnes, respectively, in terms of LDT ( Light Displacement Tonnage, viz, physical weight of a ship). Today, Alang possibly represents the single largest concentration of ship breaking industry in the world. The life of an average ocean-going ship is about 20 years. About 40% of the ships broken are dry cargo ships, while remaining 40% of the ships broken are wet cargo, tanker and specialised ships. These recyclable steels mainly as steel scrap provide feed to steel and foundry industry in India. The steel generated from ship recycling contributes to around 1% to 2% of the domestic steel demand. The recommendations of a committee of Technical Experts on Ship Breaking set up by the Government of India on the directions of the Hon'ble Supreme Court have been accepted by the Hon'ble Supreme Court on 6.9.2007 on the issue of handling & management of the hazardous industrial waste generated during ship breaking. The Court has also directed the Government to formulate a comprehensive Code incorporating the recommendations which are operative till the statutes are amended. The Code is under formulation in the Ministry of Steel.

secondary arising generated mostly from Public Sector Undertakings and Government Departments, including Ministry of Defence. The Company also undertakes import of raw materials in bulk required by large industrial houses on back-to-back basis. The items of import include petroleum products, LAM Coke, Coking Coal, DR Pellets, HR Coils and Melting Scrap, etc. It also undertakes trading in items within the country in competition with any other private trader.

Ferro Scrap Nigam Ltd (FSNL)

FSNL has become a fully-owned subsidiary of MSTC Ltd under the Ministry of Steel. The company undertakes the recovery and processing of scrap, slag and refuse dumps, in the nine steel plants at Bhilai, Bokaro, Burnpur, Durgapur, Rourkela, Visakhapatnam, Dolvi, Duburi and Raigarh. The scrap so recovered is returned to the steel plants for recycling or disposal and the company is paid processing charges on the quantity recovered at varying rates depending on the category of scrap. Scrap is generted during iron & steel making and also in the Rolling Mills. In addition, the company provides steel mill services, such as scarfing of slabs and handling of BOF slag, etc. The recovery of scrap by FSNL in 2010-11 was 2.65 million tonnes in comparison to 2.37 million tonnes in 2009-10.

TRADE POLICY
As per the modified Export-Import Policy incorporated under the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) for 2009-14, the imports of primary forms of pig iron, spiegeleisen, sponge iron, ferroalloys, stainless steel, remelting scrap, as also the semi-finished products of iron, non-alloy steel or stainless steel (such as flat-rolled products, bars, rods, coils and wires), primary and semi-finished forms of other alloy-steels, etc. are unrestricted. Similarly, the exports are also allowed freely. In order to preserve iron ore resources for domestic

MSTC Ltd
(Formerly Metal Scrap Trade Corp. Ltd) Presently, the company undertakes trading activities, e-commerce, disposal of ferrous and non-ferrous scrap, surplus stores and other

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use on cheaper rates, export duty on iron ore has been increased w.e.f. 30/12/2011 to 30% ad valorem on all varieties of iron ore (except pellets).

Table 12 : World Production of Crude Steel (By Principal Countries)

(In '000 tonnes) Country 2008 2009 1231000 26506 9286 572182 12840 32670 63527 19848 87534 48572 14132 59200 14358 15873 25304 30302 10074 58196 130596 2010 1418000 32928 13013 626959 15413 43830 68321 25750 109598 58912 16710 66300 16343 19755 29030 33345 9708 80495 151590

WORLD REVIEW
The world production of pig iron in 2010 was about 1,085 million tonnes as against 978 million tonnes in 2009. China, Japan, India, Russia, Rep. of Korea, Brazil, Ukraine, Germany and USA were the principal producers (Table-11). Wo r l d c r u d e s t e e l p r o d u c t i o n i n 2 0 1 0 increased to 1,418 million tonnes from 1,231 million tonnes in 2009. China was the top producer accounting for 44% of world's crude steel production, followed by Japan (8%), USA (6%) and India (5%). Other important producers were Russia, Republic of Korea, Germany, Ukraine, Brazil, Turkey and Italy (Table-12). Table 11 : World Production of Pig Iron (By Principal Countries)
(In '000 tonnes) Country World : Total Brazil China France Germany India Japan Korea, Rep. of Russia Ukraine USA Other countries 2008 1006000 34871 478244 11372 29105 58229 86171 31043 48300 30991 33729 163945 2009 978000 25135 552835 8104 20104 61677 66943 27475 43900 25683 19018 127126 2010 1085000 30898 590218 10137 28560 64987 82283 31228 48200 27366 26834 144289

World : Total 1334000 Brazil 33716 Canada 14845 China 503057 France 17879 Germany 45832 India 57791 Italy 30590 Japan 118739 Korea, Rep. of 53322 Mexico 17209 Russia 68700 Spain 18640 Taiwan 19882 Turkey 26809 Ukraine 38136 United Kingdom 13520 USA 91350 Other countries 163983

Source: World Mineral Prouduction, 2006-2010.

FOREIGN TRADE
Exports
Exports of iron and steel (total) increased sharply by 66% in 2010-11 to 10.17 million tonnes from 6.12 million tonnes in the previous year. Steel exports in 2010-11 comprised of finished steel (including cold rolled sheets) 5.1 million tonnes (50%) and semi-finished steel (including steel ingots) 3.51 million tonnes (34%). Other items together accounted for remaining 16% exports. Exports in 2010-11 were mainly to Belgium (14%), USA (11%) and Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran and Kuwait (6% each). Exports of pig and cast iron including spiegeleisen increased to 15 lakh tonnes in 2010-11 from 6.2 lakh tonnes in the previous year. Exports were mainly to Thailand (56%), China (27%), Rep. of Korea (5%) and Japan (4%) (Tables - 13 to 22).

Imports
Imports of iron and steel (total) in 2010-11 decreased slighly to 14.40 million tonnes from 14.44 million tonnes in the previous year. Imports in 2010-11 comprised of semi-finished steel including ingots 5.9 million tonnes (41%) iron and steel scrap 4.6 million tonnes (32%) and finished steel including cold rolled sheets 3 million tonnes (21%). Imports in

Source: World Mineral Production, 2006-2010.

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2010-11 were mainly from China (19%), Republic of Korea (10%), USA (8%), Japan (7%), UK (6%), and UAE, Russia, Ukrain (5% each). The imports of pig and cast iron (including spigeleisen) increased marginally to 48 thousand tonnes in 2010-11 from 39 thousand tonnes in the previsous year. Imports were mainly from South Africa (22%), Sweden (14%) and China (11%) (Tables-23 to 32). Table -13 : Exports of Iron & Steel (By Countries)
2009-10 Country Qty (t) Value (` '000) Qty (t) Value (` '000) 2010-11

Table 15 : Exports of Iron & Steel (Steel Wire) (By Countries)

2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries USA Germany France Italy Belgium UK 72363 13139 5240 3060 2913 4332 3224 1544 1878 4936 6848 Value (` '000) 7800739 1492621 769074 376897 396421 568931 384488 247099 227254 272048 226889 2839017 Qty (t) 98853 16157 8868 5817 5274 4576 3772 2518 2668 7077 10121 32005 Value (` '000) 13282268 2336875 1699792 895504 873380 798705 662589 477716 416896 376218 362906 4381687 2010-11

All Countries 6115076 342946993 10169643 599195646 USA Belgium Saudi Arabia UAE Iran Kuwait Germany UK Italy Iraq 625418 45470395 1163485 148509 115431 7860487 1473544 6297940 640649 637765 656607 597552 176129 372262 190170 272549 95493962 53684532 51669840 39773305 34502759 28587375 22820447 19303936 15904276 14555677

Brazil Turkey UAE Nepal

505955 29660634 310489 15234241 63051 129477 51586 3529336 8821588 4752279 131478 13783350 212061 13066371

Other countries 25249

Other countries 3821621 194470372 3988931 222899537

Table 16 : Exports of Iron & Steel (Other Finished Steel, NES) (By Countries)
2009-10 2010-11 Qty (t) Value (` '000)

Table 14 : Exports of Iron & Steel (Finished Steel Inc. Cr Sheet) (By Countries)
2009-10 Country Qty (t) Value (` '000) Qty (t) Value (` '000) 2010-11

Country Qty (t) Value (` '000)

All Countries 1111682 106184292 1402970 135299929 USA Germany UK UAE Italy Saudi Arabia South Africa Benin Belgium Canada 165478 16351074 92179 61505 8789392 5455736 216509 110057 176112 129336 26628 55187 48536 14597 21137 30008 574863 23068047 12810253 11452966 10816895 3816571 3738414 3265959 2922173 2623328 2468157 58317166

All Countries 3143360 157564745 5075390 303282605 USA Saudi Arabia Iran Kuwait UAE Iraq Italy Belgium Oman Kenya 353846 22478739 41721 156399 28751 43829 165948 86437 93421 51689 2127197 7529703 1634483 3874811 7210584 3719963 5314374 2033212 861818 431898 543495 569306 320001 262023 123918 112613 107402 106044 64854810 37162069 29526910 27000750 22038459 13946356 6859329 6103702 5720015 5207661 84862544

109650 11070456 20896 46911 22595 14343 21022 22793 3112428 3206006 1515366 2810349 2042728 1954105

308346 15119784

Other countries 1812973 86521895 1636872

Other countries534310 49876652

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IRON & STEEL AND SCRAP

Table17: Exports of Iron & Steel (Semi-Finished Steel Including Steel Ingots) (By Countries)
2009-10 Country Qty (t) Value (` '000) Qty (t) Value (` '000) 2010-11

Table 19 : Exports of Iron & Steel: Alloy Steel (Powder) (By Countries)
2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries UK Canada South Africa Turkey Saudi Arabia Australia Spain UAE Poland USA 571 5 19 5 ++ 5 12 18 Value (` '000) 26620 312 477 300 193 433 788 951 23166 Qty (t) 58 7 6 32 8 ++ 1 0 1 1 ++ 2 Value (` '000) 4685 1703 808 564 410 386 301 124 112 71 62 144 2010-11

All Countries 1710812 69818464 3507643 145307883 Belgium Saudi Arabia UAE Germany USA Nepal UK Chinese Taipei/ Taiwan Italy Nigeria 36677 26343 82584 23775 92714 153246 10310 8940 22291 64088 1524800 1335206 926874 3191922 3195575 5126760 5008962 478603 349578 2346249 2709791 152719 180176 38940 68866 125873 147615 160064 34345 102005 44157743 10730231 6520924 6028064 5222190 4787834 4712649 4697978 4354581 4140350 49955339

Other countries 1189844 44959350 1161834

Other countries 507

Table 18 : Exports of Iron & Steel: Alloy Steel ( Granules) (By Countries)
2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries Nepal Iran USA Sri Lanka Saudi Arabia UAE Croatia Romania Singapore Australia Other countries 155 5 2 47 1 20 2 _ _ ++ _ 76 Value (` '000) 19314 319 123 11422 77 813 251 _ _ 66 _ 6243 Qty (t) 729 663 26 1 9 4 4 2 3 1 1 15 Value (` '000) 2010-11

Table 20 : Exports of Iron & Steel (Scrap) (By Countries)

2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries 23849 1602 18712 193 1428 860 Value (` '000) 341729 179522 47703 28985 24677 33333 Qty (t) 7343 1837 3111 163 1093 130 Value (` '000) 477649 335221 37147 22621 20096 13203 2010-11

103620 100136 2109 264 218 201 145 97 93 85 85 187

Sweden China Germany Oman Netherlands Chinese Taipei/ Taiwan UK USA UAE Bhutan Other countries

++ 7 118 406 _ 523

1 375 4640 4788 _ 17705

82 158 49 170 104 446

9089 8313 3867 3476 3220 21396

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IRON & STEEL AND SCRAP

Table 21 : Exports of Iron & Steel (Sponge Iron) (By Countries)

2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries Malaysia Bangladesh Nepal Bhutan Mauritious Ethiopia Chile Djibouti Kuwait UAE 52284 19785 23265 426 4757 1512 _ _ _ 400 19 Value (` '000) 1191090 317201 745541 8397 54187 24712 _ _ _ 5554 598 34900 Qty (t) 76657 44767 7306 9936 3675 2430 1114 1300 1041 1000 1000 3088 Value (` '000) 1437007 832351 187046 165111 46581 45200 22415 21969 20943 18908 17075 59408 China 2010-11

Table - 23 : Imports of Iron & Steel (By Countries)

2009-10 Country Qty (t) Value (` '000) Qty (t) Value (` '000) 2010-11

All Countries 14442652 511365616 14401512 616497590 1500292 69945286 2787471 131656321

Korea, Rep. of 1331050 58052913 1436746 71703116 Japan USA Germany UK Russia Ukraine UAE Malaysia 748045 42160223 975544 57213855

1595957 40997605 1189478 35281101 596458 32274516 1148203 27543728 772319 21591214 967060 23410413 620166 11889115 163843 5805239 446603 28646270 855569 22649941 698188 22451680 681388 19693753 750588 19002979 212456 15489030

Other countries 2120

Other countries 4999259 177695364 4367481 192709544

Table 22 : Exports of Pig & Cost Iron (Incl. Spiegeleisen) (By Countries)
2009-10 Country Qty (t) Value (` '000) Qty (t) 1509984 851707 402744 Value (` '000) 31803705 19139492 6676349 2010-11

Table 24 : Imports of Iron & Steel (Finished Steel Including CR Sheet) (By Countries)
2009-10 Country Qty (t) Value (` '000) Qty (t) Value (` '000) 2010-11

All Countries 620990 10870770 Thailand China Korea, Dem. Peopless Rep. of Japan 69269 26319 1511334 405202

All Countries 2986180 171605291 2981662 200100488 China Japan 669220 328870 377590 113065 152040 64804 87912 127238 40072 28902 32268528 23458423 19940751 10051803 12237733 7680259 4443164 5887627 8189732 2344868 45102403 821118 50746614 419525 29890664 397749 24925596 132401 11844223 159878 11512603 83975 112018 101277 63357 45789 7713635 5603634 5415477 5401769 4831133

62500 82644

955024 1326766 204903 847430 2094815 10050 98145 1502 3415601

69850 57590 28900 31703 20368 9185 1105 19008 17824

1410138 1107196 921373 638729 398871 217640 152582 437169 704166

Korea, Rep. of Germany USA Italy Belgium Russia France Spain

Chinese Taipei/ Taiwan 11157 Korea, Rep. of 54016 Malaysia Saudi Arabia Sweden Unspecified 123294 318 887 81

Other countries190505

Other countries 996467

644575 42215140

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Table 25 : Imports of Iron & Steel (Steel Wire) (By Countries)

2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries China Japan Malaysia Nepal Korea, Rep of Sweden Germany Thailand Brazil Italy Other countries 126531 54171 6607 15342 13281 7783 1220 1462 2976 1179 3838 18672 Value (` '000) 7783851 2388454 872266 725379 694215 580289 802630 254426 136613 89510 268413 971656 Qty (t) 163060 70749 3948 20214 16904 11013 1012 1082 5068 3678 2915 26477 Value (` '000) 11174142 3951062 1111636 1053580 880091 873258 639068 299954 273453 253884 251767 1586389 2010-11

Table 27 : Imports of Iron & Steel (Semi-Finished Steel including Steel Ingots) (By Countries)
2009-10 Country Qty (t) Value (` '000) Qty (t) Value (` '000) 2010-11

All Countries 5529733 162605997 5853171 199872343 China Korea, Rep of Japan Ukraine Russia Brazil Germany Saudi Arabia Belgium Sweden 615767 18055892 1692996 54893008 897395 31285032 368425 13089298 612029 14780389 607862 14802911 404024 10110914 259617 11006337 112312 122852 34629 2528777 4341761 1588268 915142 35109601 490717 18869671 653721 18793115 547286 15841704 259593 143758 115332 84495 17337 7403852 6291175 3474416 2985246 2818739

Other countries 1494821 41016418

932794 33391816

Table 26 : Imports of Iron & Steel (Other Finished Steel, NES) (By Countries)
2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries China Indonesia Germany Malaysia Japan Korea, Rep of USA Italy Thailand Singapore Other countries 374787 154692 1344 26012 6326 26343 33944 19325 22177 11998 5462 67164 Value (` '000) Qty (t) Value (` '000) 2010-11

Table 28 : Imports of Iron & Steel : Alloy Steel (By Countries)

2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries 12776 4742 1220 2381 1536 830 936 Value (` '000) 531453 192440 45984 108051 65556 29760 37977 Qty (t) 13866 4727 1893 1779 1613 1166 605 Value (` '000) 567809 197434 70707 69559 68372 43916 24701 2010-11

70723437 788681 16934133 189051 330129 7306221 935091 4345346 5459791 20077 76195 35987 54353 71917

94967205 21677531 8526563 7938977 7540822 7148914 6965805 6046283 3723229 3362546 3057504 18979031

Spain China France Italy South Africa Thailand Chinese Taipei/ Taiwan Ukraine Germany USA Other countries

5044601 202406 9079993 2274317 1222651 17791164 15678 17863 12412 92742

147 54 121 196 613

7785 1796 6654 8988 26462

527 580 329 165 482

20108 19912 18552 9208 25340

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Table 29 : Imports of Iron & Steel: Alloy Steel ( Powder) (By Countries)
2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries USA Sweden UK China Canada Belgium Japan Italy Germany Hong Kong Other countries 956 244 165 115 109 71 21 12 _ 45 _ 174 Value (` '000) 232944 40085 26266 64307 32841 7223 11184 15604 _ 7458 _ 27976 Qty (t) 2068 645 696 133 145 373 44 22 2 4 2 2 Value (` '000) 396792 105030 98495 68121 41091 39087 23490 14906 3117 1551 750 1154 2010-11

Table 30 : Imports of Iron & Steel (Scrap) (By Countries)

2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries USA UK UAE Netherlands South Africa Malaysia Korea, Rep of Singapore Germany Kuwait Other countries 5286225 1324872 1057434 557778 161320 245650 101494 14336 83507 196136 99214 1444484 Value (` '000) 96084087 20690845 20271202 9619404 6976893 4037670 2377807 787017 1669284 3641616 1616278 24396071 Qty (t) 4557022 777008 773632 663714 138417 394668 95103 40910 85094 92791 111481 1384204 Value (` '000) 108688994 16007120 15670411 14120429 10071507 7956590 3949944 3828559 2972743 2247929 2237130 29626632 2010-11

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Table 31 : Imports of Iron & Steel (Sponge Iron) (By Countries)

2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries Qatar Russia Sweden Saudi Arabia Japan USA Germany UK Belgium China Other countries 125464 103886 1980 319 10177 _ 208 _ 2 _ _ 8892 Value (` '000) 1798556 1503785 24960 4315 140520 _ 2800 _ 1512 _ _ 120664 Qty (t) 41982 37775 3256 229 508 15 156 43 ++ ++ ++ _ Value (` '000) 729817 650050 48822 9743 7820 5044 4083 3909 171 169 6 _ 2010-11

Table 32 : Imports of Pig & Cost Iron (Incl. Spiegeleisen) (By Countries)
2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries Sweden South Africa China Germany Spain Brazil Italy USA France Japan Other countries 39013 4739 11041 3234 586 2927 2372 4533 976 1516 199 6890 Value (` '000) 1700708 208996 258753 141086 187350 118005 70405 197168 67435 85801 56902 308807 Qty (t) 48291 6669 10464 5288 724 4596 4434 3532 1893 1823 222 8646 Value (` '000) 2316267 366669 294281 238398 205999 187910 172390 172208 120152 105789 69090 383381 2010-11

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FUTURE OUTLOOK
India ranked fourth as a largest producer of crude steel in the world and is expected to become the 2nd largest producer by 2015-16, provided all requirements for fresh capacity creation are met. The Steel Industry in general is on the upswing due to strong growth in demand propelled by the strong domestic demand for steel particularly from the construction, manufacturing and automotive sectors. India is the largest producer of sponge iron in the world with production over 26.7 million tonnes. The economic reforms and the consequent liberalisation of the Iron & Steel sector brought a sea change in the industry, particularly in the field of greenfield steel plants in the private sector. The Steel Industry has now exalted itself and is in a position of self-reliance and also to compete globally in terms of product range, quality and price. The growth of the steel sector is linked intricately with the growth of the Indian economy, especially with growth of the steel consuming sectors. India has become self-sufficient in iron & steel materials in the last five years. This position needs to

be consolidated further and issues affecting production and consumption need to be resolved expeditiously. At the same time, measures to match the productivity of our steel plants to that of international quality standards must be taken up on top priority. India has established herself as a key destination market for global steel and as emerging market in the field of mergers & acquisitions and is also reckoned as one of the major producers of steel of low manufacturing cost. The National Steel Policy, 2005 envisages to achieve global competitiveness not only in terms of cost, quality and product mix but also in terms of global benchmarks of efficiency and productivity in the Indian Steel Sector and is presently under review. As per the report of Working Group on Mineral Exploration and Development (other than coal & lignite) for XII Five Year Plan (2012-17) of the Planning Commission, technologies for agglomeration, pelletisation and direct use of fines to produce steel must be identified and taken up in Mission Mode to achieve the national goal to produce 200 million tonnes per annum of steel by 2020.

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