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READING BOOK
TURKISH LANGUAGE,
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY.
READING BOOK
OF THE
TURKISH LANGUAGE,
WITH A
ACCOMPANIED BY
GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES:
THE PRONUNCIATION OF EACH WORD GIVEN AS NOW USED IN CONSTANTINOPLE.
WILLIAM BURCKHARDT'BAEKER,
M.E.A.S,
ORIENTAL INTERPRETER, AND PROFESSOR OF THE ARABIC, TURKISH, PERSIAN AND HINDUSTANI LANGUAGES AT ETON COLLEGE: AUTHOR OF "LARES AND PENATES;" " TURKISH TALES IN ENGLISH ;" ETC., ETC.
LONDON:
JAMES MADDEN,
8,
LEADENHALL STREET.
he reserves the right of translating
it.
M.DCCC.LIV.
The Author of
this
work
notifies that
JEUT.-COL.
F.R.S.,
C.B.,
AS
HIS CHARACTER,
THIS
WORK
INSCRIBED
THE AUTHOR.
PREFAC E.
The
object
at
of a
the
present
work
is
to
assist
the
student
in
arriving
more intimate
can
acquaintance
with
the
Turkish
language than
be
acquired by
which
have hitherto
or
been
published,
for a general
to
incorrect
too
complex
reader.
necessary than a
knowledge of grammatical
rules.
He
must study
its
construction
its
organization;
and
this the
may be
effected
by following
down
is
in these pages.
to
While
it
impossible
foresee
all
the
difficulties
that
may
his
arise
in
the
mind
of
student,
the
author
has
done
best
towards anticipating
them, and in
this task
he has
to
him
by
By
and
first
presenting a
number
rules,
he lays
;
foundation
giving
a
observations
of a
more
critical
nature
by
grammatical
analysis
of every
VilJ
PREFACE.
difficult
word, he
renders
these
rules
familiar
and by con-
stant repetition,
By
giving
literal
translation
;
much
time
and trouble
it
would occur
in a dictionary.
a
Doubtless,
great
deal
exhausting the subject; but the author trusts that sufficient has
been done
without
the
prolixity,
and yet
with
much
diffidence
that
author
;
now
lays
the
result
of his
experience before
the world
but he trusts he
whom
there
is
whom
he ventures
to dedicate this
volume.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
THE ALPHABET,
SECT.
[1.]
[ 2.] [ 3.]
..... ....
.... .....
of the letters
.
ETC.
1
ib.
3
ib.
[4.]
[5.]
letters
ib.
ib.
ib.
[6.]
[ 7.]
TheAbjadie
[ 8.]
Of the
letters
\,
c, j
and ^j
Fatha, Kesra, and
[9.]
[ 10.]
....
.
Dammah
ib. ib.
[11.]
[ 12.]
Vowel
ib,
Of the Tanwin,
OP THE ARTICLE.
[ 13.]
Definite Article
OP NOUNS.
[14.]
No
distinction of
Gender in Nouns
ib.
......
a vowel
:
j\
ev,
'
a house,' declined
baba,
'
ib.
as
bb
a father,'
7
ib.
[ 17.]
[ 18.]
own
plural
ib.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
[19.]
The change
of the of the
to
7
ib.
[20.]
The change
CJ to
t*f
OE ADJECTIVES.
[21.]
invariable, but
may
be used sub-
[22.]
PRONOUNS.
[26.] [27.] [28.]
[29.]
[30.]
[81.] [32.]
j, }-*>
\
and j' or
[33.]
[34.]
Of the possessive
j\ declined
affixes
.
LjJj
....
affixes of the
affix
[35.] [36.]
[37.] [38.] [39.] [40.] [41.] [42.]
3rd person
Of the pronominal
Of^
0ji and
^
^S
Of
<
and
e '+x^i
Of ~li, J~a3, Of
3J? <,
Jb
and <Uj)
Indefinite Pronouns
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
SECT.
XI
PAGE
[43.]
Of^jA
Table of the Cardinal Numbers
.
.
15
.
[44.]
[ 45.]
ib.
.
16
ib.
ib.
Of the
interrogative ordinal
.
number ^rsrs-U
.
[47.]
[48.]
Of numbers with an
affix
[49.]
[50-1.]
Of
distributive
numbers
.
.....
^jj declined
.
.
.17
.
ib.
ib. ib.
And
their uses
[52-3.] Of
fractional
numbers
ib.
[54.]
\^5o.~\
Notation of figures
.18
.
for
numbers
ib.
OF VERBS.
[ 56.] [ 57.] [ 58.] [ 59.]
Division of verbs
ib.
Model proposed
...... ......
. .
ib.
ib.
ib.
[60.]
Active, Nega.
.19
.
[ 61.]
20
ib.
ib. ib.
[62.]
[ 63.]
Of the changes of
transitive verbs
[64.]
[ 65.]
Mood
Optative
Conditional
Imperative
Infinitive
[70.]
[ 71.]
Participles
uXfcM
.
and lLJU:^)
.
.
21
.23
ib.
24
ib.
25
ib.
Xll
TAW. E OF CONTEXTS.
[72.;
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Xlll
102.]
Conditional
Imperative
Infinitive
Participles and
Gerunds
106.]
107.]
Verbal nouns
CJ^y
108.]
109.] 110.]
111.]
Optative
Conditional
.
112.]
113.] 114.]
Imperative
Infinitive
Participles
and Gerunds
115.]
116.]
117.]
Indeterminates
Example
of the gerund
118.]
119.]
Of Interrogative Verbs
Of the Verb used Negatively and Interrogatively
120.]
Of the
interrogative particle
Summary.
121.]
122.] 123.]
Verbs
Of Adverbs
Of Expletives
.... ....
cases of nouns
List of Expletives
124.]
125.]
Of
Of
I.
Post-positions
126.] 127.]
128.]
129.]
Of ^j the
The
is
of a
word written o
for
XIV
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
cases of nouns
of the ablative
[132.]
[133.]
[
134.]
[135.]
[136.]
[ 137.]
[
138.]
Of IV. Of Y. Of VI. Of
III.
possessive affix
Conjunctions
Interjections
Of Derivation
....
.
[195.] [196.]
[197.]
Of ^5- added
Of
to
nouns
Of J3 or
Of
Of Of
[198.]
[199.] [200.] [201.]
Of , added
fjs.
fc>-
and c>-
when added
words
-J expressive of
diminution
[202.]
[203.]
[ 204.]
Of
J or
Js
^
or
expressive of possession
Of
Of
expressive of privation
L^>
<
\
aTld
\JS*
or
U}S
[205.]
[ 206.]
Of J, J, Of lJ and Of
to
,
Persian terminations
[207.]
[ 208.]
Of Cj\j and
..pi as
&^s*,
}S
or
J-
i,
Persian terminations
a termination to substatives
[209.]
Of Jul
SYNTAX.
[210.]
Important rule on two Nouns coming together
66
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XV
[2H.]
[212.]
used,
.....
*lj
66
adjective be-
Of a Noun
of
genitives preceding
it
Of Of
....
*j).\
^y=
and
its
accompanying noun
,.**?], &?
JW
,jf,t,
AA,
J*
and
.
&uo!
[219.]
[ 220.]
Of
titles
.....
to their position as to
[221.]
nouns
[222.]
[223.]
[ 224.]
A noun
The use
[225.]
[ 226.]
2nd person
[227.]
[228.]
[ 229.]
Of
Of the Of
J, and
its
demonstrative power
power of appropriation.
specific
[230.] [231.]
[ 232.]
[
Of its
power
as to time
1
The Verb
st
233.]
more persons
[234.]
[ 235, 6.
[
The use
i
of the
collectively
Of J and
Of the Yerb
its
237.]
in poetry
[238.]
[
Of<Ujl
Of lJ\ and
of 20
239.]
.... ....
XVI
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
240.]
Of *J added
to infinitives
....
and of 4 or &j\ when joined
. .
PAGE
72
[ 241.]
Of the dative
infinitive,
to infinitives
[
ib.
242.]
Of
Participles
when
declined
.73
.
[243.]
[
Of Conjunctions
or Disjunctives.
ib.
244.]
ib.
illustrative
....
,,
with notes
74
APPENDIX.
[
245.]
Compound
tenses of a
(J^A with
77 79 80
[ [
246.]
II.
247.]
III.
,,
,,
INDECLINABLE GERUNDS.
[248.]
past,
and
future
.
ib.
[ [
249.] 250.]
infinitive.
[241]
81
ib. ib. ib.
[251.]
[
252.]
often curtailed
....
^J
and s\*a
to the verbal
DECLINABLE GERUNDS.
[ 253.]
[
noun
being
ib.
254.]
J^ ^J
noun
....
and SjLo
^J
ib.
255.]
The
past, present,
capable
....
82
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XV11
SUMMARY.
PAGE
lLC* ^
^j^\
'
to see
'
.
84 87
to take'
CHAPTER ON COMPOSITION.
How
90
application requisite
they must
fail
.91 .93
.
We
thoughts
first in Turkified.
English
are able to do
.
.
95
ib.
Which may
Examples
we
it
off-hand
.
to illustrate our
meaning
.96
Roman
CHAPTER ON PRONUNCIATION.
The
vexata qucestio of representing Oriental words with
characters
Example
.97 .98
No On
Turkish orthography
.100 .101
.
The pronunciation
101
by
copious
:
explanatory
notes
and
references
adapted
beginner
......
to
grammatical
a
\
the
comprehension of
f 1
adapted
.
V-V1
XV111
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
(i.
.....
for not giving
rv
(2.)
wings
to
camels
r
.
(3
town
r.
(4
(5 (6
(7.
fright at
(8.
at
Koniah
.... ....
.
H
rr
rr
rp
(9.
is
discovered
n
TA
(10.
moon
(11.
(12. (13.
a caravan
The Khoja's
The Khoja
indifference on a blind
man
being drowned
H n
p.
(14.
(15. (16.
month
pi
enters a garden
by means
of a ladder
(17.
(18. (19.
(20. (21. (22.
his fowls in
mourning
pr
rr
tomb
pr
pp
Pc
for himself
at being wetted
by a spout of water
all his
companion's clothes
a thief
it
(23.
(24.
follows
home
a caldron, returns
saying that
it
it
little one,
dead
(25.)
The Khoja
overpowered
vanquished
(26.)
The Khoja's
cruelty to a stork,
like a bird
(27.)
The Khoja
eats
duck-soup
again and
PA
by a dog,
confesses
himself
c
whom
he considered not
el
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
TALE
XIX
28.
The Khoja's
indifference
29.
30.
The Khoja beats a cock and reproaches him The Khoja shams dead The Khoja
at
*r
cr
.
31.
32. 33. 34.
Sr Hissar
rich
*i
jew
*i
The Khoja's sarcasm on external appearances The Khoja wishes every day was Bairm
The Khoja's honesty
in spite of himself and his interests of his donkey
V
11
35. 36.
37.
38.
ir
The Khoja
donkey
......
donkey has become a Cadi
at the testimony of a
.
ir If
1e
39. 40.
The Khoja
believes his
1
donkey
11
41.
11
donkey
iv
1A
11
Christians
The Khoja
vv
46/
47.
48.
in the rain
first
VA
A'
practical
The Khoja's
experience
49.
......
when Cadi drawn from
Ar
is
disturbed by thieves
50/
51,
shoots his
own
Ar Ap
Aa
his
donkey backwards
of an old
52/
to
.
Al
(53.)
The Khoja's
AV
XX
TABLE OF CONTEXTS.
54.)
prey
AA
Al
Q
i
(55.)
(
( (
The Khoja
is
111
of connections
tortoise
ir
forgotten
(60.)
to
those
who had
his horse
him
at
(61.)
(62.)
The Khoja
and recovers
with a caravan
ir IP
11
',v
(63.)
(
64.)
prayer
(65.)
laziness
....
when only
despoils
half- washed
v
5
(66.)
(
shifts
,A
67.)
68.)
11
69.)
him
of his
70.)
The Khoja's anger and pun on being badly shaved The Khoja pretends he
is
(71.)
(72.)
a bulbul
excellence
VOCABULARY.
Powers of the Eoman
letters as
The system
laid
down
pronunciation
...... .....
word
as
learner a correct
at present used in
meaning
as under-
XX11
PAGE
LINE
ERRATA.
40
41
15 For
47
50 53
28
21 19
54
20 25
29
21
55
27
56
,59
61
ERRATA.
PAGE
XX1U
'
XXIV
PAGE
LINE
1
ERRATA.
TP
For
jj
die
read
jj
Der kleine Klaus
grosse Klaus.
TV
17
md
der
21
19
,,
Yide note
7,
page 1
'
14
5
For
,,
o-lu
read
-I
ra-sl
zin-di-gd-ni
24
ra-sl
30
zin-da-gani
ta-hel-mek
w
(
read
26
,,
ty-hyl-mak
Note.
All the
:
in the Vocabulary
for
typo-
graphical reasons
the
Roman
come
in.
ELEMENTS
TUEKISH GRAMMAR
[1.]
characters, to
which
they have added the sagMr nn [lL^ ], on which three dots are sometimes
affixed [
\S]
to distinguish it
CS laf,
distinction
considered necessary,
and a
suffices to direct
the reader.
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
THE ALPHABET.
3
[3.]
The
seventeen different characters, to which one or more dots are placed above
or below to form the remaining letters
thirty-three in
all.
[4.]
a,
[lu.J,
the Greek,
Ay,
first like
with
this
origin
the Shemitic,
[5.]
is
sometimes
maybe
memory
the order
is as
follows
60
_
50
40
30
20
10
2
*-*
^
900
J*
800
*
700
t
600
^ ^
500
u*
300
J
200
J
100
u*
90
t.
1000
400
80
70
[6.]
In
this
nounceable words,
^u?
ickr
to
<^Ja\j <^i*~j
letters
j^
may
L5^^
j^
^f^>
be joined, f
however,
I,
J,
* It would not be proper here to follow out this argument, but the writer has often thought that he could trace in the Sanskrit characters a remarkable coincidence in form with many of the Eoman letters. This may arise from the Phoenician and Sanskrit being both descended from some still more ancient language, which is now lost in the remote ages prior to the existence of either of these languages.
gone, out f The use of the letter numbers is fast going, if not entirely of practice, as puerile but formerly great significance was attached to any combination of letters that express in one or more words an event and a date.
;
b 2
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
when they
occur, the
word
broken,
that
is,
the pen
is
taken
off,
resumed unconnected.
them, as thus
<d)l$U,
tli3j**jUj!,
uJyl.
[8.]
letters
\,
The
category.
[9.]
The
is
).
^ ),
and
Damma
9
(
The
;
first consists
of a small stroke
below the
like a
comma
Ex.
Fatha
Kesra
Si
pronounced
,,
bad.
bid.
J
s ?
Dammah
[9.]
ceding an
\
Jo
,,
bud.
When
f
ij, or
damma
bid.
is
prolonged.
Jb
But in
this
boil.
J-J
bil.
(jji
\,
^c,
and j are
[11.]
sufficient indications of
will be required.
Indeed, in most cases the vowel points are not inserted, except
word
or
name, and
embarrassment to the
if
learner: he
such
VOWEL POINTS AND OTHER
The Turks
also
SIGNS.
[12.]
writers,
have recourse
among Arab
which are
(
L)
an or en over a
generally the
\
final letter,
\
)
bb
baban,
om or ww
this sign doubles the letter over
sL->b
J^wra.
it is
Tashdid
j
*
(
),
which
placed;
as,
tana
M
(
us.
Wash
loses its
-0
is
alif,
which
Ex.
u-:L*J
(
^Jx
'Attal hissab.
jJ
tl^Ul! II malek
its
il
hah.
Madda
Ex.
*-
when
t
sound.
\>j\)
f ( )
Hamza
is
equal to half an
JJL.
It
and when placed over a (^j) the also used with the fatha and kesra
alif.
Ex. j^jK
ta'thir,
(
)
c;U-1
^ijab.
Jazma
o
or
is
word.
Note.
cjr^^"
choh-lulc, jJu3u*3y|
et-mish-dir.
When
J,
^w, ^Ji
jje, L, k,
J,
or
^, the tashdid
not sounded.
first letter
is
Ex.
f-^-N
^^jAs>-jj\ ^djJ!
j5mw
illah-h-irrahman irrahim.
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
OF THE ARTICLE.
[13.]
definite article
bir,
one.
manner
Ex.
*$*
the
t^V
Nawale-y-^mhk)
the
Lamentations of Love
\\J*,^m^,
Hose-garden of Shiraz.
OF NOUNS.
[ 14.]
makes no
distinction
of genders
they find
it
used.
woman.
Such
as
we
shall look
upon them
to facilitate the
comprehension of
their
minds
to
of the Classics. j\
ev,
a house.'
TLIJEAL.
SINGULAR.
j\
ev,
a house.
house.
Jj!
evler,
houses.
\jj\ evin, of a
$
^cj!
or
eveh, to a house.
ev'i,
ih\
cvlerali, to
evleri,
houses.
the house.
sJl
houses.
,. j\ evdan,
from a house.
^(J^
'
evler dan,
from houses.
or
Xj\ evdah, in or
by the house.
^yy
evlerdah, in or
by houses.
NOUNS.
[ 16.]
If the
it
&
and
->
ace.), instead of
v and ^j
b\j baba,
"a
father."
TLUIIAL.
SINGULAR.
by tXjbu
baba, a father.
J\j\j
babaler, fathers.
babanin, of a father.
U^lblj
^blj
or
babay, a father.
o^IAj
or
babaler i fathers.
,
$jLL
This
babadeh, in or
by
fathers.
by
fathers.
is all
that
is
required to be borne in
of
substantive nouns,
[ 17.]
when they
The Turks
and use
it
with
its
own
plural.
Ex.
[ 18.]
C^L*aJi
,oli, plural
culoli.
But they
also take
it
a Persian muta-
Ex.
or
St.
John, chap,
v. 4,
,
\J?&>\
?jy
life
J3L*J|
CjL>- j,
ljxA
[ 19.]
Jiv'u .LJ|
Cl>L>-
And
the
was the
light of men.'
^j
change
into a
is
much
studied
by the Turks
later in this
work.
[i
f^
&*i&> and
^J^s
is
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
Ex.
the gen. dat.
X^ote.
Llio 4 makes
J2j 4
in this
^
we
fl
<>
4"
in te inflected
(*..,
and
speak to the eye as well as him to observe from the which he will the better recollect, from having used his ingenuity in discovering them. For instance^ in looking through the declension of nouns he will see that by the addition
As our intention
work
is to
leave
of J
ler,
the plural
is
formed.
OF ADJECTIVES.
[21.]
is
unchangeable.
J
-
3 {\)f 9 uze l
pretty girls.
,Jli^
lilij!
J \ J \f
Mr
But
if
the noun.
Ex.
regularly.
[
A\S
J, a beauty.
Plur.
J^\
beauties,
which
is
declined
22.]
The Comparative
is
(pronounced daha.)
Ex.
ayi, good.
tf\
y\ ^J>-^ daha
Jjj^ ^j>~
>
ay i, better.
\ gzel,
[ 23.]
pretty.
There
is
is
another
mode
much
in
use,
which
by putting the
adjective.
Ex.
J )J> ^ X*~i
to
'
'
which we may add Jj^ ^<Xo bendan evval and &j$i<a ^&s bendan coming next preferred to me,' or and after me,' i.e., before sonra,
' ' '
to me.'
DEGREES OF COMPARISON.
[ 24.]
pe/c,
The Superlative
;
is
Ol
en,
l_o
*Ju
ziadah, or U~olc
ilah,
before
the adjective.
j'ti
s^J
'
em
Iceutu,
very bad.
i^i
^j L^oU
JJ
<j!
*-2-^>^c
ghayet ilah
deli,
very mad.
[25.]
the superlative,
(H ap
c->
*j
*j|
very open.
J^
0p #, quite white,
i.e.,
very white.
^Lj
J-^J
i>iu
ham
^rc
very green.
y^*
rt'os
ysA,
wet through,
*..,
very wet.
lSt^J^ (juw^
Lb l>Js
jj
^
sm
very
full.
flat.
*jJ
l-^,5
d dz,
perfectly
yj
.
l*:
i*jlj3
jjSi%3
c~i
^*3 4op
very dry.
^^j (j^j
ow/y.
u-^?
si? W"fc}
quite yellow.
^py *^ lam
These
prefixes,
bosh, quite
empty.
may
be called expletives.
'
TURKISH GRAMMAR
10
PRONOUNS.
[ 26.]
Pronouns are of
all
J ler as
Jjj
we,
us
{i.e.,
we
in particular).
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
[ 27.]
Admitting them
have given regarding the substantive [15], they would take the following
affixes in their
mutation.
SINGULAR.
'I
Norn.
'
Thou.
.
-:
sen
sen in
i_Ij.-:
\y~i
j**s
sana
seni
^Jc^
sen dan
l'LURAL.
'Ye.'
siz
sizin
sizah
sizi
sizdan
PRONOUNS.
11
Note.
In
this
as it nitty best
suit the
word the j or the ^j is used synonymously, according euphony of the phrase in which it may occur
and to this regard for the softening- of sounds occasions to refer in the course of this work.
[29.]
we
shall
have
many
There
is
also
is
among the
Turkoman tribes,it
z,
signification as
~i
self.'
; ;
'
12
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
beginning of a
this current
letter.
Ex.
/.^sr *
al* yj*\
ishbii
mah-i-muharram, In
month
taken place.)
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
[ 33.]
The
which
case of the
and the
m
n
or im, for
my';
*bu
babam,
my
father.
U"
lJLIjls
*<-M*>
his
'
<?j^
<^rr^
power.
m isi,
his ship.
our
'
as,
as,
7
i_$.\
y*y
Jxj
I
your
'
your horse.
their
is
their';
as,
^l^j^-
dzmeleri,
boots.
[ 34.]
noun
declinable
Ex.
jj\
a house,
*j\
my
house,
lj\
my
Ace.
houses.
Xom.
Singular
Plural
,
Gen.
lXL*j\
Dat.
<L*Jl
Abl.
*J^
lS*J^
^*^*i'
^Ijl
J^ljl
*^!j1
^jl
Ace.
^J^ljl
Abl.
~L i
%
a brother,
JCi>\jj
_
jSom.
Sing.
Gen.
JT-iLy
Plural *S)\j5
JlLiLy
^J
and ^jjj\
Thus,
instead of saying
eli,
'
'his
the accusative
^\
eli,
his
hand
is
';
their books.'
good example of this ambiguity, as it liis books/ their books," or Jaccus. pi.
,
may moan
'
the books
their book.'
PRONOUNS.
13
Note.
The
<
^j in this
Ju^LiJi,
to the
etc., is intro-
duced
and contribute
euphony.
[35.]
^ become
and
<J, instead of to
to [16],
and
is
Abl.
,
^au~* hS
^Jij^s
m
Ship
Ul^w^i
tXjjji
(Lau^
<kJjSi
+a
\d~+*Ab
his
power
Note
ls*U**
JS.-JJ jo
&<33jSs
:
thus,
-CLu-^and J3jj^,
instead of
Jl^^^ and
^j
is
this is
merely
always more or
less
pronounced.
When
Ex.
This
^^i
is
^*~i
we
shall
seninki,
have to
treat of it
[ 37.]
the letter ^j
of euphony
:
introduced between
and the
affix,
and
;
softer to say *j
ya s-yim than
s-'.
^Jya
su-y'i
than ^jyc
The same
<_^fc> 'all,'
which become
^j^^
gMj^Jn
'
^~&
all of
them,' instead of
^j and
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
[39.]
J or
j
Tcim,
+J$
'
who,'
is
declinable thus
SIXGTJLAR.
PLURAL.
INom.
whom.
of
to
jL*
Icim-ler.
Gen. *JL*
Dat.
Ici-min,
whom.
whom.
\SjXa~S) kim-ler-in*
<U*o M-mah,
^L*i
him-ler-a.
whom.
lJ/**& Mm-ler-i.
upMi
him-ler-dan.
14
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
[40.]
<
and ^J^i
it is
what' are
Xom.
Singular
Plural
<
Mm.
_Cj4j
&<
^
L^J
^Ju
or
^<*J
J
*
is
^J
^^ij
it is
dropped to
facilitate
[41.]
--U
how many,'
'
J-a)
<
how
much,'
are
may
also stand
-to
They
used with
her,
and followed by
<Uujl issa
if,'
subjunctive
mood
of +i\
in Turkish
comto the
language.
j& and
j
<
-to
whosoever
it
may
or should be.
or should be.
(it)
-to
<LuujU
whatever
it
may
jSs
how much
ij|-
how much
soever
may
or
should be.
&*+}]-
IS
{
-to
her kach,
J+sj
Jb
INDEFINITE PEONOTJNS.
-to
we
subjoin a
<W* hmseh,
<Luu* J
any one.
a certain person.
u-^to
he}),
all.
foV himseh,
^Ji ^Ij j
felan,
lir
so),
felan,
ghdiri,
another.
U^to heppimiz,
of us.
-*Ub
AM,
anything.
*
L5
*iJ hanghi takes sometimes the possessive affixes [wVfe Tale 61]
,ju^ .Jt-S
J^
tffa
lil-maz Jcan-ghi-si-der,
them
it is.'
NUMERALS.
15
[43.]
The
after it
jj ^jb
jtf^li!
any time
;'
lit.,
'
*xc/ -5^
at all
;'
I did not go at
L_Xli'
"No one
came
lit.,
Any
16
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
The
cardinal
numbers are
indeclinable,
and prefixed
to substantives
Ex.
clU Jy
iLuue -Co
_ j\
[ 45.]
The
cardinal
by adding
j one.
l5^
^ W0,
Li^^y
^ e secon(^
^our ^n
-
*\
three.
^j^ f ur
fFtyy* * e
Observe here that the love the Turks have for euphony in their language
into a J, drt
drdnji.
number
(the
And
in pronouncing
[46.]
j-j
The
interrogative ordinal
^s^rs-ljf
is
thus used:
will
men
in this
file)
you
but
we
will venture on
When
(
),
or a
damma
),
the vowels
word
(if at
conform to the
first
or dominating sound.
-chn-j',
^-ss^s-it
sTj..t>
would be pronounced
,,
and not
,,
ii-chin-ji.
,,
dr-dn-ji,
hir-in-ji,
dr-din-ji.
lir-un-ji.
Thus
also,
^?j>
,,
,,
u5/-4 m>y
the
last
dos dogh-r,
dos dogh-ri.
it
in
the word.
k-ri, as written.
is
jfib c?U would be yap-ya-li-niz, and not yap ya-l-nz [25], which
and
so
on throughout
all
DISTRIBUTIVE NUMBERS.
17
beat?'
^
Ex.
w, ?rcuJ
'The
?
fifth.'
jjLaj^Sj]
^.u^^U
'
JjIj
'
'In what
(or will
you read
?)
'
The
L-At
^j^^ ^cTJj
When
they
^J
18
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
[ 53.]
To express
'
half,'
*\\,
Jf=f.
.i
l-oj
l^.2-L> ^
lit.,
,l>
half-an-hour.
l**^ ^j
[ 54.]
way
as Europeans.
Of
mention has
already been
made under
OF VERBS.
[
56.]
When
simple
when
'to be.'
<j^r^ (used
in religious
pray,')
and
(j-*jy+*i
<_Lo, as
i_^*:~S
to go,' (j-as\j
to see.'
in the
same way,
trifling
them
to
Whenever the
becomes d, just
[58.]
is
which
may
if
little attention,
The following
are
table will
show
at one comprehensive
view how
take the
all
We
the
in the sense in
this model.
stand.
may be formed on
19
ACTIVE
20
[61.]
to love,'
on.
There
are
verbs
is
which
form
their
derivatives
in
an
have
for
is
euphony.
Thus,
when
is
J, the
'
passive
to find
;'
(J-rfJjJ
to
be
found
;'
instead of
to
fj^yi
^J^j^s^
'
so
to
again,
by changing the
into
(j*J3wj\
read;'
be read;
instead of ^J^^ij],
which
difficult to
pronounce.
The
'
to C-J, or J.
'
Ex. lLC*Lj-j
to speak,'
makes
lLcjjj*s instead of
cS^j jJj y^
to cause
which
thought harsh.
(J^isy
to read,'
is
makes ^jXj^^\,
instead of
Finally,
^^Jyjl
as lLSCkxT
1'
to cause to read,'
which
by changing j J
;
to j,
when
(jw,
/,
_, or
'to drink,'
;
makes lIX^js^
'
to cause to drink,'
instead of \^S^ssf\
all
verbs as
[65.]
64.]
We
is
formed by means of an
Arabic or Persian noun, and a Turkish auxiliary the noun remains unchanged
through
satisfy,'
all
Thus, in lL*sj1
^L
'
to content,'
the
word ^e\j
'
is
its signification
to the verb
jcS\
to do.'
We
shall,
56
may
easily be
U.,>+"-^
and c*Jj1
;
Jk^*J
it is
[56],
is
by
some grammarians
regular as JjA^s
,
but
and being as
it is also
omitted.
THE VERB
l!S*Zj\
'
TO DO.'
21
22
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
I
H 3
-3'
*
*^
11
|| * 3
s
\X
I!
4^
3
AA
i ^
3'^
Ut
.
fi
44
$-$
3"3
r.
3 S _3
f,
1!
3 3
:
-*
AV3
3 3
: !
-3'
1
*M
3\3
:
is
.0*
53
II
THE VERB
1a3j\
TO DO.
23
X
~:r
-5
xs Ir4>
**
*--*.
V$
*4 4?
?1'
44
*-* I
2'i: 3
:
>
Ri
3, ^
1
J
-O-Q
Hi
44
.\2
A.
^ U
-i--
*&
$
Aft-
i.4g 1 X
=
24
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
THE VERB
TO DO
25
26
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
Eg
o -*
.S
i g
ki
%> 9 .S S O o > o o P K P
es
AA
} * %
P O
* *
J-, r-
'
cs
S 5
'
.s
.s
p p
:
a ^
:
-3
-i; -j! -3
3*
3^>
ar
-r
3;
27
The
'
first
pj&f}
is
used for
I do/
and
by Mr.
Bedhouse.
This
Vfer
is
pronounced as
it
is
a Jul
iJol
'&,
etc.
This
is
pronounced as
etc.
it is
written,
In
is
LZJ preceding
thus, aJcjI
This
the
alify
may
etc.,
thus omitting
This tense
may
also
be thus conjugated
This
is
pronounced cSs>-i\j\
ailiejeJc.
as
it
is
written, l^js^-^lj]
but attribute
it to
there are so
discover
of any
many examples
in this language.
able to
any
work I take
The CJ
is
up.
away
in the pro-
nunciation,
28
9
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
much
tive,
in use as the
it
common
Infinitive.
It is formed
it.
by taking the
infini-
making
and declining
JlXcj
of the doing.
to the doing
xasj\
(which
is
These two forms are in such constant use that they could not be
omitted.
The Gerunds
the narrative.
13
The
in
j}
is
TO BE.
29
30
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
to
TO
BE.'
31
3
1
11
^3
R O
=13 H<q
o M
44'
p
JS
4?
s
?-4
*
*
^"f t
1
H
/-
-^
5
-3d
*>
1 I
s
l
* -J-j
s
>
5 J
"3 "3
V J3
5 s
i"
4>
-^-1
34
J V
44
-f^
t\-
34 -M
^ ^
^
32
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
4>-T>
H"^
~r<_-Ti
i-l
11 1*
-^T?
:
o o
H
2
4f
11
r*
-^
H
1
3"5
5>-Tv
T>~T
^
*
r<-~r>
3
i.l
11
4a,
? 5
'^
11
"~^
~*>
THE VERB
(J*^)\
TO BE.
33
34
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
<
THE VERB
*.M
'
TO
BE.'
35
0)
ta
1
*
\,
p o o g.:\J
4
*?
O O O P
C3 t ro
O)
c3
o
"Tj
1
p
o
.-s
^ & > ^
-?
o
C3
V.
J'
rP
t!
Ph
H
C3
rP
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
THE VERB
j]j
'
THERE
IS.
37
09
38
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
'
TO LOVE.'
39
40
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
<">
<*> <*>
4
ffi
a
J
*>
P o
rd
M M
4,
<5
<=>
p >
1
4,
S
'
4-1
^ ^
3.
$
<m CO
o o
"g
r-,
P-H
t>
rQ
T0 LOVE.
41
42
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
THE VERB
'^s;
43
44
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
'
46
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
[115.]
Many
It is difficult to form
is
may
evident
it
con-
in introducing the
changing the
j
s,
into
and the
^ or
[116.]
Extraordinary as
may
Indeterminates
enter frequently into the Turkish language, even in this negative form.
Ex.
English
'
:
(*j^
Well,
or
*3
X*0^M*y*a ^ij
X*?
^j-j
if,
after all,
X
I become?' I will
die.'
+}*]
^^\x2~i ^j
we
'
me
*JuJ
sjJJ^j
lit.,
'
Jj^-^-W^ ^'^
had not loved
shall find
it
'l
was in darkness
If,
until I loved
you
;'
before I
you.'
instead of
LLCj-j,
we
Example of
the Gerund.
\5LJ*yy^yg
treat
*;j
Since' or 'whilst
?'
bourly manner
^jtSUJ^yy
<uj
jL.\\yji
{
jj
have anything
to
When
it
a verb
is
is
introduced
Ex.
fj\
-
jy*i I love.
^+jf*
^ " ^ ove
s
Aorid,
(*j^^ I shall De
>j*}& I heat.
pf) *j1
+s\
,
i<V$^ ^ a ^
^ ^e
"
ij^r^
s^ a
s ^r
^e
aJi^Jn^-aI^J I
Aorid,
shall be beaten.
^>CSs>- <d>jJ
shall I be beaten?
^uu-^Jui
wilt thou go
OF INTERROGATIVE VERBS.
NEGATIVE.
47
~*L
I do not
know.
+A ^*jA) do
^\
I not
know
?
Ajyjl I read.
^y^\
do I not road
lL>^-
<^<^*\
he will not
die.
^G-
^jGd!
more than
two tenses of
this form.
i
L_*
*jjj> I see.
to see.
-
u>>^^ t*^not
fd'
to see.
fjy
I do not see
l$"j"JJ* ^o
-*
not see
*
?
+jl
saw.
A&S9J&I
wV^
ai
we
not see
?
S^-ik^jf
I shall not see.
*s\
^sn_S^&*sj
-^ lL5^>-
-*
^*^ty
he not see
^-*C>:>- *-"Vr
shall
we
not see?
?
^*jy
^if*j4
* No doubt
it
to say
+A
^j***f> and
^^*
|
JC*^S but
',
more
pen
difficult
to
Of
is
the
word
48
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
[120.]
after
In
short, the
^*
the
(See
an excellent
We will
conclude by a similar
jJCj
^*jx ^J\
f-U*0
To morrow morning
To morrow
Is it to
will
you go
?
yx^ijxS
\c"<J*J\ r-^*0
early will
you go
^*^L*
SUMMARY.
We
kinds,
have thus laid down in the preceding pages that verbs are of two
simple
and composite
and personal or
reflective, of
which
all
declined regularly, after the model of the verb tl*Jj, with the exception of those
site
which conform
to the exigencies of
euphony
Of
we have
uX*LJ
'to do' or
'to make,' and omitted the other two (Jk,j-J and (J*&) as little used. Next we have conjugated <J^j^ olmak in its active and passive voices, leaving it to the experience the student will obtain in other verbs to
it is
impossible to exemplify,
:
how
'
and
we have
conjugated, and
how
when used
and
lastly,
:
how it
is
conjugated
and we come
we have
learner
:
sufficiently simplified
and that we have brought the use of the verbs within the reach
^^LGs- &*"jj*
etc.
ADVERBS.
49
of any one
who
will devote a
few weeks
is
to the
study of a language*
its
barbarous
philologist.
indeed,
but
which
not
without
interest
to
the
OF ADVERBS.
[121.]
Besides the regular Adverbs * existing in the language, any
or Persian can
become an adverb in
By
or
to the noun.
Ujljj contentedly.
J>
II.
U>-
truly.
jli
content.
dj\
By
(or <l>
if
with a vowel).
c^-wijJ a friend.
III.
<I^jjl> friendly,
jjy above,
lifji
superiorly.
By
adding
^ ^
or
to the noun.
^j\ IV. By
J;^f
Note.
given),
early.
<j-l^
early.
_L^
morning.
^jJ^Lo
early.
pretty.
&&is
j'd1
a man.
and
ako belongs to the expletives (of which a the sign of the gerund [72, 83].
[
will be
122.] OF EXPLETIVES.
an exact idea of an
expletive.
The
to the
Germans have
their
expletives in Turkish.
An
expletive
is
approximate meaning
may
be given.
Some
of these
may
some
* The vocabulary at the end of this work contains the principal adverbs in use.
50
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
participles
still,
we
subjoin a note of
and comparing
it
may
occur.
[123.] LIST OF
Being.
that
J$j\
ij Would
it
were
so
or
&LZ^.
'according to me;'
Xjj*\S\
'like
Xjjs&i
unto him.'
<UJb
Come
Come
at least.
along
J
l*
-do,
for cJjJ^
Having
he
said, said.
But, only.
IfeJ,
end of a word
*Jo Jo J
as, ad^\
;'
*Jv
'
this
man
!')
also
;'
having said
^JCm-}*J
what a man
+&
Also.
all
of a sudden.
But, sometimes;
of
'if,' etc.)
mood
of JkUji, sign
*J
<Lu\
But, although.
^j
(Exclamation of contempt)
|
)
as,
aJ
Sji
'you fellow
!'
*4\
^-^
C-^i It
jj-^t),
[155]
^fjjjjj] If only,
<JsT
jJb
He
God.
y>b
'
Oh
you
sir.'
PREPOSITIONS.
51
is>-
Adverbial termination.
'in this
;
Ex.
k\jZ
;
'prettily;'
i^f?jy 'drily;'
ij>- <j\*i
c^js^ "Wonderful
iss^^
in an extraordinary
manner.
ajj Also,
and, again,
(conjunction)
*lc Besides.
iSi\i Once, a time, in short.
Lord!
?
etc.
After,
etc.
may
be
in
ordinary use.
They
will be
OF PREPOSITIONS.
[ 124.]
we
here subjoin
list.
Prom:
(lit.,
as,
uJjb ^Jjl
^\ j\
-j j
from
as,
^jj After
^j
after this.'
(It is often
used as an exple-
>
in place;' -JJ&J
<d!b
'with management;'
<di!
side;'
'by God;'
'in the
name
\i
of God.'
as,
With, by:
^^j\
^ 'by freedom;'
^ya*>-\i
J
In:
as,
JU*-
^} j^
;'
^L^jJ
'between,'
(lit.,
in the midst.'
jj Under:
Ij
as, 2<X*Ls>-
j\
'
As
'as far as
Smyrna;'
lL&LjJ
e 2
b*
15^=^-1
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
^L*
(jii-j
Between:
Before:
as,
UjL*
-j;\
'between
'
us.
as,
;'
(jy
'
^j^ lA^
'
*o
;'
bring
J
j
^sT jjjuu
as,
count money on
/u^_
:
front.'
-j
Without
^j
'
foolish
;'
^\jj
;'
^j
+\j\
dumb
j
(without
tongue);'
J>.
as,
;'
without truth
'restless.'
ji Upon, by:
so
^ j*
JL*
J
upon
this;'
(of
and
so)
JjJ
-*j
'to
hold
Above:
Jjj
as,
..l
j;
'upon
this;'
'
c^J
Ji 'over, superior.'
;'
Cio<Jp r
Near
as,
diTa>
lL>o Jp
near death
AJ
Jj
'
near
to God.'
^
J\
jjX.
From
as, Ijcj 5H
;'
{jj^\
the) people;'
^jj
^
^
;'
^
<J\
'some (of
<Ai^
or
j^ ^y
'without;'
^
\+*ac.
from God.'
To:
as,
f^Lfc J^
as,
From
*U\ jC
JjJ
Cio^c 'in
Jlc
spite of
you
L0J
.
^c
;'
'upon
this.'
Upon:
as,
JU- Ji
God
is
^A-c
'in every
way, of course;'
JjJ > -- J^
Jlc
'
almighty.'
^
c
>
In:
as,
(ntfju i^J
JlsM .J
<JIj
in truth.'
In:
as,
jl&xSb
with a
9
'
'
by God;'
opposition.'
by' or
,
little care;'
by
fi
J
\i
For.
<di
'for God;'
as,
^Jii^JJ^AJb
'
Without:
l^-A^
5b
post-positions.
125.] OF
POST-POSITIONS.
one of
I.
its difficulties.
.First,
we have
expressed
as
as,
\S
if
_
aJ
'a man,'
JC*J
as,
'of a
man.'
'
But
intervenes:
LjJ
the world,'
jLJ
When
>Sj follows a
word that
:
finishes
may
be
as,
^^
'
:
'his book,'
JGjL^
dropped
as,
his mother,'
i
J3wj
\j\
of his mother.'
as,
[127.]
*J
aman.'
<tjl
:
'to a man.'
But
if the
as,
Lj J
'
the
world,'
&WJ
river
;'
word
is
dropped
as,
^Usw
*->l>~,
or,
if
^j intervenes,
as,
<5jj
t
is
^*s\j\
'his mother,'
lSj^
his father,'
jo
[128.]
as,
+&}
^l
'i will
is
doubled
sive affix
^J
or
t_,
the
his ship.'
^^
intervenes:
/%jj5j1
as,
'the book,'
.-'Jvj
l
'
^^^^
'he burnt
and
it
is
many MSS. we
for
^jl^
short
for
^A,
^JW
^jj\}\,
jry*. ^J?
r
or
)***+** for
j**m+aJ}.
54
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
130.]
as,
^
:
jLj J
'
in the world.'
After
or ^j
intervenes:
as,
^^^.^
as,
'his ship,'
his houses,'
**}' '
SAi^u-^f 'by
*AiJ Jjl
'
and
fcj^!
d*jy
by his houses.'
It
is
<UJ>-
'
their boots,'
i'Jcj^I
by
their boots.'
also a
sign of the
[
Gerund:
^jt>
as,
tfJUJ.l
in reading.'
as, ^jj\
131.]
'from a house.'
:
The
same
as,
^J^,
Also
It also
ijjjh ^XjJj^,
e^c
It also signifies
as,
^JOJFJ^l
'
XJ
through:'
signifies
cS&ifof:'
as,
^^^
as,
'made
jj ^^X-j
made
of sinew.'
It is used in
'before Jj^ ^JJ^ta 'before finding,' the time or action of finding had taken place.'* iX? ^J^Jc^ 'after
the
Indeterminate' [116]:
having gone,'
gone,'
iX^
^JU^
'
after not
having
after
a!
[132.]
as,
aix^J
(pro-
nounced
ddi-neglali)
'with a
It
stick.'
is also
aL^j&
as,
:
sJH~j
with your
take;'
'
assistance.'
^il! 'to
aLjL*!^
;'
'taking,'
'
as,
Ci^lS"
to
come
<dL*l<f
whilst coming.'
[133.]
with an
'
lLaz
going,'
whilst going,'
134.] II.
going together,' or
We
:
have
Nominative
^jsH
For
as, jyjstfj
'
* It appears incomprehensible to English notions that the negative should ever be taken for an affirmative, yet such is the locution in
<
Turkish
anomaly.
but
'
if
we
consider
^G-s
to possess a negative
to
rule that
one affirmative
'
PST-POSITIONS.
bO
affixes it often
first syllable
as,
^sn^bu
for his
father.'
^y^Z ^"*V,
Upon,
for,
eat.'
Sj\j\
Xj J
according:
CU\ 'upon
a horse.'
lU3^&
l-l
uX*S
:
SjjJ\
^S Like
*<C!
,jr-51
U3
^S *d\
:
'like a man.'
as, <jJt!j5j
On
sea.'
(little
used).
J***C>t
"Without: II L
as,
without eating.'
:
[135.]
.^sH, when
<djlJo\
'
as,
with him.'
for)
?'
<U
^^f^
[
for
136.]
or
~fj
CJ
J*J&
-Jb
j-c^L
LJclsa^
^-tjlS *^,->
until morning.
in front.
near.
straight.
^J
J5/^
to, like.
straight to Smyrna.
*>^
[
according
^^UJ
according to a man.
:
137.]
Y.
Ij^cU than.
jjl |j1
far.
IjlcU j^JjJjj
jljj^
besides these,
far
^<-^
from here.
Jjl
jj'J
before.
Jjl ^Jcj
%y^\
before me.
regarding.
after.
zjia
ij.
zj^a
irf e>
side.
<tij\
^jy ^J^
>"*
on the other
past
far
<JJjl
^SJy
from here.
<dj! is also
56
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
[138.]
VI.
CONJUNCTIONS.
57
The following
tions (some of
[
is
list
140.]
SO,
^^S
and':
or
Uj
'also': as,
fJOjJ
***/huj\
JL*
'although
I went, I
am
j
returned.'
as,
lS^
as,
*^j\
'he
'
also came.'
[141.]
^jIj\j j*y
[142.]
[
U!
'but':
^J U\
i^%-?
^return.'
143.]
it
divides
tion
:
or j* 'if,' denotes the beginning of a clause, and therefore J>\ from the last. It is more used in writing than in conversa-
as,
^j<jjj\^
*u^^l
I
+xS
arJJb
^
But
may
be omitted, and
had not
gone,'
144.]
^^- or
<&Jj2*-
may
be taken before
as,
jLo^iU-
^.> J*^
[145.]
sjJLj
^U
>j
<*
[146.]
<& a\jL
'
as,
l^-n^ILI
SJwtl^t*
fi^j^
/^Ij**! JCjj^j!
^
5
147.]
or
<^-V.
'
as >
^y^Hj
y^
?'
-^rV.
<fV**-* (J**
7^
iX^hyb
^sa3 jJCrfJ^J
the Messiah,
thou
[148.]
said to him.'
cJ^
'now, therefore':
^b Jo J
l>!
[149.]
\jj 'because':
as,
^ Jul
he
is
[150.]
(J^f\ 'but,'
is
disjunctive
as,
* J^SuUS"
<J^\ *J,Ju
'i
was going,
58
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
r 151.1 [
>-.Sl
JLuu^aJ
ti
'if,
although,'
not'; the
is
152.]
if
same
as,
^^\\.
A3
[153.]
of flesh wor
^jlb
jJuJu^s^
<
ti
it is
wo
<
fish.'
< ^<tej\j\
Js?
^Joli
the flesh, nor of the will of man, (but only) of the will of God.'
[154.]
go, or
\jb
'whether or not':
go.'
as,
^u/C.
*^.:^>
Ifc
'
whether I
whether I do not
[155.]
CJf
it be,
'it is
to,
j Jl*$
'
'
I do not
want
necessary.'
<U*^j.l
whether
or
whether
be not.'*
as,
[156.]
z*J\
'he wishes':
&M*s5ji *\
t
<W^ j^J\
157.]
or
iU
'that,' is
t.
[158.]
other
&**jl
^^
'in no
way can
i&
[
is
159.]
<U: -C*
*Jb
'
if,
whilst'; composed
of^L* and
and
i*uj\
[123].
[ 160.]
[ [
'
both
as,
jJ*+& ^*J&
'
both this
*
that.'
161.]
^^j
lJ^
u*J
J_jJ
well
J,\
162.]
J&
to'
or
jZJ
^^LxcjJ J^J
[163.]
Jj*j
or \j
xJtijSij*
?
^ A^jJJ
to
\S\ t^V1
ul>
art
'
who
thou
that
we may
give
answer
us.'
* Is
it
to
be wondered at that such a word as this, having so many by us under the head of expletives ?
CONJUNCTIONS.
50
^j^Ji
jjUii
fj3^ iS^
if,
li^
W^
k ea ^ y ou w# you call
out aman.'
[
'
164.]
bj or
He
[
speaks thus, ^5
165.]
as,
{jujj
y\
*& j^by*
JLi
<j*j
toJli r JLS)
.*-
'it appears,
perhaps
':
as,
l^-^ *jcjl>
Jyl JoL&
Jul
J^>
appears to be good.'
[166.]
be so
;
<sl>L^
it
'may it not
!'
be': as,
c ^u*^Sj!
4jl~
(J^&A
'it will
would
were not
c"i>-
[167.]
the world
[
JC^tA-J
it.'
ll
knows
kfii
it
even
168.]
as,
*jJj
<di!
^ kiLs^Ll^-if l-^&
i
<fc!l
'all
but:
as,
'There
is
no Grod
[169.]
as,
,5^
those
o*'
L5^.
*^at
*s
* sa^''
*s
a demonstrative conjunction
^x
him
;
.!
but to
who
received
etc.
j Aj\
^ a &xj
first I,
next you.'
ILsnJ!, <UaaJl wd <tdLcL 'in short, at last, to con5^ i*)j J-*^
(
[171.]
clude,' etc.:
J-AsM,
as,
o^jl
*-^;W.
short,
it ?'
J^f^" lL&jS'
U
that
'we
you
went
to him,
he consented.'
&sa:u]\
jjuiujj<
w^Z/,
'
and what
:'
is to
be the end of
What
is
it
insist
upon or wish
is
* There
lil
1
^Jte- \ji\
C^/hU
j jUxi!
'
Cl^Lj jL
LUjJ
have travelled (through many) countries, have lived with many people, and have not seen any one who is grateful, {lit., a conserver of friendship')
1
()0
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
OF INTERJECTIONS.
Some
of the interjections have appeared under the denomination of
expletives.
We
Lj\,
will
t\,
now
give a
list
of them.
!'
[172.]
and j\ 'Oh!
Ah
m,jWj
'Oh! beloved of
my
heart.'
[ 173.]
aJJ^
*jjjl>
[174.]
as, jcsf\
yL+j\
*)\
c-Jjfc
'the
man
is
well enough
what
[ 175.]
^Jb or
^i,
'
lj] or
'Oh!
'
as,
Cjj
l>
'
Oh Lord
!'
u-^Jb
^,
pray
aJ\
tf
Jb,
or
f ^^
you fellow
[176.] [177.]
ii*>- and
'pity!'
<ob^
'
as,
,-j-i.J
^jL>
^L*l
you will
[178.]
\*jLf\
as,
J>,
JcjJ
y\
.^M
[179.]
[
JJ^
'assistance:' as,
:
&\1\
180.]
as,
l^j J Oh
friend
!'
^J
'
look
out
resist),' etc.
[181.]
ildin Khoja.'
[182.]
wish.
God.'
'<d!l>
<d!l
JW* l-U'
'God
forbid:'
as,
aU\
'
U*
my
'
may God
'
not
J*x3
we
trust in God.'
forbid.'
'
Ab Ucl
Lit*
'
I put
confidence in
4S\^jc~s!
itt\
'
God
<dJ!
as it pleases God,'
may
it
please God.'
li^l
_
-<=>
And
aljljj
<JIjj
<W
all
Arabic exclamations, to
which the Turks have recourse in conversation, looking upon the mention of the Supreme Being as beneficial to them, and not derogatory to his
dignity.
INTERJECTIONS.
61
183.]
that?' as,
[
lJ^}^> ^&lJ^ or I^jJ 'come, come along; what's J\&>ij4 Come along, and let us see what you can do,' etc.
,,jJ or
'
all
184.]
Ab 'let us
see,
now you
will see.'
(Expletive.)
[185.]
[186.]
[ 187.]
^j^\i\
a^-^
'will
you
go.'
ujy
!
'
may
it
[188.]
to you,
*L>y* 'God
Abraham.'
j!
said to
Abraham.'
\\
Wv^
Salutation
Oh
[189.] [190.]
[191.]
'how
'
nice!'
!'
uJj^
\)
what a bore
'what!
is it possible.'
OF DERIVATION.
[ 192.]
as in English one
so,
word
is
derived from
in Turkish, words
may
be formed,
and
having adopted the Arabic and Persian method of derivation and composition
added
to their
own.
[193.]
how
instance, in Arabic,
and give
it
a Persian termination
thus, *j\
a man,'
please
They never say they will do anything, without adding Inshallah, God so that, if they do not keep their word, it was because not please God they should.
;'
'
if it
it
did
If you admire anything they have, you are expected to prefix your
observation with
<uJ!
with your
love.'
After a man has entered the room, and taken his seat, he looks round the room, and putting his hand to his breast while he inclines his head a little, looking to each person present, he says 'Marhdba,' Marimba khosh gueldin? 'you are to which they all in turn answer,
'
come
well.'
two expressions
vide
'
Turkish Tales
62
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
makes
^Lw< J
it
Persian plural
'
),
men,
'
and
also
it
is
declined
*J3u*J
'of men.'
the language.
A little
which
is
[ 194.]
is
A little
certainly desirable
we
"We
intended
^T- When
lCcjI
?'
.-:>
'
is
added
to a
word
it
or profession: as,
c sT
'
bread;'
^sr^l
'baker.'
'what:'
as,
what
is
he
(of
what
profession.)
[196.]
Js the root of
J^ei
^rJi
who
breaks).
is
'
Here the _
as,
a looker on.' the root of Jh*aj 'to see:' as, <Jj L5^V^ introduced for the sake of euphony. Also lLCcj\ 'to do:'
,-fj-Vj
tne
maker'
one
wuo
m akes).
the requirements of euphony)
is
[197.]
Li3
:
added to words
Jj^
3*
beautiful.
L-&jf
beauty.
LsL^
uli3jvJbl-ij
^hLjls-
in.
^Ll-i during
(^\
a piece of
money
of six piastres.
of seeing.
DERIVATION.
63
[198.]
(JLi
jJj
may
as,
root of
(J*&!
Jj~j
ll&fiil 'to do/ (for the sake of euphony.) ipdkj! the making.
The change
[62, 63].
[
of the
lU
to
J, or
to
199.]
(Js*girl.
to express
diminution
as,
J;J a
*j!
little girl.
good.
CS^-y\
(j>~f?y>I
small
(the first
J being turned
to
^^^>.ji
j, for
CS>&
a dog.
CsfZ&
the
CJ is
and pronounced
[
200.]
te>- is
significations,
as follows
jJio! English.
*j| a man.
jc,l5 a
*j
^us^J
like a
man.
woman.
this.
t^y.
n t i s
wa y-
u^lo
[201.]
white.
is
^^^
^Ls^J crA^
also
whitish.
^J
sometimes added
man.
to n>e.)
&s my
[202.]
following
way.
or
m y wa F (according
qualifying
is
added
to words,
them
in the
manner
j^j\ Smyrna.
jU^
man
of
Sm y rna
&jJOi
his own.
^XJjw\-^
JJLc wisdom.
64
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
without,' answers to our 'un' or
to eat.
[203.]
1j
'
in.'
tlX^J
J&c
mind.
life.
unwise.
^U-
(Jas to
see.
[204.]
^y
according as euphony
may
command,
them
as follows
(jA^JiA to be angry.
tf^j^
^j-xiLi
an o ryor
^^Jjl-i.to be bewildered.
^jJL&Ll
stupid,
^^-li
[205.]
passive voice
to
run away.
or ).
^^x^-li a runaway.
J,
:
J,
The
J we
;'
have seen
to
:
is
as,
cS^y^
it
to love
lLxJj
be loved.'
You may
jY*
a seal-
CS^jy*
CS^ij^\
to seal.
yjj\ a covering.
jjjjj empty.
to cover. to
^f!Li^
empty.
CJy^
l+Aj
small.
clean.
tl*!jjsr to
make
small.
CS*A\~
to clean. to
J
but in
dictionary,
pretty.
many
Ls^j^
become
pretty.
this, as in
had better
trust to his
206.]
This letter
is
CJ'k
gentle.
pjl)
or
<ti\\\j
gentility.
Sjj-> great.
JjJj
,,
*^jji
greatness.
*Xj
slave.
5jcj
AjITjcj servitude.
DERIVATION.
65
[207.]
also nsed.
or
jy
ju^l hope.
tVa? intention.
Cj\j*~+j\
&~*&~*j\
j)$*~*j\ hopeful.
C^JuoJ
C/Uc^xsr*
J^Ju^S
J^aa
intending,
e^s^
trouble.
JC^L^sr* jtjij^s*
fuU of trouble.
MujUf
*Ju3
**Lj
'
Oh
know
not what to do
in
my
and
my
my
breast
is
broken,
my
heart
is
full of trouble.'
yfci\
fire
;'
208.]
By
adding j1 to a substantive
as,
^^Aj
belonging to
[
fire.'
209.]
'
By
as,
&**uJ
approving;'
*JJO*yj
approved, grateful.'
last
But these
66
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
SYNTAX.
[
210.]
When
first is
case,
and the
^j or ^o.
Ex.
'Of John
aJ t_?jy
iJCAj1 ^Jo
^^i.A
*I
am
the v i ce of
way
of the Lord.'
verb, consisting of 'jj
we
see
d3 Jul
Jo (which
*oi\>l,
is
compound
Ls/CJ)
before i*S)\y
his
voice.'
Next,
we
see Jjj
(for
first
case,
and .JjJ
-iJjj)
with the
and
this
two substantives
XLljjJ
straight.'
[67, 69.]
[211.]
^j, or
(
is
) is
inversed.
Ex.
's
J$ ^tU j!j!
the king
will.
Sultan's orders.
;
luLo ^l>
aL^-il
t^^ii-ijJ
{lit.,
constancy's foot.')
lS^T
{lit.,
'doubt's place.')
;
^Uj
{lit.,
'friends' promises.')
{lit.,
things' collection.')
{lit.,
SYNTAX.
67
[212.]
together, with a
it
qualifying the
no sign
is
used,
:
name
is
Simon.
:
[213.]
Two
may
u^sr*
lS&~ <t^
olkJ jy A
[214.]
j?
(C^
JUjjLifc)!
city.
Or a genitive and an
oj
^Ajlib-p- sJJjl^J
;'
among
their
children one
i.e.,
[215.]
When
name
occurs, the
word
*li
'by name'
is
added to
it
mistaken
u*Aiyu Mcodemus
/U
(by) name.
JU>^U
by name Bernadotte.
L jzA
Hanover
i^jj^j)
^XJj^
j}y&
j)j*
In these two
place of
examples
y^
'
city,'
:
and
^J
'
river,'
taking the
au
[ 216.]
first
f ^l^
ji*
to\s*i
CSasA Sj
me
bread give.
2
68
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
[217.]
panies
it,
So also
if
^^)
jj
lv^j! ^y^\jL*l\
1
give the
5
men bread
t^jsT
f aileyi*
ljU^
UL?
^
:
for
[218.] ^ys^X 3j*> *^)> *jj^* 13- j"1 ^Mi)f and some others, must be pronounced immediately after the word they follow, as if forming
>
'
part of
it,
came
witness to
make
for witness
the aforesaid
little
LOJbLi
is
which answers
to our infinitive.
[219.]
observed [21]
as,
JjJj^S,
^J^^^jy
'
& pretty
girl,'
:
But
is
inverted
as,
J^
'
gentleman;' and then the adjective agrees with the substantive in gender
and number.
Ex.
^Uic
*jj*
Jjj^
220.]
noun
cjj-^-
the Pacha.
saints.
Jb*
j&~ LZJjJis-
God Almighty.
the Prophet, on
*m\\
&Jue ^-J
whom
be peace!
SYNTAX.
69
[221.]
in gender and
number
j j a place.
(lit.,
[222.]
the singular
"When a noun
is
it
remains in
&j^jy
CL2\
But
if
an Arabic number
<U-o
used, the
noun
is
(d^
[223.]
stead a
etc.
word
signifying
the aforesaid
'
jj+,
(*J*s*>
*L1jlfc*
224.]
The pronoun
is
generally under;'
as,
JjjJo
'
they came
it
unless
it
:
is
wanted
to particularize that
may be used
JujJjQjl
or^jiSjL J
[ 225.]
by using
jx^ J
'your
friend,' or
^jj-IcJ 'he
who
prays
meaning
myself.'
226.]
And
the
person
is
expressed
by
i.e.
^jLSU
'
CjU
or ^jli\*&~
you.'
'
TO
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
[227.]
The
possessive affix
is
and
it
difficulties of
be
clearly-
Examples of
J*V^
t_
teS}\
<JjSjh\ "We
'the front/
sat before
'
your houses.
'
<J^\ (substantive)
^5J
its
front,'
(the
^.O < ajJLsi^ JL$*jJs "What sayest thou of thyself. dy^i thyself,' JS> xS of thyself.' J>- truth,' JuU
' '
j<x
'
'self,'
'
thy truth,'
jSs-
in thy truth/
O
,
J+~i
jU (V_>v
'shoes,'
latchet,'
^A^-jjlj 'his
shoes,'
oj^1*-jJU
of his shoes.'
<U*^J 'the
^^i
<U-J or
^
I
t^rn
its latchet,'
in the accusative.
to Israel, (#.,
for
Az's
a Jif
saw
it
abiding,
(lit.,
its
being upon.')
tfjjj]
&j
n.l
iX^
'upon whom,'
'
(&.,
'
of
whom,
to
(
7m upon,')
a
)
taking
his
'
or
it
( <_ )
drops the
becomes
[^i*,
35.]
;
^i
^j\ *i on
(
Lamb
of
God
(feY.,
of
God
his lamb.')
taking
(
into
j
\
*J3
'
\
of
him
(used as a noun, and put in the genitive case before ^jS\), and ^j
the possessive pronoun of the 3rd person [33], and not the post-position,
sign of the accusative case [128].
this double use of pronouns,
The
learner
is
requested to
mark
and
to refer to
[210.]
SYNTAX.
71
228.]
The
jj
affix
aL*.C;l
[
^ ijX^l ^
x<AJ
l>
seems
to
as,
229.]
It has also a
t^ui
my
an(^
own hook.
to his very
own.
$
[230.]
^jjST
or
is
\Jl*^~ J'^ J
>
ver
y own
'
It
used also
to specify
any time
the
particularly.
L*s?
Jl>
jo%^ Not
to
day (but)
day of to-morrow.
?
\S^Sj>
s^^^^^
Was
it the
[231.]
*jJj ^j I came.
tJ^S
[ 232.J
Jj
we
came.
thou earnest.
ye came.
is
required.)
is
verb
may
refer to a plural
number
as,
^jJ^J^JT
[233.]
When
as,
^
as,
my
son go ?
must stand in
5
Js^f
J-cj\
j -^"y^
s
5^ 3 cT*
3 U? 'land
you and
he,
my
[235.]
may
be
to
added
to a verb or omitted.
:
generally added
jtil&Azjb
^^^
ij
'
C 1Z
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
236.]
Otherwise in speaking
it is
^y\jkL
JT
is
L-5o
it is
237.]
The verb
is
in poetry,
when
it is
as,
<UjIJjl)
lJ^ ^jJj-Jlsu^
from Constantinople a
fleet is come.'
[238.]
is
means
now, but,
as to,
with regard
to
: '
as,
S&}\
[
^jlju^w^-j jmA
<Uuj!
is (like
y^J
of Bethsaida.'
239.]
[218].
and
JJ**^! U**^*jyj^ ^ ^ na(^ sa ^ down.' "We may as well observe, with regard to the *J, which here occurs after the verb, and is
signifies 'if:' as,
so often
it is
purely expletive.
240.]
*J)
is,
Eedhouse,
591, p. 160.]
^+y&AZ*j
aJiUiS'
jdx&siyj\ he
[241.]
We
mood
is
declined,
common
infinitive.
a!
is
giving
it
as
AJjI
near.')
(vT^V.
an<* the
Jews' passover
the
"being
near
{lit.,
on
its
being
being
(j^ changing
is
into
in
consequence of
its
contracted into A.
SYNTAX.
73
242.]
When
:
Ex.
(lit.,
'and
wanting)
L*l
241.]
(being
is
the
Turkish
word ^LaJ)
[
the infinitive to
<0j! is
added.
this is
he of
whom
I spoke;'
(lit.,
'my having
jlj
I have
asked;'
{lit.,
'of
my
man who
is afraid,'
(^jyi,
participle
pjfb) -^*"*
ness) of (the
4Z.< *-J3
Uj
'
am astonished
horseback).'
h\ j\r=>-\
(the)
jjJ^JJ
{lit.,
'of
my
having
said, beware.')
[243.]
We
are often interlarded with or added to gerunds, and denote a pause in the
sentence by dividing
it.
.^i-j .^ lC*j
(lit.,
Jlw* jdA
thee
[first
jlihcl
(jj^l
'i to
my
[244.]
We
"We will
now
give
an instance of
this,
style,
74
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
4*-.^ j fc^p-^l
t^i^
^j^
u^l/i^
^ ^jr*r J&
:
b]?
The
literal translation of
which would be
as follows
SYNTAX.
75
4*
at the
same time
avoiding
also
mountains
and
J
march
J*i
time to lose not having
barely
the soldiers of the
C^r^j
way
enemy
in this
J^4V
^^-LsT
L^"^
by hard running
*C<jJ~*fj 9j\Jj
and
to
run away
and in
this
way
and
have been
set forth.
Therefore the difficult roads of the black mountains leaving, and the
parallel waters that enter into the valley of the
side, in
a few days the country of the Elector of Bavaria (on) our entering,
j Is'*
'
a place of issue
;'
ergo,
'
a pass.'
to
participle
CJ>j&i\
the Arabic
substantive
after
l-j>\^s>-\
it
understood, and
dj^j
coming immediately
it
dJjcuL^-!),, answers
is
;
the
This word U"l)\ is tne Arcitnc plural of (Jm\j 'a head.' with the possessive affix, and the sign of the ablative case J
used
it
but
is far-fetched,
4 5
which
is
Lit.,
'
by
total flight.'
us.'
Lit.,
'
jJul^y jb j L-ub.
This phrase
is
beginning and end of Persian and Turkish letters: C-^cb 'the cause;'
jb
abbreviation of Juib
'let it be.'
76
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
and the passes of the Tyrol mountains (our) avoiding, and at the same
time on the heads of our enemies some days' march (by) finding ourselves, in this
way
save,
in this
manner
(are
(thus)
our well-
now)
this
set forth.'
We
now
which
Turkish version
it
and we would
without
into as elegant
French
(or English)
to
guide him.*
Ce grand
et vaste
mouvement nous a
Montagnes Noires,
nous
du Tyrol
et
enfin nous a place a plusieurs marches derriere l'ennemi qui n' a pas de
entiere.'
he
do not mention this to discourage the student, but in order that be aware of the perfect impossibility of representing civilized ideas in so barbarous a language, which is devoid of all terms, save those of
We
may
common
necessaries of
life.
APPENDIX.
77
APPENDIX.
COMPOUND TENSES 0^ A YEEB.
[245.]
The following
are the
compound
tenses to
which we have
participles,
[L]jjSy
'reading,'
[II.]
J*f3
[III.] (J&-tojA
'about to read.'
'
ajAA .JJ
'
I read,' or
I become one
who
reads.'
am
reading,' or
'
I become one
who who
reads.' reads.'
I became one
who
reads.'
I became one
'
who
reads.'
I had
read,' or
I
'
reads.'
reads.'
I have read,'
tense, according to
or
who
(This
signification.)
I suppose,
who
reads.'
etc.
*Jj1 J3*aL\
sense also.)
ijSjI
(with a dubitative
*x>-Aj\ jjsj\
'
I will read,' or
'
'
read.'
a A-*^
<sSj\
jyjl
Ai\hAj\ jjjl
'I
must
read,'
or
quality of reading.'
78
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
who
is
in the
act of reading.'
a^*M j^^
of reading.'
That I may
read,' or
aJ!
*!!
<y*\
'That I might
read,' or
is
in the act
of reading.'
>**jiJ1
ijjj^
'
If I
may read,'
or
is
in a state to read.'
is
***!jl
j*3j\
'
If I should read,' or
capable of
reading.'
* Jul
read.'
cLuJjl j*Sj\
'
If I had read,' or
is
competent to
jy J'h^
jHijl
'
-^
^ ou rea(
^>
or
rea(l-'
jj\
jjj\
'
&k^ij\
(Dative infinitive).
*
,
read.'
^ f
-'Y
l
.
Having
read,' or
'
read.'
'
About
to read,' or
'
read.'
'
is
who
can read.'
Becoming a
reader,' or
one
who
can read.'
Aj\jfy\
~J
'
.
Becoming a
reader,' or
'
one
who
can read.'
APPENDIX.
79
a^Oj! ujiy
read.' read.'
who
reads.'
The The
J*sj-4j1 jjij\
'
who
can read.'
read.'
The
[246.]
II.
jjjul*jJj1
'Having
who
'
become a
Also
A or
ist.
ajjJjI
lA*>^
reader.'
"
am becoming
one
who
or
become a
f^jSjl (j^Sjl
reader.'
I became one
who
/c^Jji (jl^jl
become a
/jjjl
who
reader.'
\jL+jij\
I became one
who
become a
reader.'
who
become a
*j!Ldj\
reader.'
\JL*jij\
who
has read,' or
become a
reader.'
"
who
has read,' or
become
who
has read,' or
become a
*&+k>-<Aj\ ij!L*yj\
who
has read,' or
become a
reader.'
aj!jL]j!
uL*jij\
"
who
or
become a
reader.'
80
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
a JJ Xdj\
or
'
jjjuut^jl
who has
already read,'
become a
+)\<j\
reader.'
{jL*jij\
become a reader.'
aJuWjI (jH^Sj\
or
'
read,'
become a
[247.]III.
pj$^ LpT^i&y
future signification also.)
&T*i3
'About
to read.'
^ become one
who is
about to read.'
(This has a
pjjgy (JPr^iyy
P'-jj>J\
am
t ec
is
about to read.'
(3^r*i.y
who
is
about to read.'
aJjJj! (j^T*iIVj'
>^jl J^T'V.^J'
t^Jl
who
is
about to read.'
who
is
about to read.'
is
f^
a-*u*1*1
who
about to read.'
JlnAJ\ (J&-&}3j\
who
is
about to read.'
a Jul
who
is
ixsj-dijl
j^T^l^^
'
who
is
All
when
must be had to the dictates of euphony, which might, perhaps, forbid the
use of the 3rd person of this last tense, as
it
would be
its
<j>>-4Sj^
O^T'QjPj^
form.
INDECLINABLE GERUND.
[ 248.]
There are three kinds of gerunds, which are formed with the
three participles
present, past,
jLA jj\
fjL*J3j\
'
whilst reading.'
whilst having read.' whilst about to read,' or
to
^j\
'
j\ <j>-<V,y^
'
become a
reader.'
APPENDIX.
S
in use, is
[ 249.]
infinitive,
jj or lLS,
or d\j\
as,
makes tXk*J3j\
by dint of
by reading,'
reading.'
[ [
by reason of reading,'
132.]
as
we
should say,
250.]
The
verbal
noun,
tef, forms an
indeclinable gerund
much
noun) makes
[
djs"
Jyj!
is
251.]
There
also indeclinable
it
has a
It
is
person, present tense, of the indicative of a negative verb, and the particle
post-position
Jj^J
or
xj\*a^:
'
as,
J^*j3j! 'not
to read,'
r*^j\
\*f^
read.'
Jj^^J-*^
^Cs^J
[
'before reading;'
(lit.,
'
Uy^
in
'after reading;'
after not
having
read.')
252.]
This gerund
it,
is
^J^yJ,
euphony
it is
^J
is
sometimes made
pJ, which
well to recollect,
DECLINABLE GERUNDS.
[
253.]
post-position
xJ,
and forms
read,'
declinable
as,
Jpyjl
'
the having
makes SsjSj]
sjJGo
t>*S}1
'
'on
my
having
read,'
etc.
(the
^j being
254.]
is
82
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
eJ
'
after it:
as,
^LaiJjiJyjjl
S^xjy^\
etc.
after
my
having read/
'
SjL^jJUbjjJ^
'after
thy
having read/
'
^X*x>Jyj1
thy having
Jj!
read/
before
etc.,
my
Jj\ ^jjGbJy^l
'
before
indeterminates.'
all
Let us
now
(J^*\ in
and attach
of the changes of
is
susceptible.
IXDECLIXABLE.
PRESENT
AUXILIARY.
PARTICIPLE.
^-G
{
(2)
(3)
(4) (5)
(6)
[251]
[4^
^^0
before being
after
(^Cs> ^l>J^ J
being
)jj3)\ J^+jij\
(7)
(8)
DECLIXABLE.
<J=>rtey\
having been
[254]
And
8X*xf jJjl
t
my
having been
Jj!
Xj\sa
^&am^j\
my having been
(10)
APPENDIX.
83
Now,
of each.
if
we
translate
backwards,
we
shall
arrive
at
the meaning
Present
Past
who
is
or
With
Future
JiJ
jjij\
one who
is
about to read.
Present
^j\
^j\
1*4**}
Past
(Jm*<^j\
who who
Future
{J*"Aj\
about to read.
a reader.
/ Present
dlx*l^
idi^Sjl
j^^
by being
Past
^JLj3j\
Future
is
about
10
Present
byLaJX*x:^\ J^~<U
j^ after
my
about to read.
And
so
2 o
84
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
SUMMAEY.
We
may
propose to lay before the student a Table of Gerunds, whereby he
in
which will be
some
&jf>
seeing.
\j*^*jy
having seen.
since seeing.
y&jy
4.r Ajip
The
having seen.
three Participles.
<J>j)f
i
or
^j\ jjf
while seeing,
whilst having seen. whilst about seeing.
jj\ {jL^jif
^jL>\
CS^tjf
in succession as fast
!
and
as often as
This
use
:
first
form
is
used,
in eternal
with some
people
tes?j\$,
it is
AsTj^f,
GERUNDS.
85
20<L*^S
X3&3j
or xdJLs*j>
Infinitive.
&jL+j
or
&~+j
xdL,+j
with seeing.
in or
(
_, Jk* i*S or
by
seeing.
)
Jj! \*\&y*j&
^
^
before seeing.
*A^ \z)^J*Jt
a ^ er seem S-
having seen.
seeing,' is derived:
'on
4 S^*j<f on my 4 SjL+j
seeing.
&L*j
dJuC*^
<&\$&*j
on our seeing.
on your seeing.
bAlL+jj*
on their seeing.
sdL*j on
seeing,'
sis
derived:
^Jw^-S
on
my
seeing.
*J uJ^tj^>
^J
^-<+jj>
s J y&*jjs
sJJJoUj^S
*J
lL*^f
\j**j
'
on having se
n,'
&
derived
on
my
having seen.
J *SLJL*j
86
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
sJ
xJ
'
\jL*j
^*
~j-f
*JJX**!(jl* t^T
X{JL*j
From
the Participial
Gerund xSSjij*
on
on having seen/
derived
*J
*J
&jS
my
having seen.
tJL>L.\^-T
2fJ
i'J
^SJ,^T on
Ja^^jS
li3jS
SJJX5jJjS
SJ
*>w
/i0
tj on
'
being about to
see,'
&
derived
*ya
on
my
being about to
see.
see. see. (?)
* J&JLp- in^
*jkJi~
a^
ii^liS^ yuS
aJJxJjs- Xj
a jij>-
see. see.
see.
a *T
From
the
Gerund
sjx*a or
^\
w
seen,'
i*
before or after
my
having seen.
r^
or Jj^
sj\*a or Jlj!
Jj! \*)^)^y^Jr
GERUNDS.
taking.
jj jJT
on taking.
taking.
dS\
^-jUJT
J JT
having taken.
since taking or having taken.
<^J^T
having taken.
.^T
or
J&ijj
<A*1T
whilst taking.
whilst having taken.
whilst about to take.
,j\
*jdT
sJuudT
or *di*>ST
on taking.
ajJb^T
Kinds of Ablative
Infinitive.
JT
^jJuN
Jj\
*jL>
or *JJUJT
)
whilst taking.
in or by taking.
(
^\S\
^,^1
before taking.
taking.
) Lit.,
\ after
having taken.
88
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
From
the Infinitive
Gerund
<OoL*lT
'
on taking/
GERUNDS.
89
aJUihA!
Sfc>jjut> JkiT
* JfJi jJ
From
the
Future Gerund *J
^^^1
on
on being about
to
take/
^s
derived
yj*-i-5>-^l
s -<tl
I
my
8<\Jts>-<&\
8 JU-*> &\
to take or receive.
to take or receive.
sJjX-jb^-AlT
a J^libf
receive.
From
the
spi* or Jj!
jjJk^JfcNl
before or after
my
having taken.
before or after thy having taken. before or after his having taken.
before or after our having taken.
joJ^joJ^I
sX^
or Jji ^JJ-^jjJI
jjjl
sic? or
^JJCjJujJl
is
sum
j&iy
j\j
axsj-aSI
*^J
I have to receive so
much/
j\j
this
90
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
COMPOSITION.
We
it,
the
in
down
and can decline and conjugate every noun and verb that he
;
may
meet and
first
that,
Tales,'
with
ease.
Still there is
him
to
do before he can
We
him some
hints
how
When we
hence
it is
we
by
classic authors
that
many
to
our pupils
to ingraft the
language
it
may become
as familiar to
them
This
is
by no means
difficult,
and
if
the
we have no doubt
that ninety-nine
out of
In the
a great
first place,
many
to be
suffice to
While reading
which they
COMPOSITION.
91
they ought
etc.,
also
getting
up
Grammar
at the
same time
so that
when they
difficulty
have read
St.
may
find
no
noun and
so,
verb.
They should
'
Tales,
'
as comprehensive as
we
considered
By
'
Tales,' it is
presumed
minds
to the peculiar
and endeavour
done,
more
able,
literal
on separate
them
pages, so as to be
to re-translate
into
Turkish.
In
this interval
which will
they must
contrive to learn at least thirty dialogues such as the author has already
published, and which they are supposed to have acquired in their primary
If the learner have followed strictly the injunctions here laid down, he
will find himself, at the end of his third month's study of this work, pretty
During
first,
all
this time,
in his leisure
to
English words
then,
by
them
into Turkish
some
line or
two by
it to
himself,
Still
till it is
mind and
to his tongue.
when
he endeavours to speak,
would
also require
some
one to speak
to.
Of
course, if
TURKISH GRAMMAR
but
we
will
suppose
him
to
be
still
in
Eng-
and anxious
to
make
further progress.
recollect that
than the
which are
difficult
many
We
repeat that
it
is
should learn as
much by
or without
still
is
no
or
learn
by
by the
first
if
by the
first,
of course,
it is best,
also
may be
first
done.
Most pupils
got up the
first
line or
two of
St.
John's Gospel
much
part of the chapter, and this latter better than the last part; that they
first
chapter better than the second, and the second than the
?
why
is
this
less frequently.
often as the
first,
and there
is
no reason
why
;
as
well as the
contend.
first
that
we
but
rather recollect that they are called upon to concentrate the practice of
many
their childhood
they heard the words of their mother-tongue veiy often over and over
again
before they learned them;
let
them repeat
mechanically and " spiritually" as often, and they also will become as
familiar.
We will now suppose that they have reached the end of the fourth month
of their study of this
thousand
COMPOSITION.
93
with
words
with a
hesitation
For
this
we
give
them two more months, during which time they should read
some
with notes and grammatical references, bearing the number of the rule
or tense in this grammar,
marked.
Such
and
retranslated,
both ways.
We have now
and brought him
sufficient
knowledge
possess
to enable
him
to compose,
and
at
more
real acquaintance
practically
system in as
many
years.
this
We
is
recommend
;
all teachers
and students
convinced as
we
any language
much an
Of
effort of
memory
course,
some with a
;
good use of their mental faculties will learn faster than others
but
all
will reach the goal of their ambition, if they will only take care not to
despair in the
first
studies.
either business
should
not undertake
it,
But
all
who will
set their
minds upon
and continually
repeat to themselves
what they
that,
are learning,
an
artificial state
of
life,
we
can in so
94
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
new language every
year,
mother-tongue,
cation between
communia greater
men
among us
may
others
may have
but
to
translation,
in
an
idiom which
has become
up.
as
agreeable
and
familiar as the
one to which
If society were
advance,
and of the
generally
nay
certainty, of success
:
they
must be
because thousands
fail
while the
A lad
is
and not in
without having the matter or words wherewith to put the dry rules he
learns into practice
his
;
mind
he
is
Virgil/
thus loses another two or three years, during which time he has only
read one book, while the same time would have sufficed
him
size
to
have gone
through two
of a
similar
had he had
"We ask
translations to carry
him through
as fast as
Would he
not
on
our system
have
construction,
and learned more words by reading two or three hundred volumes, than
one, the
unexplained
difficulties of
which
have almost sickened him with a language he might otherwise have been
led to love and admire
to
?
Grammar
is,
of a language
but the
rules of
grammar ran
COMPOSITION.
95
be of
little
or no use to one
to exercise
who
wherewith
them.
is
When
master
of,
(if
we may be
may have
to him.
by no means irksome
we
can lay
down some
his
own mind
to
meadow
express
language.
He must
construction,
his mind.
first
He
This
to do at the outset.
He must
which he
about to
'
Let
us,
he wishes to
say
Come
mind
most
to-morrow morning,
when
I have breakfasted.'
bearing in
that he
attention
of his hearer
what
is
important
which he could
with
his
put
into Turkish,
'
Thou
to
me to-morrow
after
my
having eaten,
me
come.'
gel.
96
Would
to
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
it
nay, would
it
Of
this
course
because
learnt,
style
he
has
by
time
not only to
most
Let
not
Turkish language.
so, if
'
Upon my
of
me
other
my
business
This construction
may
see
we
who have
to
them
who
Let
us see
how
it
sounds
<UwJl UJjl
(****i*
Aj^> (Jpb>*
AL
*JJ
Ji
JZ~it\
^u
Let the student take the Tales of the Khoja, put them into good fluent
English, and then, shutting up the book, let
him
first
write an English
him put
will soon
it
with the
original.
He
our plan
we doubt
little practice,
he will be able
to
Turkish language at once, and will have acquired the great desideratum,
that of having learned
to
97
PEONTJNCIATIOK
The author has endeavoured
in the present work, as far asnt
was
He does
Eoman
not,
however,
is
flatter
The
character
many
different sounds
in each of the
to
may
is
This
to
any
final
decision.
Some adopt
the
it
impossible to pronounce
it
correctly;
a,
i,
a,
o,
and
#,'
it is
each word as
certainly
'
sounded
'
comparative
in
Roman
letter is
Indeed,
among
the inhabitants
of the same city, a person with a good ear will discover an invariable
variety of
'
sentiment,' or
he meets.
The consequence
when
not tied
down by some
stringent rule
which
Thus, then,
when many
it is
value of a letter
agree in pronouncing
them
in
98
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
is
to lay
down a system
composer
The author
One
ani,
will say,
why
jj!
o,
another
is
with an
(J,\
oni:
They
inconvenient to
They
would repre-
sent the
and the
\
' )
represent an
alif.
Roman
As
down from
he has followed in
European
letters
is
The following
the result
ORTHOGRAPHY
OF THE ATJTHOB.
PRONUNCIATION.
99
ORTHOGRAPHY
OF THE AUTHOR. OP
FIF.ST PUPIL.
OF SECOND PUPIL.
ishim deyilder.
bosh lakade etmadie.
khalt etmah.
suss,
Icault
khalt etma.
bok-yemeh.
charshi-
sce bohi
yemma.
sus bokeyhma.
chiapk
choppuk chershiya
goeth
shapuk
gyte.
chercheyir
-yah guit.
murekkeb
all guel.
murakeb
olgel.
mourakib
ol guel.
bazar erakdur.
seui-
bazar irakdir.
su
haideh
cholc
haiday
chock
hiday
chock
suil-
-lama.
hirmizi
oldi.
elerma.
lema.
mm
idi.
nigeh khermazee
nidji oldi.
moom kurmasemum
oegi.
nija-
bradah
burada
idi.
bourada
idi.
shimdi gueurdum.
ishteh buldum,
shimdi grdm,
ishti bul
shimdi gourdum.
ishter buldum,
dum.
mm
yah.
moom
yock
mum
aida
yok.
ydktim.
yockfm.
yoktim.
gyun
kotchder.
boogun
seyeda
*JO
katchda.
bana sorarsiniz ?
neh belirim.
band surarsiniz.
ne bilerim,
banasurarsiniz,
nebilerim,
nichn san
-misin ?
ishek-
bilmam.
guit
belmam.
malctb
bilmam.
bu
mektub
.;
postaya gueu-tur.
postaya getur.
aya geuteur.
shapeuk geld.
is
100
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
to give
each letter
value (a knowledge of the word, and some habit, will enable the
;
nounced, and each syllable in succession, without bearing upon one more
than another.
in
The English
is
mind
that there
no accent in Turkish.
letters,
and particularly the Jj,* will cause the weight of the preceding and
following syllable to
fall
but the learner must endeavour to divest himself of his English accentuation as
much
as possible
we
say, as
much
as possible, because
Englishmen
of their
indeed, Britons
attempt to speak.
in general
language with them wherever they go, and in what language soever they
consequent
laid
but
It
these rules
down
and
to follow
them up
much
down any
We
his
learn
up a stock
of observations
definite
more
useful to
rules,
The only
letters
and
and
^j,
damma
( ' )
and hesra
< )
for these
<j^>JJ
t-dir-mah,
'
to cause to be
thrown
;'
C*jSi\
et-tir-mek,
PRONUNCIATION.
101
we have
we
could lay
down
Thus,
it
we
see,
^^J^>
let
him
take,' is
pronounced g-tr-sun.
( ' )
Now,
;
may
may
may
take
its
place
but
it is
when
for
it
many j *s
as,
^y^jyy
jjLajjijp
take ye/
may
word
more
on the contrary,
it
is
still
Tale 44.
We further recommend
of words as noted in the stands for
Vocabulary
for v.
w
it
and sometimes
:
For
when ^
is
followed by a vowel
a Turkish
sounded like a
v,
v,
remains
if it is
word
it is
generally a
if
an
Arabic a w.
better learn
to
it
Again in regard
;
some are
but the
e,
and
i_^o*-Ls
is
saheb, Arabic.
\j^j^-
chirhin
But
for
this there
we have
down
word which
twenty years
tlis
(arising)
a religious
man
-Koran
Ax-jij
(after the
<L^>-
system
of)
Kadri
<U>-
<uLc
all)
abundant mercy
>> --
May God
op?
O >
J'/wx
or
as,
<J1
J^
^-r^ fir^ ^
i^2"
word here
,~G ?
Op
Again, lower
1
down
in the
\k^s>-
A! <
^H^Lk"
which
a,
exhibiting unto
him
orthodox,'
men would
enunciate h-na-fdin
and
many
other
little
as a sample.
Mr. Bleeck, of
the British
tale
entitled
year in
'Ainsworth's
of the leading
New
men
Monthly Magazine,'
are given as follows
:
in
six
names
^il),
IxjI^j^cjj', jJ^s^jA,
c_^o-l*?
Ow*Uf
'a
man
It is
imagined that by dint of reading the Koran one may acquire super-human
powers: such, for instance, as that of raising the dead.
chapter of the Koran
is
The second
if it
would not
"We
see,
much more
than his
and
eccentricities,
Eulen Spiegel?
a-^js)
if
j^jl
we
will read
l<-;
[253]
^ii?^
Kadri
'
*^^ Wj
lessons
on their requesting
if
they should-
that
say
some people
it
by reading
in the
Kadri way
iiy1.
The
Jkm5^j used
2
very common.
casual of
if alone,
(j*J3j\.
participle
is
omitted, vide note 2, page &*); and the second perfect of the verb ^A,
Vide [245].
are at the
The
first
short chapters
which
their prayers
of the
to
book.
It seems,
undertake the
office
of teaching that
Kadri
is
By
their followers,
name
of
its
is
founder.
Each
of these
ways
the
of
acknowledged
learned
mullas,
to
be
orthodox by
other
followers
of
the
but
they
all
of
By
I,
hiatus is
latter
meant a
by the tanween
or
the
which
may
either be pronounced
'
on an apricot- tree
one day
The Khoja
Khoja
'
comes
its
proprietor
mounts
O my
soul
'
says
the Khoja
having said
'
there
what
are
you doing
the gardener
I sing
in the apricot-tree
am
a bulhul
the Khoja
let
me see
(hear you)
sing'
says
the Khoja
of song
is this ?
what kind
'
laughing
the
man
begins
he said
j!b\s+
trills
thus
&-\y>~
much
'
replies
ZS*bj&
py>-r+
the late
Jj4^
related
^-*V.ly [
It is
Vn
Khoja
was
perfect
Fwfe note
7,
page 27.
'
to sing
'
(applied to birds).
substantive
*JJ
lit.,
such
trilling
can
(it)
be
JJo
its
^/fcjs
^Ajanl
bulbul.
^*ls^
used in
primary
signification,
is
strange/
t
u^JlL
plural,
the singular,
seekers-after-knowledge,
hence, students.
I*r
Sp>*^
c^^lr-^
J*
he said
it is
not mine
no
Ho!'
says
the Cadi
he said
'
take
[v.]
as (he was)-
an incompetent barber
the Khoja
j^
One day
[248]
^
his
,Si^\*~
that he struck
Jj*&
head
-shaving (him)
hi iS:.^^
(kept) attaching
cotton
(at)
every
cutting
&>-\\y>.
u*-^
you fellow
Oh!
to the barber
the Khoja
he was
>->
I also
cotton
-of
my
head
jss
he said
1
let
me sow
flax
'
who may be
This arises
and awkward.
from giving
way
to first impressions.
Strangers
may seem
curious to us,
find
them
The Persians
are superior
to the
their
Turks in many respects; but as they are not much seen in Turkey,
demeanour and
accoutrements look
strange,'
awkward,'
[
ignorant,'
stupid,'
affix (C,
having been
cut.'
lAt^ Jji^**^
tense [245].
4
V.-
Here, again,
we
compound
ii^syU 'to
its
half'
[35],
,l>,
the
It
may
also be written
&*wj
he sees
coming
at that place
to
promenade
day
that
the Khoja
at once
lies
and senseless
^/*asS
drunk
(the) Cadi
that
jci^l/
the ferejeh
ts*\y>.
^^T
taking
[^5^-j]
fj^^]/
his ferejeh
the Khoja
he went away
rising
the Cadi
wearing
on his back
he commands
to (his) officers
coming
(is)
not
the ferejeh
that
sees
bring
to
me
taking
you
find
it
on
whom
see ye
my
ferejeh
they bring
to the Cadi
taking
seeing
they also
'ferejeh?
[123]
that
where
Khoja'
says
the Cadi
ter\y>the Khoja
^J
J
r
^jir
to the
J*&
'
all
of a sudden
promenade
replies
uncovered (open)
his back
it
should be yours
if
I took
the ferejeh
and I
is
particularly useful.
to order.'
2
3
page
Vide [40].
here
little
while
you
he says
to these (them)
he leads them
entering
saying
that I
may
enter
wait
the wife
dismiss
these
men
now
go
wife
'
he says
say
the
men
is
the Khoja'
says
going out
'
came
together
with us
the Khoja
what kind
of
word
is this ?'
saying
he
is
come
'
the Softas
he
is
not come
'
the wife
was
listening
from above
the Khoja
but
they make
much
dispute
fellows
oh you
'
putting forth
his
head
why do you
(thus) dispute
he said
he
may
be gone
going out
Cadi
a debauched
One day
also
the Khoja
he lay
being
there was
*
.
Imperative of
<^jL>
sav-mak.
'
LfiXJh ^JsU-yCJ
^\j^-
^_j\bi
upon
this
the Khoja
2 *^
AJ5
come down
[233]
replies
JL*}j~:\
the poor
<J
man
he says
(JJU^JJ
Jw?
(J
*jjoJ
^t^
if^^
he said
charity I
want
on saying
descends
mounting
up
stairs
the poor
man
come up
stairs
replies the
Khoja
why
while below
Effendi
'
he says
may God
give you
'
the Khoja
having said
he said
didst call
me down
why
to
me
thou
to these
met
of Softas
a troop
Khoja
One day
(expletive)
we will go
to
my house
please
come
Pronounced d-sha-gha.
bjj
*U1.
by further importunities.
'being below,'
This
*<AJ^ ^clll,
or
lit.,
the use of the expletive Xu, which, in conjunction with a verbal noun,
C*A\z~>J\j
Vide
page
W
Vide note *, page
.56.
vJTj-j.
is
is
&&&)
'
iSLj^Ji
'
\j5^
(for)
*&
L5^J
is
-^. J -
having said
you ask
soup
that
there
-by you
to the Effendis
at once
taking
saying
give
me
soup-bowl
that
butter
in our house
if
let it
be no shame
Effendis
'
coming
1 would-
soup
to
you
(and) rice
he said
.^J
(at) the door
[21
V^
'
JJJ
^xJl
Effendi
^>i i^O
Nasr-il-deen the Khoja
[IV]
One day
'
from above
knocks
man
this
is
not particular
when speaking
to his wife,
and blends the two tenses into one, forming an expressive but ungrammatical compound.
illiterate
This
is
among the
to give
may wish
JUoJiy^the
past participle
CJOjj&
2nd person
2
g-tr-cli-gin,
t^^V
Or
snor ^ fr
-^4?^
Fide
mucn i n
use.
AJk;yb>-,^|liL>-.
9 2
in the darkness
are
the Khoja
that I
may
light it
he said
should I
know
how
its
^j
some (seekersthis evening
JAj^
coming
Effendis
!
erf
to his
^!^
the Khoja
house
One day
being whole
[11]
'
he says
he met
-of
knowledge) students
let
us go
to us
(my house)
falling (following)
4
<)^j
after the
L-r>
Khoja having
^Jj"^.
said
'
very well'
the students
<d?j!
^
O
)j^
'
*$
to the
to his (upper)
room
saying
Pray be seated
they come
house
I have brought
some guests
wife
'
says
enters within
he mounts
EfFendi
'
the wife
that I
may
give (them)
a bowl of soup
know what
is
whole ly me
it.
-jb means
2
1
'in
my
possession,'
as above.
tfJkiiu
does not
mean
by
in your keeping.'
e^Jj
is
to meet,'
CS^tjj^ e^wslj
'
.
to lead straight,'
i.e.,
to succeed.'
Pronounced o-dd-si-ndh.
5
let us give,' or
^JJ,jj
'
that I
may
There
is
the water
making ablution
Khoja
One day
they say
he stands
on one leg
like a goose
when
this'
the Khoja
what
are
you doing'
Effendi
Khoja
that
he said
its purification
leg of
mine
becomes
(his) guest
coming
man
to the
Khoja
One day
the light
lie
down
(to sleep)
the light
Effendi
Khoja
says
the
guest
is
extinguished
bring
(if)
name
to so
of
Ayb,
'
Jacob,' into
'
ip'
a cord
hang him
by.'
common among
to
have
wind,' as
now commonly
call it wind.'
pronounced, by saying,
1
'
I have a
mind
to find
why you
^i^L^b
'to begin.'
J-^V
sive affix
to i,
lLx^j *j
we
'
to lesson
Hamad
our
what
is it
he perspired
{expletive)
that I
may reach
(in time)
he said
upon me
to
you
Mosolmen
mounting
to the pulpit
Khoja
One day
beware
if
there
is
an advice from
me
Khoja
they said
do not
name
(put)
Ayb
their
name
Ip (a cord)
making use
(of the
name)
the people
because
'
"Why ?
he said
'
it
would become
CS*aj~
t_c
'
CS^jJLs
post-position
ablative
case
^Ju^Lj
his
^A^Ju^Lo
'
by
having
run
;'
and the ^j in
^jOioJuilc
2
is
plural
^..kL**J,
because he
3
speaking collectively.
r
cL^Jl
JUjcuA
In
gerund
whilst'
is-te-mal i-dh-reh,
whilst proceding
on or continuing.'
would
u
<te*-u>-
L?&*i\
^jJU-A <X^^
L^kjlkS
the Khoja
they separate
their horses
laughing
everyone
he replies
Lj
it is
[12a
his
own
horse
that
knows
then
finding
his horse
seeing
JtfJ
c
placing
to the stirrup
"^y
^ly
quickly
on the horse
'J' ).
j!
Oh
they say
comes
his face
mounting
<b^l
c^^V
I
the Khoja
you mount
backwards
the horse
why
Khoja
,^i!^
he said
is left
handed
the horse
but
wrong am not
Dir]
was
an Abyssinian
one
of the
Khoja
one day
this
Effendi
Khoja
that
being thrown
ink
Pronounced
-'i-rir-
from
CJ^jiJ
ai-ril-meh
to separate
'
or
'
divide.'
2
^jjllJ
&.,
'
is
not
;
down
but
in
the
list
of expletives, as it is a
word
that,
by
itself,
has meaning
it is
It
may
when combined
was in the habit
he used to
see,'
(ju*^!
jJ he
used to say,' or
'
jj
'
he used to come,'
{J***}) jjj>
Vide [245].
the Khoja
these (people)
little later
away
j\j\
C-J^j
coming
Assr^J
after
<-^*Vj
^^
come
Khoja
Jj"dtf
they cannot find
l2 * 2]
him
dispersing about
seek
they say
are
you going
where
Oh
'
has eaten
whoever
to-day
the Khoja
he said
should enter
he
that
it is
right
with
a-
going to travel
the Khoja
One day
it
becoming-
tying up
his horses
put up
(at)
in a place
-caravan
cannot find
C35]
his horse
the Khoja
-morning
^JI
hand
Ju*.
Jj
it is
U
the
jj
in his
(expletive) all at
once
which of them
am
determined
'
do not
fire
'
the
men
taking
"Why should
let
I,
who have
feast, sit
Ge-rek-der,
necessary/ an impersonal verb. Vide Vocabulary. 2 or <UJ at-mah. Note the unestablished orthography here. J^^J
I I
w^li
'
extremity/ and
Here
it is
am
desperate,
and determined
some of these
horses, so
own
away.'
'
,r
cf<>L3\
^^V^j ^\j^
L-Juiy
he replied
'
is
water
water's
the hare's
this
'
the Khoja
finding
a tortoise
while ploughing
Khoja
One day
tying
a string
to its
neck
seizing
(it)
do not call'
the Khoja
calling out
but
the tortoise
he suspends
he said
'
you
(will) learn
to
plough
you stupid
[1
.]
^iU
the*
ter\y^
the Khoja
v/j
One day
people
*j*>V*
to the
m [)lJ^^.
^.
^^
coming
)r*"f
his neighbours
j^^y^.
to feast
Khoja
they begin
to eat
getting angry
the Khoja
eat
you
also
come
Pronounced
be'i-li-nah.
is
Vide [35].
Jk^SI*! s-ko-mak,
to place hanging,'
i.e.,
'
to suspend.'
3
^S being
will be,
it
it
softened
4
down
as
much
"
as possible.
'
J.l
^^f ^ojl
is
Nolens-volens/
willy-nilly/
/*.,
it
is,'
which
;'
it
will be,
cannot
be
whether he liked
or not, as
we
should say.
He
and
at their repeated
request.
The verb j Jo
"i,
the sentence.
6
1
of L-S^,
to cut.
'
he
replies
'person I
am
the hare-bringer
'
man
that
saying
some men
[31]
to
after a
few days
receives
him
again
the Khoja
*r!^
J/-t
they ask (want)
jnJy-yU.
to be guests
e^f
coming
neighbours-
bringer's
the hare
'
they
having said
'who
are
your'
also
a set of
men
again
they said
'-we are
*jjJ
having said
jLiJ^J
who
are
*J ^Jj!
s-^
coming
you
?
'
the Khoja
to
them
also
they reply
we
are
neighbours
[310]
neighbours'
bringer's
the hare
ya *jL
of clear water
(jw^^
a bowl
4^1^
before
^-Q>y.
<-r^. J
J^.^* L/^"
'
them
saying
'
on their saying
1
what
is it ?
this
'
seeing
these
he places (brings)
The
substantively.
LX-JXjy.
The
^jy^
" )
over the j
in consequence of
it
and attached
the genitive case \J, the hiatus would be broken without a vowel, the s
therefore
is
its
way
into
the orthography,
*SjXjy gk-t-r-nin
for
dZj^S
gi-t-r-nin.
No
having said
will
mount
I'
coming
the Khoja
thrusting
his skirts
at once
the Khoja
they reply
in the tree
Effendi
Khoja
'
he puts
in his pocket
his shoes
the Khoja
on their saying
the shoes
the shoes
with
me
near
may
turn up
a road
further
up
perhaps
he said
let
them be found
to the
Khoja
coming
man
One day
entertaining
him
to the
man
the Khoja
brings
hare
but
he comes
again
after a
week
soup
who
are
you
?'
had forgotten
the Khoja
(JAJU&-
chik-malc,
'
to mount,'
ascend,' etc.
\
for the a.
Pronounced le-lm-ah.
J^J^.'.
politely
that
is,
Jj^J &^J\
to fish
J\i
rfLl
J*a\
J<3j>
*>-]*&.
the Khoja
&j.
One day
tel]
they go
himself
they cast
the net
in the sea
Khoja'
[303
they say
he throws
Asf-ly^
in the net
*JuU
thought
<j!lj
he said
a fish
LS myself
4JJ^
^
I
'
[3L1 ]
[oV]
Khoja
JClf
come
'
*Ojj>
to each other
^IfUkjl
.*
^fj
One day
to the tree
[80]
his shoes
then
let
us
make
to
mount
the Khoja
c^jlf tojjj
coming
Jl^UI^
'-r^ ^
4
j^r^the children
Mji*
saying (which)
<U**i
f%we
will steal
j
under a tree
t^j^L
i^^r"
cannot mount
te>-lc!
(and) standing
saying
any one
to this tree'
is
'
sport,' j\
jjb
fish-catching'
instead
of following rule
[210] the
first
word used
and
is
lLx^-^
'
to go.'
f\.
Vide note
page
fc%Z\
Here, again,
we have
**\ks.l
rule [210].
It
it is easier
to
of
it,
and say
tlsz"
rule.
4
'
a place,'
is
Vide [213].
i
..
impossible' form of
Khoja
Oh
! '
calling out
his wife
he carries
it off
snatching
on heriZli)1
has taken
(off)
the soap
the kzghn
j'^\ JjT
{
<uJs> ,*>
Lfjfi
Oh, wife
!
'
j^)
replies
te>-\y>-
-^
-saying which
his
upon him
never mind
the Khoja
let
let
him
alone
is
dirty
than us
he goes
to the barber
was bald
head
the Khoja' s
But
the next
week
he gives penny
one
before
him
the mirror
again
he goes
again
shavings
two
is
bald
its
half
head
my
'
the Khoja
they place
he said
1
'
will
it
not do
(for)
one penny
t^iCf-""^
2
1
is
word much
of
'
<J^y
to go,'
to leave' (to
1
put down,
go.'
is
(J*j\j
do thou
let
him
The mirror
presented to
him
shaving him.
is
if
noun would be
^*J
'
; '
L?0sU3
L W
AA
Li-
his wife
he locks up
placing
into the
box
the axe
rising
^SsJ
the Khoja
ro^aLL
the axe
'
do you hide
from
whom
says
to
him
Jul
j Jul
the cat
remarks
the wife
I hide
replies
|J^
'
a cat that-
replies
the
Khoja
'
what
will
it
*/V &&sr\liver
an axe (worth )-
-covets
two pennyworth of
-forty pence
*J!f
his wife
wash linen
with
the Khoja
One day
&Jbb Jjfv"
on the ground
the washing
they go
J *-j
at the
head of a spring
,u*.
o ^
*J
>A
having thrown
going-
to
wash
the soap
coming
all of a
sudden
-to
begin
hi-Ut-le-mek,
the
J being softened
FVdte
note
7,
page 27.
cat.'
PiVfe
note
1,
L0,
.
wtfe [197].
jJ* U^
is
'
'
sees
the Khoja
after
some time
(are) not
in his head
[33]
his senses
^jjXs T
d-^~L
!
J^\
weeps
*jcJb
near
^j^J
his wife
t&
that
wife
the Khoja
him
now
at least (expletive)
but
I have suffered
much
weep not
he said
my
longing desire
to his
house
how often
\J*"Jj}.5
soever (whenever)
Effendi
The Khoja
JL&a liver
te>-\y>-
fcJ^CJ^\
to her friend
ie***i.J^
vim ~ijjy 2
the Khoja
used to give
his wife
he would take
pastry
before
him
on coming (home)
in the evening
every day
wife
'
he enquires
one day
the wife
do they go
t<^Ay>~
the Khoja
'
where
these (livers)
I bring
one liver
jjUjb
jij^
snatches
f^
the cat
u>^
all
4r^
them
^ jji'5 ^Vr
replies that
on this
L*iL>-
is
'
to draw,' but it is
'
to
suffer.'
Vide [232].
From (Jaiu,
vulgarly
(Jk^u
ha-par-mah.
'
your back
you go
before
me
if
you
behind
me
is
better
to
mount
in this
way
now
falls
to
my
front
he said
that
'
there
was
ox
an old
Of Nasr-il-deen Effendi
-^.A
betweenso
^^
much
so (that)
CJ^j
*L1
uuole
[u^j^^]o^^its
large
exceedingly
horns
always
it
was
possible
to sit
-the
two horns
(expletive)
'
if
I could
sit
between
its
horns
of this
'
on
its
coming
coming
the ox
one day
he kept thinking
saying
'
I have found
an opportunity
then
the Khoja
lies
down
(and) sitting
down
mounting
coming
to the
ground
the Khoja
rising
upon
his legs
the ox
at once
for
some time
going
the senses
of the
Khoja
throws
the Khoja
that
sees
comes
his wife
he
lies
Pronounced
b-'-l-ja.
Vide [123].
Pronounced
-v-la.
'
^^^
stands
c^^^lr^ <^\*^
L-Ju\k!
J Hsr^b
to his wife
Ai
extended
his hands
man
in the
garden
that
'
my
bow-with-arrow
i
my
that
wife!'
he says
the arrow
the Khoja
at once
gives
bringing
the
woman
also
b
then
passed (on)
tij\
piercing
his
gown
shooting
when
(and) lay
down
he came
fastening
carefully
the door
he saw that
V
going
it
became
morning
ZSj
l\lj3
sitting
if
thanks
Lord
crying out
down
was
his
own gown
*JCo^\
in
it
-jj.i
^
I
he said
the Mullas
the Khoja
One day
mounting
wrong ways
<0j^
to the
donkey
the Khoja
after
him (were)
backwards
thus
Jj s:)
'
J^~*
the Mullas
J^
was going
say
P
you
I should
a^-V
the
t*
do you mount
mount
straight
Khoja
This word
one,'
'
is
lit.,
from the
immediately.'
Pronounced
mfdla-leri,
/^Jjlj^J
^lk
L-fiJ aJ
AP
out
taking
on his back
the quilt
not listening
(to) his
wife
from
off his
seeing
him
man
he goes
M/
shivering
feeling cold
then
^-Jci!
the Khoja
15***^;^
runs away
taking
*^^jl
entering
<*f~
oL
V
it
Effendi
'
his wife
must be
(that)
what can
it
be?
having said
what was
u u^.
the noise
tf
u^
the noise
they took
the quilt
was
for
my
quilt
he said
Jjjlib
was
finished
c
-*3liij
Jto~!jj>*
of the
cno:i
i5**Vj^
wife
Jto-!^ uj^ji
One day
<U>1
-]
washing
his
gown
Khoja
to1
the Khoja's
u^y
as
**l
in the garden
he sees
went
out
the Khoja
hung up
Pronounced din-la-ma-yp,
from l-n/*3j
,
'to listen/
'to
hear/
of the
which makes
2
in the
gerund
L_J>jJJj
c_j^*^!51>
.
thus by
the
insertion
negative particle *
we have
call
it
We
might well
page
motion
vide note 3,
to tremble.'
Lit.,
placed hanging.'
L?l or &*a\
is
which
is
^JU!
hang up'
or 'suspend'
anything.
also
falling
upon
his back
making the
effort
to his
head
on this
the Khoja
is
wounded
men
two
those
he
sits
in his place
coming
again
tying (up)
O you
fellow!'
the Khoja
they relate
their dispute
coming
also
falling
but
(it is
possible)
he said
'
to get
wounded
lying
in his house
Nasr-il-deen
IcfcC
Khoja
J
One night
jjl
5-!j^
jJUJuJ
'
to beat
the drum-sticks
also
the
drummers
^Xj,/
ou seeing
jy
jj,\
C202]
JM
JL\
JjU
the geese
a^sJ^b
on their beginning
:
Timur
become
two-legged-
6^\y>~
the Khoja
te&i^
and remarking
it
J^.^
they had become
Jjl)J
legs
J&&)
two by two
you would be
legged
four
if thou
* (JLajJ
-
he said
}j
Jj\
that
J^
lS^\
J^\
two
C210]
wjj]
4^jJ
^'IS
j^il *r|^
Effendi
^v
The
late
[>*]
came persons
when Cadi
*ij
Khoja
u5
fJT
^
this
'
j J!
says
has bit
my ear
he
my
^
one
(of
man
them)
bit
his
own ear
no
'
says
other
man
answer
to
you
come ye
little later
'
says
the Khoja
the Khoja
upon which
go away
these
(that) I
may
give
saying
can I bite
it
'
seizing
his ear
comes
to a quiet place
^JjJjj
The expletive
(
-^here
signifies,
'immediately
do thou
eat.'
on.'
if
7,
fjt^j^and
Vide note
affix i*c!LS'
^xcuy
; '
A\
)\j*CJ
^l^
L_-> \i^
of the Khoja
in the road
as he
went
he was taking
to the Kin<
on
amvmg-
>,b
lT^'
thigh of it
^
a
]
gets
hungry
the stomach
jy
Timurlane
he places
J
*jj\
before
[253]
-fj
2TJJ,1j toljlj-
him
the goose
J
is
he gets vexed
(expletive)
deridinc
me
the Khoja'
'*
on looking
[40]
'^
having said
cw
2 is it
.y
gone?
where
of this
where
JLj.j*3U
wy^l
are
^JiW^j
one-legged
v>jjj
l: '
v^V J (^
*=r!^
if you do
not believe
he said
look
being
at the fountain-head
there
eVW
that
[64]
}
were
[124]
(of) geese
a flock
at the fountain
as
it
happened
A>j*\
JU- j^ Jr*-J
on this
L^rl^Jjj^
*>j^
jk^ji
all
commands
of
them
l/ U
^
to the
the drum-sticks
drums
together
all
the
drummers
that
jj+Ajj, pronounced
1
zevlc-la-ni-or,
regular
simple
Turkish verb
ladine,
2
as the
French would
say.
is
tXywjlj^jLA
The word
indica-
tive
<W>!
is
introduced to express
one,
and the
a is
'
i-nan-maz-i-san,
thou believest
not.'
^ui
Jb
jiljj^jo
it
<^>
every one
rains
again
idil
m^
that
remaining
with
horse
bad, sorry
the
Bey
runs
away
very
much
to his
word
of the Khoja
and
gets
wet
like a crane
he says
causing to be called
the Khoja
iS
that
gets angry
JM
of
^
me
Bey
cjjJjjspeaking
Jb
lies,
M^jjASb
is it
iL
to (in)
<
that
God
beseeming
you
to the
the Khoja
in the rain
in his plain
of your own
is
there not
of your judgment
any
why'
and
you should
sit
upon them
^^fZjj*
taking off
the clothes
(like
me)
# yj*<v
^^
you should come
^jlf
putting on
^sSLaJ^JjyiSu
after the rain
he said
dry
had ceased
a goose
the Khoja
One day
LlX*^
'to
mount on
horseback.'
2
^J^j^iU-,
of
(J^jZ^
3
^JfJkLffl,
pronounced
[67] of
^jL!,
CD
to
in its inflections.
< JLo.
Vide [229].
'
^x
himself
s-^
taking
[35]
<^
^Ay\
his clothes
l^}j\
jLo-
^yiy*
undressing
under him
becomes naked
(having) fallen
he
sits
mounting
upon
it
says
the
Bey
he arrives
to the
Bey
he dresses
dry
he gets up
the Khoja
'
you came
how
extraordinary
made me
fly
me
extremely
horse
this
at the head-
it
(the horse)
the
Bey
having said
going
to
hunt
again
the
Bey
on another day
tied
to another horse
"also
the Khoja
mounts
horse
appointed
that
That
keep dry.
2
is,
'
upon
his clothes/
into a parcel to
'
to cause to fly,'
oft**-
This word
is
out of place.
so
The
narrator has no
first
word
he takes the
signifies
'promised, established,'
this
what
is
know any
This
Let
will improve
all
these figs
commands
also
the
Bey
he takes
taking
of the
Khoja
these
but
they throw
to (at) his
head
of this
man
Khoja!'
made
(expressed) thanks
the Khoja
head
answers
the Khoja
on their saying
why
many
man
these (figs)
in the
way
was bringing
beetroots
my
head
I had brought
beetroots
if
instructed
me
(to bring)
split
this (him)
the
Bey goes
to the
The Khoja
as they-
mounts (him)
on a sorry horse
but
takes
to the chase
Jj\J
ran away
*b>"
with the horses
^j*
every one
jMij^ii
it
J)f\-_
-were hunting
rains
the Khoja
quickly
Pronounced
Vide note
3
vii-rur-ler,
7,
page 27.
hal-te-lan,
'
Pronounced
man
of
bad
repute.'
Persian substantive,
also
two
and those
become
servants
to the
Khoja
also
the three
^ 3 4i^1
\
JSaJjlL
(of)
<Jj?^J
large
^/jJ
once
gr^
i^J)^3
[^ ]
three
upon
tray
Effendi Nasr-il-deen
to his presence
of the
Bey taking
a present
to the
many
being pleased
from-his-bringing-the
plum
of the
Khoja
places
having come
to his house
*>
the Khoja
<~r*J\
pence
^fjjj^
taking
J3?^
beetroot
jfyjt
a
^jr^^j* T^Jl
after
to the
many
some days
to
whom
these things'
he says
to the
Khoja
meeting
man
to the
Bey
'
having said
am taking
to the
Bey
'
do you take
acceptable
more
take-thou
figs
to take
these (things)
(of) figs
some - sprigs
goes
the Khoja
he says
another instance of
unestablished orthography.
2
'
(it
is
better that)
thou
figs
are implied
from the
context.
he says
so
many
there
may
be
hairs
how many
in his tail
Oh
'
the Khoja
(is it)
known ?
whence
'
the hermit
he says
count
come
if
my soul (friend)
you-
if
says
the Khoja
to this condition
hair
one
and
hair
one
come
'it will
come how
let
from
its tail
of the
donkey
from God<te-2>\
it is
[35]
not
likely
work
that
sees
(the) hermit
having said
^jJi--
^
I'
ajj^L^jJ^
^b-k J^?.j)
c^oAJb
Lo
-Almighty
AjUjI
to faith
jj&
he brings (pronounces)
^r^-y
the Taw-hid
S-^.^
saying
/Ji
I came (am come)
aLj ka--la,
'
It won't do.'
Prom lLaJ*j\
The
i-rish-mek.
&^y
:
is
the
declaration of the
Koran:
is
of 'Say God
Unity
God,
is
particularly
God
not
any one
Jo\
\&
JLi J j
jJ^j
J j
jJj
j^.^Ji
<d!)
j^l
dill
y& Ji
are (they)
how many
the stars on
its face
how many
upon
it
of
my
donkey
'
answers
the Khoja
he says
the hermit
he says
so
much
there
may
be
hairs
if
count
come
if
'
'
(is it)
evident
whence
'
he says
speak
then
it
less
JJ
hairs
[228,229]^
fJtt^
J^
of thy donkey
! '
L,
[S-^;]
^J
?
upon him
Oh
'
says
the hermit
stars
so
many
Oh
says
the Khoja
if
coming
forward
hermit
other
that
all (of)
us
^69]
thou knowest
to give
answer
to
2
my question my
^lu)
to faith
Jfi
he says
^ [69]^^
speak'
*iJ
teAfi*
the Khoja
Jfi
he says
ij\
J3J^
we will come
j&)\
! '
'let us see
Julius
of
yL
this
teAy>Khoja
u^J
the hermit
my
beard
of
me
Oh
replies
^ J^L^\
of my donkey
1
~J
^U
count'
^J
also
AsAfS*
the Khoja
jjj
are there
JJ
_lS
my
This
is
a curious mistake, as
better.
it is
made by an Arab
'
printer at Boulac,
We
'
the circumstances
Ala-il-deen
the Sultan
what
is it ?
your wish
your questions
'
says
theKhoja
upon this
relates
question
my
'
says
coming
forward
upon
this
where
is it ?
its
centre
of the world
worshipful Effendi
at once
the Khoja
^iM
of
JuLfcl
\s**i)^
its
-fi^
of the world
*^l
there
'
jr- /
3
the foot
my
donkey
centre
points (to)
whence'
says
the hermit
he says
it is
there
if
replies
theKhoja
(is it)
known?
in conformity to
it
it
should come
less
more
if
measure thou
forward
also
upon
this
he says
speak thou
JujJs,
J^j^
;
the
first
give
more
and
Ju.J/*.^j1
3
et-maz-san,
which
is
Pronounced
Wen
or i-leru.
sitting
down
is
shewn
a place
to the
Khoja
receives
it
in return
by
calling
(of)
me'
he says
making
a prayer
for the
Padishah
\j.
1
^^
Uj
^ ^ V~~i ^Uc ^
*Ut Uj
JJ
^^
is
And
who
for
with God
much
you
make
God
is
verse 96.
This
it
him
Faithful,'
to
as
they consider
say,
of their
no Christian Eaya
God's salam,' and
would dare
that
to
do
so
en
or
it
God
said
it
to the
Prophet,
L5
God's peace
belongs to
*LA\
*i^l\
JLLc aL!!
-
l^as^j
(^s
or <-^X-lc 'on
his
whole phrase, as we
might
1
etc.
In
l
this
is
)Zt^
king
say
he shows.'
who
so,
tioned.
The Turks
when
than themselves.
he mounts
his
donkey
4
he takes
(as a) support
his stick
saddles
^jJMb:
Ala-il-deen's
u UaL
Sultan
u^r^
S-^
saying
3<u*^
L^ J
me
'
^^
to the Tartar
straight
precede
coming
to his Sarai
gj being
softened
down
as
much
as
possible.
This
is
word J^J
thend,
bending over
:'
hence
a stick.'
Pronounced dsh--n-mah,
4
lit.,
'fall before
me.'
.16.
When
sakm
Mosolman comes
or pass-word
of distinction
is
among
their
the
faithful,
at the
feel
use
of
not of
religion,
the
Turks
much
Mohomedan
ticated
Turkey
that this
arose from
a sin to
give
do,
of
faith
as
the
to
it
Mosolmen
themselves.
is
still
assumed
this
distinction
Some
years back
it
would
"
ey
them against
y
i
\ji
yij ^j
y
S'
y
&
y
-'
o s
io^-o
y
yy
'
9y^y y
C9
l/jC\
jjJoJUrftfi <*^-\p*
uJboi
<U*ii
to
uv
being
A^iio-^jJ
under
^
my
^-i
this
'
t--^
^.^
my
government
comes
9 9
anger
Ala-il-deen
any one
the wise
men
i)jy.
of the country
l
s-^^
saying (which)
y^
s-'Vr
an answer
X uJ^
(t
should give
(that) to these
not to be found
any one
to these questions
'
says
some one
being
in regret
Effendi
Nasr-il-deen
Khoja
except
cannot give
answer
commands
the
King
immediately
he
may
give
answer
quickly
a Tartar
to
Nasr-il-deen Effendi
he speaks
command
the Padisha's
finding (out)
the Khoja
arriving
his
donkey
Nasr-il-deen
at that
very moment
at once
This
is
evidently a mistake.
as
should be
AwJ^jj
t^S is
but
sub-
c-
in Aw instance,
it
than hu-lun-m-di-gha.
2
list of
expletives
it is
on the contrary.'
to his country ^j
Ala-il-deen
Sultan
passing over
(it)
travelling over
j^J cjy:j
invites (them)
Aijj
to the faith
u^^J
these
[123]
*j
^Lijlj
the king
JjjIj
they arrive
these
also
(his) question
one of us
each
of us
'
they say
also
three
'
we will enter
to
your religion
t27
you answer
JjjJjI
(us )
if
there
is
(we have)
gallic
Ala-il-deen
^l-,
the Sultan
^jJ\
this
^V,
dy $
to this
Jjjj
these
upon
consented
word
to their questions
of these
assembling
his wise
men
Sultan
one of them
to give
an answer
at all
j^jJl
LjX*i\,
^-c.
Observe that both this word and the one just above
it,
to rule [210],
are not changed, because of rule [213]: both being Arabic words, they
are
It
would not
*lc,
be
say *JjLJ
JGjJc\ nor
te$j
-CojJl
but
it
as both are
suffices to
make
b--chi.
We
but
it is
impossible to note
besides,
something must be
of the learner.
runs
to the
pond
retains not
resistance
seeing
the water
to cry out
the frogs
at once
runs away
back
being frightened
the donkey
begin
pond-birds
oh!
bravo'
catches
the donkey
going
the Khoja
go ye
'
throwing
(into) the
pond
(of)
pence
handful
saying
for
sweetmeats
he said
hermits
three
in his time
Effendi
Nasr-il-deen
Khoja
the world
excelling
in every science
JpJi
'
to remain.'
^j^MS
negative form,
translated positively,
of) resistance
2
The donkey, on
him (power
remains
not.'
Pronounced
sy-gir-dir,
l-*\J
rh-meh.
presents of
money
of their generosity.
at once
the Khoja
dirties
mud
to its tail
going (along)
to the bazaar
placing
cutting
its tail
of the donkey
without a
tail
this
says
man
they making
auction
going
its
price
you
'
the Khoja
use
is it ?
for
what
donkey
he said
it is
not
in the desert
the tail
look ye
make ye
his
donkey
coming
the Khoja
One day
but
comes
to the side of a
pond
suddenly
got thirsty
very
much
donkey
the Khoja' s
was
high
very
pond's side
this
$
the j and
'tail;'
tJ^jl^
^c-jjiy
ko-i-ru-ghi, as
<U-JiJ 3 ho-i-ru-ghi-nah,
letters.
^ being synonymous
^^iuuJftJ
From
to stick to,' as
mud might
do.
This word
is also
^Lsdftjy
they met
sale
by auction' [248].
tail-less.'
ForJ&Jl i-de-nk
T
'
.
[69], and
<$j
Vide note
2,
page
'
his feet
his
hands
'
having said
do you
know (him)
whence
the Khoja
One day
she said
'
know
(it)
from
this
get cold
feet
his
hands (and)
going
to (the)
mountain
to (cut)
wood
saying
am
dead
Lo
'
{expletive)
the Khoja
got cold
to eat
his
donkey
coming
the wolves
he
lies
(down)
under a tree
to the wolves
was lying
the Khoja
they begin
he said
is
dead
taking
to the
bazaar
his
donkey
the Khoja
One day
From
(Jf<*y>>
to get cold/
in the second
The 4
is
the pronunciation,
Pronounced -d-nah.
From Jk*JU 'to lie down.' JJ^'V, P as ^ verbal noun, with the possessive affix, .JuJuu his having lied down,' the J changed to
because coming before a vowel, and the
pronunciation.
4
i
i
first
^j introduced to
facilitate the
Lit.,
compound
adjective to
e
donkey.'
) '
-<djl
^j-elS
e^-y.^
thou sayest
*&-j>
truly
'
&s>-\f>~
yk^J\ ^\
'
the Khoja
become a'Cadi
a lecture
in the colonnade
because
knew
(it)
-become a Cadi
listened
sticking
up
its ears
donkey
that
whilst giving
he said
the donkey
coming
*jj1
aman
Khoja
One day
js^>\
jjjy
is
Llil
the donkey'
j j\
a^^
not
in the house
replies the
Khoja asks
says
the
man
brays
within
the donkey
it so
happened
(that)
teAf>~
Khoja
'
Aj^i
is
^Xf^
within
-5^^
Effendi
teAy>Khoja
c_?U
braying
Oh
you believe
to the
donkey
# (jk*jJ
j^-j
(
ujUjJ
\\.s
AA aJU^
with
jj)
he said
me
my
grey beard
"
a dead
man
wife'
to his wife
Khoja
One day
Arabic.
2
iilmek,
'
to die
;'
past
participle
^*J
adam,
^*jjjjj
bi-lur-sin.
2
striking
fS(X^s\
^<^\j+j
te>\jL. L_j\!b3
to the
donkey
placing
on his
own back
he said
thy saddle
take
my
woollen (pelisse)
give
on the donkey
taking off
also
day
One
at once
was watching
him
man
a he places
(at) that
moment
the donkey
-i'o
it)
taking
.iL>to call
.^
(or) please
.^
please'
J^
says
<fc>-ta*
j**
begins
<U^ib
to
to
bawl
the Khoja
bray
and
its
bawling
crying
of this one's
'
it is
useless
placing
brings back
hearing
runs away
losing
his
donkey
Effendi
Khoja
One day
in such a place I
saw (it)'
replies
the
man
enquires
to a
man
It should therefore,
properly speaking,
jjj
^*jtf.
but
it
is
For
Xi\ L5
[128].
:'
from thence
saying (which)
he says
(and) coming
remaining (away)
a certain (time)
entering
also
and
the wish
of the donkey
if you-
into
nie"
that
says
the donkey
tome
of you
and
to
my
ears
my
to
your wife
ijs?[)
to the
i*j>jj
c35]
^^i
donkey
tg^fL.
Khoja
^f j
day
on the
[rv]
garden
mounting
(to) his
One
his pelisse
having something
to
do
way
going
a thief
he places
to its
upon
of the saddle
of the donkey
taking off
the Khoja
it)
steals
coming
is
not
(forthcoming)
the
woollen
(pelisse)
that
sees
comes
taking
(off)
its
saddle
from
its
back
of the donkey
quickly {expletive)
as above.
For
^^
say.
Vide [128].
would
ir
LfeLh] Litf^\y^
^\^
L-Ju\k5
ties it
again
suffice
its
length that
^o^L?
the muslin
l^t
the temper
-IL)&?~^>of the
yds
it is
&j
again
gets vexed
Khoja
too short
he gives
(it)
in sale
by auction
in the bazaar
coming
he takes
the Khoja
becomes
buyer
comes
man
^^U
take care
J^l^
brother
'
C Jjjfidib
approaching
^Hj**to the
^^T
secretly
L)^
man
quietly
he said
is
short
(the) length
of this muslin
because
jsJ
asks
L5
his
^^
^-r>y
*^T jJ
totefSfi*
to the
^j
day
{expletive)
do not buy
[Tl]
donkey
coming
man
Khoja
One
(to) the
donkey
let
me
go
stay
here'
the Khoja
should be (so)
his will
of the
donkey
lines
if
that I
may
consult
it is
spelt
two ways
in the space of
two
Vide note
7,
Lit., 'it
2
CS^^.
(J^La
sy-kil-mak.
Pronounced
from
The
ablative case of
Pronounced
giz-l-jah.
^uuAjb
yak-la'sh-maJc.
lJw^, with
the possessive
'
Lfcs^i\
ir
U3
year
that
JL.
but
)jj^
they take (bring)
^
food
eats
^^\
(to
him)
says
to himself
drinks
the Khoja
it
was
famine
and
it is
a town
cheap(ness)
very
(to) this
town
to-day
are
you mad?
you fellow!'
says
man
that
makes question
every one
it is
Bairam
is
abundant
the food
they cook
'(if) it
were Bairam
day
every
would
to
God
(that)
Ah
'
the Khoja
he said
Jj
he finds
*Jf
he
ties
CJ^
a muslin
? su ^
EfFendi
<ji^lr^>
Nasr-il-deen
&/
day
J.
fr~e]
One
Vide note
7,
page 27.
can, according to his means,' to the at the
room
common expense
of the
town or
under the
excuse that there being no inns, they are bound to supply him with provisions,
3
up' (a turban).
Observe that
'
Lf4^\
i^j*^)y*J
^\fs
h^
place of
him
te-^rs-
he goes
to
the
the feast
^JcJl
Effendi
^^r
please be seated
'
cr-^^--J^
,
saying
Khoja
(they)
came
to
meet him
seating
him
at the
also
the Khoja
they say
Effendi
Khoja
pray be seated
O my pelisse
please be served
'
takes hold of
(its) sleeve
of the pelisse
what-
to the
Khoja
looking
the people
he says
to the food
now
the honors
apparently
'
Khoja
he said
(it)
also
the food
to the pelisse
that
sees
goes
to a
town
one day
Effendi
Nasr-il-deen
they see
to the
Khoja
(are)
the people
Vide [69].
The j and ^j
Here
being, in
*,
many
cases,
synonymous
letters,
page 16.
page \T
they look
to
him.'
Dative
case.
'
SC\
,U&
at once
(j-05U-tfJ
<X^^k.
iAJ
.j
J^J*
.f
>ILL:
j
are
*j 3^1
'
^J^J
the
having said
my
Lord
mine
*/***
'
these also
Jew
\jt
&^jb
beating
s-^. J
exclaiming
^j**
<-?^
Oh
!
on his head
Jew-malice
bjJ^s
what
^J>j
the pelisse
^j&aJ*
te>~]y*>.
JjJL^they turned
^AuLs*
from the Mehkemi
now
theKhoja
out
went
to his
house
accepting
also
goes
to a marriage feast
EfFendi
Khoja
day
That
they do not-
>
him
old
the clothes
upon him
juy
having said
'
he denies
now
-gold-has-taken
ever
my Lord'
He has given
(them me)
I kept asking
1000
the giver of so
much
gold
if so (be)
I counted
but
^P^
the gold pieces
the pelisse on
f* J
I said
*Jjl3
L5^ J
also
i/W
the one (remaining)
he will give
my back
now
Jew
this
my Lord
but
I accepted
'
also
,.*J
aorist,
is
very
common
in
Turkish
indeed,
oftener expressed
CJj,
of the verb
CSa^j, with
the possessive affix of the 1st person * [33], the $ introduced for the
sake of euphony
*JxJ JO-J,
He
should have
said^li
of
\S fr^i^i
instead.
is
*&Aij
These are
which
it
impossible to lay
down any
special
rules.
The Turks
are
naturally
desirous of giving all the force and emphasis to their speech with as
few
is
why, in
the
this instance,
first instead.
out of J?l3
Ut. t
'
J>
,le.
c-^^U?,
Khoja
my
( it
soul
'
says
the
Jew
'
(have) thrown
the gold
did
expletive
that
it
should
be a joke
to
you
let
me
see
you had
said
(it)
if it
be one less
I'
Khoja
ajokelmade
i^Jj^
the
[353]
*jjuJ
f^J-S
'have accepted
S^Al^
the gold pieces
^
I
Jew
the Khoja
he says
fiAz
'
let
us go
jjV.V.
to the
Mehkemeh
come along
^jJ
L^^>
the
JJ&A&S?"
to the
j Jul
replies
Jew
I will not go
on foot
Mehkemeh
'
but
good
'
says
the Khoja
brings
mule
for the
Khoja
also
pelisse
the
Jew
is
necessary
a pelisse (fur)
upon
my back
they go
to the
Cadi Effendi
yti
this
'
in the
Mehkemi
C253]
rising
-jS
'
fi\
^^d
the
^JCj!
Jlj-o
^U
the Cadi
1
so-much-
man
Jew
Is it likely
see
Here we
+m
4,
page
a Turkish substantive,
man on
his legs,'
'
foot-man,'
in
this sense,
servant.'
bir krk,
lit-,
'to
my
back a
is
my
respectability.
^yf\
lJUs^A
tejser
trial
l-JjSiJl]
Jy
this
^^d
the
lA^Jj
was
for to
make
hearing
Jew
of the
Khoja placing
in a purse
(pieces of ) gold
999
purse of gold
that
sees
down
the chimney
he opens
the purse
saying
'
our prayer
'
stands
the (person)-
one
that
(and) sees
he counts
the
money
saying which
'will give
he
rises
at once
&2>-\}!>-
gets fidgetty
the
Jew
now
(this time)
he accepts
^Jj
Effendi
Khoja
good morning
'
knocking
to the
Jew
the Khoja
he says
give (me)
pieces of gold
my
these
merchant
'
answered
to
me
(can)
you
in
gave
He
I had asked
1,
pronounced ho-yp
i^ji.3
3
FV<fo
note
2nd
perfect, indicative
mood.
that
he sees
going
to
Sr Hissar
jjiiu jjT
the Khoja
Once
ji\j
-ajy
to-i^.
'
c-^y
^^ ^l.jT
men
what an-
the Khoja
look at the
moon
assembled
many
as large as a sieve
in our country
for
is this
-extraordinary place
moon the
size of a crescent
but here
they see
he said
it)
assembled
Oh Lord
'
promenading
in
Akshehir
Effendi
Nasr-il-deen
if
one less
tome
^j-ij^y
neighbour
^d^j
a
jl^Aj
he was saying
'
*U!T
it
Jew
As
there are
many towns
of the
name
'
'
fortified city,'
'
etc.
j}}\
'he or
mood
be.'
of
J^j\,
it is,'
may
is
be, or
can
be,'
or
'
must
aJ
4
Jjjy-
The S here
*U]T.
on any account.
60
<^\^
L-Julk!
also
theKhoja
the people
he remains
saying
am
dead
behold
'
lies
down
-he
was
in
it
they bring
a bier
assembling
at the
head of him
on the road
saying
'
let
us take
to his
house
'
'
shall
we
pass
in
what way
'
they came
to a
muddy
place
going
his
all at
he said
1
'I used to go
by
this road
when
was
alive (well)
'
raising
ye-ra.
mood having
a future
and
this does.
'
We
J &jz? ^jtf
asks,
is,
(imperative)
last speaker,
J^jk* <jS<
shall
Um
'
in
what way
let
us pass,' that
we
pass.'
customary for one jman to take up the words of another, and use them
himself, as if he
sible
had
said
'
You
(why
that
is
imposlet
in
say)
us
pass here,' and that the narrator wants the reader to understand that he
is
is
clear
by
his adding
S-^J
and
^Tj-Sxdj
j-j
Thus we
being
in the
on
its being
cut
the branch
now
'
the Khoja
to
him
(to this
man)
(as)
the tree
at once
all
of a sudden
answer
any
falls
to the
ground
the Khoja
just as
it is
cut
my falling
this
thou
O you fellow
'
running
after the
man
rising
man's
saying (which)
thou knowest
also
my
dying
C210]
knewest
^jlftJ
J Jul
says
i
L-JjjWftSjJ
|J^.
liberation
<S'.J^the
J^tJ^
man
S
^-S
is
It here (being
being
cut,'
the primary
however
is
simply,
*~sjj5ijj.
l
We
7,
that
we
as unestablished.
of the indicative
t
mood
is
j-.
We
fancy that the narrator imagines he gives more force to his word by
introducing the
dil-sher-s n.
^_$,
as if speaking
The use
and
is
very common.
.
sJ^j
'
'
all
at once,' as
we should
say.
Ajjxsf-^l.
'
in a caffass (cage)
his fowls
the Khoja
Once
are in prison
poor (fowls)
these
'
going
to
Sour Hissar
filled
all of
them
saying
I will let
them go
little
O Lord
(to another)
the fowls
having
let loose
the cock
taking
stick
in his
hand
Khoja
runs away
'
(and) pursuing
driving (him)
before
him
of your day
why
Oh
you know
that
it is
morning
'
he said
passing
man
LXM\
^t>JL*
^\f^
L-lkS
er
also
the Khoja
they go (away)
that
sees
the Khoja
attacks
on the Khoja
the dog
go away'
to the
dog
on which
will be worsted
he (himself)
he said
go along
am
overcome (conquered)
took
to his
house
caught
stork
the Khoja
Once
and
its
legs
its
nose
with a knife
<-r*y&
Jfci
sjL
<LS>y
like
lJAaJ*
teJ*\
lo
'
L-Jj4jf)j\
*<*
CS*^^ji
thou art
a bird
now
causing
it
to sit
in a high place
he cut
he said
j\3
many
jc^b
at the
uTJ\L{
jjf
sees
*s?\js>.
v/j
Once
[rv]
the Khoja
saying
'
that I
may
catch (one)
'
runs
Khoja
are playing
ducks
/*JuJu from
insertion of
'
CS*>&>
'to conquer,'
:
is,
by the
* jJJo
[107], u*lJC>
' ;
am
conquered
pronounced ye-ni-le-mek
thus a useful distinction
2
'
to
make new,'
the
is
is
made between
4
*J^
[60].
to a bird
The habit
rf
lS<^J*\ ^jJjJUrfSJ
<^\*k^
i^JblisJ
[119]
t
its
dying
you believe
to its
he said
jj/
he sees
[105]
c/
[210]
*^b
^>^
^r^ u/^
Khoja
tr
walking about
Once
the Xhoja
lies
on a tombstone
an old dog
that
he takes
a thick stick
in his
hand
gets angry
Infinitive
mood ^j^iiJ,
declinable participle
Jjj
with the
^cj^ijj
(the
jj
being turned to s
^j being-
[35, 127].
:
Sandah
It
is is
an expression of contempt
curious that
this
it
*JCw-s
[123].
word sanda,
is
in
common
parlance,
is
^Jj
'
look at me,'
i.e.
listen to
me.'
Jc^
J pro-
do thou speak.'
We
mark
of the
this
system of
contracting words
race, at
among our
aboriginal cousins
to
Hindo-Germanic
be astonished,
in
considering
particularly
the
English language.
<fci^jjj!.
This
is
precisely in the
its
same form
original verb
ri
cX*!y
The
only having
CS becoming
where the
jj
had
become [57].
one day
(it)
brought
(it)
the kazan
(waits) sees
days
five
the
Khoja
going
to
the kazan
S
'
on his saying
wantest thou
2
what
'
coming
to the door
is
dead
the kazan
Ji'
_*"*
J
'
^V
8*
'
^J
I say
replies
Khoja
M&id
on saying which
clua
5*;jl^
^4r #*
?
4^^
Effendi
*r^
Khoja
'
t-a>^
the
man
ijj\a}.
Two
sees (that it
not returned).'
2
J^ ?^
Ajs*..-a
is
'
lit
May you be
taken
When
cow
to the
death
a
'
horse or
to die.'
&f
murd
he
died,'
from the
Persian
verb
^^r*
he said
to this house
we (I)
why' Khoja
Khoja
One day
after having
done (seen)
his business
taking
on giving
it to
the proprietor
he took
placing
saucepan
small
saucepan
small
in the kazan
that
sees
the proprietor
the kazan'
answers
Khoja
he says
what
is this'
there
is
again
accepts
the saucepan
the
man
has made a
little
one
to his house
took
(it)
Khoja
another day
Pronounced
giich.
if
not written
Jco-n-sJ-sm-dm.
ilS**j
\J*}\.
To
it
see
to
a matter
is
as good as doing
it,
and
done.
proprietor.'
Lit.,
jy*uy*i from
^JJjJj.
'acceptance' is
made
h-v
lS<x+\
*-
/.>JjJ\
<^Lk.
jLrtt^
'
L- Qj\L3
&>-\p-
i^jkSU
'has burnt
>L-)1
h^A ^
5
*i
lA-4^
has become
who
these (clothes)
they say
totheKhoja
lA^J J^V.y
was
to rise
,U
the day of judgment
<A*
to-morrow'
iS
isAi
(the)
t 40]
clothes
Khoja
<uj
he said
is
required
(for)
what
entered
a thief
of the
Khoja
One day
iA*t^i
loading
on his back
collecting
there
was
whatsoever
>*#>
gathered up
j
the remainder
also
the Khoja
[210]
he went out
J >
teAf*the Khoja
entering
in his house
[128]
the thief
(fell)
he went
if
""j^jL^jj
knocking
e^tt5
J/^
^JuJjl
after
1
him
^
also
<0
* f***
jr^
'
having said
to the
Khoja Effendi
wantest thou
what
the thief
,ji3
JU
both having the same meaning, but which together might be considered
to give strength of expression,
2
left.'
pursuit
3
Vide note
7,
page 27.
Here we
see particularly
:
how
necessary
it is to
if
we were
not to
make
lost.
kills
the lamb
thinks (that he
is in)
on his back
the Khoja
then
then
he begins
to roast
the lamb
lighting
fire
then
consignment
to the
Khoja
their coats
undressing
his companions
they go
to play
to a different direction
making
burns
casting
to the fire
also
the Khoja
on their coming
back
having promenaded
after a little
while
cinders
burning
that
they see
That
is,
his friend,
who
thing in earnest.
2
i-r*2j}\
(j**jj\
strike,'
thence
3
to throw,' ergo
lower down
Vide [128].
a\&!
and
*lflj
signifying
'then,'
'at
once,'
5
upon
this,'
suddenly,'
Dative infinitive.
^^d^' ;
July!
is it
active verb
burning
just above
him oftheKhoja
force
the water
for
thy thus*
so
'
getting angry
the Khoja
at once
getting wet
Jm*j
he said
'
JjL^iya
they have stuck
lT^^
stick
y.
&$ M)f^
-Goet-
this
-running mad(ly)
there
lamb
of Effendi Nasr-il-deen
Khoja
friends
some
one day
Met us
eat' taking
oftheKhoja
the lamb
assembling
to-morrow
O Khoja
'
says
coming
first
one of them
they say
bring
what
will
you do
will rise
<-t^
coming
^r^
(expletive) (will)
>^
not believe
(it)
**)}*-
J*n?.
^
this (lamb)
Khoja
let
us eat
^jV.
[17, 18].
2
*s
P ers i an
Fide
.^Jy
[128]
it,'
.
[A 6], three
*
much,
3
together,
which
is
too
dtlij*'
Ffo note
or
him
to
be serious.'
(jAJ\ij\ is
by
'
'
on being asked
he said
I will say
is
an old one
even
my
tomb
the people
Jitji
goes
4
out
**
wearing
black
Khoja
tej-l^ri.
One day
<*-r*j
U *!^
from
(for)
<rf^^
'
l^J
this (him)
black
what death
Effendi
Khoja
seeing
the father
of
my
son
'
Khoja
on their saying
he said
I hold
his
mourning
is
dead
himself
coming
from a distance
Effendi
Khoja
One day
to the
mouth-piece of a-
that
he sees
seeing
(felt)
took
warmth
water
'
Khoja
it
(with) a piece of
wood
-fountain
on his pulling
1
it
out
drawing
the
wood
saying
that I
may
drink
mood
[76].
Do
sins
another
3
not
my
tomb,
it is
Which
is like
is,
a pipe'
lit.,
'
(J^iya
^5^ cyV.^^f"on,'
Here
(
expletive,
as soon as,'
immediately
on,' etc.
'
upon
it
taking
thick stick
in his
hand
seeing
Khoja
the ox
<*^r\^>-
week
runs away
the ox
going
^-Qj*'
a
\J*J^
(was) going
{j^J^ys
having harnessed
to
^Mj^
an Araba
the Khoja
Turk
taking
stick
in his
hand
straightways
seeing
[83]
the ox
*j
^y
'
*jJ\
strikes
Ht
blows
Oh
the
[253]
Turk
yj^jj
s% some
<
*)&
to the
c-j.^L
ox
running after
[123]
^
thou
'
Ju^J
wantest thou
^^*j^
with
***^y
fi
ox
*jT
having said
what
my
man
J^
inat (ox)
CS^
dog
d^^T
you ignorant
*
(interfere
ka-
JAJA
'
jJLJ
C35]
(^) ^t~^V~'
its
he replied
knows
fault
that
Effendi
Khoja
One day
place
me
(in) to
an old tomb
me
(at the)
time
(of)
my
dying
Khoja
on their saying
do you speak
thus
why
'
the people
lLs^>>
sllort for
JlXs^
Pronounced v-rur.
JoJ!jl.
Yerbal noun.
CidJjl
'
having
died,'
affix
and the
^\
L_SU AJ
pr
seeing
him
253]
the gardener
enters
-drawing
it
tS*.\y&
the Khoja
*jjoJ
seek you
having said
what
here
and
who
are you'
'I sell
ladders
'
says
coming
with velocity
[107, 120]
lLjLs
Jul
ladders
here'
replies
the gardener
in
any place
a ladder
man
oh
ignorant
'
replies
C107]
Khoja
jjLjL
(saleable) is sold
[49]
[35]
one by one
his fowls
day
3
one
Effendi
Nasr-il-deen
[35]
^JJlf
>)*
Jlcuij
of cloth
^j\j
piece
j
a
^jJjUy
necks
^jjb
seizing
to their
the people
let
go
Khoja
'
they said
has come
what
to these fowls
'
assembled
he replied
died
the mothers
of these
jj$
enters
j/,1
ox
^
an
tWl^JI/
in his ground
Jj4^L
of the Khoja
^j
One day
[|A]
LuJjUjy
' ,
'
[79].
Persian word.
(how I should
like to)-
(his face)
man's
this
if
he said
-make black
in the bazaar
Effendi
Nasr-il-deen
Khoja
One day
of the
month
to-day
'
the Khoja
meeting
to a
I do not
know
'
is it
the fourth
or
is it
the third
he replied
c-?.j_^f
carrying
c->jlT
z
(I do) not
and (my)
[35]
selling it
taking
the
moon
^Ajj
&jj^jI
<^1^ ^^j
Khoja
[11]
taking
ladder a
on his shoulders
One day
up
1
then
mounting up
leaning
it
on the wall
of a
garden
It is here intended to
talked of
tormenting him by
his lamentations,
when
his
own
face ought to
if
it.
What
I should do so and
JbjjLtf,
e-
the jj to
lit.,
3
4
'
affix
the action of
my
there
is not.'
Pronounced mer-de-bdn.
AiJjIjjJ 4i?\j.
is
It
should be properly
jiLs^b, but
a little
looseness of style
admissible,
when
the
suffer,
and
where
5
it
sounds better.
agreement
(penny)
them
one by one
one of them
one by one
these
Khoja
make
the blind
men
carries
away
^V.y
overpowering
its
water
the river
S
j
one
b>
lo
!
j^j^)
do you make
&ys
why
'
*sr^- JJ^>\>
Khoja
begin
* J V./
crying
to call out
he said
give ye
less
<pul
<-)^^j\j
meeting
ciL
heifer
^jjj
tjjj
^\y^.
Khoja
^j
ftp]
i^^J*)^J*
its
<-r>xb^2 ^J!T>
killing
One day
i&eje
S-^Cjl
seizing
skin
upon it
lamentation
and
complaints
*
he hides
[72]
t>-\y^
Khoja
210, 35]
[1S0]
*jjAf
coming
*~Q
Jj^l^L
of the Khoja' s
^^
&W
in front
house
making
(^^j) ^^Jj^
the skin
JjdlL )&
of this heifer
LJj^J\
wife
'
to his family
of this verb
lLa^
is
'
to pass,'
its
causal
lIjC^jJ^
also
pronounced short
it
l^-s
much
or
to
uJl+jysf.
Now
if
we
inserted
is
the
jJ
would be
too
^jjjf
the gerund.
.<> *
(pronounced
su-y'i)
^j^ji)
Pronounced it-ni-nah;
lit.,
) :
H
he has done
L?JsL\
/.*JdJ\%*fiJ
)^\*L
jjJ
suffering
how much
to
me
camel
treacherous
that I
may-
seize
for
me
camel
perfidious
this
yuAJ
he said
(a piece)
ninety
of eggs
One day
he sold
ten of
them
going
to another place
taking (buying)
you
sell
ten of
them
(you) buying
ninety
why
'
to the
Khoja
it
is
more advantageous
jjj~ijjz
'
Khoja
they
L-^'-^
having said
to
him
jji^jj
ffju&jjj
see
^A*J
JcjjJ
(in order that) friends
he said
they
may
in
commerce
us also (me)
going
to its
banks
river
one day
Nasr-il-deen
Khoja
Khoja and
come
blind
men
ten
sitting
down
Vide note
7,
page 27.
lJ
is
jjj^.
Pronounced
:
tunc.
noun
often added
if
;'
speaking of
if of
men
they say J
}jj
or
,<A
ij*\i
'
Ljjt
lambs';
\jA
;
jrr\ U^\j
if of small or
CS^*^
men
(
!
<!\
We may
fall
).
under
'
new
the month'
ds*-\ys*
to the
Khoja
l
One day
j&A
replies
Khoja
^J\
^JJ\
the old
g?Jj1
is
it)
month
become
'
they make
stars
they break
(it)
to go
going out
Khoja
One day
to himself
he had
C74 '
a camel (his)
of this (him)
but
intended
JjQJjA
on
this
"u! ^jiU^f
^bb
on foot
grjb
jJ^
says
camel
Lord
'
mounting
to the
camel
then
may go
with pleasure
may ride
the ground
-<dili
the Khoja
C6i
stumbling
the camel
going
[35]
^J! jb^j
calls
J^l^.
the Khoja
m/^mounting
^jj^
Mjjj'
the people-
out
upon him
throwing
of the
Khoja
save
Jyb
this
tfjk*jf >3UL^,
did you see
J'
Oh
'
!
c-jlf
w*Jkb
into his
jj^
the senses
Mosolmen
'
coming
head
-..!
the accusative of
^T
a month': the
^ must be considered a
bb
;
it
would
be
difficult to
pronounce three
axj'i
^ together,
,-*jT, therefore
they pronounce
this d-i,
3
a month,'
accusative,
'
Pronounced vurup
from (J-jj\
jSuA
it
.jfo
fifth
^Jj
the twenty
JbT
of the
U\
but
^ju^IS
how much
is it
was
month
saying
I will see
make
(wait)
patience
little
'
Khoja
jjf
sees
jW
counts (the stones)
J}^
upsets
u*5*r
the vase
<-^
coming
#'
to (the) house
'
if'
Khoja
'
have become
stones
20
100
that
(call)
foolish
to
me
I should say
all of this
(number)
[123]
Jj
of the
^j\
'
u$2
to-day
'
*&^
to the people
[253]
-^
(and) coming
^J
*UJ
full
month
jjdj\
saying this
Jjj
these
*jjj J
j JwIj
fifth it is
jji
the forty
Oh
!'
answer
saying (which)
the forty-
you
days
(is)
thirty
\&i\
replies
4-jL,:*.
complete
&>~\y>-
month
lcJ<J
sayest
Khoja
AjliLaJ
(in) to
^
I
'
j&JL)-fifth it is
moderation
b
Khoja
^sff
to-day
JL>Uj
tliCJj*the vase
j*\
if
/JaL^o
I spoke
you look
it is
its
120th
^^ short
for
t
^^vAj
[45].
see note 2, page T
4
'
.
'one hundred,'
**&
'twenty (the
afiix of
^s?
[45]
is
not necessary
its
in
summing up)
^ the possessive
120th.'
Jjji*Z
they feed
&)&
^^
<uj!
^j)^
(with) sweetmeats
(beating) beating a
man
to himself
(it)
being
holy
Ramadan
Nasr-il-deen
Khoja
necessity
what
to
me
'
making
thought
vase
jjjj\
one
*js\ji
5
to fast
^j
Bairam
c1303
*jjJj1
Us
complete
^
days
L plL
stone
^j a
having been
thirty
I will leave
stone
8
one
day by day
to the vase'
7
saying
I will
make
^^ j
day one
another day
45p
JIj^^
liliJ'l
^MV
(that)
It
happened
he begins
leaves
(of) stones
handful
to the vase
XT
of the
&r M
to-day
'
^
that
is
Jj'H}
they make
J^
question
^^r^y^
to the
month
Khoja
Where
whilst beating a
man
with sweetmeats.'
3
Ablative case.
Pronounced dash.
Dative infinitive of (jAj\j
'
to leave
7
';
the jj
is
changed into a
[57].
8
An
Arabic adverb.
^j
is
X^.,
From days
;'
a day
;'
in
my
hands
I could seize
what
cast
to this (place)
'
filled
who
in the sack
these
Oh
'
the gardener
remained
[123]
[123]
SJC~:
&A
I
fcj*
jy
[^J]*^
I also
&L&1
lo
U
yes
'
*j<XO
when you
was
in this thought
having said
he said
came
Khoja
One day
in the
name-
at once
entering
to a
shop of a
seller of
sweetmeats
going
the sweetmeat-seller
he begins
to eat
the sweatmeats
saying
-of God
beginning
to beat the
Khoja
saying
doest thou
what
Oh! man'
where
Koniah
this
town
is
how
nice
that
'
says
the Khoja
A*yj!
aJuLjj
<U
between, as in English
the
we would
how
and
2
Pronounced
dol-dur-di.
sit
When
the
Mohamedans
ilia,''
down
and
to a meal, before
if
breaking bread
they say
Bism
to themselves,
any one
is
See note
7,
page 27.
Dative
infinitive.
he said
I had come
forth
to
you
here
now
only
ti^ji
to a
\aj ter^\y]
in a sack
a little of it
he found
J^
him (this person)
<^1/
coming
^rb-ji
the gardener
^:placing
^y
in his arms
^jT^j
a
little
of it
being confounded
here
seizing
wind
a strong
'
an answer
having said
threw
bringing
here
me
wind
that
blew
says
Khoja
plucked
who
these
Oh
'
says
the gardener
me
by
its
being
strong
very
the wind'
&*ij\
belongs to <Jb
<Uj!
43^
'whatsoever.'
As the
learner will
we
grammar
[41]
.
we
may
2
desire to refer
thus,
ulfi
*s
J*>
s^ ort
^or
R^ jO?>
'
a little of this/
or
Lf*lj\rt>
3
with the
7,
See note
page 27.
'
akjes
ten
Oh
God
come
'
EfFendi
Khoja
they gave
come
'
again
he said
in his
hand
that
he sees
(he)
awaking
(and) contending
saying
extending
his
hands
shutting
his eyes
again
there
is
nothing
he said
'
let it
be
akjes
nine
Oh Lord
!
give
'
whilst going
going out
to the desert-plain
Khoja
One day
made themselves
seen (appeared)
horsemen
some
in front
suddenly
his clothes
coming
near a cemetery
making haste
EfFendi
Khoja
lies
down
entering
in the hole of a
tomb
naked
taking off
Oh man
!
'
coming
near
him
seeing
the Khoja
the horsemen
a single
Effendi
Khoja
on their saying
why
here
of the
tomb
a
not finding
word
jid, for
t-J^J [123].
for
^Jj/,
rf\j\,
for
^Jj/ [128].
[128].
^\,
J**
1H [128].
for
JdjSI
'
that
sees
looks above
from below
man
he begins
to read
makes reading
glorification
out of time
in the minaret
person
out of time
Oh
***&}
descending
4?^
down
*sr\ys*
^Ua
at once
'
\^#y^
dost thou read
a-^*5
glorification
Khoja
here
a charitable person
(if)
it
be
Ah
'
says
from
this
bad voice
us (me)
(expletive)
should build
a bath
he should
<Ls~!
free
(me)
}yiL
J.
^J:Ijjj
<U&>-^to the
<ts^f
[e]
pieces of
money
nine
in his sleep
Khoja
evening
One
sx*,*
also.'
^\ jU
you
fool.'
^Ifc>l3,
is
*X*~i,lit.,
you
What
man
you are!'
3
sj^aJ
[123].
or
IrfJ^/jij^
would be
a fool.
3
too respectful a
J~jjl!p> ^ n ^ P resen ^ indicative [76] which mode of address to a man one has just called
^Jl
<Lu!j! 'if it
had
c^J
^jxA UjI
'if
^JuJ <L^bjy
'if he
had
how many
I looked
at Akshihir
'
says
Khoja
did you
know
(it)
there
is
'
so
many
j\&j
sees
also
here
(expletive)
there were
stars
<U~*-
*jJ*
enters
<uU>
to the bath
<jjO
one day
^^
the Khoja
[P]
any one
that
he begins
< jl J
to
speak
to the
bathman
is
vexed
his
mind
<Vj^ O**-^
to
'-r*^
L/tP"
agreeable
(*\^0
^^^
his voice
that says
Khoja
j^j^i
^^
nice
t*iy. /*^
so
^y^
'^^-for-the-beard-of-the-people Ihave
my voice
of me since'
to a
minaret
straight
going out
immediately
glorification
(it
was- 12
o'clock
ascending
fJjlib.
jjJ forjjJJ^
<La<j!j!j.
pdJuJ or
diy
'so many.'
Expletive [123],
they
may be.'
<LxjJ
mood
j/,
from lLC^-S'
to enter.'
L-J>JuJL*>.
<xL^.
<*-jj.
We
shall
by a
8
positive tense, as
by
to the learner.
K &f>-
[144].
let
them teach
to those of
those of you
knowing
Mosolmen Oh
! '
says
Effendi Nasr-il-deen
wings
to the
camel
that
make ye
thanks
many
to
God Almighty
or
and
on your houses
# jj\ju
it
if
xj)i>XJ*\)
vJ^Jy
it
^J^^.
on your chimneys
it
would rain
on your heads
would perch
in a
town
Effendi
with the
air
of this
town
Mosolmen
Oh
'
says
whence
Effendi
Khoja
that
say
the congregation
is
one
jkjlAj
Analysis
^b
LJs^Jj [105],
2
;
(jr^W or jiy4}~'>
<
the
3
page
^ lA*/.
^r ^ sor ^ f r
i-^^
<uJjl 'if
it
As^f
comes before,
*j&Jj\.
^lyfc <J^.-i.
Syntax [210].
^\^
^juiy
^J
once again
'
(the) congregation
going
do not
know
some of us
know
some of us
'
if
he should stand up
- JV- ji
in the
&fj
one day
^j\
^
again
******
Khoja
t^ft*>-
*JJ
}? >
^^
4
manner
they-determined to say
8la
to
jl ^LiJl^S
I
jj\
!
A-i^J*
to the pulpit
^T?^"
explained
you
brethren
Oh
'
says
mounting
some of us
'
they say
they also
do ye
know
shall say
what
nice
how'
cLsTJuS.
says
Khoja
'
do not
know
some of us
we know
Gerund.
cJjjlj.
Here
is
this unceris
what
it
it is
not
concluded
but
does not leave in their mind any vague idea which the
European.
3
j^jj
or ji}j<*h
[108, 119].
The
first is
preferred.
4
5
<Uj J.
)X>).
Dative
infinitive. JjjS.
&& <j
y$ .***.
j-j or
J^r &iy,
is
jLu-^^L
9
[118].
a Turkish adjective,
to
^^
pronoun of the
what
to
you
believers
Oh
'
said
mounting
to the pulpit
Effendi
Khoja
no'
that
say
the assembly
'do ye know
I shall say
to
you
not knowing
ye
Oh
'
(said) the
Khoja
we do
not
know
again
Effendi
Khoja
day
one
he said
shall I say
what
what
to
you
Mosolmen
Oh
'
says
ascending
to the pulpit
we know
that
'
they say
also
they
do ye
know
I shall say
shall I say
c-j^iLrv-
what
to
you
6
since
you know
Oh
'
Khoja
(says)
S-^J
descending
<fil&
down
^^irlf
from the pulpit
S-^.^
saying (which)
going out
(he)
Jl
is
an old-fashioned word,
2
now
represented by lLx4j<J
'
to say.'
mood
of the nega-
tive verb L-Xfc*L [108], and short for Jjlj^Jj, vide note
3
to [119].
Kg.,
may
I say.'
Expletive [123].
^C^iJJo'jJj.
(of the verb
Indeterminate [105].
laJj
^C?^,J.
-fil-i*,
pronounced ashctgha.
rv
PLEASING TALES
KHOJA NASB-IL-DEEN EFFENDI.
Effendi
Nasr-il-deen
of
Khoja
Jokes
J>^*
tellers of tales
,l
ttU
reporters
.UJ
and
<_.
...lit.
and
(of)
events
news
Eelaters (of)
,if
K.
stories
w Jjji
in this
*
(face)
,
and
narration
way
thus
experienced (persons)
that
they say
,.*&\jaj
for
te~\
[\]
preaching
day
one
Effendi
Nasr-il-deen
to
Khoja
are attributed
him
many
He is supposed to and eccentricities that do not belong to him. Hans Andersen has immortalized him in bis tale represent the Jehya of the Arabs. of the Grosse Glaus und die klein Claus,' which is taken from an oriental tale, and transformed ingeniously by this talented writer. The original of this tale will appear in the author's work entitled Turkish Tales in English,' to which the reader is referred
witticisms
' '
Among
Nasr-il-deen Klioja, the Turks say tbat 'such were the contradictions in his character and
life
sometimes appearing
that
even after death these contradictions were kept up and that grate, with a large gate and lock, hut no railing round it.'
visited his
'
his
The author has, however, tomb at Ackshahir, and can attest that this is a vulgar error,' and that it is a simple unassuming monument, with an iron railing round it, and a small gate and lock like the rest of the tombs of the Mosolmen near it.
lakkan hahhan
truly
truly
'
dedik
said that
n
to
va
'
grejelcsin
sheiler
'dzim great
him And
things
beni-adamin
of the
va achihnish
gigi
shimdan- sonra
derim
sizah
you
greh-siz
meleklerini
(his)
Allahin
of
inan
chihp
zerinah
you
shall see
Angels
U>. U- or U- \a^.
\~i
Adverb [121].
for the future tense
_
Xj>.
j*J5>- 8j9 but as a superior addressing inferiors, Christ uses the * abbreviated form Js *$. See note 2, page f , on liu uOT
instead
of JXiu JCS'.
(jju-1-
A.GjJ
'
15!
'-r^.J ^r'^5?"
ertp
15^^
dakhi
also
2,
J?**?'
</r*
:,
^r^
Philippos
Philip'
rfeVffi
cma
to
jauab
answer
Fwa
Jesus
bilwrsin
said that
him
giving
'doj'ouknow
ben I
then
altindah
it
aghajinin
of tree
enjir
fig
san
chaghirmazdan evvel
before
calling
seni
being underneath
thou
thee
Rabbi
ya"
! '
dedilci
and
verp
jawab
Natlanmjl
gr-dum
I saw
seni
Rabbi oh
said that to
thee
'
FW
'
sw
art
meleki
Israilin
san
oghl-sin
Allahin
of
san
Jesus
the
King
of Israel
thou
God thou
aghajenin
enjir
fig
seni
sna
to thee
ben'
dedih
said that
to
na
verp
giving
jawab
answer
of tree
thee
'
him
bunlardan
idermisin?
iHikd
:
dedugim-ichn
grdm
I
altindah
than these
dost thou
make
belief for
my having said
saw
under
it
d^ U^J^ttl
8ee
116
'
X>^.
Here we
gerund as denoting a
stop,
withof
out which
we
'
could not
make
we have
fig tree,
Jj!
thee/ jio!
(
I saw thee,'
<5jf
the verb, at
the end.
3
\)fsg?S
(*^^. J
'
for
my
having
said, thee I
fig tree,'
Analysis
ciijJu\ verbal
[33 J o*sH
disjunctive post-position.
d;m
to
dahhi
also
Nathandyil
Nathaniel
'
'
Yisayi
Nasaretlu
the Nazarene
oghlu
Yusufin
of Joseph
him
Jesus
the son
'
kabilmidir
chikmak
she i
ay i
lir
Nasaretdan'
dedik
'is it possible to
good
one
'
Ps
##
dedi
bak
'
va
gel
'
emd
'
Philippos
va
Jesus
And
he said
see
and
come
3
to
him
Philip
and
Jjl
anin
of
*&L.J
grmeklah
seeing
"j^
yddugini
(the) his
<V.;^
JljUISU
Nathanailin
of Nathaniel
*JuJi>.
kenduyah
to (him)sclf
him
coming
'jLLjLmbV
Israellu
yjaiLiL">-
&l&!
Ishtah
'
^.^.^
dedik
'
bir hakikat-dah
hakindah
an
neradan
beni''
dedik
to
and
Nathandyil
yokdir
'there
is
hileli
andah
him Nathaniel
Jj-sli.
iJw^LlJj
#00 chapter on
'is it credible?'
J.
The
Arabic adjective
JjIj
signifies
receivable,'
3
hence 'acceptible
or <U>Ju.
&)*
See [28].
this word.
j&i^.
Let us analyse
'
Infinitive
'
l1x*1^
'
to come,'
past verbal
^^ JS
^_$
<j
intervening, the
first i^f is
5
dropped,
CS^jf
[132, 249].
^jSjJ
[202].
J*%
[94].
r/erfl
'
^e7
ardimjah
after
'
<ma
to
##^'
found
Philippos'i
isier-ikan
he said
'
come
me
'
him
and
Philip
wishing
biitros-in
va
Andreasin
of Andreas
Beit-saida-dan
issah
Philippos
of Peter
and
from Bethsaida
(expletive)
Philip
^LjJ
^eefo'H
UM
awd
to
S-^:
J#%?
finding
^Juj^UUlj (jyvj-i-i u cj
c_^
id
u^^ir-" shehrindan
Nathanaili Philippos
said that
him
Nathaniel
Philip
was
hakindah
in his truth (regarding)
i
anin
of him
ki
bldih
Hmesnay
person
ol
biz'
that
we have found
that we'
JM
say
^^V.
yazdiler
Jj?**H
Paighamberler
the Prophets
SXMjZ
va
sharid't-dah
in the
^y
Musa
Moses
yctni
that
is to
have written
and
law
upon
is
to rise
up 'and be
doing', thence
'
to go.'
We
have here a
by reason
all
have
to inference in order to
this.
be astonished at
Was
'
other languages
formed in this way? and the word, once accepted into the language, lost its
origin
:
for instance,
and in
is
now
l
a rich language,
to
we
word, um-bringen,
to
1
km.'
^JJ\j^\ gerund
<Uj1,
.IjJ jl>
of
lJI&J
third
[105].
'they
of
wrote,'
'
perfect
tense,
indicative
*
l
mood
^i^jb
to write.'
c-*/.*
<?#^
also
'
Ffl
g-trdi
Ujisaya
to Jesus
ani
va
bulduk
demek air
(it signifies
Jesus
he took
$*m#
to thee
sam-n-sin Simon-art
oghl
(his)
yuna
Jonas' s
san'
dediki
bakp
looking
mid
to
son
thou'
said that
5
him
ijvjz
btros
<uJ^
olunsah
if it
^A&rp
terjimeh
^^
kalimeh
y.
^r!^
'
{jwli
b
this
'
dinlah
Kefan
Cephas
a stone
should be
translated
word
J5***-*
'
shall be said
~'C*^\
to
u^v#jj
'azimet
^J^r
Jelilah
to Galilee
e^w^ make
Yisa
demek dir
signifies
departure
Jesus
each other; they must therefore each have a sentence of their own.
looking closer
On
in
we
the
first
belongs to
the
phrase
JL^u^
[16] dative.
^J[140].
U>**~>
yjty
t 212 !'
which
is
cliC*^
'
to say'
it is
would be
difficult to
to rule
[107J, so
inserted in forming
is
j J cLCjJ
(lit.,
to
mean
is.')
CJv^l
d-^^jlc.
The accepted
rank
to
is
by
their presence.
its
which, for
to resolve
one of
meanings, has
to
*<K
Andreas Andreas
Jcarindash/i
Sam- un-Btrosin
of
biri
ikinin
was
the brother
Simon Peter
d/ed
blp
"finding
Sam--n
Simon
Jcarindashi
Jcend
evvela
firstly
marlcm
to
him
brother
his
own
The
aforesaid
KItristos
olunsah
if it
terjimeh
M
that)
Messihi
(the)
biz
dedih'i
Christ
should be
translated
Messiah
we
said that
<j1Ccj!.
fjtji,
we
shall
have
One
after Jesus
on hearing from
(c5^) and
read backwards up
t_ Jul etc.
'
{<j>j})
and we
shall
way
to
make out
it
is first to find
read from
backwards up
it
and
up
and
the winder-up.
We
we
proceed.
*,*.
Jjl.
See [223].
Adverb [121].
^ytA^t.
<U*iljl.
The
uJjj.
.
terjameh
translated
ki J
that)
Rabbi 'Rabbi
ya
'
and
to
dakhi onlar
also
'
0'
him
they
'What
seek you?'
ol
He
l
dediler oturur sin neradah' demekdur mv? allem ya olunsah they said 'residestthou where' (means master oh if it should be
sA8jj
<*y|i
eS^
.A^
s^^
dedi
2t
-^^
*-^
>
*A^
anlarah
to
ls^^
dakhi
also
bakin
gelin'
them
gn
day
ol
that
feftL
oturdughini
his having remained
;'
hfjr6 Jb^^']
5M2
ol
^^}
idi
it
c^v.
yakin
^
<JUsj!
istima?
- ^)U
]^j
word This
was
own
^jdS
gidan going
<Lsrj,T
ardinjah
after (him)
- JGJ^m^
'yisanin
(of) Jesus
gU^l
hearing
^^Jg-^C
yehyadan from John
Umeklah
on (making)
aJ*J
cXju
is
in
what
place.'
of the imperative
mood
much used
common
is
parlance
'
it
ij^j^p^ P as t
i.e.
having
sat,'
declined tm&)pj^
seen.'
^li^JjJ,
^J^Jjj! ^J^J
4
they saw.'
H.
*S&dj on
by
)
'
in English
5
they saw.'
cUiwjl
tdC*iJ \) See
[132]
'whilst,
'with,'
'by,'
or
'on
hearing.'
\i
Uj.W^ ^.
y..
drdi
stood
der
is
allahin
Ishteh
'
fo#p
seeing
'
Yisayeh
Jesus
ghan
passing
va
dakhi
also
iki si
of
God
Lo
'
And
two of them
iki
va-ol
dedi
kzsi
c-^3jJ
d-np
turning
l*^
"dakhi
Js***^
'
C^ A] J Jc
*sr^
ardinjah
after
^jcJ^
hearing
Fs
gittiler
Yisanin
of Jesus
ishidinjah
also
Jesns
they went
him
eJ&ffi
onlarah
to
gur-meklah gueldik-lerini
seeing
their
ardinjah
after
va anlerin
said that
them
coming
him
and of them
-auJIA
Jyf.
The
Jesus.'
jits .JoJ
J^j.
Here we
'
pronoun
two
disciples.'
last
word
is
^jL
4j
past
j
verbal
noun,
cJAj ^-
'
the
action of having
spoken,'
J^J<0j
'his
^sTjcJjl
'
On
hearing.'
Here we
which
hearing.'
it,
<HjsTJj\
after him.'
If
we
analyse
we have
j\
behind,'
Turkish substantive
termination [123].
7
or
o,
possessive pronoun,
expletive, adverbial
<dL*j^.
l^jj
J^\
ber-karar
in abode
u
zerindah
#m
him
Iaj
fow
I
ca
giirclum
oldighini
anin
of
va
And
jo Jo
I saw
&LazS\
having been
upon
him and
&+aj
*U*
15^
b!
amma
but
fir*^
bilmazdim
did not
<w#
to
gnderan
the sender
etmegah ta'mid
to baptise
me
VJ)
know
SSj
zerindah
emip
(the) descending
Ruhin
of the Spirit
zerinah
kimin
of
dediki
said that
upon him
upon
whom
tdmd
idan
that
baptiser
kaldughini
the
(its)
remaining
oghli
allahin
ettimki
shahadet
va
witness
and
gr-dum saw
ben
I
va
dir
is
And
(he)
bJjj\j\ [134]
SjU\,
an(i
some others
Here
it
is
its
declined,
introduced [210]
1
(lit.,
page P.
j\j*
3
J"-
'
P ers i an
aQ d Arabic.
j*x.\lA*\
past verbal
noun
JjjJji [84]
^sjw\U
of
'his or
its
.
having
been,'
-U*>jJj1
sake
'
euphony
^-iajJa.!,
I saw.'
<Uj
Sal
-C*wo.
Here we
t-r^J
iX^-jj.
Another pause
at the gerund.
word
in the accusative
case after
^<Aj' <L~fc*j.
verbal
'
noun of
the doer.'
the
declinable participle of
8
dCr^l
-
[71] ^JoJ
'
doing/ ergo
l5>
^^ s
woro
*s
U-> *J
V-us:
J
\
bilmazdim
did not
ani
ben I
va
idi
know him
And
he was
me
because
s-ilah
ben
ichn
for (that)
with water
olmas he should be
zaher
Israyileh
to Israel
amma
but
;
manifest(ed)
^
fe' I
'
a>*x>j
dedihi
c-r^Jl
cl^jI^
shehadet
*CJjj) Jw:
baptizing
idp
gueldim
'
ta'mid-iderek
said that
making
witness
And John
came
-y4.^ Jv
etdigin
its
^-^//
gh-wer-jin-gibi
like a dove
nizl
^ jUamadan
^j
Hh'n
of (the) Spirit
making
1
descent
aJuJlo, short
mood
of the
ulXduj
'
'
to
know.'
*^i-J
a^Lj
'
I did not
know
[108, 119].
joins all
till
i^f^}
come
to
the preceding words together, and they run one into the other
you
for,
to,
Israel
manifest
to
be
I came.'
3
^Sj^}
A-.**J.
word
as I
>*jli
whilst walking,
walked
came baptizing.'*
is
^J*
^f^
is
and
<0j1,
are
'Sj^\ pronounced
et-digini or et-dgini.
it is
Here
the appearance
td
* This gerund as well as three others [72] are translated by the word doing,' there being in English no exact equivalent for each hut they do possess a different power and use too slight to he explained, but which a little practice and attention will best point
' ;
v/o/w/a
4^ \j/uH^ gn
tfrfom
r|
s^w *-**
ta? mid-ider-idi
j>^
yehya
^y
there
4
j-^j^
vale' e
t-'i-
oradah va
olwp
John
was baptising
6
John
and
took place
3
^jy
kzsi
ids
J^IN
<te-&1
<^>.^
dediki said that
b{
allahin Ishteh
'
-7*5j grp
seeing
ij.^*^
'
eX
<V.j^
lamb of God
Lo
'
Ysay' Jesns
gelan
kendyah
to (him) self
coming
takes
raf-ider up (away)
gnahm
(its) sins
dnyanin
of (the) world
ki
that
dedim-ki
I said that
anin-ichn
for of
ben
him
xS\jj\
LA?"
5
'
there,'
1
ls^"
'
>
an
a(^ verD
f time.
It
is
<Luuu.
See [28]
easier
to
pronounce
kendyah
than
kendiyah.
4
JX
It
is
here used as an
adjective to
5
which
is
CS^%j^
to
to see.'
It serves, like a
comma,
to denote a
Observe, also,
how
4
the
[216],
A^JhXJtJ
said that.'
^J*&\^
JjLjJ.
Syntax [210].
J^d^l. a lias}
positive form of the verb an indefinite idea, which
be translated as an active and English, gives the sense becomes puzzling in a long sentence. The learner should take note of this observation, and practice in translating any long phrase he may come across, of which he will find abundance, particularly in letters, where the writer endeavours to make the whole letter as one period, to be read through, merely drawing a long breath now and then where the gerunds occur, to enable him to proceed to the end
see,
'
* So that, as
we
seeing,'
which
latter, in
J* ^~
u
ki
dir
ol
dm
of
6
fow
gilan
'akbimjah
after
him I
he was
before
me
that
he
is
*
that
coming
me
tJ\y>-\
^CfA] Jfj
b This
dey'lim
'
J$
lay eh
fit
*&"jf>clmzmegah
to loosen
L5
i-'<U-fl
JCbjL-jjb
babclilerinin
ahwal
matters
tasmasn
the latchets
am
not
of his shoes
Beit 'abradah
in Bethabera
olan
otahst'ndah
Ardann
of Jordan
va heifiyat
(being
and circumstances
tez**^.
te>-
An
adverbial termination.
participle
See [123],
JX
JJ^
'*^
the verbal
noun of the
-o
coming,'
'
the comer.'
u^&a*o3
See t 137 ]-
JGj 1>- j b
M\
'
of
him
of 7ms shoes
first
Ys latchet,'
vide
Syntax [210].
Here we have
first,
Jul, the
substantive in the
Next we
with the
<_
and the
we
and
it is
desirable that
it
first
on this point, as
will
him
page 28.
JIp*"^ y.'
as if it
plural.
7
is
used
to
an Arabic
jjiy *JCwj
<ti*\
JGj^,
vide
Syntax [210],
being on
its
other side
of Jordan.'
^j^ji
mrf*
'
<^>a- j
dedilerh
said that
to
v\
ana
Mj^.1
idup
J|^-j
su al
iTl
Jj!
anlar
j[re]
va
ana
to
now
'
him
making
question
him
they
And
san
eguer
if
<eyt7
not
bjj\
Mia yahhod Paighamber ol yakhod va Messh or and Elias prophet that or (the) Messiah
thou
2
^^
dakhi
also
J^^cLM]
yehya
JT^jl
idersin
a+axj
ta'mid
&yf$
nchn
*-^J
isin
if
onlarah
to
them
John
'
dost thou
t\j\ya
make
baptism
why
Lr93ji>3
thou art
U1
AjJJu**?
ta'mid iderim
baptise
^
ben
I
'
^.^.^
'
S-'Vr
jawab answer
amma
but
s-ilah
dediki
said that
verp
giving
with water
benim
burnazsnz
ani
hi
durur
stands
him
that
aranizdah
among you
t)p-l> j
which would be
issin (note,
pronounce
the
S is
therefore dropped:
tXLM
jj
'if
is
often
thou art
and
thou art
not,' be-
cause
3
it is
preceded by
'
if,'
vide [143]
is
m^a^Js
<j!
^y^},
which, when they occur, are joined immediately to the word, and form
one with
4
it
[132].
\j\
is
a Turkish substan*
tive,
yS
post-
position [130].
5
j~ij*Lj,
verb
the
tense, indicative
mood, of the
'
negative
lLx^*Lj
of
the
simple verb
c^XJuj
to
know/
vide [108].
ys
a voice
dediki
'
dakhi
also
ol
dersin
'
ne
said that
He
sayest thou
what
nijeh hi
dz
eileyin
yolini
as
straight
make
his road
im
lam
fo'/er
Pharisilerdan
(of )from(the)Pharisees
himesneler
gnderilan
sent
ol
va
seu-i-ladi
'
were
persons
those
And
spoke
turned to
euphony.
is
It
may
speaker chooses.
by the
1
rule in
Syntax [210]
JJHj,
ble participle of
lICcj!
[71].
^Jl
genitive case.
2
^3^j
Ju
..
Jjj
his
road
'
.c^JjJ
or
J^
3
JjLJ
it>,
we
please to consider
as a substantive,
it.
]*J
is
and used
with the
auxiliary
LlXdj'
or
we may
call it
a separate
<j!,
word
straight,'
and
JuL>^, short for j!C: <&-W, or j> t*b\, or J3 imperative, 'make ye' [69].
4
as.'
J.l.
Here we have
Jjj!
much
if it
would be dropped.
dj^j*'
formed by
^e
is
the insertion of
J,
vide [107],
sent.'
\^j J^f
Jji
ol
2
3
\
\
lXLj
(
<^ IJul
-Co *-
.j-j
O'-^VJ
imdi'
*&
ki
JlJ&jya
sor diler
\S\
he
'
kim
?
sin
san
?
and
to
what
art
thou
thou
now
'
that
asked
him
jawab
(he) answer
yok'
'ISTo'
'
dedi
said
dey ilim''
'I
dakhi
also
am not'
foze
( of )
fa
M'
'
dediler
kim sin
'
san'
'
ana
to him
imdi
verdi
us in order that
they said
Kow
gave
kendunin
of thyself
vereh-yiz
jawab
giinderan-lerah
to the senders
Jj Ajya
Ui
'
to
him they
asked.'
some the
ablative.
list
of
them under
any
list
We
in this
work
as, practically,
it is
little use,
much
space
habit
and
make
and
first
idealized
it,
as
much
as
he can,
he
is
with
literal
enabled to under
stand whatever
2
JC-j
-*LLI.
The ^e*
is
^5J jij
are
i-r>\f>- [64].
many
other Turkish
verbs
used as
auxiliaries,
besides
those
4
noted in
the
Grammar.
$J>3j&u, verbal
noun
(^JJjS
'
the
CS^j^jS
See [30].
send;'
Sfas^ iX-5tJ.
(_>
being
_>
V">
v va
J
(Imams)
^>
>
Jnf"
L,'
lawiluler
imamler
priests
orashalim-dan
yahv.diler
hachan
Levites
and
from Jerusalem
the Jews
when
su-al
deyu
saying
'
sin
him
san'
and
to
hi
gwnderdiler
question
art
thou
what
thou
'
him
that
they sent
inkar etmadi
denial did not
ikrar
edp
making
dakhi
also
ol
ideler
make
confession
He
<#fo*
anlar
ikrar e Hadi
deyu
'
dey ilim
Ifessih
ben'
va
also
am not
(the) Messiah
'
and
it
might
at first
:
be taken
for,
Of John
IJ
Xf
'
is
much
used
^U^j
2
ergo,
when.'
of
short for
as
c>j.\^> gerund
l-CkO
'
to
say/
It is put at the
end of a quotation,
and
3
we would
he
said' so
so.
J*&\
is
i^ &i\j\js\. 3
^j&AzA j\j\.
<-JjAi), gerund of
lJUsj)
[72].
#
lJSaxj)
is
+i\
defective verb
*A
See [89].
^-
'ynayet
amma
but
verildi
mus-ilah
(or with)
shar'iat
zirah
and
grace
was given by
Moses
(the) law
Because
^zc/i
///iz
^eW-a
bizek
to us
'ysa mas'h-ilah
hakikat
any
God
came
with
Messiah
truth
o&m
being
kojagJiinda/i
Babann
of
in his
bosom
8
God
vakit-dal
bir
in (at) time
one
j^y
#w
(?y
*J>Ji<r>
shahadeti
J^ jD^] V-^y
va
cJ1-.
J^
<&
yahya-nin
of John
this is
the witness
And
bayan eiladi ani oghul yekaneh has made manifest him son only
9*&j> }t n
2
lLC^j
<dll.
'
to give [107].
^.
F'flfc
[43].
jS
*AiiU- JbU.
and the second,
c [19]
is
[210].
The
first
noun
is
in the genitive
case,
J^ry,
;
into
^iU-y
it
and the
intervening between
[35, 180].
it
the ^5
5
dropped and
becomes 8X*s\&-J3
.^, declinable
participle of
is
'person' being is
Jsi.l
4ilj
Persian word t
A,
a Persian
adjective,
meaning
7
unique.'
The auxiliary
is
the 3rd
uX*Ll
fe
[16].
Syntax [210].
This
^ must
^ w\
"J' &&& hive taken
1
'ynayet
'
'
ynayet-ichn
grace
hem
both
dolu-sindan
anin
of
grace
for
from
liis
fullness
him
^^L
AJb,
J&\.
conjunction [160].
I
.JA1, 1st pers. plural of the 1st present, indicative mood of ^j^S
to
take.'
There
is
to the
meaning
of
'
receive.'
(J^i^
'it
to catch.' to
In a late version of
St.
John's Gospel,
the
translator has
i.e.,
tried
convey an impression of
to us,'
we have been
.^.la*,
favoured/
was granted
by using jjjM
but he has
bungled
it,
word
1
rtJi*,
we were
manifested.'
which, with the auxiliary (J^j\, can only be interpreted He might more properly have used the passive
xy>
/JUilj!
it
to us,' that
is,
we
not
we
received.'
how
difficult, if
tongue
as the
it is
becomes,
inference,
2,
things,
till,
by
brought
it
page 74]
sentences,
phrase according to his appreciation of the Arabic words used; and, as most
very awkwardly,
it is
related
he could
it,
his writing.'
So,
when anything
is
out of
way
is
man
on his part,
required to
C^JUj
nida-idup
jJ!
ider
C^jl^
shahadet
ISTI
J^M
yehyah
lL<J /-. j
l5
^>-
va
ana
crying
and makes
witness to
him
John
grdk we saw
jellaleni
the glory
'akbimjah
after
ol
dr
is
bu
this
dedgim
benim
of
dediki
said
me
coming
me
that
my having said
zirah
me
heppimiz
all of
biz
va
idi
bendan evvel
before
olmishder
us
we
And
he was
me
Vide note, p.
1 6.
lL5j^
is is
c-*jd! 1^3.
l-Jj&A gerund
tor itten
3
p,'
idup,
with a
is
*^wVJ
'
having
said,' (of
it is
the verb
l_x*j J
to say,')
which
is also
attached the
[33],
and the j
is
/Sj^O
my
having
said,'
i.e.,
'spoken of by me.'
*
behind,'
'
after;'
'
to
come
'
[71].
before,' the particle
^"> 'than
me
before,' or
case.
'from
me
Vide
Post-positions' [131].
perfect,
j ^JL^\
of (jy*5j!
'
indicative
mood
s
[76]
jJ
is
added
to
Vide [235].
j**Jt>.
v^
\*
[33].
L^ W\
.
beni-adam halm
ol
doghnushler-der allahdan
anjah
iradetindan
man
word
That
they were
bom
JL.
^
5
J*j\
-(J&\iA
*i*J
L5 -^.)-
&
^y l^W^
adami
her
gelan
man
2
every
coming
to the
dnyayah world
hi
idi
nr
light
that
was
he
hah True
<J!
LJjj
va dnya
^fsA
idi
^jLjj[!]
j&i\jij
tenwir ider
lightens (makes light)
anin lah
by him
1
and
(the)
world
'Coming-into-the-world-every,'
is
substantive
'
man,' which
is
lightens.'
"Western Europe
may
be prior to the
first
plains of Hindustan.
on the authority
Huns
;
Empire
full
Goths, Visigoths,
so
etc.),
anterior
and during
of
difference
which has
In
many
to
conflicting
admit of the
was engrafted
AJ.
Vide [135].
* Vide Lecture delivered by Dr. Latham at the meeting of the Royal Asiatic Society, 2lst January, 1854, and published by the Society. f In regard to their identification with the Khita (the Hittites of Scripture) vide the chapter on Ethnology, page 208 of the author's work entitled ' Lares and Penates.'
awm
sebeMlah
adamlerin-jumUsi
the whole of
shehadet verek
by means of him
men
that
that he
may
give witness
?ytf
olmayp
not being
nr
light
ol
hendusi
inaneh
ler
but
that
Himself
should believe
olunmush idi
irsal
etmek-ichun
for
to
shaledlik
ol
nurdan iitr
had been
sent
make
witness
1
if
C^jItjJj.
composite verb.
to give,'
XJj
is
optative
mood [101]
of S**jl%
which serves
an auxiliary to
^*i^>-
\S\*S\.
The
first
substantive
is
and the second Arabic substantive takes the possessive pronoun ^^.
Vide Syntax [210].
3
&~+~* Jul
{lit.,
The
in
&~*~i
is
the possessive
which
a!
added.
4
^&
c-j^Jjl
is
'he himself.'
is
Vide [30].
which
6
t-Jjiy.
F*rfe
j^rl
JL/J^
^'^
.
l!J3 J^li
Vide
'
Derivation
'
[197].
^srl
g^J
10
tA^ji.
Vide [76].
This
is
pluperfect, indicative
mood
of
juJjl.
2 a
* lW^
var-idi
hayat
(the) life
andah
yaradilmadi
an-siz
shei
yaradilmish
created
was
zlmetdah
in (the) darkness
dahhi
also
nr
idi
nr'
the light
adamlerin of men
va hayat
and
life
alldh
dan
Hmadi
did not make
idrak
oni
it
va zulmet
dia-verdi
light gave
From God
comprehension
and
(the) darkness
idi
yehya
d
(the)
va onin
var idi
adam
lir
ersal olnmish
was
John
was
man
nourdan tr
regarding the light
ta hi
geldi
shehadetichn
for witness
in order that
came
Jxujl.
2
Vide [203].
^XCLM
lL> Kt3.
JL*A3 JL,L
\
^JJi
'of
him
name.'
is
Jst^v
nounced
6
^ ae
).
'
*s
pl ace(l over
the last
to
denote that
is
pro-
fy^*.
7
This word
is
to the
3rd person
singular j! 'he,'
^ys^i.
"Whenever
word occurs
pronounced in conjunction
:
as if the
it
admits of
comma
or a
comma, according
*jj*\-
GOSPEL ACCORDING TO
ST.
JOHN.
zerah
yazdughi
yuhannanin
of John,
engil
The Evangile.
ibtida-dah
allahin
of
God
sj
(the)
Ijcj!
halm "Word
va
var-idi
halm
(the)
adi!
and
was (being)
5
ibtida-dah
was
4 *dJb j ^j&A hu halm allah va yanindah idi he (the) Word God and was byhis side [near]
*K
j
for
^Jb
?#
^dJ^
yaradildi
^jJl
an-dan
^
shei
jib
J^JJ
A?fc/j
her
L5^
jj is
?j m
*s
a verDai noun
/}<3j\\>
turned into [19, 57], thej introduced for the sake of euphony,
first
and the ^f is the possessive affix taken by the 2nd substantive, the of which is in the genitive case. Vide Syntax [210.]
2
*d*JcuL
Vide [16.]
uS^Jj.
Vide
JZ^\
[15]
'by
iJcJl)
is
^l>
his side'
the ^j of <jb
post-position
*J.
5
Fwfe[130.]
y>.
Expletive.
F&fe [123.]
^.
Vide [43."]
words by
italic characters,
we
much
as possible,
the use of the double vowels, adopted the plan of using the
to represent the
French
Italian
,,
eu
as in
deux.'
article
,,
u as in the
du.'
boot.'
u in
i e
,,
in
in
or like
ee,
in
seen.'
,,
French
,,
ete.'
like a in
father.'
M
s
always
soft.
,,
~
in
like the
German
(guttural) ch.
reason.'
is
The
When
strongly aspirated,
;
represented by
thus,
( f )
will be denoted
by
(
'
over
the letter;
UUj
l inanan.
a,
e,
t,
u, in
etc.
is
never
used in
its
English power of
'
(personal pronoun).
is
in English
and commu
nicate
would be pronounced
stress or
in
emphasis on
each
any
word
at least,
it
is
English
on the wrong
syllable.
The only
i
accent
particularly the
etdigini,
Jj td
as,
/Jcj!
etdim,
pronounced et-tim;
'Sj^A
dllahin,
pronounced dllahin.
italics,
represented in
according to the
letters,
may
upon trust
It
an explanation of
The
is a,
and
u,
with
but,
on closer inspection,
we
make
as,
at-ma-jah,
e-shelc,
it-ti-jdlc,
The dead u
it is
is
denoted by an
English
u, as
in
but,'
cut,'
etc.,
simply because
:
impossible to give
it
as,
^3
\
Jj\
-tu-r,
>>- hu-Jcm,
etc.
The student
it is
is
would be
difficult to
pronounce
it
otherwise.
In
European
to arrive at
system of
master.
Eoman
assistance of a
languages being familiar to him from his infancy, he has been enabled
in this Vocabulary to insert several words not to be found elsewhere,
and a vast number of extra meanings which represent the Turkish word in
its
common
signification, as
all
Constantinople and
VOCABULABY,
J>\
\
a L51
p t-^T db, water.
Ex.
;
b-eth-nd-dd, in the
jbT
mean
time.
(pi.
city; culture.
a c-jUj! eth-wab
ment.
t
of t_-y)j a gar-
a 1 Jcj\
-i
l3j1
*p-Z$, thread.
a/,
hungry, famished.
cj\
a,
e,
a horse.
t Cl>\
t
\j\
meat.
J&r
a-jdl,
fate,
appointed time
p \Jj\ d-tesT,
death.
it
a jlijl
it-U-fdh,
that.
by chance,
hap-
jk>A
dch-lelc,
hunger.
pened
t
loI
0-fo?&,
hem
of a garment.
a JUj^U7i-^"-wa7,bearing,possibility
a J-**'
if-t'-ydj,
lI&Cj^
to do,
quirement. a jolu**-!
make.
e-^ [pr. ek-mek] bread.
ihsan,
benefit,
favour,
t
t
LCfcJ
t\
courtesy, charity.
d-ti-nah, Athens.
a
trace;
ta ^jJJU^l
ah-mah-lik,
stupidity,
foolishness.
a J\>-i 0A-t#a/,circumstances,affairs.
(pi. of
tcj\
eth-nah (from a
tha-na,
JU-
state, condition.)
LSi
a Lr^ akh-bdr, news.
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
<4<
,1
AjL^-1
a
*JL^
of us,
among
fo\
,]
the end
at last
finally.
L-C*!^
d-rd-yeh gel-mek,
to
*J.s^1 akher-in-deh.
Vide[3&].
last;
intervene.
a CUy^l
d-khi-ret,
'
posterior,
used for
mands.
(jfi\j\
d-rd-lik, interval.
jlljb
rabbit.
a-^a tda-shd-rii, a
(J*yj\ ar-ter-mak,
ment, advance.
to increase, aug-
a l-jj!
0-<fa5,
civility,
more
(expletive),
spect, custom.
already.
t aJ^jujJ a-dab-siz, uncivil, without
a c-jl^jj^
respect.
ir-ti-kdb,
mounting
on
a i^S\jS\
id-rdk,
comprehension.
with.
to
i-drak-et-mek,
comprehend,
t (j*3j\ d-rit-mak, to purify, redress.
t (J*Jj\ art-mak, to increase.
understand.
t
JJ
tf^-Jie,
named,
called, celebrated.
ajj\
e-rit-mek,
(v.
trans.)
to
a *Jl
t /J
|
d-dam, a man.
dissolve.
*J|
step,
aJ
(this
^j^i<^^J^
a corruption
foot,
of the
a aAj
ka-dam, a
a step.)
Jl-^
^^Lj^
ir-sdl,
an embassy, sending.
a
a
^UjI
^j!
judgment;
ars-ldn, a lion.
obedience.
8,
permission.
a t~Ot)1
lL) ^
e'-WZ*,
a plum.
viC\
t (JAj\
VOCABULARY.
t*\
jU^),
ler-i,
the ancients
(&'.,
'
the
men
river.
of olden time').
Tj!
ds,
c's,
some, a
+~s\
ism, a
name.
to
pjl
whence?
t i>La~b\
es-melc,
blow.
j~*\ <Jj
wind blows.
;
only.
t (j5-|l
d-zd-jilc,
^i\
is-si,
master
hot,
warm.
a very
little.
AJLJ
t
'
t
a-sir,
a captive, prisoner.
heat,
r
t
JUT
(Jyj\
d-sd^, free.
L^e\
is-si-lih,
warmth,
LJ\
pound
t LJi\
t
a companion, equal.
<JLcl>!
in pieces.
gln, below,
down.
a l^j\J\
A-sa-et
bi\J*\
et-melc, to hurt.
a aLs-ii
convenient.
doubt,compari3on,
p ^jL\
d-sdtt, easy,
resemblance.
t c_Cc->l
i-shit-melc, to hear.
c_>LJ
reason, means.
t Al~*\i~i\ is-tam-biil, Constantinople. t 1>J>;^ is-tri-di-a, an oyster (from
<&->!
behold
t \fJ*\ h-U-h, desire, wish, appetite,
avidity.
dsh-chi c s.^\
(also,
vulj
al-chi), a cook.
Si a jlLk! ish-fdh, compassion, pitying
use,
service.
affection.
et-melc f to
make
use
of.
lL5w^
e-sheh,
an
ass.
a c^JU^-sl
politeness.
is-ti-ma-let,
civility,
t A-il t
LLXmLM
(causal
of
l*~^
clX*LM)
lLC*-^
to cause to
work.
a U^i-a^
t
.X-^
old.
3Uj L5^*
z md-nin
to
go
together,
'
^5^-M
0s- t
d-dam-
(obsolete)
; !
s\
a
Jtf! a-sil, cause, origin,
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
r
a net.
kind.
J*aj
t jl
tfy/*,
nd-sil, for
)Ls! as-lan,
not at
^*jli|
d-ghar-mak,
to
whiten
pronounced
(obsolete).
T^il
^j
kai-veh is-mar-la }
order
coffee (to
be brought
in).
i!
o-glur
ola,
luck to you
!
a (jy^\
-sl, quietly,
manner, in a
AjUsil
if-ti-khdr,
etc.
glory,
honour;
proper way.
well met,
J-Mfft
a-sS/,
\s\y\
if-rdt,
excess.
*L1 LLi!
horse or man).
extremely,
p mj^j^ df-rin, bravo (rather d-fe-rm)
!
LW
i
of l. ~+*V>
^JcJl
ef-fen-di, master,
sir;
man
jl^te
at-rdf, sides.
of the pen. t
1
rt,
white,
bb
,;l
ak la-la, a
AjL^c!
esteem,
honour,
vulture.
confidence.
t (Is'!
faith, confidence.
ak-cJieh,
money,
a piece
of
a jUclc* i^-ti-mad,
money.
Aj^il
ik-rar,
affirmation,
promise,
a J'-x^c!
a
;i-ci
'U-ti-dal, justice.
confession.
%c.-ra%.
/%LmJI
ak-sd?n,
divisions,
parts
xls\ ala
for
^s\
the
highest,
JT
oaths.
d-ler,
the world.
t (JH* dk-mak, to flow.
i]^
J\
VOCABULARY.
*'*
jJ^l
river.
six.
<j\
in
en, very,
most
(a particle used
t ^ji-il
dl-t'i-lih,
a piece of
money
forming
the
superlative).
of six piastres.
Vide [24].
A^.r i! alc-lar, the greatest.
a J-tflsr!
oyi^
most
PjTi
e-^<?r, if.
+\fi\
t CS*^Ji\
^^jJ!
self,
saddle.
(gerund u-^J^Ti).
t t t
t
Ls^il
^^\
dC*ii
1
woman.
a
t
tomed.
cu-jiS!
ul-fet, friendship,
ilk,
intimacy.
lv^T
L53!
ill
the
first.
el-l, fifty.
a uJLil
ujia
(J^\ al-mak,
Jl
i-la, to,
to take.
efc.
&?-#/)
t
t
-jj^l
a
t
unto,
^-m, seed.
e-hin-ji, a
^JiJ
s^jji!
sower, husband-
?so, to
man.
xJ-uJ
t
t
\
dn-siz, suddenly.
J\ J!
el,
a hand.
another, a stranger (for JjJ
parables-
&7,
(plural of
j*
me-thal)
a country).
JJ^l
-*!
V\
il-la, if
\
sion, assistance.
t a ^Ji
d-ld-'i,
a battalion, or troop
&J!
lLX*K^
e-mek-le-mek, to work,
to
toil.
t (jk**!
um-mah,
hope,
I hope.
expect.
a^jI -ma-rtm,
'3
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
^Jbjl
u-tan-mdk, to be ashamed,
to blush.
(J-p*\
o-tur-mak, to
sit
down.
a L^j+d a-min,
t
\}\
safe, free.
and, a mother.
d-nakh-tar,
upon.
o-^fcife,
t ,l^>-l3
key
(pro-
t jAjjt t
herbage.
nounced a-nak-tar).
a Xj\
am-bwr,
granaries
;
LiUjil
fodder
down.
decks of a vessel.
use.
t
t t t
.j]
#/,
extremity, summit.
\f>-*\
-jz, cheap.
^ )<f?y
Jj^jl
ic^j^
-jz-Uk, cheapness.
p -*=f\ an-jir, a
fig.
a chasseur, sportsman,
falconer.
uch, three.
humanity.
t JaaJ en -siz, narrow.
^\s*-y
a l_La)1 insaf,
justice, equity.
gift.
T/L4^>-i\ okhsha-mak,
caress, (for
>^
a *\xj\ in-^am, a
o-hcsh-hiak)
a jl&t
in-kar, denial.
^^
!!
o-doun, wood.
CS*\
\
en-meh, to descend.
a-nte,
a u*j
t jt t j! t
!j\
a friend,
companion
\j t.l or-ta,
midst, centre.
partner,
tame.
dv, the chase.
ev,
jl^l
or-tak,
friend,
companion.
t CjsA.'Jjt\ iirt-mek, to cover, veil.
a house.
t {<L*
fc>-ii
-chr-mak, to cause to
'
fly."
.
a herb.
^9
T
VOCABULARY.
J>\
lLn^\j^
ur-kut-mek, to frighten.
t lL>**jSj\
g-ren-mek,
to
teach.
t
t
t
Lo,y
CS^jy
(pronounced -ren-mek)
rk-mek, to be afraid.
a a
(Jj\
j\
ev-vel, first.
^-Z#, (for
^y
u-fo) better.
t t
lLxs-^I
(J-*jj\
u-rum-jik, a spider.
a S$j\
t
t
av-ldcl, children,
descendants.
tM^sjl
AjAj^
much.
lch-mek, to measure.
as
mak)
T
ol-ka-dar,
much
as,
so
^_3J^
rJ>
~
fast -
iS^f ^JJ^
fast.
-rj tt-mak, to
^J Jj^
ev-vel-ki,
the
first.
[36].
L^y
l-n*4^
*lj1
il-mekj to die.
-2^r
and
ii-ze-rah,
upon.
t t
.
;
-z,
self.
o-foi,
^j^
,Jj
u-zun, long.
t (Jk*j1 t
"-*!
-mak, to hope.
^ -zen-gi, a stirrup.
grow
cold,
I?
to
k-yan-mak, to awake.
-yt-mak, to go to sleep,
be cold.
t ^J^jL?^ -san-mak, to be tired. t (J*\jj\ ogh-ra-mak, to go, to meet. t (J^j.*\ ogh-ril-mak, to seize, to rob.
t
^J^j\
ogh-lan, a son, a boy.
^'
put to sleep.
-i-la,
thus,
so
-i-la,
(jn*^ u-yu-mak,
to sleep.
a tj
J j! o-ka-dar,
ol-ka-dar)
so
many,
(for
J^i
<p^,^
lover.
I
o-i-nash,
a prostitute,
jjj
a .J Ik
vJy
10
C&
bear.
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
&
two.
kindness.
ToT
d-y'i,
Jul
i-ki,
a Ui-Jy
tOl
e-i-lik,
dominion.
t
t
clX^Ll
lLCcj!
uX^l
et-mek, to say.
(ob^
lLC^c3
drink.
i-cher-mek,
to
give
l*u\
fcj\
en-mek, to descend,
t *^af\
i-che-ru,
in,
within,
(pro-
d-\-neh, a mirror.
nounced
t
i-che-ri).
t *A e-yz, good.
t
lL*sH
ich-mek, to drink.
LO^
6-yi-lik,
goodness, excellence.
t dtfyl
ir-teh,
to-morrow,
j1u
ir-la-mak, to sing.
d-'i-ril-mak, to
t (J^ji\
be separated.
t (J-+r>\
d-ir-mak, to separate.
ba-ba, a father.
t <J^*Jb
bat-mak, to immerse.
sign, trace.
if,
t <Uj! ts-*aA,
but.
[123].
make
a Jl-3^
i-sdl,
sending,
causing to
^J^jj^
bd-zir-gdn, a merchant.
reach.
t ^2\j1 i-kin-ji, the second.
lJxj\
i-kin-di, the
first
time of
3
a J^l
ba-tel,
false
useless,
vain
about
injustice.
JV
p cb
###/*,
VOCABULARY.
\.
11
a garden.
t <Lsi~\j
bagh-cheh, a garden.
to cry out.
lLC^j
plete.
bi-tur-meh, to finish,
com-
t
t
(J^Jsk bagh-ir-mah,
(J^JLzX) bd-ghish-la-mah,
grant, concede.
to give,
lLn^j
succeed.
tie.
t ^J^ksXi bagh-ld-mah, to
i#
Ur
&j
;*j
all.
bu-tn gn,
onl ^'
all
day.
bah-mah,
to
see.
U>^ U"^
t
^jUJ b
su-zi-neh
bah-mah.
to
lLC*^
bich-meh, to
mow,
reap.
^ib
-/;*,
the rest,
remaining,
permanent,
p
lL/Ij bdh, fear.
bi
A jj^
tf -
Mwr,
smoke,
incense,
bah va
^^
perva,
'
j Ll/b
^
p
vapour, exhalation.
fearlessly,
c^s^
#M,
hap-
boldly,
(lit.
without fear or
piness,
good luck,
solicitude.')
gift.
Jb Jb
1
bal,
the
mind,
a J^asT a t
remembrance
p
bal,
(pr. like
Baal'),
(pron. like
^LrsT
fo<#,
a wing, an
').
arm
p J
bad.
ball
Jb
^!b
bal,
ba-ld, height.
one.
<d*fcsrb
bil-jum-lek,
altogether,
T(JL*i^J
brdh-mdh,
to
throw,
to
general, in short.
place, to leave.
t J^js b bal-chih,
5
mud.
id
t
bir-er,
one by one.
t
t
^!b
bd-lih, a fish.
bd-lih-ji,
L^O
lish.
.e: b
a fisherman.
altogether,
a <ulSb
bil-hul-li-yeh,
Lo
entirely.
t lL*1<u^
nourish,
TyJb
bal-l, honied,
made
of honey.
bring up.
12
Sj
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
J*
yes.
^L
e'-/*,
a Uj
fo'-wa,
a building, edifice,
con-
office, press,
struction.
impression,
etc.
lL1j
(
Jlc.
*Lj
if
Aju
ba^-da-h,
<?fc.
then,
and then,
leh,
therefore.
after,
t lL*jj bin-meh, to
back), to ride.
\^*
give.
a
(
jj
be-ni, children.
/ Jl ^:j fo-w
^lAx.
ba-ghish-ld-mdh, to present,
lL*1*j bagh-la-mah, to
tie.
l^^V
t t
<_o
beh-ri,
drunken, a drunkard.
t &]>*J b-rd-yah, here
this
to
way
lLC*^o
iXj
be-gin-me/c,
agree,
ap-
t
prove, please, (pr. be-yen-melc)
t
5^*2, a face.
cl*;V
up
;
b-ru-mek, to cover,
disturb.
fo^rw, nose,
wrap
t t ijJG
ben-zer, like, resembling.
i*J
br-un or
a promon-
t^jJG
tory, cape.
ben-ze-meh,
to
be like,
t /JkjJ boz-mdh, to spoil.
resemble.
p t ^.b^L
ba-la-bdn,
great,
^l^jJ
bos-tdti,
a garden.
large;
p t
^rl^v
bos-tdn-fi, a gardener.
in the nest.
a
t
JJj
uJ^jJj
know,
to
cause to
^Jjlijj
the throat.
perhaps, nay, rather.
t
p &\j
bel-k, but,
J j
#0?,
large,
vast,
abundant;
t ^Uj $g- or
bel-l'i,
known,
know.
certain.
t JLCfcL bil-mek, to
to touch, or
bel-lt,
an acorn, an oak.
/i
be-lh or
bii-Iik,
up
troop, a regiment.
mix.
VOCABULARY.
LT
one's
self.
IS
(J$y, niuddy
b-ld-nik,
;
troubled,
thick,
heavy weather.
t t
/*V
^*J
bl-mak, to find.
or
io-i,
t lLS**j+j
bi-y-mek,
(pron.
b-y-
bu-'i
length, height,
stature.
ijs.
b-i-la-jah,
thus,
in
this
manner.
t Jj^j
ho-i-lii, tall
of stature.
so,
in this way,
t t
*jb pd-buch,
a shoe, slipper.
t ^j^j
bo-yin,
the
neck.
cXjbb
*ljb
A^U^, I
swear,
ec.
,
l-40th of a piastre.
t <l^J ba-hd-neh, pretence, excuse.
p^j
t
^^j
O you
iz na-z'ir,
a part, portion,
^b
proof.
^b
p j
j!?wr,
often, sometimes.
t ALj
lu-jj
pr-st, a worshipper,
lh-o
(expletive)
L^-v-s
fl
prst, an idolater.
mand
t
[56].
/JKJ
/j^Ij
i*A par-male,
the
cL/^J
thumb,
p
^,u>j j!?m,
14
J 13
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
U3
i^JLJ pish-meh,
to cook, to ripen
v_ o-'j'
t_ji! *Ij
ta-al-luf,
gain experience.
accustomed, familiariz?d,
to canse to
lLx*j^1j pi-shur-meh,
cook, to roast,
p p
^L*^j pe-sM-mdn,
JU>^j
cloth.
a J^-u^sr a
,
peslit-mal,
a bath towel,
'L+&C5?
tah-hih, truth,
affirmation.
vi-JissT'
Lo
very much,
Jj^T
change,
to
return;
very.
another
c-or
taklit,
stead.
a *sT
tulclim or
pe-nir, cheese,
also
used for
p Juj
pa-i-da, discovered,
^fc.
created,
a jj^skr'
talch-m'in,
thinking,
con-
found, manifested,
jecture.
p -o pr, old.
a tl^iJu
visions; care.
spring.
a -JJJ
ted-bir, advice,
arrangement,
management.
a
i$3
(My
^JiJ
(
ta-rasli,
shaving.
t t
p
ters,
backwards.
tur-hi, a song.
tur-lci,
a p
t
Jy
a Turk.
that.
CS^Jj
&p'
feV-/e'-><?,tosweat,perspire,
a ^jIj
ta-zi-yeli,
or
&>-p
tez-jah, adv.,
td-zeh, fresh,
ta-zeh-lilc,
young.
freshness, youth.
a (ji&au
tas-dilc,
truth, faith.
t uj3*jb'
VOCABULARY.
J>
ta-naz-zul,
15
l-^*
ta-zcj-jb,
astonishment,
a jjlj cur*
descending,
con-
admiration.
descension.
a isjjx'J-ta^-rif, information.
l^J
ten-hay alone.
td-iod-bez. (pi.
*-l*J*
tay-Um, instruction.
ta-gha-fel,
a *-^y
of j-JW td-be-S)
a JiUj"
negligence, care-
a follower.
lessness.
a J-mu
tafsil, explanation.
dust.
AjJo
t
tz, salt.
CS^AjSj
ta-kab-bur-lan-mek,
self,
t (jdjjj
tz-la-malc, to salt.
trust, con-
pride one's
grow proud.
a Jjj
ta-walc-kul, faith,
fidence.
fjjt^jj
renew.
tik-rdr-la-mak, to repeat,
t T
LS^^y
zz,
t-Jcen-mek, to finish.
a u_Kj
ta-kal-Ief, trouble;
ceremony;
pj-j
t J-J
invitation.
fc'z,
quick, swift.
a l_-!j
tak-lif,
ceremony.
disciples.
Aj^lb' ta-la-mh,
a {jm^J
or
tal-bis,
covering
hence
used
for
fraud, deceit.'
L^aJj ta-laf} ruin,
perish.
a L-JI)
juijl
u-fiJj, to
A
a
.^u
^jlj
in future.
a l^JUj
ennui.
a J--4J
tam-thil,
comparison, alle-
a c^-J
gory, resemblance.
fidence.
^jj
a l^-JJ tlk-ht or
trouble.
syk-let, heaviness,
a iU^*
tan-bih, order,
command.
16
l^w
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
*-<*<>-
jam^j assembling
a troop
the whole.
Z.
r
\s>-
jd, a place.
a
girl,
&A&- jum-Uh,
gether.
all.
<d*Jb
the whole.
alto-
&j&r
ja-H-geh,
damsel,
servant-maid.
p
a *-+as>- Ja-mifr
all,
\>- jdn, {1
soul, life.
t j\y\s>- jan-war
or ja-na-war,
an
a ^>-
J^fclsj- jd-hil,
ignorant.
j^>-
Jang, war.
a con-
p a
Jbl^s-
ja-wd-her
(pi.
of
Jay>-),
a tyrant.
a
a
.-.:>-
Jtf Jr,
compulsion.
Ajy>-jr,
courage, audacity.
sin, fault;
luAj^- jira-at,
a a s^-jurm, crime,
tyranny.
J-^ /A?,
jahiT).
ignorance
(pi.
of JfcU-
little,
a small portion.
a A^^y^-fo#-0?w(Hebrew Gehenna),
a ijLusja
je-sd-ret, presumption.
Hell.
[&s>-je-fd, rejection, trouble, injury;
a
refusal of a lover, torments caused
^ Ju^sj- ja-hi-di,
diligence.
endeavour, study,
by the
beloved.
a J^b>-
je-ldl, majesty,
power.
a crowd,
-U^j- ja-md-^at,
an
up
against,
be knocked together.
^
p
*
VOCABULARY.
IT
p t <Uul>- chesh-meh,
spring,
fountain of water,
p l^--jL>//,
pt l>
time
t
a pair.
;
he-mn chd-ghi-der,
!
now's
the
a plough.
sur-meh-lih,
lwC^j
^sai.=^
^-JL-
<?/^/
/Ar^f*-
agriculture, ploughing.
action of calling.
t
-
t (J^.JjjS: lj>-
chd
glii
risk
male,
to
cl>L^i>re -united.
t LJ^uSJjjLs-
chift-lesh-meh,
to
be
voke, invite.
t J.il>- chd-ghil, a bubble, noise of flowing water.
murmur,
t
property.
^jUr>- chi-har-mah,
carry away.
to
draw
out,
t ^*jJ>~cl>- clia-gliil-da-mah, to
mur-
mur
t
(as water).
t (j-*&>- chih-mah,
to
come
out, to
\SU-
chan, a bell.
mount.
toil,
{+&>- <L*u
ha-sheh
^^lJl>-
cha-lish-mah, to work,
chih-mah, to
be even with, to
labour, endeavour.
^\z>-
cha-li-ji,
player
on an
instrument; a robber.
t (JsAXz*- chal-mah, to strike, rob.
,
Jw
clie-hij,
hammer, a
mallet.
be
led,
a river
tea.
drawn;
t jAs>- cha-yir, a
t
meadow,
prairie.
^SjJ^jU^
cha-ir-h-sM, a lark.
LiC^wC>- che-hm-meh,
drawn,
to be with-
a buboe.
t jJ^L>- chip-lak, naked. t ^di-*^- chip-lah-lih, nakedness. t t
$<?0 *<
~".
CC
chi-leh, strawberries.
lIxs-^
chi-cheh, a flower.
J^r=^
chert-Jdh, a grasshopper.
ol->->-
cliuhdn, a shepherd.
18
^U
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
u>
ready, present, preha-zir-la-mah,
to
-iW
hd-zer,
pared.
u_C*j
ir>-
chu-riit-melc, to cause to
t (jA^j^X*
make
putrify, spoil.
ready, prepare.
**&>-
che-vir-melc, to surround,
a aUa jJW.
^nj\
to turn.
(L-C* >-
r^>~ hha-'i-
mode, condition.
bu hd-let -ze-ra,
l^!Uthis.
*j
circumference,
upon
a
round.
chz-mek, to untie.
1'U- ^d-Za,
now, at
this
moment.
;
L_* i^-
1Uthing.
hd-let,
state, condition
/rnfo,
a prison.
i^>
most
cho-ghi,
a a
a
L tf^f^
ha-ba-shi,
an Abyssinian.
part.
J^=^
eAo,
a pilgrimage to Mecca.
many.
t &iy>- cho-kah, cloth, drapery, hang-
a t-r>\^ a
a
<ij>
hi-jdb, a veil,
modesty.
;
huj-jet,
a decree
limit,
an excuse.
a
julcli,
J^
hadd,
boundary;
strength, force.
A.ie>-
^tfsr,
caution, prudence.
;
a lUj\j=>thirst
;
great
hawk.
skin.
a ^j^~
ha/rs,
greediness,
ambition,
avidity.
ha-ra-het,
motion,
move
man.
a
a e^^-l^.
hd-jet,
want, need.
ha-rem, the
harem
forbidden,
a ^s-L*.
/m-yi, a pilgrim.
sacred,
u_i\js>dual
;
Jic-rif,
a fellow, an indivi-
J^lsM
al-M-sel/m short.
husband.
<^
a u-Ju**hi-sdb, computation.
VOCABULARY.
19
As-
l^~^>pire.
t?Lutn.
J^jLus^
a l-^u*^
hi-sdb-sk, innumerable.
hash,
computing; number.
t
a a
JkA**>-
C^i^Xs-
jj*k*>-
tew,
medicine.
gance.
a circle.
confec-
Tial-wa,
sweetmeats,
tionery.
a i^-oUefence.
happi-
a
a
/Li.2-
ham-mdm, a
bath.
ness, contentment.
<&\y>- hd-wd-leh,
consignment over
officer
t p foto-
^/-a (for
&&
hef-ta),
to another,
an
who
collects
week.
a
the taxes.
truth
to.
;
^s- ^,
worthy, suitable
^J^-
according
a d?Lsattribute
ha-yat, life.
^s\j <JSb>-
a ^s
M-&, an
J'oc?
of God.
which en-
J>- ^&
ta-at-la,
the
Most High.
ha-lr, vile, contemptible, de-
a u.*&- ^w//,pity; a
injustice, tyranny.
spised
-*sua>-
^^^-
ha-'i-van,
an
animal
an
the
truth;
exclamation of pity.
ol- hi-hi-yet,
relation, history.
tale,
story,
J*
hii/cm
z.
a
>l*l>-
science,
hha-tem, a seal.
ha-din),
dominion.
20
J^
property.
kha-tir,
will,
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
(Jb
the natural character
a <U*sl>-
khas-si-yet, innate
quality,
a {Jh>-
&M&,
or disposition, custom.
desire;
kJd\&~
heart,
ajJu^.
a
khin-zir, a pig.
JlLj
JA^-
khan-dak, a ditch.
your sake.
JislrL
p y>. /w^,
t
self.
^Jl*,^ kha-ter
sor-mdk, to en-
o-
p tr*y>-
beautiful,
excellent,
a
f
Jlr^- klid-li,
empty.
p t^wi*^- khosh-nd,
tented, gay.
satisfied,
con-
!j^
kho-da, God.
a a
<
cj^L khadc,
deception, fraud.
imagination.
excellent
ISTo).
a l^-^*Jl>-
Mid-met
(and vulgarly
office.
good,
well,
<
a ]/>>
tax
paid by the
Christians.
a
t
^^ ZvW/, expense
J~^>khir-s'iz,
revenue.
a robber.
AjJ
p
,1<J
ddr, a house.
r?ar,
CM
p
signifies possession,
:
when
added to a noun
as,
J JL* J\
$..,
^>p-
kJia-%i-
a treasury.
wealthy.
t
^^
J! J
<7a/,
a bough, branch,
skirt of a robe,
khism, a relation.
dd-na, learned,
a lalsL
M#?,
?'-rfcr,
mixture.
.Jo!
kl>-
M#
he talks nonsense.
JJ
dd-yer, revolving.
s*
a
j*j!j
VOCABULARY.
ts&
;
a com-
mand
a fcjj
an invitation.
a
t
bj
a <iJ def-ut or
once
;
def-^d,
one time,
lLnjJ
foundation.
a payment.
iJ
^e/^,
burying.
CJA ^J
et-,
tl>v*JJ
di-tir-mek, to tremble.
defti et-mek, to
bury.
to beat.
ic^^
J! J
^H,
striking; dalch
t lL>w> <M,
up
to,
p JjJ
#<?r^,
a (jwjJ
ders,
reading, instruction; a
AJ
a
t
lesson.
.oli J
duk-kdn, a shop.
de-gir-mdn, a mill.
de-gir-man-ji, a miller.
p w^-v-^jJ
d-rst,
straight;
entire;
^ Jj
safe; sincere.
t
t
-^U^i J
LviJ
J ter-h-mek, to sweat.
l^J^Sj
Ji J
cJJs^J
de-gish-mek, to change.
t
t
t lJj^
t ^jjd p
t
<fo-H,
di-r'i,
the skin.
alive.
to sew.
ls^Sj
bjj
t l5j
de-niz,
the
sea.
J_5j
jjl
dk
Ju
(//.,
p c^-wjJ
the
hand
(inetaph.,
White Sea)
niz,
jJG ^i
ka-ra de-
power, authority).
p
the
c^-J
(
desJit,
a desert, plain.
lnL^-J
dush-man-lik, hostility.
t^>UJj J
din-len-mek, to repose.
aUj
JJ
<fo7,
J Is J du-cM-ler,
adieu!
[//.,
prayers
(for you).]
a t
affair.
JJ J3J
rf*7,
dal-ldl,
tioneer, broker
a guide.
QO
L^jS
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
^5^
a fox.
t
t
to finish, terminate.
-S
lLx*<^
di-le-mek, to wish.
J d-gm, a knot.
diig-mek, to beat.
LJUojJ
^e'-Zz,
foolish,
mad.
(J^JnS do-la$h-mak,
about, surround.
to turn
round
,5^^*^
dr-la
jUjJ
da--lat-lu,
happy, rich.
pron. tr-l), kind, sort, species. j!jjJ JS^<J tr-l tr-l, of all sorts,
powerful.
t^SjJ
of every kind.
<7o-/#, full.
remain.
t
Ld
t
to upset,
^JJjc) do-nan-mak,
equipped.
to be adorned,
lLx*iJjJ dn-dir-mek,
turn about, return.
to cause to
uu-/iur-'i c?-
to
put in
t
order, to collect.
uLdjjJ
from.
t
t
t ^j J de-veh, a camel.
t ^J-^JjJ
do-i-mak,
to
satisfy one's
(ji^J
appetite, to be filled.
Cx^L^jJ
d-gsh-mek, to fight.
^V,jt> d-i-mak,
hend.
to hear,
compre-
down
in quan-
t (jL*.\*
d-ym-lik,
spoil,
booty,
abundance.
dk-mek, to throw down.
t
JjC^J
jLiJj d-yum-l,
fertile,
abundant.
s\i
VOCABULARY.
LS^
szXr,
ft
t * J dA (post-pos.), in within,
etc.
kJ> J
memory, mention
reciting
name
See
[123].**
again,
fall
a L2.*jJbJ
deh-shet,
fear.
astonishment,
until
wonder;
off in a
district.
JJj
ze-lil,
abject, base,
humble.
a ^jj<3 zavk,
lLCcjI
Jj J
2t^ va sa-fa
tL|J
t t
(jjuJ
<ts,
the knee.
tooth.
J ^A, a
ujJ
di-sM, female.
dart,
spur,
J
a
lLCJ J dl-mek,
to wish,
tffc.
#<?<?
u^p-U
J^J
t
j V
rd-hat ol-mal\ to
lLCkO
be tranquil,
p
l^~j^
hand
right,
pJJ
$*?, a dive,
a demon, a devil.
a
court,
^>\j
rd-z'i,
consenting,
agreeing,
a ^,3
di-van,
royal
the
satisfied,
divan,
a\j rah,
a road, path.
advice;
&Wi)
^j
s^
i
seeing.
rd-i-ha,
odour,
exhalation,
stench.
a U-j a a C-J
ssa,
ri-ja,
a request.
(jU^j
to God).
endowed with
a lady.
24
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
L,
p p
rt^j
^n^fir, a chain.
jjVjj raz-zah,
o^^JJ
,
zin-da-gani,
life,
living.
X^3j
zan-dd-gi,
life.
a tJLj, ri-sd-kt, a
letter,
a mission.
on your guard
will.
Xil\\j
zi-yd-deh,
<_*ij ra-fih,
a companion.
visit
to
a holy
man's tomb,
p Lj
Z
a a
J
j
;
p j
;
an exp
\
perienced person
-sp>j
ij.>j
time an event.
;
since,
this.')
because,
efe.
(//.,
from
p
a head, chief,
prince
^>j m, a saddle.
zi-net,
pilot, captain.
a l^:j J
ornament,
dress,
embellishment.
j
p ^jbj
ze-ldn,
the
tongue,
speech,
a language.
p 2fjLs sd-dah,
clear;
even;
only;
simple, pure.
pjL;
as (from
;
^^X^salh-tan), done,
a musical instrument
a c^fc^-J
fatigue.
zah-met,
grief,
trouble,
arranged
rushes.
j
,
jj
zer-da-l,
an apricot.
season, an age.
a l^-cLj
sa-uit,
zem-lil, a basket.
a clockmaker.
U-,
t
VOCABULARY.
lLX -I
If)
Lj sa-li-ver-meh, to deliver,
let go.
< juj
sa-z.i,
diligence,
effort;
an
all,
the rest,
express messenger.
a JL
se-fer,
;
a journey,
road,
tra-
velling
war.
a \^y+~>
p
t t
JbL
si-pa-hi, a soldier,
an
officer
an ex-
perienced person.
t * JLo suf-ra, a table.
t <UsL:
s-/z7?,
t jjbr*
se-tem, injustice,
tyranny
heat,
foolish.
8^a^
;
(for
jiWUrfl)
warmth
warm.
l^X-j
(
sig-ret-met
and
sei-ret-
met, to run, to
walk about.
p j~i
ser,
a ULJ*L*i s-kt,
f*ix\)
O'tL;
a bribe. t J-*:
si?r,
t l_>X~j
si-nelc,
fly.
peace.
a
a
Aji-j
power.
a ikL:
t
sul-ta-net,
power, majesty.
which
press
is
added
to
:
words
thus,
to ex-
l!x*Lj
sil-meli, to clean.
privation
y^^>
;
a lL5Lj
s-lk,
;
journey,
way,
se-beb-siz,
without motive.
to
manner
to
t su-hlc, leeches.
t (J**$j~a
siz-la-mdk,
lament
t <dj sil-leh, a
box on the
ear.
suffer.
^j
ses,
path.
a lUjUj
ness.
sa-^a-det, felicity,
happi-
uj3u*i se-miz-lih,
fat;
embonpoint.
TURKISH GRAMMAR,
Ki,
;
show.
a
i^l\ --~j
sw, milk.
sai-rd-ni,
a promenade
to
\ilj~i
sa--da,
melancholy,
love,
go
to the country.
sayl,
ambition.
a
sa-u-da-gir-Uk,
J^
flowing,
a current
of
Tcli3^^*-o
com-
water.
merce, agriculture.
Xj*~3 s-ret,
of the Koran.
a>
to glide, to
t LN^j**: sr-tn-mek,
creep.
p
to
C>\j*
CS^*jy* sr-mek,
horse).
goad on
(a
t Sj}**
s-ri,
a flock,
troop,
multitude.
t )y*s sz,
name, rank,
state,
station,
cS^y^
sg-mek, to curse.
love.
<U->
t lIx^J-j sev-mek, to
dream.
*^-*-
shilb-hat or
shub-ha,
doubt,
scruple.
a JjA-1
a
she-did,
vehement, violent.
<--?U-Sj shir-db,
wine
;.
any beverage.
t J^CtulL
su-i-lisli-mek,
to
talk
sArt/r,
is
wickedness; quarrelsome.
a
together, to chatter.
~.1*~j scd-ydh,
a pilgrim. a pilgrimage,
J~> numerals.
termination added to
Vide [49].
a c^o-L-:
si-yd-hat,
journey.
p $L~j si-yah, black.
U-j she-fa,
remedy, medicine
state
of convalescence, cure,
p .ILi shi-kar, hunting,game, plunder.
p L~*+~i
sib,
an apple.
kji.
p ^j
,lLi> shi-ka-ri,
VOCABULARY.
JU
27
a hunter.
u^ACi
shi-ha-yet, a complaint.
e?L
.->
God), thanks.
a j\c
t
sa-ber, patient.
a J-Ci
a p
she-hil,
(O^^? sd-bn,
soap.
sell.
<G'U~>
slia-md-ta,
cry,
t /^J'Ls sat-mah, to T
tumult.
J^
ctf-^
^s^JL?
sa-ti-ji,
seller.
from henceforward.
a c^-o-b
sa-heb,
a friend;
a pro-
prietor of anything.
shen-lih,
rejoicing,
feast,
splendour.
(j*\a
head.
sar-mah, to
attes-
t
Pj-^-i
qU
cL
s/^Ar, a city.
side
whole, sound,
etc.
broken.
t fJj^Xja sagh-malc, to milk. t (jliL? sagh-lih, safety, health.
p ^j
-j-i
a
p
<Lu*..Jj
shi-sheh,
a bottle,
a water t
^JiL
sak-la-mdk, to hide.
pipe,
and
t ^LfciJiL
sd-/un-maL;
to
take care,
gd-li-n.
be on one's guard.
t
tliC^A-Jj
shi-shir-meh,
to
swell,
^x!b
sal-ghin,
adj.
dispersed;
to cause to swell.
sa-li-an, a tax.
lLx^A-->
shish-me/c, to swell.
to
shake
^*:JL>
sa-len-mah, to be sent.
;.
28
U
^
sd-li-gn,
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
0>
jj^J^*
Tuesday.
^*JL> sdn-mak,
to think.
^-^U?
h^wwj
sd-wush-malc, to dismiss.
sa-i-mak, to count.
U_.
t.at-lu, skilful.
a
a
*-l--0 sa-hah,
the dawn.
-^
(
sw5/j,
chest.
a -mo
t
sabr, patience.
s-^ sich-ra-mak, to leap.
society, discourse,
J~+\
a c^-^s*5 sh-hat,
friendship.
^J-4^Mi?
**j?
sw, water.
^s ^
1
t (jp*j\y*
su-var-mdk,
to
water,
the
word Sahara)
a cool place
sprinkle.
{Vide <JuL^.)
sound, voice.
near a spring
of water
where
a C^j-s
t
so<?,
^ **?
a p
\s*> sd-cld,
a jjJup a
t
a iZJ
ance, portrait.
^j<3
t.*?
syrt or
jAjye
t <J-*jO syr-mah, to
wrap up.
tJ~^>
su-siz,
Samos;
IsL?
t f^A^iyo sus-malc,
clear,
and
(JL**>ya
sa-
a LjB*a
sa-fi
and ^Ji^a
sd-fi,
sa-mah, to be thirsty.
pious,
devout
t t
JLa
JUL?
A a
uJya
J.;
sf, wool.
sit-fi,
t \Jya
a woollen pelisse.
afterwards,
a J*
sulh,
peace
a treaty.
j^Sya sn-hdh, a
street.
VOCABULARY.
r>_S
t
%
za-rar, injury,
29
<Sy*
son, {sone)
>-*e
damage.
after.
iLi
the left hand, left side.
water,
to
t J^j
sol,
a w-i*^J
weak.
^yyo
t
su-lak, left-handed.
fjd^a
s -la- male,
to
to
moisten,
sprinkle,
give
(horses) to drink.
(jA^ye
su-lan-malv, to be watered,
(J***
along.
c^ lb
ddt-maJc. to taste.
t j lb ^r, narrow.
t jajJ^s dart-mdh, to weigh. t ^Lv.fjlb dar-ghin-lih, anger.
a a
A^ j^
t j^Ljllr dd-ril-mah, to
say-ydd, a sportsman.
grow angry.
a p <jwlb
sa-'id,
fows,
and
a tL^a
sa-if,
summer.
t
^.-ilb dash-mak,
a l^-oL?
zd-bet,
holding
firm
p a
jib
tdk, a cupola, a
window.
governor.
force, strength.
a _>L
za-yezj
a *jlb
td-Tcim, a set;
assortment.
to
hungry.
a
a /v*jtb
;
LuJ
direc-
suspend, fasten.
tion.
a c-Jlb
fa-fefl,
;
asking,
searching,
desirous
a student.
S-^5
an adage.
unfortunate.
30
X^D
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
u%
Xj^k
tan-ja-ra, a saucepan.
lb or < IL>
Uj
ita-fte
or 0-010, a heifer.
dd-nish-mah, to consult.
(J^J
Jyl
ta-vuTc,
a fowl.
ij^iz
(jXi
tt-mak,
to
take,
seize.
t
t
^js^U?
ta-wul-ji, a
drummer.
t
j*s
sz tt-malc, to obey.
^IL
fa-f,
colt,
foal.
(J**
*b
a l^%*-J?
ta-li-^at,
nature,
genius,
disposition.
make
^jb
^J
^Js
dust.
t t
J^Js.^>
do-ghur-malc, to beget.
agreeable.
t *iL
position.
com-
t or ah,
way, manner,
tarh
mencement.
t
clis-^J
place,
~ r3
to
et-meh,
to
^jJ^L
do-Mn-mak
or to-Mn-malc,
cast
upon
one and
to touch, to push.
compel him
to take.
;
a ^j
<dj\
.U ta-rik,
a road
way, method.
i-leh,
(jljo
lu ta-rik
in this
t <_~^> dol-mah, to be t
filled.
;
way.
a +Wj> tu-uirn, food, nourishment.
t jxb or
^Jb
skin,
^j^^o dogh-r
or dogh-ri,
(J^JLL da-yan-mah,
port, lean against.
to resist, sup-
straight, right.
\^
.!?
do -kz, nine.
ta-Iab, a petition,
a c-^lL
a request.
A Jib
a
zd-fer, victorious,
overcoming.
oppressive,
tam,
J 11?
zd-lem,
a tyrant,
tvrannical.
\\l
VOCABULARY.
31
jfcllj
fest, certain.
a.
a CIjLc
a Jd? zlm,
pression.
injustice,
tyranny, op-
a
a
jj^vfclli zl-met,
phrase.
-t
zann
a Jus
a
&*;*.
tCibd,
a servant, a slave.
et-mek, to think,
a-j^J
ze-lur,
arising,
manifested,
a c>l^c
reprehension,
re-
appeared.
proving.
Hence the
t
a
Jlfi <A-bed,
<~d-jez,
word
a c^ols-2,
Ottoman.'
ui-ja-yeb,
and i_^s? t-
an adorer of God.
weak, feeble.
weakness.
Ajsj-lc
t
ajs?'
ia-jam,
;
foreign, barbarian
LOj^U
Jjls
z-jiz-lik,
Persian
incompetent,
1
etc.
Vide
a Sjlc
a
cA-det, custom,
mode,
rite.
page
'
T, note
iliXt ^i-zdr,
the face,
;
the cheek;
an excuse
a veil.
AjU
a
i
Jl>- tJijZ
a
lc
^arz-hal, a petition.
a ^L^jIc
loving, a lover.
a c^--ul^
cd-Jci-bet,
the end;
{adv.)
c^^j
ta
m^^,
invitation.
L*2J L^^Js
wwX*,
cft-ZZ-^
tf-
<dj^-^ Jxu-Jla
o-la,
ui-lce-bet-i-niz Jcha'ir
to go.
be good
!
i.e.
ir
.izzet,
glory, honor.
may you
a Jile
a p
ta
Mosolman
a JL^s.
^as-Tcar,
a soldier; an army,
a troop.
Jlc
the
world,
the
32
lt
r.
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
cli
c-^r^LjcA^c
a (oV2-2 cus-yi-n,
rebellion, sin.
jLc
.i-nd, obstinacy.
i2-v ^
za-zi-met, grandeur,
mag-
<,i-tidd sa-heb,
an obstinate man.
;
nificence.
a place to
a X*z aindj
near,
with, about,
in,
tion.
according
to, etc.
Jc
z,a-kil, intellect,
wisdom.
^j%&
%av-ret, a
woman,
a wife.
a lac
TJ-jJiLc
^-kel-siz,
without
reward.
foolish.
jic z,a-hel-8tz-Uk, folly,
a tX^c
stu-
tM,
;
promise,
a will.
contract,
agreement
pidity.
a k-^-c
-
pfitzd,
shame; a
vice,
stain,
t JliLc
/w,
wise,
prudent,
infamy.
judicious.
t
a a
prudence,
J*c
cfo?,
a festival, a religious
feast.
^jALc
za-hel-l-lih,
a s.
intelligence, sagacity.
uiin,
spring;
the
eye;
a hj&z
a [j^Ss.
fountain.
zMt-k-het,
punishment.
a
uifo,
^j^s.
ti-net, assistance.
reflection
an image
a return-angle.
1c
<Lc
a-lcij,
zAl-let,
medicine, a remedy.
a malady
;
an accident,
t
a Jili
gha-fel,
a pretence.
imprudent, negligent;
At
profession.
a lili
a
gha-fil-an, suddenly.
conquer-
ing.
age.
a LU gM-liba,
whole.
chiefly,
upon the
a a
uUj:
(j-c
etc.
,a-mal,
work, action.
of,
concerning,
*oli
gha-yeb,
absent, invisible,
hidden.
VOCABULARY.
^^k>
a L^-oU gha-yet,
the end
:
L&
ghal-bet,
S3
chiefly, extremely,
a <uLc
victory,
superiority,
for
page
P
the meridian
;
a LLc gha-lat, an
error, blunder.
a midp
sorrow.
sfU
ghun-jeh, a rose-bud.
day.
p liji
;
ghdu-ghd,
a noise,
dispute,
4iJ
a a
an
evil.
quarrel,
(sometimes written
day about
kav-gha)
twelve o'clock.
A^*i ghayr,
day of to-morrow.
other,
another,
0fo.
except,
if!
besides, without,
A a
iL*i.
gha-'i-ret,
courage,
honor,
Joi
ghar-bel, a sieve.
jealousy,
(should be ghi-ret.)
t a
(AjrC gh-rsh
gursli)
(plural of
five
(A^
six
tJ>^
piastres,
or
of
dependently
tively
also
used exple-
b gha-'i(J}\ iJh+z- _
r' ol-maz,
But
dollar,
not do.
standard
of
the
a i_^o
J:
gha-r'ib,
foreigner, a poor
man.
J^ li
fa-del,
excellent,
virtuous,
learned.
wrath.
a
ghif-let,
a e^-lii ghaf-let or
negli-
advantage.
to
gence, imprudence.
t L-X4^!iJjli
profit,
fa-'i-deh-len-melc,
derive
;
advantage
from
anything
to
be useful.
34
jz
&J
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
"
\j
a Axu
t J
etc.
fit-neh-lu, querulous.
;
a <u^Li
fel-sa-feh, philosophy.
the wick of a
al-mdk, to
LO
with which
;
lamp
or candle
fi-t'il
the
fir-
become
a
fidgetty.
mament.
intelligence,
sa-
^^J\ji
fi-rd-set,
a Li
gacity.
death
cLs
fi-rdgh, leisure,
tran-
negligence, omission.
quillity, idleness.
a jjy
L^-si
A
fir-sat,
an opportunity,
oc-
o fit
etc.
n among,
>
of,
by, concerning,
JlsM
casion.
,J fil-hal,
in
truth,
it so
happened
opportunity presenting
p <te-^i fe-ra-jeh,
overcoat.
itself.
in short,
etc.
a cloth
cloak or
a J-j
fil,
an elephant.
^l^i
fir-ydd,
complaint,
cry for
O
a Jjli
ka-lil,
;
credible,
deetc.
able, possible
the future.
skill,
a LLlS
ka-li-li-yet,
appetite;
grace.
aptitude.
a AL*J
&L,jb IS kap-lum-ha-gha, a
fd-di-let, excellence.
;
tortoise.
fi'l,
an ac-
a ^4jli kap-mdk, to
t CUlS Z a, folds,
-
d?li
Z*a^ 7
often
?
?
mendi-
how many
folds?
2.6.,
how
cant
a faquir.
\^i /r,
thought,
advice,
_ IS
kdch,
some
interrog.,
how
reflection.
how many
A3
t (JL+j^X: ha-chir-mak,
to
VOCABULARY.
y*
tie,
35
cause to
run away.
t fjA&~\s kacli-mak, to run away.
band, strap.
a JilS
a a
*.
a a
t
IS
ka-im,
c^^-LS
kr, snow. t
baseness, turpitude.
^LS
medley.
t
pumpkin
kd-rish-ter-mdk, to mix;
^^x-ijli
ASUS^1
decker.
ch-ka-pak-lu, a three-
of k-rish-mk)
L*-
lS ka-rish-mk, to mix.
IS
/jJl
to
t ,*!
ka-ri-sh-la-mak,
(a person).
go
and meet
i
,j> \s
much.
wife.
ka-ri, a
woman, a
t jlS
Ms, a
goose.
a aLS
kub-let, a kiss.
(pi. of^-Js)
a^-J k-br,
a tomb.
/^iJjb
,**?lS
ka-shin-mak, to scratch.
t isli k-tir, a t
J^jjJli
t <_^~S
kap-mak,
to close, to shut.
to carry
away.
rise, to depart.
t /iL*llS kalk-mak, to
a J^S
t
J-J
jfarf^
killing, slaughter.
&-*,
IS
ka-lin, thick.
^very, entirely.
<LlS
kd-met,
standing,
the height
t ^r
.^-J -fo'
y^,
too late.
of a person.
t
J^s?
ka-chdn, when,
at the time
that.
^*jlS kan-mak,
thirst.
to
quench one's
t /*<)*?
ka-chur-mak,
cause to
fly.
to
put
to
flight, to
utr
a
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
J*
Ls5
kalt, a famine.
stature, body.
;
A Si hadi,
quantity,
o? Jca-ddr,
number,
so
etc.
jSi
J^
much.
hud-ret, power.
*\jki
t (Jjuk
kd-zdn-mak,
to
gain,
ac-
a ajjJ ka-dim,
old, former.
L;^^
kaz-ghan,
kettle,
boiler,
AjlJ
ka-rdr,
constancy,
firmness;
large saucepan.
rest,
repose; resistance.
a king,
chief.
a
<Ls
1\
/ra/,
y
l
JjV"*^
A-uui
kis-rak, a mare.
;
A
t
U/
#sm, an oath
division.
,jjUi
kdr-ddsh), a brother.
a Juai
UV
\j.i
\
kur-han,
.-j
sacrifice.
/oVy
a *as kasr, a
t
a tower.
(jaL^
to
hjs-syl-mak, to be shortened,
short.
make
J \jjs
kar-tdl,
an
eagle.
a
against,
<Lai
kis-sa,
a tale, story; an
affair.
T^-ii
kar-shu,
opposite,
a Li
towards.
t fjpj-*!
a -Li -, cutting.
to oppose.
i kar-sh-la-mak,
a IsLLi
ka-ti-fe, velvet.
When
e
the h (*)
is
not pronounced,
it.
it is
purposely
left out, in
eh,
order that
ah,
The
;
a is
sometimes
sometimes
and
sometimes
ear,
no rule
this vocabulary, as a
language.
y
a
^u-fti
VOCABULARY
D9
ko-par-mak,
off, tear.
ka-fas, a cage.
t (Aji
to
pull
up,
t ^pii
or
^13
M-lan, (participle of
t
carry
<jh*Aj)
remaining or remainder.
;
^Uj y
kop-mak, to
ku-wet,
rise, to
go out.
power,
t kalp,
a Cl^jj
strength,
^l;^
man
of bad
Tj^uJy
repute.
force.
L-iUjJJy
ku-wet-lan-mek,
to
ac-
(J^J
kil-mak, to do,
to give strength to
another
verb) fjA^s
to pray.
jUj
na-maz kil-mak,
t
to assist
with money.
yJy
kut-lu
t *syj t t
ki-lij,
a sabre, a sword.
fortunate.
Jji
Tyjji
ku-wet-lu,
strong,
powerful,
robust.
t
a
t
moon.
old.
ka-mish, a reed.
man;
old.
t
t
^sO^-i
ko-chi-ji, a
coachman.
L^cl^i
ki-na-iat,
content,
satis-
t (J^jvjji kr-tar-mak,
deliver.
save, to
faction.
pa
t
Ji
Xywm?,
^jUJ^ji kr-tl-mak,
to
to
be saved,
sugar candy')
i^j
JJj
kan-dir-mak,
to
excite,
stimulate, provoke.
to
be dried up.
$*j}3
whence
t
(J^
kan-mak,
quench one's
thirst.
t
t
jjLrsA
,*i
18
Jy
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
U
pilot,
an
escort.
T/^*t*i
kor-mak,
;
to
extend;
etc.).
to
stretch
t
to
dry (linen,
easy, convenient.
t (jA;$*3
t j*y
y
;
ko-m-sh or ko-n-sh, a
tect
grow
dry, to wither.
neighbour.
t /'J
ko-mak or
commonly
0-2-
^iy
X-w-^',
a lamb.
bird.
f
wm, to place.
f%s MsA, a
a falconer.
gSM>js
ksh-ji,
X-o-'e
5w-m
down
there.
to,
^LiJ
ko-sha-mak. to attach
jl3y
ko-nak,
to harness.
<ti ii
ko-gheh,
an urn,
vessel,
a residence, home.
t
Mi -fa)
^^J^i
ko-nush-mak, to converse
lJJJ
kok-la-mak, to smell.
JJ
t ^jpJyj) ko-Mt-mak,
to anything.
<_^y
to
self,
encamp, to perch.
ko-u-makj or
kov-mak,
to
(J-^*^
drive
t
t
y^C
Jy
ko-nu-shu, a neighbour.
y>Z,
away,
to
turn
away
(a
# or
a servant, a slave;
servant).
a soldier.
a ^-y
lid -wul,
;
ka-iv'i,
Jy
or
JjliJ
;
a word,
juj J
k--rk, the
*J
compact
\
an opinion
*
a bargain.
CS^jiji
L-Ccj j\3
t
Jy
##/ a ha-rar
a (jwLi
Xz-as,
an opinion.
dress,
et-mek, to agree.
<il-J
ki-d-fet,
appearance,
Jy
ku-laj,
air,
manner.
rising up.
of the
*Li ki-ydm,
cX
t
VOCABULARY
^jJS
;)
*Lj
fa-d-met,
i.e.
lLj,
as,
like;
article,
a plain.
a p
icli
ka-ghaz, paper.
U*z*
t J.-J
fash, winter.
fal,
A^Jb
skin.
ka-fer,
denying God
an
in-
the hair
fidel,
an impious wretch.
full, entire.
measure, stature.
ko-'i-mak) to place.
^J'l^J
make
boil.
tenant, an agent,
ete.
hence the
word L*sr
of a village.
^^
ko-yun, a lamb.
kia-ba-shi,
p a bathman, a
t
ku-ja,
where
whither
^Ij^Uj
L5 f
M-chi, a she-goat.
ke-d'i,
people in the
t ^.Ai
a cat.
a L_So3
fore.
made
it
silk
a
a
<*^*\J>
if*f
,-i.i
worm,
is
in the
same way
as
kur-ki, a crane.
catgut
made.)
time.
bj>
J bir
z&
a
an Arabic particle signifying
*-
chok ker-reh,
many
times,
often.
Ex. cS-i
;
*l
ka-in-
l^o Ab
a tf a iiJ>
a \jJs
kess,
JJl
one.
;;
40
>*
-j
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
If
fjf^
kcs-tin,
violent,
strong
wine, a
t
fire
^>-fi
^J^S
Icesh-ti,
a boat, a ship.
a u_cAi
W$
open.
l1x*sj1
C-5^
i
k-rek, a spade.
XW*/
et-meli,
to enquire into, to
affair.
p (L&
t
t
k-sJeh, a corner.
look after an
t
CJ
^li
ki-shi,
a man, a person.
\TS*> k-mr-ji,
Z;w7?,
a L-4U&
p ^*i
a mountain, a
AjSb hufr,
infidelity,
p u/jj
kii-i,
a farm
a town.
T j^ k-i-l, rustic.
t
iLji &r-&, dirty,
a Jo
kid, all,
the whole.
state of
Jcd-ldm, a
word, a speech,
thing or matter.
t
p i Zuw, wanting.
ui
or
jK
ki-lar,
dispensary;
t /S
Mm, who,
that, etc.
place
JUi
integrity
t lu,^*i
fulness.
^r-jkS
ki-lar-ji,
;
the
keeper of
ki-mes-nah,
some
one,
the same
a person in charge
person.
t <U**i
of the keys.
kim-seh, one.
any
r r
i
Li ke-nar, a
^yS
M-nuftf or
^y^
ek-nun, now,
p
ali*
at present.
*L
*li
some-
t t
(pron. ki-o-pek)
of a tree,
times.
stump
The g
is
always hard, at
all
VOCABULARY.
WL
l^jo
41
g-b, like,
as,
according
e
to,
upon, on.
t
Vide page
P.
p js j
t p t
to
gf-t-g, conversation.
to see.
CS^*jj^ g-tr-mek,
duct, carry away.
to bring, con-
CS**j gr-mek,
Jo
gl, a rose.
t
t
&r
jjs
t
,
lLC*!^
clX*^
gech-mek,
CS^^
pass,'
time
as XiSlisr ge-chen-la/r-da,
gech-mek, to pass,
to tra-
sLf g-nah,
a sin.
in olden time.
Ls^sr
p ^aS
^^',
a granary
hidden
verse, to arrive.
treasure,
p
t
sun.
ge-ne or ye-ne),
Jo ge-da, a beggar.
t t
-
again, nevertheless.
LL> gt,
{Adj.
anus.
occupation.
L>o
j\
#e
m;,
it
is
necessary.
o,
^J>
enter
;
<-^-~r
a cS\ gev-rek,
a biscuit. t
t
fragile, tender,
weak;
ge-rek-ge-rek, it is indispensable.
lL^^p
gir-mek,
to
also
^J&j
CS-+j gr-mek,
discover.
perceive,
CS*A} giz-le-mek,
ceal.
to hide, to con-
t t t
cS^Sgiz-lan-mek,
<L>-jhs giz-lu-ja,
appear.
t Sjjsg-ra, near, according to [136]. t
secretly [200].
ln^
l^AS"
jy
^sA,
_,!
walking
Jo
passage.
CS*\fi
g-zet-mek,
to
view,
*uj
gesht-u
observe; consider.
t
gil-zar et-mek, to
promenade.
CS^*J^i<S gs-ter-mek,
to
show.
40 X.-v
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
Sb
p
t t
cLx^Jj-J giz-lan-meh,
to be hid.
mind
t
intuition.
^f gl,
make
a pond.
giil-dir-meJc, to
only existing in
Mount Taurus.
CS^j^f
amuse, to
laugh.
u
a
Jj^
V
//-'tf/7,
lLam&jP gl-geh-lan-mek,
self.
to
that.
Id
%im,
necessary,
*-'
urgent,
suitable.
ur*j
cS^f>
gl-mek, to laugh.
silver,
\JL* g-msh,
money.
;
p
git-
jj$
te/i,
a corpse.
p J^l
foj,
a ruby. a tulip.
di^*L*r
gilm-le-meh, to be buried,
la-leh,
to bury.
a (jA
to
ld-yeh,
S**f
gm-mek,
bury (a
trea-
able.
sure, not a
dead man).
a t-^
lab,
the lip
edge, shore
side
t
t
of a river.
jS~*j^)js gn-der-mek,
a (jwU
li-bds,
a garment; clothes;
J J^T gn-dz,
{adv.)
by day.
t
drawers.
Ls
jj
la-ha-na, a cabbage.
liz-zet,
pleasure;
if
sweetness.
&s^ ge-jeh,
JJu^lj jjm-.x1
bil
jj liz-zet tl-cMish
t
t
L.S^tjS gir-meh,
ta-nuk-ko-li,
life
the
in
sweetness
^f or
*js gi-ru,
of
consists
to
moving
(changing
(adv.)
diU!^
#z-r# gel-mel-,
from place
about).
place
to return.
u
a
VOCABULARY.
*U
from the noise which
43
jM
language,
it
makes.
p iLiJ
lash-lcer,
an army.
^^J
^J
a
a
JlsIIsS
la-im, cursed.
U-2
gentleness,
humanity,
courtesy.
a t c^M
la
- tif,
sweet,
agreeable
(plur.) t^jblLS
tales, etc.
la-td-yef,
jokes,
a L< ma,
a jest, a joke, a tale.
not.
that,
which,
what.
No,
a &Lk! a i^^x! a a
&jc!
Ax!
ld-ti-feh,
(Neg.)
Zc5,
playing; a game.
a L*
lac-net. a curse,
anathema.
language
;
a
a
.^b
la-ghat,
speech,
{lit.,
dictionary.
taken place.)
*]
besides,
ra-hat li-hm,
:'
mouthful of pleasure
a kind of
except
the rest.
J I*
celebrated
among
the
p t
LLsqJL*
choly.
people of Turkey.
^1
*;!!
<&!!
le-Icen,
but, nevertheless,
how-
pjljJU
ever.
U-wa-zim, necessaries.
hl-ld,
loL*
4^3
la-h, blood
Ishv,
play,
di-
a J I*
ma-nec,
hindrance,
im-
version.
pediment, objection.
p JCjI* md-ndnd, like,
p it* m/*, the moon.
as.
JJ
44
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
L^*^'
a
well-
u
maj-lis,
\j^-"
an assembly
the
inclined, bent;
affectionate.
let it
council.
jL*
mu-bdd,
not be,
mali-bus,
imprisoned;
prisoner.
may
it
do you good
jIj
Ci;L*
a lLjJls-" mu-had-des
(deth),
nar-
S-iL^ mu-la-shi-ret,
commencement.
beginning,
a L-AjS."* mah-rdb,
or mih-rdb, the
a &i\
i-Sl-^
a fas-"
m -liar -ram,
of a
unlawful;
(the first of
name
the
month
Mohamedan
year).
mu-ta-bicj a follower,
ai^
Jyos'*
mal-rm, prohibited,
de-
servant.
prived.
mal-sl,
the
produce of
S^L*
mt-td-had, united,
made
one.
to.
J-ast*
collects
who
yj^+
from
mut-ta-far-re^,
;
sprouting
the tithes,
etc.
originated, produced.
full
only.
(royal) presence.
solid,
[adv.,
a
a a
J^
Ji*
firmly]
***+?*
mu-jas-sem, incarnate,
cor-
J^*
ma-hll, a place.
J^^jj nr-
poreal.
L^Jjye
f****?^ c^
^"
^l>u
ret
images.
VOCABULARY.
45
sur-
o***-
mer-ha-met,
clemency,
a fortress.
Lus^sr
t
compassion, mercy.
A^as-**
mer-ha-met-lu,
merciful,
a *Jb\sz*
mu-Ichd-te-reh, danger.
mu-Jchd-te-re-lu,
gracious.
Tx!b\sr*
ous.
danger-
a **rv
mar-hm,
:
euphemism
one upon
:
for
'defunct'
lit.,
whom
CLijs
also,
contrary,
fjs\
(fills'*
m-hhap
t>
merd, a man.
Lulls'*
mu-Jcha-U-fet,
opposition,
J\dy
a yo**
mdrd, falling
sick
maraz,
resistance.
disease.
t t
k&f
ma-raz-lu, sick,
ill.
^^
(adv.,
an ambassador.
maJch-ss, peculiar, proper.
\-~f c__^^
donkey.
t t
on
purpose,
an express
mu-rah-hab, ink.
messenger).
/y\ ^y
etc.
a l*f*
mu-ru-wet,
pity,
assistance,
r X* a jj^
protection, kindness.
*j<+
mu-ru-wet-lu, benevolent.
mi-zaj,
a jjybJt* mad-hsh,
founded.
y
\ 1
health,'
city.
etc.,
<JjJ*
is
me-di-neh, a
'par
Medina
\y
ma-zdd, an auction.
called
excellence'
$0
city.
d\y
a
a
Jo
.
y
'f*
*
a tJ3y mar-te-Mh, a
rank, dignity
;
degree
adorned
also,
time.
because he makes
46
(J***'*
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
t*s+
a
space
;
f^}^-^
mu-shd-gekh, (the
pi. ofJ&JS )
<Llu~*
ma-sa-fet,
distance,
chiefs.
endurance, sufferance.
a ijjllu* mu-shd-we-ret,
bate.
counsel, de-
a JLul*
God;
to gain one's
livelihood.
a a
deserving,
fjj\sjs$
mus-ta-hakk,
afore-
worthy.
a jjjCuuu^
mus-tagh-rak,
immersed,
J JkJLs*
drowned. a Jucjw*
pardon.
mus-tagh-fer,
soliciting
tive, diligent.
a jy^<+ mash-Mr,
a
celebrated, famous.
a *sr^*
a
Hjk."*-*
employment,
mds-klid-ra,
;
raillery,
business, occupation.
mockery
querade.
a buffoon
a mas-
(JiSjS^
mas-kha-ra-Uk, ridicule,
<U*...a*
mu-sz-bet,
misfortune,
railery, nonsense.
trouble, disgrace.
Aj.ju^ mas-rr,
cheerful, contented,
a &Ls*
joyful, delighted.
ness; oppression.
X-uu**
mas-kan, a dwelling.
mis-kin, poor, a beggar.
held,
j^^t
{
governed.
subject.
;
overpowering
a vampire.
modest.
m-ut-va-net,
assistance,
subsidy, aid.
J"
a Jjcjc*
VOCABULARY.
J-**
47
a t_ij^*
known,
cele-
brated
confession making.
J^X*
agreeable.
a clever thing.
a.j\&sl
just.
ddr),
number.
J^*
known,
also certain.
pyx-*
j\&sl*j}, a
h -liim,
little.
Kjjaa* ma^-mur,
about.
fre-
AjjJU
a
mu-lcad-der, predestined.
a l^*'* ma^-na, sense, meaning and ^**J ya^-nk, used for, that
'
\sSsl*
mu-kad-di-man,
firstly,
anciently.
is to say.'
aJU
certain, positive.
a *xJL* mu-kai-yed,
upon; the identical;
very.
(adv.) that
attentive,
writ-
a
a
ij\ks
ma-gha-ra,
a cave,
den.
(plural)
jU^
ma-gha-yer.
the
west,
p^L*
the
me-ger, perhaps,
if,
but,
unless,
a c-yc*
magh-reb,
;
only,
etc.
setting sun
time of prayer at
a cliX* a
me-lek,
me-lik,
an angel.
a
;
that hour.
A.jjjks
CL*
king;
mlk,
magh-rr, deceived.
kingdom,
to
etc.
milk, possessions,
t (J^^jtjk*
domains.
grow proud
to deceive.
an
empire,
province, power.
a tijL muf-red,
huge.
one,
only
great,
a (Jj>jL^
slave.
mam - lk,
possessed
48
^
I,
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
*.Ls*
^V men,
of
t (jX&ilx*
mu-na-fik-lik,
hypocrisy,
hen.
impiety.
^y ^
a high
one,
min, from,
by, than,
crier,
etc.
<L~*
min-net,
<Ujl:>-
favour
praise.
a ^jlx* mi-nd-di, a
a <UwjIx*
a herald.
pro-
<k~+
ja-ni-ma min-net, I
mu-na-sib-et,
fitness,
shall be delighted.
y)
<wLi
Aj
nomer.
what does
CS^j<f
mek,
mean
<U-sl^
mu-na-se-bet grto
or
mu-na-seb gur-meh,
a house, a home.
a
situation
approve.
a
a
hypocrite,
t*^~+ man-sab,
%-'*s*
or
a (JJ\^*
mu-na-fik,
sycophant.
mane
a prohibition.
Pi-z-l has
said-
u Ujj
^
j^jw*
/t)-S iLwit
(3i
^JJ
f*
**>/*!
bi
we-fd gur-dum
e'i-le-yp is-te-dim
der-mdn
be-ter der-da
dm man
mub-te-ld gr-dum.
met with
found
rejection
all
from
all
And have
All,
unfriendly on
whom,
from
whom
my
sorrows,
; ;
cX-^
VOCABULARY.
J
\
49
a <Uk^*
mam
-fa -cat,
emolument,
(_yi3j>- i
Jul mai-da-neh
chi-har-
profit,
advantage.
etc.
a J!y~*
i,:*\
min-wal,
mode, manner.
weA man-wal
ii-zS-
T,** mr,
\$j~*
J^~
<
rah, in
brigade.
tend?
heri-
a (jj>\y
suitable, proper
tage.
according
a
(j*A}\
i*LJ>\r+<*
mi-rath ol-mah, to
succeed to an estate.
facili-
jy
}>-y
md-jd,
existing, being
found. p
a
a candle.
a
J-^
affec-
*y
mum,
tion, love.
,*yy mu-men,
faithful.
true believer
t (ov^r*
ma-mn, an
ape.
p t
jY*
nieh
tambour,
war
trumpet,
p f^tjY*
etc.
band of musicians.
affectionate,
O
PjU4j
nd-chdr,
helpless,
benevolent
a friend.
without
ji j
give
\xj
resource.
5d-d mih-let
ver,
me
a little
injustice,
Joli
na-ddn, ignorant.
a CjUw^*
mu-him-mat, necessaries,
provisions.
a ,jU na-dir,
rarely)
rare,
singular,
(dwfo.,
g*
md'i,
wine.
lj
ndr,
fire
a pomegrante.
^^L^V*
field;
a p *^J\i
p ;U
as,
na-r'inj,
an orange,
coquetry;
a (J^V* mai-ddn, a
an open
blandishment,
elegance,
; ;
50
>y
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
Mi
ne-seb, genealogy, lineage.
a c-^auJ
fi-U)
a Jilj nd-hilj a relator, story-teller,
etc.
;
&*uj
Jb
7^r
nes-na,
whatever.
50-S2W,
air.
one
who
takes (anything)
U nd-gdh, suddenly.
name; fame, renown.
^lAJ
seal
p *lj d#, a
an order.
if-ti-hhar,
^U
decorations
II.
;
of
the
a JjIv
obtaining,
attaining,
Sultan
Mahmoud
acquiring.
A j*aj
a
in
nasr, assistance
victory.
*jI)
na-yem, a sleeper.
i^^sj
t <LsT ni-jeh,
how ?
what manner ?
i^'M zd-man
it
tejj
jjttfi
4rsnJ
(J^\j\
c-^-~2J
na-sib d-rd-mah,
what
a long time
5
is
a
that.
<ScUsJ
15^
termination added
a
Vide [45].
aIj
Jo
ni-zdm,
stringing
order,
(pearls)
to numerals.
a \dj
arrangement,
ni-da, calling, proclaiming.
regulation.
je-d'id,
Jc-
|UJ
ni-zdm
new
what
military regulations.
^ J <
I2J
looking
at,
whence
Aj^j
r
razr, a
vow, a
gift.
-3
na-z'ir,
U^^
case,
tude.
^Jlaj j*J.
mer-di-van
or
#^r-
unequalled.
di-wcm)
t
hoof,
etc,
*J^j
x>j
<ti)
a a*3 wa^/a,
yes, thus,
very well.
where
in
what
place
naz-dih
to.
and
w^z^,
near,
^/**jI3 ne-fd-yess,
anything delicate,
precious, (pi. of
yJJ
ne-fis)
c^53
a {jmJ
{J
nefs,
VOCABULARY.
*l
51
the soul
the person.
JiJ
ne-fass,
the
breath;
water-
pipe to smoke.
t
t
*_
C^lLJu
ne-fds-len-meh,
to take
j a
*
breath, to repose.
a _3 ne/c, gain
tage.
doing good
advan-
proper.
sole.
a j^ai nah,
>\j
F&fo [9 1 J
a Ji
W0JW,
;
etc.
plying 'possession.'
j\j
<A~*i
custody, care.
cvj^5
J-c\j
arrive
&A &y
nd-u-
J^
at,
wa-sZ
ol-mah,
by
turns, alternately,
a
r io^j^"*3 na-u ja-wan, a young man. t
lftlj
wa-dz, a preacher.
Lj
rao-fo
<sJjl,
-A
jjj
wa^r,
abundant,
copious
many, much,
i'a-/^c.,
it
may
r
be [78]),
*.0.
what
?
happening,
an
oc-
can happen
willingly
;
currence.
is\
with pleasure.
cj^vJ^
<
uj^y
please
nol-i-di for
ne
it
wd-hif,
standing;
skilful,
learned.
ol-i-di,
would
to
God! may
A d\j
ivd-lid,
parent,
father.
ica-li-
God
?
Vide page
TT
t <
?^/j,
what
pjUj
ni-dz,
demand,
cation.
a Li
p i
*# good, beautiful.
p a\j vah, oh
ah
; ;
5a
yj
found,
etc.
;
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
*\jb
existence;
city,
te>~j
icajh,
the face,
ne wajh, in
aspect, form.
CSvji j
ver-meh, to give.
t<>-
&j
what way
a j*
a
v ,j
vercl,
a rose.
Vide
Ji ]
ydp-rdh a
f
v-rak also
(J^r'V.
leaf of a tree.
^Ub
ha-ivuj, a
7mz-z,
kind of herb.
a u-2-^J
a-s/,
description, narrative
t
praise.
^Ik
i
(interj.)
ho
efc.
a <L-sj
a
va-si-yet,
a will, a testament
order.
;
-J&
7^j, all,
the whole.
until, as far as.
;
command, an
a ^Ji> hdt-td,
till,
a Js wd-tan, a country
plain.
home
a^js-k hij-rd,
flight
assault, effort.
;
sermon.
hi-da-yet, direction
the
wa-fa,
performing a promise; p
God
to
word
^+
men,
I.'
each one.
a Li^iJ a
i
ejfc,
a Ll/lfc
t Abb la-ld or
interjection
and
permanence
entail.
expletive [123].
An-lar
fa-Tc'ir-i
way-da-
h.
know
But such
that one
still
A,
VOCABULARY.
53
tffc.
(conjunction
and expletive)
p ^Uj> hem-n, at once, (conjunction
simple form of
the above)
t ^L*j \i yap-mak, to construct, make,
build, to do.
and expletive)
p XjAJb hem-rdh, a companion. p
t
&jJLa&
L^jufcrfJb
hem-shi-reh, a sister.
hem-she-hir-lu,
down, repose,
fellow-
countryman.
p Jy>-V.
yd-khod, either,
\f".
or.
Vide
apt
a
Uj>
wind
love,
page
p p
desire.
(j*y& ha-wdss, desire, lust, wish, #fc.
iU-Jb
ha'i-bet,
Ju
,-\j
fear
be
cleft
or
posing greatness.
burst.
T^-uJS>
ha-'i-bet-lii,
mat
t
^jb
;l>
yd-rin, to-morrow.
jestic.
yaz, the
summer.
p p
-ib
7^^<?7^,
nothing, never at
all.
[43]
t
JJb
ha-'i-kel,
a temple.
iU-Jb ha-'i-ne,
convenience, facility,
b
oil.
<-^-^J
zS-U
(also ko-ld-'i-lik)
ju ^j^j
t Let*
yagh-lu,
fat,
oily.
a
t
l>
ya,
holloa
t <JH*2b
!
yk-m&h
to light a candle
or
fire.
ya-k'in, certain,,
known.
t
(JKpuuJU
yd-pish-ter-mak,
to
^J^jJuuLjIjJ
attach, join
;
cause to touch, to
to apply
;
to stick
Tjjb
ya-vz
and
yd-z,
energy.
together.
(commonly used
applauditorily).
54
!y
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
c
ya-ra-mak,
i^j
r
Tj^b
ya-ra-maz, useless.
to
<
t (JL*\ j
be
useful,
of service.
neh ya-ran,
^b
ya-2, a
bow.
>
what use
is it
t ^V.V. y a -y an a footman
foot.
a man on
(commonly
d-par-
(J*3j*
*J j yar-dum,
I j yer-lu or
j*\+
mak,
ya-par-mak,
yer-l'i,
appertaining to
a place t
countryman.
away,
^O
S'
p
p t
^Lj
a iLj
a
LuJ ye-sa-ret,
t
to
tl^-V;
ye-sliil-lik,
verdure,
lLCw^j
ye-tish-mek, to attain,
;
meadow.
t
arrive at
to suffice.
to
lose,
cX^^ALjAj
ye-sh'il-lan-mek,
to
l^i^J
ye-tir-mek,
and
pj
render green.
ye-tr-mek, to
make
suffice,
a
"
J**-
yat-ni, that
is
to sav.
F^<?
page 1
rain.
cLd
iJkj
TjytJo yagh-mr,
jLiuj^jb
a cloak for
to cause to eat.
yagh-mr ya-ghar,
it rains.
Ci\;
,
t 4j3j^**i yagh-mr-lik,
man
t
the rain.
ytf-tf,
t j
yer,
a place.
is
jj^j
J yer yok,
there
no room.
/4J
y-kyl-mak,
to
be demolished,
when
to fall
down.
jA&s Sj
equip.
ye-rak-Jan-mak,
to
arm,
l1
h*j ya-k'in,
certain,
V/;,
r L-io y^" or
ye-Tca-yek,
one.
L_io
lL&
(JuJ'V-r.
ya-ral-mak, to wound.
one by
one.
u+t
>SJ
yen, a sleeve.
to conquer.
VOCABULARY.
iS
t
&j
!jj
klXtAj yen-meh,
t
yw-m, a
nest.
;
Ju
ye-*,
new, modern,
over
U'W.
de
jp^,
ye-
-dan,
again;
sweet, agreeable.
t
nouveau.'
t
(j*
yt-mak,
to
swallow,
to
Jj
yel,
yil,
a year.
t
gobble down.
L-Cfci^jj
become
yuj-lan-meh,
illustrious.
to
rise,
a serpent.
^J^,y^
s u-
an
eel (a water-serpent).
,57^ V.
J;;
yo^-
w,
t
^^jJ
jit.
pane.
lLC^hAj
yel-dir-mek,
to
cause to
yu
~'
1
heart,
mind,
soul
run about.
courage.
t t^*ilj y-reh-lanto take
TjjJj
yil-diz,
a star.
courage.
t
t t
Lsb
^L
ye-lek, a waistcoat.
^j^,
y el-ken, the
sails of
a ship.
lv*. |j
?#., to
take to walking.
figure,
face,
yws,
manner;
hundred.
t Lli^.> yiiz-ih, a ring. t uLiv*;^ yilz-melc, to swim. t jj^J yo#, no, not. t lSj^j!, y-lari, above
;
without food.
CivLl^j
ye-nnsh-lilc, a fruit-garden.
up-stairs.
to touch.
5G
TURKISH GRAMMAR.
J^
yi-ye-jih, eatables.
CJv
t t
CSsA2^
lL^sOj
l^KV yh-len-meh,
or attack a person.
upon
the year.
t
t
j>
yol,
y*7, (for
J^
yi-lan,
^Jbl
uJ^
tf^.
(perhaps a cor-
ruption of a cclr.)
t
p ^i^>
yil-pa-zeh,
& pan.
(for
y^?-
ym
a traveller.
a companion on
t
pe-zeh)
rpJjJ
yol-dash,
^Lj
the road.
t
^^LijJ^
yol-dash-lik,
company.
spread out.
t j ye-yw, food, sustenance, victuals,
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