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Abstract
The digital data can be transformed using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The images need to be transformed without loosing of information. The Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) was based on time-scale representation, which provides efficient multi-resolution. The lifting based scheme (5, 3) (Here 5 Low Pass filter coefficients and the 3 High Pass filter coefficients) filter give lossless mode of information as per the JPEG 2000 Standard. The lifting based DWT are lower computational complexity and reduced memory requirements. Since Conventional convolution based DWT is area and power hungry which can be overcome by using the lifting based scheme. The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is being increasingly used for image coding. This is due to the fact that DWT supports features like progressive image transmission (by quality, by resolution), ease of transformed image manipulation, region of interest coding, etc. DWT has traditionally been implemented by convolution. Such an implementation demands both a large number of computations and a large storage f eatures that are not desirable for either high-speed or low-power applications. Recently, a lifting-based scheme that often requires far fewer computations has been proposed for the DWT. In this work, the design of Lossless 3-D DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform) using Lifting Scheme Architecture will be modeled using the Verilog HDL and its functionality were verified using the Modelsim tool and can be synthesized using the Xilinx tool.
1.2.2 Wavelet Characteristics The difference between wave (sinusoids) and wavelet is shown in figure 1.1. Waves are smooth, predictable and everlasting, whereas wavelets are of limited duration, irregular and may be asymmetric. Waves are used as deterministic basis functions in Fourier analysis for the expansion of functions (signals), which are time-invariant, or stationary. The important characteristic of wavelets is that they can serve as deterministic or non-deterministic basis for generation and analysis of the most natural signals to
provide better time-frequency representation, which is not possible with waves using conventional Fourier analysis. 1.2.3 Wavelet Analysis The wavelet analysis procedure is to adopt a wavelet prototype function, called an analyzing wavelet or mother wavelet. Temporal analysis is performed with a contracted, high frequency version of the prototype wavelet, while frequency analysis is performed with a dilated, low frequency version of the same wavelet. Mathematical formulation of signal expansion using wavelets gives Wavelet Transform (WT) pair, which is analogous to the Fourier Transform (FT) pair. Discrete-time and discreteparameter version of WT is termed as Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT).
Though FT has a great ability to capture signals frequency content as long as x(t) is composed of few stationary components (e.g. sine waves). However, any abrupt change in time for non-stationary signal x(t) is spread out over the whole frequency axis in X(f). Hence the time-domain signal sampled with Dirac-delta function is highly localized in time but spills over entire frequency band and vice versa. The limitation of FT is that it cannot offer both time and frequency localization of a signal at the same time. 1.3.2 Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) To overcome the limitations of the standard FT, Gabor introduced the initial concept of Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT). The advantage of STFT is that it uses an arbitrary but fixed-length window g(t) for analysis, over which the actual non-
stationary signal is assumed to be approximately stationary. The STFT decomposes such a pseudo-stationary signal x(t) into a two dimensional time-frequency representation S( , f) using that sliding window g(t) at different times . Thus the FT of windowed signal x(t) g*(t-) yields STFT as
The time-frequency resolution is fixed over the entire time-frequency plane because the same window is used at all frequencies. There is always a trade off between time resolution and frequency resolution in STFT. 1.3.3 Wavelet Transform (WT) Fixed resolution limitation of STFT can be resolved by letting the resolution in timefrequency plane in order to obtain Multi resolution analysis. The Wavelet Transform (WT) in its continuous (CWT) form provides a flexible time-frequency, which narrows when observing high frequency phenomena and widens when analyzing low frequency behaviour. Thus time resolution becomes arbitrarily good at high frequencies, while the frequency resolution becomes arbitrarily good at low frequencies. This kind of analysis is suitable for signals composed of high frequency components with short duration and low frequency components with long duration, which is often the case in practical situations. 1.3.4 Comparative Visualisation The time-frequency representation problem is illustrated in figure1.2. A comprehensive visualization of various time-frequency representations shown in figure 1.2, demonstrates the time-frequency resolution for a given signal in various transform domains with their corresponding basis functions.
Figure1.2 Comparative visualizations of time-frequency representation of an arbitrary non-stationary signal in various transform domains
CWTs operate over every possible scale and translation whereas DWTs use a specific subset of scale and translation values or representation grid. The word wavelet is due to Morlet and Grossmann in the early 1980s. They used the French word ondelette, meaning "small wave". Soon it was transferred to English by translating "onde" into "wave", giving "wavelet". The Wavelet transform is in fact an infinite set of various transforms, depending on the merit function used for its computation. This is the main reason, why we can hear the term "wavelet transform" in very different situations and applications.
Orthogonal wavelets are used to develop the discrete wavelet transform Non-orthogonal wavelets are used to develop the continuous wavelet transform
There are more wavelet types and transforms, but those two are most widely used and can serve as examples of two main types of the wavelet transform: redundant and nonredundant ones.
The discrete wavelet transform returns a data vector of the same length as the input is. Usually, even in this vector many data are almost zero. This corresponds to the fact that it decomposes into a set of wavelets (functions) that are orthogonal to its translations and scaling. Therefore we decompose such a signal to a same or lower number of the wavelet coefficient spectrum as is the number of signal data points. Such a wavelet spectrum is very good for signal processing and compression, for example, as we get no redundant information here.
The continuous wavelet transform in contrary returns an array one dimension larger than the input data. For a 1D data we obtain an image of the time-frequency plane. We can easily see the signal frequencies evolution during the duration of the signal and compare the spectrum with other signals spectra. As here is used the non-orthogonal set of wavelets, data are correlated highly, so big redundancy is seen here. This helps to see the results in a more humane form.
Area of Application
Medical application Signal denoising Data compression Image processing
Types of compressions
There are two types of compressions 1. Lossless compression Digitally identical to the original image. Only achieve a modest amount of compression 2. Lossy compression Discards components of the signal that are known to be redundant. Signal is therefore changed from input Lossless compression involves with compressing data, when decompressed data will be an exact replica of the original data. This is the case when binary data such as executable are compressed.
LOSSY
Predictive
Importanc e oriented
Hybrid
DCT
DWT
Mallat
Transversal filter
Coedic
Reviewed Architectures of Discrete wavelet transforms and inverse discrete wavelet transforms
1) Discrete Wavelet Transform The Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is a popular signal processing technique best known for its results in data compression. As hardware designers, we are concerned more with the algorithmic details of the DWT, rather than the mathematical details discussed in the many papers which provide the foundations for wavelets. Algorithmically, the DWT is a recursive filtering process. At each level, the input data is filtered by two related filters to produce two result data-streams. These data-streams are then sub samples by two (or decimated) to reduce the output to the same number of data-words as the original signal. The low-pass filter output of this result is then further processed by the same two filters, and this continues recursively for the desired depth or until no further filtering can occur. This recursive filtering process of the one-dimensional DWT is shown in Figure 1, where z is the input data-stream, a and d are approximation (low-pass filter output) and difference (highpass filter output) data-streams respectively. The subscript values show the level of output.
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Figure 2.2 The DWT filtering process. The filtering steps are multiply and accumulate operations. A filter in the algorithmic, discrete sense is a number of coefficient values. The number of these values is referred to as the filter width and these coefficients are also referred to as taps. At each data-word of the input, the filter spans across that data-word and its neighboring data-words as a window. The values within this window are multiplied by their corresponding filter coefficient and all the results are added together to give the filtered result for this data-word. The filtering operation extracts certain frequency information from the data depending on the characteristics of the filter. This filtering operation can be done with a systolic array. It is simple to implement a systolic array for each level of the DWT, but the arrays are poorly utilized due to the decreasing data-rates of the levels. It is possible, through some complex timing, to use a single array to perform all levels of the DWT. 2) Inverse discrete wavelet transform The inverse DWT (IDWT) is the computational reverse. The lowest low-pass and highpass data-streams are up-sampled (ie. a zero is placed between each data-word) and then filtered using filters related to the decomposition filters. The two resulting streams are simply added together to form the low-pass result of the previous level of processing. This can be combined with the high-pass result in a similar fashion to produce further levels, the process continuing until the original data-stream is reconstructed. This process is shown in figure2
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Figure 2.3 The Inverse DWT filtering process. We have previously developed an array for the DWT and are now designing an array for the IDWT. We present a simple discussion of the array with no detailed implementation specifics to allow the reader to understand the issues we are dealing with by the input buffering approach.
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The proposed architecture computes multilevel DWT for both the forward and the inverse transforms one level at a time, in a row-column fashion. There are two row processors to compute along the rows and two column processors to compute along the columns. While this arrangement is suitable or filters that require two banded-matrix multiplications filters that require four banded-matrix multiplications require all four processors to compute along the rows or along the columns. The outputs generated by the row and column processors (that are used for further computations) are stored in memory modules. The memory modules are divided into multiple banks to accommodate high computational bandwidth requirements. The proposed architecture is an extension of the architecture for the forward transform that was presented. A number of architectures have been proposed for calculation of the convolution-based DWT. The architectures are mostly folded and can be broadly classified into serial architectures (where the inputs are supplied to the filters in a serial manner) and parallel architectures (where the inputs are supplied to the filters in a parallel manner). Recently, a methodology for implementing lifting-based DWT that reduces the memory requirements and communication between the processors, when the image is broken up into blocks. For a system that consists of the lifting-based DWT transform followed by an embedded zero-tree algorithm, a new interleaving scheme that reduces the number of memory accesses has been proposed. Finally, a lifting-based DWT architecture capable of performing filters with one lifting step, i.e., one predict and one update step. The outputs are generated in an interleaved fashion.
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The basic principle of the lifting scheme is to factorize the poly phase matrix of a wavelet filter into a sequence of alternating upper and lower triangular matrices and a diagonal matrix. This leads to the wavelet implementation by means of banded-matrix multiplications. Let and be the low pass and high pass analysis filters, and let and
be the low pass and high pass synthesis filters. The corresponding poly-phase matrices are defined as
If
is a complementary filter pair, then can always be factored into lifting steps as
Where K is a constant. The two types of lifting schemes are shown in Figure Scheme 1 which corresponds to the factorization consists of three steps:
Predict step, where the even samples are multiplied by the time domain equivalent of and are added to the odd samples.
Update step, where updated odd samples are multiplied by the time domain equivalent of and are added to the even samples.
Scaling step, where the even samples are multiplied by 1/k and odd samples by k. The inverse DWT is obtained by traversing in the reverse direction, changing the
factor K to 1/K, K factor to i/K, and reversing the signs of coefficients in Scheme 2 which corresponds to the by traversing in the reverse direction.
and
. In
the first step, and the even samples are calculated in the second step. The inverse is obtained The lifting scheme is a technique for both designing wavelets and performing the discrete wavelet transform. Actually it is worthwhile to merge these steps and design the wavelet filters while performing the wavelet transform. This is then called the second generation wavelet transform. The technique was introduced by Wim Sweldens.
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The discrete wavelet transform applies several filters separately to the same signal. In contrast to that, for the lifting scheme the signal is divided like a zipper. Then a series of convolution-accumulate operations across the divided signals is applied. The basic idea of lifting is the following: If a pair of filters (h,g) is complementary, that is it allows for perfect reconstruction, then for every filter s the pair (h',g) with allows for perfect reconstruction, too. Of course, this is also true for every pair (h,g') of the form . The converse is
also true: If the filter banks (h,g) and (h',g) allow for perfect reconstruction, then there is a unique filter s with .
Each such transform of the filter bank (or the respective operation in a wavelet transform) is called a lifting step. A sequence of lifting steps consists of alternating lifts, that is, once the low pass is fixed and the high pass is changed and in the next step the high pass is fixed and the low pass is changed. Successive steps of the same direction can be merged. [6] Advantages 1. Lifting schema of DWT has been recognized as a faster approach. 2. No need to divide the input coding into non-overlapping 3-D blocks. It has higher compression ratios avoid blocking artefacts. 3. Allows good localization both in time and spatial frequency domain 4. Better identification of which data is relevant to human perception higher compression ratio Disadvantages 1. The cost of computing DWT as compared to DCT is higher because the number of logic gates used for DWT is more compared to DCT. 2. The use of larger DWT basis functions or wavelet filters produces blurring and ringing noise near edge regions in the images or video frames.
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image and /video processing applications. Recently, a new mathematical formulation for /wavelet transformation has been proposed by Swelden based on spatial construction of the wavelets and a very versatile scheme for its factorization /has been suggested in. This new approach is called the lifting-based /wavelet transform, or simply lifting. The main feature of the lifting-based DWT scheme is to break up the high-pass and low-pass wavelet filters into a sequence of smaller filters that in turn can be converted into a sequence of upper and lower triangular matrices, which will be discussed in the subsequent section. This scheme often requires far fewer computations compared to the convolutionbased DWT, and its computational complexity can be reduced up to 50%. It has several other advantages, including in-place computation of the DWT, integer-to-integer wavelet transform (IWT), symmetric forward and inverse transform, requiring no signal boundary extension, etc. As a result, lifting-based hardware implementations provide an efficient way to compute wavelet transforms compared to traditional approaches. So it comes as no surprise that lifting has been suggested for implementation of the DWT in the upcoming JPEG2000 standard [8]. In a traditional forward DWT using a filter bank, the input signal (x) is filtered separately by a low-pass filter ( h ) and a high-pass filter ( g ) at each/transform level. The two output streams are then subsampled by simply dropping the alternate output samples in each stream to produce the lowpass ( y ~a)nd high-pass ( y ~su) b bands as shown in Figure 4.6. These two filters (k , i j ) form the analysis filter bank. The original signal can be reconstructed by a synthesis filter bank (h,g) starting from y~ and Y H as shown in Figure 4.6. We have adopted the discussion on lifting from the celebrated paper by Daubechies and Sweldens (141. It should also be noted that we adopted the notation (h, g ) for the analysis filter and (h, g ) as the synthes is filter in this section and onward in this chapter. Given a discrete signal x ( n ) , arithmetic computation of above can be expressed as follows:
Where TL arid TH are the lengths of the low-pass (K) and high-pass ( 3 ) filters respectively. During the inverse transform to reconstruct the signal, both y~ and Y H are first up-sampled by inserting zeros between two samples and then they are filtered by low-pass (h) and high-pass (9) filters respectively. These two filtered output streams are added together to obtain the reconstructed signal (2') as shown in Figure 4.6.
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Figure 2.5 Signal Analysis and Reconstruction in DWT There are two types of lifting. One is called primal lifting and the other is called dual lifting. We define these two types of lifting based on the mathematical formulations shown in the previous section.
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Figure 3.1 One dimensional two level wavelet decomposition In reconstruction process, these approximate and detail coefficients are first upsampled and then applied to low-pass and high-pass reconstruction filters. These filtered coefficients are then added to get the reconstructed version of the original image. This process can be extended to multi level reconstruction i.e., the approximate coefficients to this block may have been formed from pairs of approximate and detail coefficients. Shown in Figure 3.2
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performed column wise on this intermediate result to form the final DWT coefficients LL, HL, LH, HH. These are called sub-bands. The LL sub-band can be further decomposed into four sub-bands by following the above procedure. This process can continue to the required number of levels. This process is called multi level decomposition. A three level decomposition of the given digital image is as shown. High pass and low pass filters are used to decompose the image first row-wise and then column wise. Similarly, the inverse DWT is applied which is just opposite to the forward DWT to get back the reconstructed image, shown in Figure 3.3
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Various architectures have been proposed for computation of the DWT. These can be mainly classified as either Convolutional Architectures or Lifting Based Architectures. The number of computations required to find the DWT coefficients by the filter method is large for higher level of decomposition. This leads to the implementation of new technique called lifting scheme for computing DWT coefficients. This scheme reduces the number of computations and also provides in-place computation of DWT coefficients.
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Initially the market research should be carried out which covers the previous version of the design and the current requirements on the design. Based on this survey, the specification and the architecture must be identified. Then the RTL modeling should be carried out in VERILOG HDL with respect to the identified architecture. Once the RTL modeling is done, it should be simulated and verified for all the cases. The functional verification should meet the intended architecture and should pass all the test cases. Once the functional verification is clear, the RTL model will be taken to the synthesis process. Three operations will be carried out in the synthesis process such as Translate Map Place and Route The developed RTL model will be translated to the mathematical equation format which will be in the understandable format of the tool. These translated equations will be then mapped to the library that is, mapped to the hardware. Once the mapping is done, the gates were placed and routed. Before these processes, the constraints can be given in order to optimize the design. Finally the BIT MAP file will be generated that has the design information in the binary format which will be dumped in the FPGA board.
3.5 Implementation
The 3D (5, 3) wavelet transform block and for the recovery stage 3D (5, 3) Inverse wavelet transform were designed. 3.5.1 Integer Wavelet Transform In conventional DWT realizations, partial transform results need to be represented with a high precision. This raises storage and complexity problems. On the other hand, the Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) produces integer intermediate results. Thus, it is possible to use integer arithmetic without encountering rounding error problems. There are different types of integer transforms like S(sequential) transform which is popularly known as Haar wavelet transform, S(sequential)+P(prediction) transform, CDF(4,4), CDF(2,2) also known as (5,3) transform etc. The two filter banks supported by JPEG2000 standard are Debauchies (9, 7) and Debauchies (5, 3) filter banks. Since the integer to integer wavelet transform coefficients are integers, it can be used in lossless compression. Since the aim of the thesis is to suggest a
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reversible (lossless) watermarking method so we will consider only (5, 3) Integer Wavelet Transform. 3-D (5, 3) DWT Lossless Transformation The analysis and the synthesis filter coefficients ( both low pass and high pass) for Le Gall 5/3 Integer Wavelet Transform are as shown in the table 3.1. Table 3.1 Le Gall 5/3 Analysis and Synthesis Filter coefficients [17]. Analysis Filter Coefficients N Low Pass filter h(n) 0 6/8 + 2/8 + -1/8 High pass filter g(n) 1 -1/2
Equation 3.1 and Equation 3.2 shows the lifting steps for the 5/3 le Gall Integer Wavelet Transform. The rational coefficients allow the transform to be invertible with finite precision analysis, hence giving a chance for performing lossless compression. The equations show the lifting steps for (5, 3) le gall Integer Wavelet Transform. The even and odd
coefficient equations for (5, 3) Inverse Integer Wavelet Transform are
x ( 2n ) + ( 2n + 2 ) y ( 2n + 1) = x( 2n + 1) .. (3.1) 2 y ( 2n ) = x( 2n ) + [ y ( 2n 1) + y ( 2n + 1) ] .. (3.2)
3.5.2 The 3-D (5, 3) Discrete Wavelet Transform Initially the Pixel values of any image will be taken with the help of MATLAB, which will be used as the primary inputs to the DWT Block. Basically 1-D (5, 3) DWT block diagram is developed based on the equations (2) and (3). The registers in the top half will operate in even clock where as the ones in bottom half work in odd clock. The input pixels arrive serially row-wise at one pixel per clock cycle and it will get split into even and odd. So after the manipulation with the lifting coefficients a and b is done, the low pass and high pass coefficients will be given out. Hence for every pair of pixel values, one high pass and one low pass coefficients will be given as output respectively.
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Figure 3.6 Computation of Basic (5, 3) DWT Block in which a and b are lifting coefficients (a = -1/2 and b = 1)
The internal operation of the DWT block has been explained above and hence the high pass and low pass coefficients of the taken image were identified and separated. The generated low pass and high pass coefficients are stored in buffers for further calculations.
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