!

"# $ %
& '%

"# $ %

()
& +, %

( *+ !

! %

- !
.%

- !
/
+

!"
! ! #$
$

%&

'

%(

* ($

,-

. %/ %
1 )

%1

,-

'
!$ % '

2" ! '

3 4

5&
!

78$0

3 1 1 3 ''
3 3 '' # !' 9 :;

<

i- iv
v

"
#$ %
& '
&
()
& '+ , ' - .
()
&
()
() 0 '
!
(2 "
!3
45
/ & 7/ 8
!
9
0 .:
;* & 7/
Operation Searchlight +
=
?
@
A
$
B &
&C
D
E
F G
F !
$
$ H
I
J
H
(K
L H
M F
=
A (2 "
O .:
!
F
FP
!
!. 0
H QA F4 :
! R ST U ! R
+ !
FP: + 4 5:
(2 "

!3
(2 "

0 G 5
!3 5 R
H +A
F
(V WK
+
0
%

%
" :
A
A

FP
!.

! X

&

*
*
/
1
6
*
<
>
7
;1
;
;;
;;
;6
;6
;6
;6
;N
;N
;>
61
61
66
6N
6N
6N
6N
6*
6*
6*
6*
6<

+ 4
(2 "
Y

&

!3
R
()

&
5 R

6<
6/
6>
6>
67
67
N1
N6
NN
N<
N>
N7
N7
N7
**
*>
<;
<;
<;
<6
<6
<<
</
</
/*
/*
/<
//

WZ 0
()
W)
Y

!
H +A
WK
$
!

F
WZ
A

R
0.0.

()

!
" &A R
$
!3 ]

R [
T3 " & \2
R
!3 U H$

+ 4
R
H0 W)

&

&

4A

^
H
(2 "

UH

! 3 J W) :
!R ! 3 ( ` + 0 A
< a \2
0
(2 `
< a \2 7/ U ? A
()
4
4
&
(K
! !
! R ! 3 FT b \c
O
1
!A
7/;
!
4
(2 "

_+ !

/>
/>
/>
/7
>1
>
>6
>6

H F4 :
4
H G

&:

&

!3
!R 3

".&:
^ &0 . + H =
+O

()
4

H = A

0.0.

!. ^

>*
>/
>>
71
7;

F
H +A
H +A
H +A
H +A
HF
H +A

7;
7;
7;
7N
7*
7<
7/
77
1
1
1;
16
1*
1*
1*
17
1
;
6
6
N
N
*
<
<
<
/
/
/
>
7

F
F
d
F
B !RSeC E B 7*Nf*/E
F < S B 7<<E
.J WZ
A
F
B 7/;f/*E
5
`.

H +A

FB

M H +A
F
g C
!
& 4 hA
H +A
77<f;111
H +A
B;11>fiiiiiE
F
% Ff ! F
H +A
F $
"
H +A
F WK ! 3
$
" & A H +A
4 :
F: WZ
H +A
F
! X
&B
E
H +A
& B0
+ ! S_S E
A
WZ
B
E
A
B
E
A
&
A $
H
Y
O
4
6 0\2 7/*
/ 0\2 7/*
c
A g H "! F: WZ
(K
H

"# "# $ %

"

%&

H" A
(2 "
Y
j

! 3 H W) &
(2 G +
()
RAW
0
+0
(2 "
0

0
!
H" A !$

!3

F
Y

!3

A
g A
()
H

() 5
0R
" 7/

(2 5

!R

;1
;;
;6
;/
;>
6
6
6
6;

! c

H W) &

h W)

66
6>
N1
N

& A B 7/;f 7/*E

e: 0 F
!3 "

N;
N;
N;
N6
NN
N*
N*
N*
N<
N/
N/
N/
N/
N>
N>
N7
*1
*
*
*;
*N
**
**

A
XMA a& !
H" A

(2 "

"
(2 "

f 4
"

!3
()

!
3
"
!3 "
7/N
(2 "

F
A
A MR
" g
Q:
+ " :5

" :5

c.:

!
' RF
R \k &
F4 : F
] "
" :5
3 () F4 :
4
l A SA " : 5 A
!R
" : 5 H0 C
" : 5 O .: 4
g8 a \2 7/6
" : 5 O .: h W) N a \2 7/6 $ ]S
\k A
" :5
.A
AS H
" : 5 O .:
4
0 G
4 '
+
A
www.omipial.amarblog.com ag m ^
$
A
$
" : 5 O .:
+ Y
S
H" A

(2 "

"
Af
O

H" A n

(2 "

f l A & A B 7/*f 77*E

(2 "
"
&
BO
EU F:fH

"
f
m ! o fS D o
!
3
"
H +A
F
M
F H ! A
^0A 5 !3 "
(2 "
!3 "
!3 "

A
&

& A B;11/f H
+ H +A
F

F
&W)E

$
!3

"
%

"
F&

&
J M
U

"

*<
*>

<1
<1
<1
<6
<6
<N
<N
<*
</
</
<>
<7

+
H" A %A

F N1 %
!3
7/1f/

"+

" H

<7
"

=
f

=
0
(2 "
+
&

(2 "

c.:

&

\k ] !p: + O

& !p:
0.0.
&
a

5
&
&
& 4
6;
&
=
;> H q ;11<
=
;117f;1
=U r
=
H C
N / B Ni1Ni;1 1E ?
" H " +A
TR
H" A

(2 "

!3
H W) &

=
=

5 R
0
' &
\k &
A
BInternational collaboratorsE
& !R jQ

>6
>6
>N
>N
>*
>*

Q
T H
H" A H

][
$

WK s !
() WK
fH

!
+ !3
WK
0

/
/
/;
/6
/N
/N
/<
/<
/<
//
//
/>
/7
/7
/7

@
"

>/
WZ U " &

WK
WK
!R 3
lCl
lCl 4 :
H ! H
$
H ! H
A
&
,t !
H
$
7/
H
$
H u! F S_S
T"!
R
H +A
F
Y
f
" &0]
r
Y
3 W)
.c :
7/
$
WK + !
A
= f
= f;
= f6
= fN
(2 "
!3
"
. A H"
F
H
0 F
" + vnM
H +A
F H
] +0
"

+ C !

H (K

>/
>>
>>
>>
>7
>7
>7
>7
7
7;
7*
7*
7<
7<
7/
7/
7>
7>
7>

(2 "
$

!3
H
WK f !
A
0 F B '0'E
H
ai +A
A
+
O
U$
+ !3 "

!R 3
$ H
() 0'
m

"
H" A

'

(2 "

"

&

H (K

77
;11
;1
;1
;1;

(! )

!3 "
Q5
;1N
H W) &
H$ U
U
" + MR
;1<
= M R 7N* + =
7N*
;1<
!
F&
7N*
;1/
$a
0
7N>
;1>
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) ;17
7<< "
j ^ 77>
; 1
7/N
f0 f
()
5A MR
;
(2 "
O .: U H U
"
A H$
4 '
; ;
(2 "
O .:
8 !
F U
8 1
4 U 7/
; ;
H(K A
" H
7/;
; 6
"
; 6
" + H $ H L :&
4 '
; <
!3
4
4
& &f &
H !F
; /
O .: H
!3
4
> S
&
; >
H"
7/
; >
H"
4 ' H
; 7
(2 "
5
&U !R 3U & &w &
` H "
;;1
A !R 4
The Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order 1972
;;
The Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) (Repeal) Ordinance, ;;6
1975

H W)
H W)
H W)
H W)
H" A !$

!3

&
&
&
&
H W)

"
!

F& Q A
+ QA
\2 aA Q A
DA =
QA
A
A QA
! F c 0A Q A
QA

H
H
H
H
&

" B Q$ !
" B Q$ !
" Q$ !
" Q$ !
& 4:

E H $ 7/6
E H$ B
" E ;117
& 4:
" U ;1 1
& 4:
" U ;1 1 4:A U
"

;;N
;;<
;;/
" U 4 A F ;;7
;61
;61
;6
;6
;66
;6N
;6*
;6<

H" A

H W) &
H0

H
!3

" B Q$ !
" \k &

H$
A H
H W) &
A
H W) &
C 0
!R jQ

E H$
H W) &

7/6 B

" E ;117

Q$ !

H$

Michael J Beloff QC
f ! +
A H
H0
H " B Q $ ! E H $ 7/6 B
H " B Q$ ! E H$
!3 "
H$
!
3
" .A \2 a

\k &

y X0

" E ;117

H$ x

;6>

;6>

;N6
;*/
;<;

\k & H W) &

7/6 B
" E ;117 \k &
;<N
H0
& Stephen J. Rapp
Press Conference ;<<

in Dhaka

!
R
jQ !3 " .A \2 a
& Stephen J. Rapp
Mr Soli J. Sorabjee, Former Attorney General for India
z
!R jQ
F4
John Boozman
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH
Specific Recommendations
Nine Bedford Row International (9BRI)
Lord Eric Avebury
z
David Bergman
^$

H" A

!3
M

&

jQ

_ S

A &

" \k & H W) &

H$ U
"U
U MR
'
H$ U " "
&
0
50 H !
H $ (Retrospective law)
H$
j
BEquality before court)
"
5: BProtection of Human Rights)
H " 4
+A &W) {
"|
F: BInnocent until proved guilty)
f
H$
A F H " BLocal and Foreign pleader appointment)
4 } H " BRight to Information)
C
BArrest and Cutody)
5 + 5 (Evidence and Witness)
. (2
4 AF
(Compelled to Confession)
^~
Q$ !
+A H " BRight to appear before Higher Tribunal)
$H "
"
BRes Judicata)
H W) &
H " Q$ !
A BJurisdiction of International Crimes

;/*
;>*
;7;
;7N
61;
61N
61/
6 ;
6 N
6 N
6 *
6 <
6 >
6 >
6 7
6;1
6;
6;;
6;;
6;6
6;6

Tribunal)

HW) &

(Interlocutory Appeals )
A R !3
"
BTrail of both parties)
5 BQuestion on Bench and Judicial Process)

R
4 hA
A Q G
0F A Q G
H+ A
H" A

H W) &

H
H

" Q$ !

U H W) &

0F

6;N
6;*
6;/
6;7
6;7
66
66*

H W)
H W)
H W)
H W)
H W)
H W)

&
&
&
&
&
&
"

U MR +
"
F :& H
=H
P
\k G H Y
W)
\k G H $
* )
)
\k G H Y
+ 4x
\k G Y

0F

Pn!

H$ +
(K
AF

H" A !$

!3
" &A
.

"
"U

$ !g
(V`

66*
66<
66>
66>
667
667
6N1
6N1
6N;
6N*

'
H" A

"

" &A

" $

5
6N/

j
A F4WKU

U website

6*1
N61

! ! ! "#

& ' (! ! )*
+

869! +: ! (!

89 !; (!

$ <=

3>5 !

-./

+0

-/

12

32 ! 145 6 ! '
-

32 5 ?89 (! @ ! A

"B (

!C

D!

! )*
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

,
,
,,
,7
,.
,
,

,/

+
+
+
+

,, H
,
, ,

, 7

+
+
+
+
+

.
.,
.7
..

6 O C L J
$ R J 8 "Y 6
"C5( J R K !
6 O C L J
*=( ! + "

C
)
Z !

+
+

0
< EF! -/
12 A
"B (
! ! !! G ! ! )*
I!
D ! (!
3F 5
J K L)"8$C9 !5 M
(!
=(5 M
(!
145 6
32
! ! !! J* '
+ =(N5 " 12
! .H ( !
!5
!
6 O ' +0
$ P (!
L
5 5 8!
: 5 !;( ( QMNA) ! J R J K! !
!&
L
5 5 8!
$ ("
!;( ( (MPA) ! J R J K! !
!&
-/
!,
C
< EF!
32 L 3S + T
!
&J +6 8 !5
5 L U ! (!
32
! !! L 5
: J "
(!
! : ! C 5!
D! V !
3F 5
JK J
6 85 J K:5 5W + " :5 5 M ) (! 6
JK
32 "
(! L 5
G!5 ! & M ) (!
C
!& M
(!
32 ! !! # !! XN 149
! L U ! (!
! 3F 5 ! J K ;J !
! C!
J K 6 O : V 8 5! C C ! )*
)*
! 3F 5 ! J K!
; 9! C !
145 6

J K:5 5 (!
<
$ "
'[ T M!
32 ! !! (

! 68

J! !9
! )* L J ! J K:5 5 C C ! 0
L J 5( \
( \ C5 + 8 :" !5 (! ! )*
!! ! ! L
5 58 145 V M C &
&

J ;!

'

,H
7H
7
7/
7.H
.
..
.
H
H
.
/
/
-H
H

,HH
77

I disapprove of what you say,

but I will defend to the death your right to say it.
Voltaire

"#

$%

& '
!
!
(
#
#) !
# ! #
! * ++,
-.%/
-. )(
( #
01
'
$
23415 6 # 6 7 89 : ; ! #/ %
<
#
$
=
!
#>
= ? ,+
02@
A
2
%
'
! $
B!CD = !
#>
E
< ,
@ # 2 $
) ( F=
C G
<<<
-H 2
# # I
! C 3 15 6 # /JH
K 6 %
# /( =L (
(
#
B MD
;/ =N @
$
!
4B 4 O
< 4
@
P ! /-H
Q RS
<T !? G #J.JH
+
;/ =%/3 !
( = !1 -U ( V -H # ) # 0!# -U
#JH
(
6
,
# ! )W 3 ( =
%
1
X Y ,
! !$ ! 9 $
!Z
6$% , '
[=
# = ! !\? ]= %
=
=
0 / R3
#
!^# R
# !8
! !_= %
<
F=
/
( # ! # (
6! `
@
a =!*= %
'
!=-H
b9 = E #
0 / R -. )(
/ @ ! $ \?
C$
?
@! $
! Z# c @ @! $
K 6! = #$ 4
C
?
d
# =!8 L
! b9 QNation state)
Be = c
&
! b9 1! f ? ! Z# = ?c #
(!
#
= ! / > 8 ?c b9(
#0 (!
$ ? ! )
!) $ ? !=Jg
( (
1 3 #0
) !
!
$ ! c 1! f
?
@! $
# =
!=-H
2!1 ? c
3
# $ \? @
)(
=
W@ ? c
!
4B I4 O =
!
= Ah @!7 = Ki (
-. )(
$ % = c
@
$
$ $ # # %j
!k
#! $ B Ec 6!
6! ) C @
$
= #) ! -. )(
Yl
6 #! m$
c ! ( !$V
=
# #
)(
[=
@
)( [ = =@ =[ c
L 6
!
=! !
=
6 !m
8L=L C
n $ c ! 9!8 # #
= ) % !)= 3
! ) /=
[ =
!$V
=
(
(
! ) 6
#) #
[ =c =
/ # #
! " -. -U
!%
1 =!
[/ (!
! ?L $8 $8
6 ! a-. $
! ( !$V $ [ = ( c
! !89
)(
! = !?2C
$
# # @ -o C @
![=
0!#=
= c
$
( !8
p
$#
9 ( @ # @ $( 6#
! -. )(
#( = ! # 3 k!= #
$ Q =
T [= X Y = p
$ # ( L#( $ ( ! L f $
#$! q(
$#
!#
$ $
$
#43 #
6
r
?
! $ 4 6 #( @! $
6!%)
) c
! !89 ! C
V
4 l k
3 V
) !$=
[ =c
p
$#
Q
4 , ,T p
#(
( Q ,' 4 &,T 3
S ! k Q ,&,4 , +T 6# B !s =
# #
=
! !" =
L
-. )( =
c
6 1b
6! !` $
Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College $ Q &
!8 ! C # ! # ! t!
u JH! $ T
= ! " c
! C Cv @ @
3 !$V ! (C % # =
# #
-. )(
0!#
6
( B !s = c )( )(
C3E# ! #
(
w ! = 1 c
'
=k
$ = x! $ ! = $ 6-H
D/ = ! !8 b9 =
6-H = $
44 Q T
y !
Q&T !^ # # ! # ) !D y !
z[= =!8
Q !=-H T
Q+T !$V
) !D y !
Q!$V -H Tc # # 3 !$V
b9 E
@ G =@
$ !{4 !

G QTwo nation theory)c $ Y

f @
8 $
!$V
zV
$ !
k
$
Jaswant Singh
@ JINNAHa India0 / R !$
!=-H
R =!* 0 $ -. )(
= c
Partition-Independence 6=
0 / /JH
!=-H
-U ! # $ K|
( ! ]$ B @
1
$ c!
} !8 $ 3 B 0/ = !=-H
Lingua Franca !$
> D% !
! ] $ ! =/ 01 =
8@ Z #
@ y
# ) Ki 3 B ] p D #
6!
B\1!= $ c !=-H
y
M
! !\? ] !1JH
L = -. !)=
-. ]c
<&
!=-H = ! _ =
! l JH !
~-. )(
! f ( ! D r E = c <,
~
DC Jor # ) #
[ L # * _ $ c & # 1/
!
!=-H
#! = !$ (
Z# %
= % 3 #( (
zV
M
=
!
!C # c
[=
!E $ #!_ lc
[ [ = !=-H
! Yl
p (
= 3 =O )( )( -ib $
c
" JH !
=# D
!C
!#
(
!
[=
# 0!# c
=B !?
!
/= =B #!_ l 6 "
"
!Z
=B !?
!=-H
7
! t (c @
D_
=B =B -.\?
=B =B ) $ @ !=-H "
!#=
#!? c #!_ l D
@ #
$
c
'
!=-H
= !* "( 1L!_ -. " = c 1L!_
3
!=-H
#! = !$ (
= l )( 3 l V ( = #!_
$ c
/( -. )(
!-U! (
B ]!
6 !
z$G -. [/
% x= 3 $!
"
= (
= ) % "# # ) # = ! ) ! i ] = $ c
a
=$ 3
# D $!
[ !
C
8=
?c #!_ l 1
[ @ #( #0
)
>
z
!
#
(
(
>
-. )(
l " !_ 3
! " !_ !
6 z!
=!8
! {V{ # 6 ! = -. )(
X Y [ =@
= !
JH! / )
$ [= !
JH
z!b =
?c ! 9!8
#
4# 4@ 4)#(/ #0
) [ /-. r
? )
P = ?
[ #
D = !#
@
)
!
#
[ !#*
z =
-Hc =
@
x ! 9!8
! Yl
V
4 l=
!=-H
! / $ !?
!^#
2!1 ?
! Yl V
3 / D l = -. )( $
3 "# = $ c
( $ (
3
+
` ! = > D% # ) # ) % "#
$ c !=Jg &
=
@ =
! Yl! D
3! 1
= $ ?c
= !>
(
$! = 6 ] # #!
2C =
$ ?c -. )(
' ?
l
) ! 1
@
# D z$G x =
9 1( k 8 z!b
War Crimes
= ?c ! D
!*= C C !
# _z 4! z!
C C =# 7
k # n
Fact Finding Committee- !Z
!=? !l ( (4 -! = !_
! #*
6$
"# (
# 4 (C%
3 ! !=/ =# ( 61 % L 6 M = ! JH = ?c
!l ( (
! = % =
@! $
# ! -. !1JH #
/
= k #
%/ = c =
@! $ >8
6 " (/ = $
(
=
!C !JH ! =
E
c
@! $ !
# $
&4
? B f = # !=? @c !7 @! $
11 / ! m
6%( !l ( ( 3 x! $ ! = %
0 /
!
! $ ! @ !#*
( 1O) %( =[ !
' 0 / ! 9!8 ! )(
V
= =[ @ # #
= c
( Z# C =
@
! C
@ # JU( 3 # ! #
(
(
c
@ -g! ` @! $ [ = !y $ \? L 6 Mc
#(
=
!l ( ( @! $ ! 3
! =$
!
-. )(
l = ? = !$V @ # !8
@ (V 9 [
!* (
Ki ! ~
x! $ ! =
6 # 3 #!_ lr @ !
? D=
= # -. )(
l
+ " $(
!)= !?
>c
l ) %$
#
! )(
)d
! D }
B
! ) %
$
! )
JH / ! =
) Q89 @
T @
+ JH / ! =
) Q89 @
T @ &
7
=
4
3 !=-H
# ) !* "( 1L!_
@
& ) % "# The Bangladesh
Collaborators (Special Tribunals) (Repeal) Ordinance, 1975 @ ! $
Z JH =
( 3 JH / ! =
! !)4! ) ! fD% 6
c 8
=
#
l ) %$ 3 #
! )(
)=
=
{
>!8 $ ?
= =
$ = ( !? c

ii

) @ !8
w ! =! =
!
x! $ ! = 3 @
! =
6" 8 ! !-U!
-U 3
-U
/ 1
! fD% 6
c -g ! ?=
w ! = 6! " = ! #0/ =
! /= 1
=
#=
= $!
!$
l )! 1
! D !8 = #
$
O!_=
6 ]! l $ @c =
w ! = !
D "#
-.\? 1 !
! 1 = 6 ! 3 = !D =
L !-U
M
c L =
l )(
! 1
(= (
#
@ #(
4=#(/ = l
)
[ Kiz_
% = c
[
! B $#
=0
(!
6! !` ! ! !=?
4=#(/ =3
l )(
-H =
1 c
?C
! D
! c = % l )(
! 1
B
=
w ! =
#
! ! = 6! $ =
" ! 1!
!
?c 8
! 1
!
/
w ! =! >
u %
@ #3# ! #
(
w ! = 1
=)
= DC Jo
6 ( # c
! G -U ! =
"
(! !
= %(
6 !)=
$ $
w ! =
!l = ? !
= K
!
$ c
=
" 6! " = ! #0/ =
1@
8 % Jo #
3 !
= Yl = k
) c !=-H
= 3
#! = JH
n= ( 0 / !=-H
= # D@ @\?
! \?
!=-H
7
6! #[/
c
@ # JU( 44 !#
3 # @ # #
@ #(
# @ #(
k
V
d# ! #
(
(
44# ! # ( Q!
6Y T ! !;!
(
=D= 9!#= !8/ 6 z!
! 1( JU( =# ! h !8/ 3 !l ( (
= B !
Ol K 6
[ = ! / ! 4! !C ! $ ! % !=-H
7
6! #[/
!Z !#=
c 3 #( (
!
=
4=#(/3 !=-H
7
=5 #[/= !?
"
!Z !? c
! #/ $ 3 -g! ` @! $
= !8 = JH@ u$c -g! `L @! $ 1 B
6$ =
@ >8
>8

X Y $ c >8 >8
[ [ ! ! l$
"
3 =
(/
6
C
8 6=
=
C = k c =[
@! $ !1 $
!
6 c @ @! $ =
!
6
[ ! =! $ [ = Bl =
$ ! #/ $
D%
p) /
[
/m #
= @$ c #
! Z# ! =/ 1 1 ! fD% [ = !
6
(
8L=Lc
$
= " 3 [ = ! -|z!
=
[ = Bl = =!E $ c
8 3 -g! `L @! $
x! $ ! = -H c # $ !C )/
! !JH 1 @ ! # /$
D% l 6=
-. !
"L 9
=
( = % $c
@! $ 3
x! $ ! =
"#
-.\? 1 !
=
! ! c
!=-H
R
=
" !?
!?
-. )( b9 6! ` = # ) #
w ! = -. )(
R !^# !=-H
D% $
D%#_ #
C
# D [/w ! =
-.! / $ c " JH
7 !=-H
#[/=
= ? !=-H !? z$G# 3 !_ ( # ! #
! t
# ! #
6
!=-H
#
n / %/ 0!#= =[
c
! 1
w ! = [/w ! = 3
#! = ! = !
6!
( b9
1
!_ ( -U !?
!=-H c % Jo 6! !` $
b9
6 !
R 0 /
[/w ! = D% $ c !=-H [ = ! !\? ] $
$ !
$
b9 $
$ =!8 b9
(
= [=
( R( [ =
= [ = d !=Jg [ =
6= -. )(
3
/ O# c
3 ! =/ = !> @
w ! = =8 > ( 0 $ \?
#! 9= ! / ! = ) ! $ \? c
$ [= "
6
$
L 6 M = ?
!E= @! $
L ) c = I! D
w ! = !-U
C
= I@
(
$! ! ] =
= I@
! G ! =
!J.
Yl =
# !*= ! fD%
=c
@!8 1 !8 7
?
6[# 7 $ \?
-. )(
l a =!8 x! $ ! = ! fD% c ~$
?
! @! $ r =[ kL !C # )
&
0 / = @! $
#
x! $ ! = % [
w ! =
@! $ ! % 6 a B f =
c #
D -. )(
!
4B 4 O
[=
y
! `
`( # #
# ! = [/w ! = 3
w ! =
-U
!=-H
3
6" 8
! fD % 6
!?c !=-H [ =
= -. )( =
= = 8L=L !C
=
!=-H
7
! t ($ = = ?
= ! # /$
!1! =
1b = $ ?c
z !b
R L
#!
$#
3 6! ;V8 ! B $#
0!#= =3 -g! `
#0
1b = $ ?c

iii

!{ (
7
l
( 3 JH /!
l )(
! 1
= $ ?c ' ?
3 / 1 = $
(
7
! !) JH /! =
1 L[/ 7
$ ?c ? C
7
@!8 #0
x! $ ! = %/
= ! /= B ]
Bq c

? -. )(
l "4! " !
Ki!=/
=!8
w ! = ! fD%c
-. )(
= ! #7 =
!= -U
6" 8 3 >8 6 $
= $ ?c -. )(
! )( 3
@ 6% ! 1
@ !
) % "# @ !
# = ! fD% B -U
&
L = ! 1 = 3 !=
$ \?
( (
K k k != $
?c
l )! 1
@
2!8 !8 (" 4! ("
6
$ ?c ! )
@
1L!_ @ ! = 8
! 1 ! !^ = ?
! ! /b
1@ =
1b = $ ?c
-. )(
3 $! " [/ l ) @
!= = %(
=!8
! B -U
=
Ki0%/ @!8 =!8 !"m %/
8 =
3 $ ?c
L 6 M= Bq =
#
B\1 ! $ \? )/
=
=
c
! # /$ =
6
#
=
6
d
(
$! ! ] =
!
/
! = !
" = {V{ >
>8 B G $W
@
#0

iv

Contemporary history is a dangerous subject to handle. It is full of explosive materials.

Much essential information will not be known until many years later.
Rajani Palme Dutta
Problems of Contemporary history

! " #
$
% &' (
)
# '* +
. /,
' % & '
& ( 01 2 3 4 ! 56
7$
. /,
. 8
*
9
2
: "
.; # +
56
'
<
= <
> $ # .. ' ' # < %? # < ( 9 @/
5A' . B
'
<
2 9 @/
5A' .
. ! 56
@C
8 D EF 0C
BGHG
! < $ 0C
;7 ,
I
J
2# '
! 56
.; # +
' ' !K #
J
# +
'
<
2 EL
'
. ! 56
@C 0C.
!
M
0C
.
=
2
=
8
*
! <
) '8* <
N $
2
!', -

.
=<
EP N &

B
?

0+

2
# &

0
0 CY

EL

<&

. ;
' ZN

EL

#EP
T @

<&

X
' #

O$ ? 8
=
Q Q #R
2 # ' U ' VP
% O' ( 8
&
!

! ,

;
2

+
S

'

.
*

@C
&8 '

Sir William Wilson Hunter, (15 July 1840 6 February 1900) was a Scottish historian, statistician, a compiler and a member of
the Indian Civil Service, who later became Vice President of Royal Asiatic Society. He described the socio-economic situation of
the then Sube Bangla in his important historical book The Indian Musalmans (first published in 1871)

&

# <

&

' # 9
8
''8

5A

= ! 3
= .]

>

2 BHH[

<&

& \

I ask whether in the most glorious days of Hindu rule, in the days of Rajahs like the great
Yikram, you could imagine the possibility of a meeting of this kind, whether even Hindus
of all different provinces of the kingdom could have collected and spoken as one nation.
It is our good fortune that we are under a rule which makes it possible for us to meet in this
manner. (Cheers.)It is under the civilizing rule of the Queen and people of England that we
meet here together, hindered by none, and are freely allowed to speak our minds without
the least fear and without the least hesitation. Such a thing is possible under British rule and
British rule only. (Loud Cheers.). Then I put the question plainly: Is this Congress a nursery
for sedition and rebellion against the British government (cries of no, no); or is it another
stone in the foundation of the stability of that government ? (cries of yes, yes).. These
simple facts bring home to all of us at once some of those great and numberless blessings
which British rule has conferred upon us. But there remain even greater blessings for which
we have to be grateful. Let us speak out like men and proclaim that we are loyal to the
backbone (cheers) ; that we understand the benefits. English rule has conferred upon us.
and that we do not want to subvert British rule ; that our outspoken utterances are as much
for their good as for our good^_

% O'
#

. '
!K
b
=
$ 8 # \
!0+
.
&'
O'<J
c $ # '
VP ! ,8 < !0 #
$
!0+ #
.
K
% *
(2 $
. <J =
J d' 0* ;
5e
N !0+ #
!
"DN 8 = ` f
'
K
2 $ 5e
I$
;
- I$
*
(2 # 'g +
K
$ & D
N8
.
<&
I$
'> = #
9
* 4
<
c% &
N N
(2 #K
<&
I$
EF
. #
$ EP5e
c% &
hN hN
(2 I $
# ' !0 # +
'
! + # '
C VP +
2
I$
$# 9
. # '
' &
W iK
`2 ^^^^^
#
!" J !' !0N #
#
I$
. & # < K 2% *
(N #
8 8
&
I$
. # 7 #
2^^^^
I$
j
)# '
# '
IC .
K K I$
> .
I C . =2(

#
K

4
#
; % &
@C
0<
# '
& 3 !0

' a
!0
K

!0

O' !
'
J
8
!'
. . < \ E63 8 .
.'
<& J `
2
' #
O'
.'
EF 9
<& J ;
.
!j <J
#
O'
& Y
K 2 90 E
* P#
' 89 56 Y O' '
EP VP
>$
0 Vk #.
.
.
<&
2
>$
#K*U
! J
: +
!'
`
l
[
!' 2 '9 8*j I 3
/
*.
9
2
!'+
'
*
'
!8,<
+ +
!+
0 2!
O'
. ' ' #
#
#K* !0 <
Q
' # EF + !
2

Divide and Rule

]
_
[

''8

= . 8

<&

The Indian National Congress, Part -1, G . A. NATESAN & Co., ESPLANADE, Madras; pp5-23

$* n 8
'
N0 s

BBGo
VLVP t

%BGop Gq +>3 r(
2

'

!0 8

'9 8*j !'+ !' N

'

0*VP

Bpq[

Bo # u
*
'
`
#
= - (
' =8
seven
sisters)
9 * Q & ' <Z
<> = O' C.
2 Bpq[
8 <o
(Partition of Bengal; 0
O' C. <J Q8Q
<J
( O' . '
5 '&
EL K*
G
@ C 0=
'
.
& # O'
< !
2 ' &
J BpBB
B? v 5L
> $ R ..*
8< '
2 9 * Q
<J j 8 !; $
VP
'
!'
w
: ' 2
H
O'> K Z
. '
9 * Q
8 D
)#
. ' !K # 0
x
0
.
8 <
2
#+4
j
O' '
/y
.
s#
!
# !
8
t< $ +
2
0
j
! . w
: '
(Dacca University) & \
&EP
@ C BpB?
?H *
<
Z
% O'> K ( 8
z & ' 8 # \
) O' '
w
: '
& \
p
&EP
@C 1
+
Q
{
: '
(Mecca University)
2
.
8
- O' . & \ ! 3
!
.$
Bq
. 2
. I
& '
BHpo
. `
# \
O'> K Z
s
* .
8
5L t
T 2
.
.
!08 !' + g
.4 5/ 1+
=> (
"# / D (
( +
" %
$%
2
1 V3R
.4:Z
%

!"# $ %&' % ( ) * + ,
% -. / 0 1
% / /23
1
&1 ,
6
% 7 8 9! / :
, / :
.8;
<
? ,(
"@
> 0 %
-! A . ( % + , /( / B " % C &'C
,
C
E :
%4 / /3 F / % 7 8:
9G /#.4
% : %

2
2H *
% 0 E I .8 =
C
8
&K
-I I C3 1
L 5/ 1 )
/
,( 9 !% . N/ 1 $ O %1 % !1
1
-PQ ( ) *
2
% - S T
&'
9U (
W
XX8
1
L N/ 1 8 # %4
&1 Y&'4 6 /
, /#.4 / /3 J :[ 4
JJ %
4
\\
* +

( 8J / : 6
!
%% ( M
% 0
MRRR
C31 O%
9 M
) 1% / 8 A
( M
%
0 /
:
3
% 9 M

*
O'
.!
&
8
*
0< . <
<& 8
* j
'+
Z2 BHH[
+ 8 .
<&
& \
! &
&K
VL
' <2
Bpq[
*
'
`
#
= &
9 * QB? & ' < Z
2
<>
W IO' = O' C. '
* | }
! j
&
$
'
7 !
~e "$ K 2 Bpqo
! W zw
< & \
2
<Z 8
*
.
!
\ 89
+2 s Y J ' Bp?]
&
#r
N
o

Q 8 <
' E7 !$
! v*N w
.
$ .* N
'
'g
K N v^
O'> K Z
!
O'> K
i
N! !
. N#
# ')
(

G
H
p

Bq

BB
B?

Q
) >

Q 8<
Q8Q
'
2
N 5A'
%
= ' ! >J
Z
BpGGN Wg ?GG
8<
V Q 8Q ! + 2
= # ; # ') Ig ?[[
&y
0
#Q
J
2# '
C. N EW
1 z
O'> <
'
Q 7
2
I\ g GB G? A History of Freedom Movement <& VF
t The Contoversy that started on

the proposal for founding a university at Dacca, throws interesting light on the attitute of the Hindus and Muslims. About two
hundred prominent Hindus of East Bengal, headed by Babu Ananda Chandra Roy, the leading pleader of Dacca, submitted a
memorial to the Viceroy vehemently against the establishment of a university at Dacca . For a long time afterward they
tauntingly termed this University as Mecca University

#R
*

.
O' .

. !8
%Bo]q BoHq(
& \
2
8 N
O'> K Z ) <la
'
8
# N " N <

Ig GB
4N

N# @

"

> $

= -

C Bo[p
9 * Q=#

&

<

0C .

& ' <Z

! , 8 #r

N ! , 8 .
N =
#
+ N =
@
' & +
= 0 O'>
! ayN ` N !.
' ayN v g
O'>
& + O' !
'

! Q
u
O'
71
2
71 #
# 81
' "* #
!K
'
+ < \
0 = EL W
7 8 # .*
2 EF
!0
+
8
0 ' +
9J*
'
Hq 8 <
2tB]
71
'
! ;.
Bp][
! , 8 !
= Bp]G
# 81
&
Vk
Bp_[
!
= ' * # 81
&
Vk 2
+ !0N 8
8 < I$
' < ! >j $ !
= ' *N `
J
& + #+4
* 8,
!
< # 2 V
'
<&
# Q
4
EL Vk # EP z !
>
2 I <
<&
5A
O' !
' &
+ !' x7 ! <
u
0 2! @N 8 8
$ & +
<& ! W IO' #+4
* 8,
J
& VP
$ IK
&
3> #8 '
#
2
&EP
8
=
EP
8<
!'
C VP ! 2 jJ !0N
8 ` * J . #
' &
z
' 9
' '
%Parliamentary party(
IK IK 8 # \
2s
#
' 8
O' + < \ #R
' ' 8
z
*
. ' '
+ < \ . a
' ' 8
z
@ # 2

#r

} '#

'

, 8 #g

#b +h

O' #R a
'
[H .
8 <
j
?B .
j !8 $ !' 2
!0 < !8 $ !'
O'
8
& ' +.* =
3 $* !.
N 0
Q 9+ Vk 2 # '
+ < \ #R
8 <
@ C !8 $ !' BBo .
j ]_ .
<&
' 2 ;
!;v
[ '
8 <
j !8 $ !' 2
B_
<>
K ! ' # J
2t

N
;7$
. # j
8<
B]
B_
B[
Bo

8 <
*
< '
3

$*=

B_ # <
EP
B[ # < 8 EL
8
2B[
' ;
Ns
! N
EP I 3
!'
+
2 J
EP
;
#
2
. <J
pq 8 <
W 2#
.
pq p[ 8 < O' . ' I 3
2 .
.
#
O' . ' '
$
!'
. <J
J2
N<
!
!$
N h +$ N! $ K ! h
!'
EP
I3
2
< EL
2tBo
*
Bpq[
!0 O'
8 <
Bp_G
.
Z
< 2
Bpq[
!0
8 <
j
Bp?]

Bp_G
K #EL
.
!'
#

'
'
Bp_H
.
<J
BpGB N

<& = 10C
56 '
O'> K - ' ) gI VII
<& = 10C
56 '
O'> K - ' ) Ig x
0*VP Lord Mountbetten ! 8
<8J* !.
' ; ] IgBp

! Q
u # 0
2 #. #
O'
+ < \

+.

$ EL

+ < \ <J =
.
3> # + 01

. /

9 * Q !K

8<
j
K*
Bp_G
$ #Q .
&' 2

= '*

9 *

9 * Q=

Bp_G
0Vk
2
8

EP
Q }

! @
Ns
& '
#
a
N
'
<& <&
J* 7 $
K & VP
BG
Z" $ .
.
I ' E
Z2t
@
# 8i
9 * Q = Q }
$ - 8 ;7 $ Z2
K Q & '
' <
Z 2
' "* '
.
# 9 * Q . ' ' # EF
K
0 D
8 < Q ! O'> 2
9 * Q
EP
Q
3>
EL
8
56 ' !'
=
$
# 2
j 9 J
&
7
# '
8 Z
#
# 5A' 8
J*
s

!'+
!0N 9 *
=
] ! $N #
9 *
8 =
=
p ! $2 9 *
# <
=8
p! $
!
)
= ]! $
N #K *` = . '
!
0*VP 9 *
!' K
o ! $N
) ]] ! $ !0 < ' o ! $
<N
!" J
g
'
! , !
*
!<
N#
h
K
# # .=
2!
VP !0 T ! v n;
# ' Z
N#
# ' Z
2
0<
0<
2
0 < g T8 ;h N ]] K ]qq !< ]q K
)#
0 < T8 ;h ]] K T !<
!' K
2tBH
Bp?B
w
: '
& \
9 * 9 * Q!
j
EF
2
& \
= $
a
+ .
EF
! O'>
O' C. <J2 9 * Q 0

j
j
# ! J
'
.
2 BH[o
9 * Q= Q
=
0*
j & \ a
$ - 7

BG
BH

' v
.

4 N .=
N#

!
@N8
# 5A') Ig ?qG

< $ ! & !K

&

'N

'

&K

&

?qBB)

'

Ig BH

<

\_`a /

# 4 Bb c
/

$ %K

B &1

\^\

b )d

$ %K / #
7 8

&1

.4

/ A1
8/

1 1

<

c B
B^
?^
]^
_^
[^
o^
G^
H^
p^
Bq^
BB^
B?^
B]^
B_^
B[^
Bo^
BG^
BH^
Bp^
?q^
! $

& v
.
O'
.
$ E7
< E7
EW
.
Z
<
.
< > R E7
W <
.
.
= E7
Y
E7
89 E7
! '
E7
7 E7
E7
< E7
E7
E7
$ E7

B?G
_o?
[oG
B?_
]]p
]_[
_[[
Bop
?_q
??G
??p
?q]
Bq_
B_[
B_o
B?p
_q
Bp?
BBo
B__
_[q]

q
q
q
B[
q
q
G
H
G
Bq
]
q
Bq
Bq
B
[
o]
]
?
_
B_H

[
q
_
_
q
q
o
q
q
[
_
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
?H

B]?
_o?
[GB
B_]
]]p
]_[
_oH
BGG
?_G
?_?
?]o
?q]
BB_
B[[
B_G
B]_
Bq]
Bp[
BBH
B_H
_oGp

?_
[
_
??
Bo
B
_?
o
H
p
[
B_?
?pq

_B
?
q
]
G
_
B_
q
_
H
?
H[
BB]

_[[
B_B
Bqo
?]_
BBo
GB
???
pB
B?o
BH_
Bo_
BpBq
o[Hp

# 4 B

B^
?^
]^
_^
[^
o^
G^
H^
p^
Bq^
BB^
! $

w
.
0
E7
; ' E7
E7
7 E7
! + E7
<& E7
a E7
' . E7
E7
$ E7
* $

]pq
B]_
Bq?
?qp
p]
oo
Boo
H[
BB_
BoG
B[G
BoH]
oBHo

9-g Britsh Policy and the Muslims in Bengal, A R Mallick; p 281

Bp
9 * Q ' ` EF K
!
l
+ <
Z 2
#R
Ek2
$
%.$
(
J<N !< O'N !' <N
!'
8 DEF
$ # ` EF
9
!0
# v4 2
Bp_G
#R
. - ICS * *
) !' EL
=
EP
!0 <'
2 ?[
BpGB
! + CSP
Bp_G
#R !K
a
. - * *
#K
EL
j B_? .
`
9 *
EP
j B_q .
8
#
2 #
&
*
BBqq .
*
EP !K BpG_
' ; # 2?q

Bp_G

EP

9 *
5A' #
! ,

!. ; v*
.
<& #
'
. #

.
l'1 '
# ' . N E6
7 Go $N Ek
'*98
8
'*98
7
9 8
#R
EP
$ jy ;
qB^
q?^
q]^
q_^
q[^

?q
?B
??
?]

#
!

w
BHGH
w
*
x
!0 2 Bpoq

!K
a @ z '

g ! ,

'9

#
$

'
.
+
& ?qq . 2
BpGB
'
* *
EP
*
?Hqqq }

#R
2 9 *=
1

9 *

EP !
2 ??

! 8

# <&

EP
h !

!
2

b7

2 . D
EF
0< j .
, K
v
!.^ v

$ !< $ !

!3

l D
. # '
!0
'
Foreign Direct Investment
2
EP
E6 N =
N '
8 D tax rebate '
!'
#R
l
+ < !
. #
.
2
& \
= =
.$
' K# J
8
BpGB
<
?]
[p $ =
9 * _ $ B[ $2
' &
9 * Q EF
'
$ EP Y }
2
! O'> 0 Vk
#<&<
K
'
$ #
N
8
0<
56 D K
'
EF
'
J
& 2 # < '*98
'
! K EF N !$ ; $ <& ; 8 <
2
I3
!K
9 *
EP
EF
}
* J
l !
EP g

'
%BpGB
EP
Second capital
'8
7 !
.'
v
v % *

qo^
Bp

9 * Q
_B $2
* Q ` '

EP

. D
5e

?B

o 8 $ !8 ?q
l 8 }

<

2(

4 (

I\
Dacca Electric Light Trust < Z
2
= w
a #
. BpqB
<Z
Trust
j R
. $ # '
. !' 2
oq $ Kerosene lamp post (Light post) EF
N Bp?B
+ '
[?[2 `
w ! , 8
!
' lamp post
.z
!0 N
$ $
#
'
#
!K
8
0*VP w
EP Kerosene lamp post '+ 0 2

The Bangladesh Revolution And Its Aftermath, Talukder Maniruzzaman; p-127

EP

&K ! 8 &
2
!' 8 < =
$
!'
$ $+ N
!0a
.
J
#

= $
BpG?

' # 0 . D N
.
N }'
2 *

!
Y; N

) Ig ?Bo
+g q]^qp^BpHq2
Privatization Board <Z

! 3

K*

qG^ .
qH^
qp^

N <& N+
! !3
+
N
8
Bq^
*$
O'
BB^ 0 ! 7 %Bpoo
B?^
J
'

N
!

$!
! O'> & \
!3 $
a EP ;7
(
+
*
.
'< N
(2
# VP.*
O' (
'#
' (
! O'> %BpoB
$
l <& J

% 9 *
% 9 *
%w

'`

& jJ! & J

N0

&

$*

2 BpG?

&

9 *

EP

& l$ x

& QJN

#
!'

B]^ . Q <
: '
B_^
' W
: ' N
B[^
W
.% W
: ' (
Bo^ <&
: '
BG^ .
: '
BH^ . Q <
: '
Bp^ . .
' ` ` ' ! O'>
?q^ # T< ' ` ` ' ! O'>
?B^ J*;7
' ` ` ' ! O'>
??^ ! $ O$ O$ O$
?]^ <Q
j & l
?_^
!$ 8 8
?[^ w
v
?o^ w 0 '" % 9 * 0 '" $ *
w
: '
j ' #
8
S
(
?G^ WAPDA
#
=!
& l
?H^
4N ! 5A' N
Na
N
&8I
l #
<Z = <
2
?p^
$=
0
' =
.
J
2
]q^ l
. < !
East Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation (EPIDC)
]B^ < .
Ek + %Ordinance Factory(
]?^ < . !
$7 !; u
]]^The Mercantile Marine Academy
*
Bangladesh Marine Academy
]_^ Institute of Postgraduate Medicine and Research (IPGMR) (
Mujib Medical University)
][^
'> O' % <&
'> O' $ " #
EF
(2
]o^ w
*$
8<
$
*$ } 2

=
!

#R
N

EF

C 9
.

I3

\fh\ /

.4

i /"
qB
q?

!0N
!j -

J
Y.
2
#K*
!'+ 0 !0N Bp_G
!K
K Vk 8 N 3> & = <J
' E6
' 9 *
<
\^e

\fgh /

+.

BpGB
EP
#

EP

#R
l
#

D
0*VP
EP
'
z

/ /1 / A1
:
# 4
Bo
BB

Bangabandhu Sheikh

! O'>

i /"
c

# + %
EP (
. / % 9 *
EP (

:
qo
qG

<
??
BH

i /"
q]
q_
q[
qo
qG
qH
qp
Bq
BB
B?
B]
B_

5A' #
5A' #
,

>
;
;
;
;
;
.

< % 9 *
EP (
< % 9 *
EP (
5A' # %
EP (
'!
= '* % 9 *
EP (
%# # ( 7 O'>< %
EP (
.+
%
EP (
O' . * %
EP (
*
5A' #
+ %
EP (
*
5A' #
+ %
EP (
*
5A' #
+ %
EP (
*
5A' #
+ %
EP (
#<
5A'
+ %
EP (

9- g

'

<& = 10C

56 '

qp
Bq
qp
q[
qG
K
q[
Bq
B?
qp
Bq
q[

O'> K - ' )

!$

5A' # . D
+. . / % 9 *
EP (
!<
! 5A' %
E O' . * %
EP (

q[
qo
qG
qH
q_
= 0 2
q]
q?
q_
qH
G
q[

9!R

qB
q?
q]
q_
q[
qo

5A' # . D
, 8
. / + % 9 *
EP (
#r =
+ % 9 *
EP (
, 8
. / + % 9 *
EP (
;.
' ! , % 9 *
EP (
#r .
+ % 9 *
EP (

' EL
=
Bp_G
9 *
& '
'
.
# #+
7
# #+
7
N s#x
& D
N # N # !

qH
B?
Bo
BG
BG
Bq

gI ]oo ]GG

X
BB^qp^Bp_H
BG^Bq^Bp[B
qo^Bq^Bp[[
?]^q]^Bp[o

1
EP

EF

'

#
!.

<

B_
Bo
Bo
B]
BB

j L
B_^qH^Bp_G
B_^qp^Bp_H
BG^Bq^Bp[B
qo^Bq^Bp[[

EP (

<

B^]

9"!4 C
qB
q?
q]
q_

/ /1 / A1
:
# 4

'

<8J*
2

\^g

$ / k7<
j L
BB^qH^Bp_G
B_^B?^Bp_H
B?^qH^Bp[[
BB^qo^Bpo?
?p^BB^Bpo]
B?^qo^Bpo[

:[

%
X
BB^qp^Bp_H
?_^Bq^Bp[_
qG^Bq^Bp[H
Bp^qH^Bpo]
B?^qo^Bpo[
?[^q]^Bpop

1
<J

' & vO$

:[
:[ 0 ?
:[
:[

Q C. <J ;
+
D < !' + #
2
#
a
'
J* 7 $
*
- !' +
EP !8
'
. 0C
!0, 1
& D
2
vg !
!
& b
2 Z`
#
w
< 2! +

Y ! >J !0 . 0 9

j
N
. * VL
2 #
N v1 N
N
' N
N l #
#; ' #
7
7
< !' + # " "
' 0
<l T #
2
#
#
. = # EF K
Yz= #

!
10 C .
c
#K

EP <
EP
I C = ! '9
K
4
=
'+#
* VL
2
!8
#

EP
[o 8 <N #K
. $ !8 <
!

#. VP # '
& b
2
#
0' <
a
Q 0
# !'+
!0N E7
. : '
& $
j
&K =
= 8

O' 0
.
: '
$ #
V3 K
2
0'
' ' !K 0
2
#
#
'
'
$
84
< $ !+ '
$
2
# #
8 <D !
2#
0'
Y ! >J 8
. 0 - !'+ !
= . ' # EF
<
7
N
#
# '
#
10 C
=
EP g
2#
$
T -
EP '
Q # ' # EF $ 7
!
! s 9 *
|
!
ct ! 3 !' + Y .
#
. ' # EF #
D
.
10 C
2t ?_
# #+
7 #
Ns $ K
+ '
!0 8
Z

#
EP
Z
9 *
9
9 8 #
9 *
Y
V #
! #
#
2
K$ #
& ?_
. <

2 #
' +
Y .$ j 7) # ' =+
Y .
- 9J*
K2
'
K

K 8
EW = 8
# &
8
# ' !
0
!' 2
# <#
#
'
Q # ' # EF
7
2
EP
Q
D
# '
j N v 1 N & , N -N .
'N
#;
#

EP
;
2
#
4
Y
Q
. ' # EF
7
&
*
!0N #
R = <I 2 #K #

E
D 8 <2 10 C
=
# ' #
8
.
?[
2t

: "B

/8

BG[G
Bp_G 0*VP Bpq
8 ?o
' 3 4 ! 56
>$
?G
*I
2 >$
# !K EL
8 .
N O' N ,CN +I3 N +N = N
. N $ N
<N ! N
+N
N + N + N <N 7 N
N
N+
#
*=
!< >$
# O' < !
2
# O' N "
EP = 8
?H
?p
' $ IK EL
!'
?H] $ EL
Yz
3 3> %0 '
>$
' .
X
(
& \
28
Bp_H
EL
Yz
3 ?H] $
|
?H? $ 3> 569J*
'+
! 2
?_
?[
?o
?G
?H
?p

#
. !' +
#
. !' +
9 g Bpq
O' * g O'
&8I 2 Samsad
y
!' N
' EF
' . '*3

N
N

# #+
# #+
'

7 N <
7 N <
2
.
#K*

*N w
N* w
#

) \I g B[H
) \I g []
* N EP

5L . 81

1N # +> N # 8

English- Bengali Dictionary ; Fifth edition, 1976, pp504

<&

*
VP & \
J

+ %BHH[ Bpp[() > # 7 !" N gI B]q

*
# 5e N
# N
.EL &'
$ * 8, z EL

10

# VL N . .
3>

?qBq
2

+ 2

1 @N

\7

8
<Z
!
3>

&EP

>$
$.
' #<&
@
W z8

m
9 ' $ * . <\ K
= O'
EL
* m.
Yz 8 Y # ' # ' 3>
2 Bp_G
!K <J VkN *
j = # 56&'
#' * J
<x =
0 - T @ !0 $ +
: #K*U
=
' !K
$ b
.
%Nation State)
& \ = m & VP2 # '
*8Y
EP
8 D8 8
. <\
.
3> %Islamic Nation State)]q
<
!
* 9 *
E
' & U
9
<& J
*
J & J T @ 2
Bp_G
B_ # <
!
!K
- ! W IO' w
# 2 +
<Z <Z
]B
'
81
= # 5 &'
- o = G ! 5L s 9 *
EP
* 5A t
8
<& J
!0N
Divide and Rule
3> %Nation State)

l # 4

:
4 / Sm
$:
% "X
+ / 9$
" C /& ! )
>
Bp_H
& D 9 *

EP

EF
5A

%
:
) ,

.0
"X
# 4
:
b (
n3" X
( %D/S[ 4
b /;
C 9 ! /; ( #>
9 % ) +ope

5A' # . D
<I
&EP #

9 * Q]] ;

2 . D

#R

sWhether Bengali shall be the official

EP
*
language of this province is a matter for the elected representatives of the people of the province
to decide. I have no doubt that this question shall be decided solely in accordance with the wishes
of the inhabitants of this province at the appropriate time.]_

% &'
'y 8
0
0K

C VP <& J

V
!'
K
#R
8
.
W8
'*9
!
J
'*9 8 8
EF
'*9
K
2 . D !8
$
EP

]o
! W IO' $
W8
3> 8
'9* !" J N
]q

]B

]?
]]
]_
][

]o

9 g
# 8
!0
-

9 *

Bp[[
9 * Q

&'
2(

K*

. &

# O'

B N ' @/

EP

9 *

EP

2#

'I

#R

$ .
3> 8

][

*<

0*VP 9 *

* J

3> %Nation State) <Z

j !'
h $
!" J
2#
J !0 . D
$
3> 8
!" J
2 . D
W8
a. $
# 2
9 * Q # 8.
+
#R
3> 8
'9* EL < .
+
= <& J 0 <
2
V
#R
.
'
#"
<J
!" J
2 Bp[?
# O'
?B !; >@
"$
EP
!
&K
'*9

3> %Islamic State) 2 E6 N

3>2
.
'
VP

= `

<J

9 * Q2
+ 2

. <J !0

. Vk

*
N 0

EP

3>N > $ ! & $3 O$ 3>N

$ ' @/

) Ig ?G

<8J* !.

+
!<

5A'

EP =

2
#

'

Jinnah Speeches, Speech at a Public meeting at Dacca (Dhaka) on March 21,1948, Pakistan Publication, Printer- Feroz Sons
Ltd. Karachi. pp- 79-89

9 g '* 8
EP
&'
8 ! E2 '* 8

'*3 #R

R N

x7 8

xN !

EP

VP

lingua franca
<
'*9 mOm }
2 [ A lingua franca (or working language,
bridge language, vehicular language) is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not
sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues]
Maj. Gen. (Retd) M A Wahab, P said in his book Mukti Bahani Wins Victory- The first Governor General of Pakistan,
Muhammad Ali Jinnah declared that Urdu and Urdu alone would be the state language for Pakistan. Ironically enough he made
the declaration in English, not in Urdu. He tried to follow the theory of nation state, a common ingredient; the language is the
main factor for forming a nation. He was correct that Pakistan was divided on language issue. The Bengali and the Punjabi could
not talk to each other, had to take the assistance of third language. Mujib and Yahya never had dialogue in their mother tongue
Bengali or Punjabi.

&

N =

#b +N #

N v^ ; + 7 N

11

N / #

'N

5A' !

N v^ < .

#" 2
$ # EF Bp[_
J
*
9 * Q
<
& +
2
EP 8 Y
<\
& ' 0 Vk T @ + !K 2 9 * Q . +
EP
$
. + [[
#

EP
. +
_[
2 &
Vk ,
5A' # Bp[[

EP
$ &'
$ & ' !" J !' 0 BpGq
0*VP
` 2
EP
$
.
&
!0N ! O'>
' VP . # +
!
! W z
$
$ <Z
2
$ N x7N !
EP N =
VP & ' <Z
&EP !' 2 # =
<
#
.U
'
$
&'
9 <Z
'
2 BpGq
*
9 *
$
+
8Y
' #
O$
2
& \
EP ]G
#
0
+
>$ #
N
#K* ` > $
EF # J #
+ 2
W z N
! $ ! +
EF
2
J0 '
W z
&. Vk
EP
& \
' #
#' * !
2 >$ . ' *
!
.U
J m.
Yz <& J
]H
&. Vk
EP
& \
* 0*
&. Vk
EP
& \
2 # V
<J Vk
EF
+
K*
=!
#
EP
K 2. ' =
! >J
.
'
=!
#
0
9 g .* ! >J &
' #<J Vk
= 9 *
EP
#K*U
=
. }
I3 )
& J !
#
2]p ; N
& \
EP
8 &'
* #
& \
$ 87 < 8
8Y
#
&
m 8
D
T @
2 . D
*
3>
& ' # .U
N #'9 ' * = #
{ C VP
EP
3> # VPg Z %inner structure) 3
2
' "* EL
<&
Bpq
I + !8 Bp_G
EP #.*
8
#"
J
<\
8 # JN #K*U
R N .U
W* z
j<
#
!j - }
!'
'#
# EF ; $
2 Bp[?
8 # O'
EP
9
1
*
#R 8
8Y .
'
_q
!
| " $2
8
India Doctrine # 0 #+4 8
& \
j
EP
!8 & K
0*
EP
9 *
&' N
j ' .
J
0 < m
0
&E <> J
2
Bpoo
#=
< W* o '; !" J N ! + . !< 8
;
! @
$
0 = N *
BpoH
8
Q ! + .
#<
!<
1
EP
3>
Z
$ 7 #"
2_B
.
8 #r
_?
N s0
W
N
#h E 7
jy
2 Q x7 Ek

:
2 BpoB
<& .
EL
v
_]
'
; $
h
'* 2t

]G
]H

]p
_q
_B
_?

_]

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

& Vkg !0 !'
.
' 3>
EF
. ' * <& J
+ < \
+ "\ !
# 0
2
&. Vkg !0 !'
+ < \ V
. ' * 3>
EF
<& J
2
#
. !' + N
# #+
7 ) I\ g B[H %
Ig Bq '>3 (2
I\ g B?_ '>3 2
#<
N J* = # N Ig 89 2
#r
= #=
< ! & v
'
2 BpG[
#r
g & \
' }
2
*
#=
< ; # 2 ?qqG
#=
< E #
! 3
E VF
X
2 ?qqH
*
' !K
! . <
2
! +
<8 .
1
4
0 2
'g
K N v^
= # ; # ') Ig ]q[

12

&. Vk) ! +

! W z #=
K*
' = Vk
'

<

Bpo?
8
!< O' EF #
' 'y !
8 J
* &K Y J
_[
=
' } '
' EL

'
$ EF < Z
2
0 < 9- <
J 56 '
. # + # 8
VF '
Bpo?
n
- < 8
!<
<Z $ < !
2 &K
0* # '
= . # ; !<
<Z
K 56I1 2 Bpo[
#
#.' =
D
K 56I1
2
#
'
' !'
2
*
IC
'
#
#r
N
.
.N
*
N ! EP ;.
N EL ! , N
.! < N# ;
N '
# N #;
# 'N ; 7
$ N $
; @ N
! , N
D N + @N O$7N !
N
; .N ;7 / N . @
N
N ; @ # 5L N
!
N
' N
;
/ N! .
! EP N
!; ',
N. '!
& + #VP8*91
2_o
s Q x7 oo
# '
N #
&E ! + 2 #
=
# '
K*
2 V 8
= ! 8
# '
0
2 h
#j #j
<
2! ;
# '
Ns Q x7 EL
N
EP =
EL Vk
VP T @
2 #<
< Q x7 !' EL
' < ! 2 #<
"$
0Vk 2 Q x7
.
_G
0Vk
2t
#=
<
EP 8 # ' K ! ,
. '9
+ ' j <& J
2
BpGq
J *
#=
<
*
EP
#+4
jN ! #
D
!
#
&J
N
1 IC
EP
EL K*
j
!" J !' 2
*
#=
< ]qq #
3.
' BoG $ #
!
+ < \'
<&
EP
j
'
2

}EL
<\
9
Indian Accounts Service
#
!<
! 5A'
' 2
<8J* !.
=
9 *
EP
.U
1 z m <Z
a
+ EP
#R
.U
# EF
I3
2
!
!
#
)
'
# !
)
$ # EF
'
#R
.U
* <8J* !.
N0
EP
.U
# EF
I3
2!
& j
E O'
.*
EP
! & vO$ 2 Bp[H
!.
! g#
+
.
EP
j
# \
2
!.
= 89
a
= # J ' * C VP `
9 *
EP
Operation Searchlight
Operation Searchdark Operation Searchbreak
)
!'
10 C
2 1
$
@ C 0C
1 K EL z= EL
=
|'
!'
.
J0C
!0 < 2
__

'
EP
__

_[

_o
_G

qB

EL

0 C ! &j $

* BpGB ! & vO$

} .
EF

Y
g Y 9
9 *
EP
&
2
2
BpGB
8
'
' jJ R
O'
' } ' g vg
' }
8 * 2 + !K
9
8 !
2 Bp[?
<Z
& 2
!
Yz 0 '
K N
VP
'
EL
0C
'g
K N v^

I3

EP
2 .

.
.

' #

' } ' =
' . '
Q
EP
&
w
2 0 0 <h
` h 0 `
?o 5L
.O'> & '
2 8
.
J
. EL
Q89 # O'
! W z
'
EP & \
8
Bp[B
*
EP
9 * Q
1 .
` ) 0 '=
8
# O'
!K ! + .
Q
<Z $
'
C
! $
!K
K
! ct
# N
'
) Ig Bp = # '
Y %
= # ; # ') Ig ]qG
w

13

\
;

EP !

8
!K

9 *
B__

Bp[B
!
'
. 0
Y 9
!
$*
89.Q 89 J
2
' 0 N! +
K* VP2
9 *
EP
&
w ! v
.
O' '
#
J
EP
2 vg
'
} '
!
$
0*b
2
.U
' *
s m.
(N 56 '

/ #

') Ig o G

;9 * .
- IC 2

2 '
8Q
a
#
j8
)
_H
!j 8
/
sB * !K o * 0*VP BG? .
= ][H . #
2
#
.'
'Q
<&
N ; . <
==
0 GH . = #
?q[ . 2 !
a
[.
#
B. 2 #
$ C
00 ? . 2 +
EF
= #EF
'
'Q '
a
0 _B
. 2 EF
< 0< & J
a
0 ].
.+
BB . 2
$ !$>
7
_ *+
a
0 _.
#
B . 2 ]_B . #
=
# 801
1 o * w ! O'> !. + !8
! 3
N;
a
2
&J
G
.
#
]q . 2
'
| .
] = _ *0 N +
= .
!$ ; ! O'>
#b J
2
!
a
H .
#
Bp . 2 [
* !
.=
0
!K + 0 2 K .
W*
# b VP N '
a h
2
].
. #
2#
I+ j
EF
' ' z
'9"*$
)
0 B . #; = #
B. 2?=] *
=
h
. '"*$
#
a
0 o.
.+
[] . 2 # | j .
.
# ' a ! h N
_.
_p
#
]. 2
&' !
a
?] .
#
?o . 2t
G * BpGB) # =
< & = + < \'
!
! + .

8 J
EP
<\ $
! & vO$ !.
+ =
EP
$* %
( & . ;
# 89
<#
. w
# 2
. #
#<&<
.
#x
+
`
9 *
EP
J
# 80
&E
y
2 .
.
N EP N !
! . O$ ' '
=! , K `
9 *
EP .
2 EP
= !
! . O$
' '
9 *
EP
s
' t
. VP K = mC J
(motivation)
#
# 2 s
! '
N
! '
t #K
O'> K Z 7
!' + s

t #
. @
!' + s
# = ' t ?[
* Operation Searchlight
EP = !
U '
' J !K
$
E
2 V !<
! 5A ' ! & | ! . O$
'*3 $ <*$2
!" J
[q
'
'
J
!0N
7
Kill three million of them and the rest will eat out of our hands
# O' !
0 N V EP
8 D2
E g Gq
J
*
!
!.
j
3>
2 9 j
0 !
& !.
#r
'+
2 ] * BpGB ! . !.
=;
# ! & vO$
.
< '+ s

!.
'N g 8
! & vO$
'
2
!$
=
''.
'
2t[B
EP 8
9

& vO$ #
+
3> Vk N
. '
EP
$* !
. ;
# 89 2 Gq
*
9 *
EP BoG #
!
#=
<
<&
EP
I Y '
= '

!
#
2 # 8

HH $ #
! =
9 * ! #
2 <J Vk
$* !
! # J
89
.
. VP
1 ' 0 2
s
.
'
' #
.
2t[?
#
s + . 9 *
EP
&
Vk # #

EP
&
Vk 2t[] 9 *
EP
; *
s 9 *
EP !
2
.
!
N
Z Z
0 2t[_
_H
_p
[q
[B
[?
[]
[_

BpGB
EP ! .
/
. # |
*J ' N /

EP

0<

*2

) Ig oH

Robert Payne, Massacre, (New York: Macmillan 1973)

89 N ! + . =
' N ! g !.g = ;
# N ! EP;
@ %# 9 ' ( '9* v . &
' v 7 O$ K& +4N Ig B]B
'g
K N v^
= # ; # ') Ig ]qG
!.
$ N
* # .< + ) Ig ?H

14

Ig oq

sBB !; >@

BpGB
2 ' $
I E6
2 '
&K 8 < =
4 !
'
';
. VP
$ } Z 2 ?[
*
'
} Z
C VP EP
2
} Z
EF
!.
'N ! g !.g . ' N ! g !.g a
N ! g !.g ${ + N ! g !.g = N
! g !.g #
=
EP !< O' EF
&
'2 8 !0
C VP

9 *
EP
#
&
=
EP
9 *R
4 &
! g !.g
.'
7 + # 9 *
EP K
2

9 *
EP
<8J* 8
v
#
#
2

g !.g ${ +
9 *
EP
<8J* N
#
&
= 9 *R
[[
4 &
<
2t
. VP '

C VP # 0 BG !; >@
!
Vk 8 !8 !' 2 ?G !; >@
} = ' 9 *
EP .
T @ 2
. VP
# 0 B] !; >@
GB
.
' #
N ] * BpGB
w
2
. VP
0

EP
EF
Yy
/
!
EP
'#
. '. &
Vk '
2B *
# ] * #
EF <
<& 9 *
EP !b !; $
2]
*
'
G *!
* '

. 8
9 *
EP
.U
8 `
* J
!' 2
K
?[
* Operation
Search light, !0 Operation
EP
#+4 +
l @C
!' 2

!K

#
# '
#

4 \fh\ q

A 8C

E % / " X!

B * BpGB .
' # ]
* #
EF <
! + .
# < ' #K* ` ?H
!; @>
.
!
2 9 *
EP
`
<8J*
v
#
$
[o
#
2
V !" J
EP 5e
N !" J & +
EP !
2 .U
VkJ ! + .
!; ) '
+
Z2
+ ; +
9 #
/ N
# #r
N .
.N # r 7/ +
! + ;.
JN
. #
+ N
#r N ! ;
# 'N . # ; # 'N
N
@
% *
(
* 4
O'> O' 0 '
! + .
VF [G
#+
2 .
' #
EF <
'#
=
<8J*
! . !.
=;
#
! + .
s#
# EF N '
#a #
+ # 'h
2 !
#
! !; N
#
'
!8
VF #
2t[H B * ! & vO$
8 J
.
'
#
EF <
!" J
' VP 9 *
EP
0* g #
2 ! + . ! $ 9 *J '
!
'
8 EF <

'
.
.
j7 .
.
2? *
v !' N G
*!
* ' % * !
= '* ' ( . 8
K !" J
2? *
!K o * #
a @ z 9J* "$ " $ !0 K 2 G * ! + . !
* '
8 J '
!
# j K
EP
% `
9 *=
EP (2
'
#=
< !
'
K! + .
1W
'; !" J EF

[[
[o
[G

[H

'
'

EL
0C
EL
0C
- < ' $ VF
N
9 #
/ N #r
#r
N .
.N
.
VF
X
K
. # |
*J ' N /

# N '
) Ig oB
# N
'
) Ig ]_
$ ! + .
'; VF # # $ EL
. Vk
' VF 2
'; VF 8 <
7/
+ N ! + ;.
JN ! ;
# ') EL
. Vk
' VF 8 <
#
# + N # r N . # ; # '2 ! + . EL
. Vk
' VF '
2
N# ' '
) Ig [o

15

B^

EP

?^ B
8

]^
_^ #

!
*

# O'

$
<Z
1 ' 'I3 VP
2
#

EP
!
56 D 'VP
'
EP &'

j
!
9
#

'

!0

5L

&

5L . < J m
EP .
'
+ < \ &y '
!
3> j
EP VP

7
G

* BpGB

+!
* '
. 8 ! + .

!
= '* '
8 J

<\ 8
!' N Yy .
} .
7
.
8 J !
& b
`j J 8
= 0 2
w
&
1
!0 s *
EF
$
Y 8 Jt2[p
* O' a
s! + .
G
* '
EP 0 ' !
# 0
oq
! N 0' EL
2t
! O$
N s"$ &

J! +
.
EP
!
1N 0
EP
#+4
'I8
:
2^^^ G
* ! +
.
8 J
:
#m
#
8 J2 !0 8 J
EL
!" J
=
EL
!" J
2toB

e`

8 J
J

[p
oB

4 \fh\

B
* BpGB
j 8 !; $
2G
B^ s!
'
#
!
!' 2t
s# ' 0
7#
#
?^ s
#
*
w
2 !0 8
EP VP
2

oq

EP

#
#

. # |
*J ' N
;h
N 1 0C
;h
N 1 0C

EP .
* ! + .
N &
.
2
'

' #
EF <
8 J'
'*
" " '<* <
2!
EP " $N 0 0 #

) Ig oo

16

EP

' 0
#
# 0' 7 '

& K 7 2 1 0+ '
E
1 # !' N
<& # ' 1
<& N
<& EL
2 EP
!
'v> %withdraw(
N
'VP
2# . <J &
'+ N #
5L

N# ' '
! O$7) Ig Bp
! O$7) Ig ?q

9 *

-@
N x

!'

1
<& 2t

'

8
j

'
2t

&K
'*
p * !.
${ +
9 *
EP
<8J*
K
$* &
^ ^ / #EL
2 '

'
=
8
s
! $
Q
1 = EL
<&
! '
+
2to?
m
'*
EP
#+4
j
#8 K
! + .
Q #
.
! & vO$ !.
+ N
!
. ;
# 8
#
! W IO' w
# 2
'
EP
.U
'
9 *
EP
.
#
#
!<
#0
3> j
! + .
EP VP
. #
2o] Bo * !K ?] * 0*VP ! +
.
Q ! & vO$
} Z
2 &K ' ' .
!
VP #
# \
2#
! , '* 9J* + . !
;
#
2 ?[
*#
9 * Bp * #VP *
<Z
5e
56 * #
2 o_
?B
* 8 w
??
+ .
8
U Z
2 } Z
'
C VP # 0
.U

!j- 5 & J
. ?[
* # .
'
o[
#
EF <
V #
E
! + . !
+ !+
2
?] *
EP ' 2
&EP oo '
$2
=!
8 a
EP
K 2 V
' 'y N <8J*
. = 3>
8
! K= !
N
'
2! + .
8 = s.
t Y
2
Q x7 ! + .
8
.

IY
'
-+
EL
'
EP
0
2
EP '
EP
2
EP
oG
}
7 = .
2
EP
! # EP z +h . = !<
2
?]
?_
+ ! + . =
!
U Z
N
?_
+ 8
j
'3 '
} Z
2 v^
!
s#
?]
* BpGB <
'
! & vO$
. < 2
.'
N
!
# 81
EP
8 `
K
*
N + %#
3> (
} Z
!0 < '
2toH 8
a
EF
!
D
jJ !'+
0=
?[
* # #
# '*3
. EF <
J `

EP
!K # < 8
'
!
!; ` 0 2
=! + .
'3 !0
Vk
l
.
?[
+
p
$ 8
9 VP8 # 5A i
2
?] * BpGB ! + .
8 s.
t
.
'3 '
Vk
Y
<> J
2
#
; !.
. ' !$ ; vg
.
K
2
!
# 80
9 VP C VP <& J
2 V
$
BB ]q $ 0*VP
.
2 v^ ^ = .'
Ns
< $ '
!K
. !
'
.
.
!0N O$7
0
Q x7
K !'+
2 Q x7
N
= K ! # 8 2 = .' 7 = =
2 O$7
0 $ .
4 EF # =
< !
.
! ,
8
' 2 V #
Q x7 !' j - <
o?
o]
o_

}'
}'

o[
oo
oG
oH

#
<J

EP )
+g Bq
<& )
+g Bq
'
EL
'
'
EL
'
! ;.
;h
N 1 0C
.

* BpGB
* BpGB
? +4N Ig Go[
? +4N Ig GG[
8
*
$ EL
3> <Z
& P
E
0
! O$7) gI ?B
#
Nv^
!
N &K #

17

&EP 0
+g ?B

*N ?qB?

EP

&EP

/
Q
0 2 Q x7
<
h .
N s . 8 t
EP
# * #
# N#
+
!
# 0 2
$ N
= 8 #Ek Ek
9 * w
&
. }
2op
v^ ^ = .'
N s?[ !
* x
$ # <
#=
< =
#
#Q'
! W OI ' Q x7
Q !'+
h
'*
0 2 x #
- ! W IO'2
H$
^ ^
@ N

# N . / =} ' . @
Q x7
Q !'+
2tGq

Operation Searchlight =
BB !; >@
BpGB
* 1 & <
l
Operation
?[
! $ B[ '
* J
2

4
+

EP

#=
<
#
2 '
* . # = ( !K Bq
GB
a

j
EP VP
1 Y
& BpGB
+ 0*VP

Operation Searchlight

* BpGB !
& %?o
' Operation
9

\^ / 9$ # 4
: , /
+
e^ / 4 d / A1 CN % b
% 0 / :r % / 9* b <
% +
p^ s
, %" 9 /t % C4
% +s
6 1
A
8/u
% +
g^ /
/ A
C 1 9U :i 1
1
. +
`^ < t 0 < " 0 kb b < 9$ t . i/ / & ! "1
b
C4 % . 9 . 9 1 :Z
d U
% +
a^ /
# 4
: v @ w /
/ /1
< %
9U :i b 9
L C
&1
%
.4
% +
h^
b
9 "8
C 1 $ / k7< (
A
b
9 / /
"
+ , % $ C "# x /:m % %b b
9
/ , % % +

j
\^
e^
p^
g^
`^
a^

! +
% \< \y
% +
0 G b />
+
/
7 8 &81 X% b &
s
6 1 0
z% b
(n
9C 8
9

EP

"

<

op
Gq
GB
G?

t) C

.9 .9

i!

G?

l <& J
%
&1

,
s

<

t 0 < 9$ t0
/

kb b /
,

* !
Nw
9

&
* 8
- !'

K ?o
* &K & w
a @ z 9J* EF
: ' N ! v= ! N + .
#
2
8 D 9- !K

Q x7 ! + .
"
"$ =
' N v^ ^ = .'
) Ig H_
Q x7 ! + .
"
"$ =
' N v^ ^ = .
) Ig H]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Searchlight; accessed on 04.01.2012 !K
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Searchlight; accessed on 04.01.2012 !K

18

Q
Q

'2
'2

/
<3

A 8 C / \` C X4 b
9 %
9$I
% +
O,
> > 8/u
% +
# 4
:
(t / k
<4 ,
C 9 8
(
.4
9
C 7<
:i
% +
L
A b C7 3 8
:i{
- |,
A
% +

?[
'y N .
<
| #b J
0 2! a
$ 7

!0

&1

k) <

K ^ ^# N '
EF
#
<
8 D 8 D K =

: '

EP
'
@C
# O' < !
w
: '
- N
!j 8
& \
&K !K 2
EP I 3 JEF
EP 8 J I 3 2 . D
8 J
@C K
& \ ) o '; BB '; # O' N # <
0Vk
&
<&
op
<J # O' <
O'> w
: ' 2 Bpo?
!<
<Z
n
EL

' w
: '
!K
Z2 BpGq
J *
& \
#=

10C EAI EP5e

z )w

: '

: '

''

<

!8 $ !.
0
2 #<
0 Vk #
EP
Ek VF 8 Q
.
: '
# < !
n
EL

'
G]
s
'
!; *
;t
s.
t2 w
& ,
: '
Z.
& jJ
+ 2G_
EP
m+ 4
EF <
7
& \
- 2
!
Operation
l
w
: '
* <&2 w
: '
'> ' '
. BH = ]?

??
G[
!
. O$
$
$
.
2
w
: '
9 g
=
.< D K
#b J
2
j = ;7
! v
j ' #
=

' N#
!< O' O'& !' N #
!.
* a Z 7 N v^
@ N #
+ + ' N
; # N v^ ;.
+ N! g '
& +
2 !
# 80
.
j N - = *
0 K3 VP
2 s .
.
- j
*
'
!< t
& J ' "* ' 0 `
# 2 V 10C EAI EP5e z ; = v
<&
K
0C
w
: '
B[? . '
2
$
B^[
' }
.U
: '
#

e`

&1

%b

:
!

5/ 1
e`

6
8 J.8 ;
/

4 &1
%

%1

H.

Bp .

?^

][ .

Bq] .

B
E7

BpGq GB

G_

<

G[

'

<'
; '
0*b
2
1< # 8i 2

+ 'h

& \

G . 2

'

&

19

/ A1

B^

G]

10C

.*O$ . @

: '

.
j

& jJ & y

w
$

s .

!
]^
_^

e`

8 J.8 ;
/

4 &1
%
[.

9-g v

e`

g_ C
<&

?p .
B.

<

\`e C

ha

N 10C EAI EP5e %w ( = History of the University of Dacca, M, A, Rahim

B^o

\a k /S \fh\ .4 s

!
%

.< D K

;.
. D
% *
.
5A'
'

.*O$ . @

90* !

4
1 1

%P1
8 J.8 ; 8
/
BH
G
_B
Bq
G
G
Bq
B
?o
?

<

/ A1
1

B. w
E7
j

: '

B.

\ef

9-g History of the University of Dacca, M, A, Rahim, Published 1981

.*O$ . @

w
: '
EP
8Q
'
+ ;
#
#
+ N . # ;N
EL 8 8
EP
'> ' '
! +
#b J
2
2
G . 0C j w
: '
2 - .
K0
Go

GG
GH

(
- <

# '
!

K EL
2 <&.
.N # '

' GG
7/ + = 9
0*
X
2
?? !
GH
=}
&

$
'> ' "h $
. BH
= ]?

# EF

!
0 2
Y # EF
J # '*3
= & 8 .

x !" J
0 '

O$

/
-

<

Dead Reckoning Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh war, Sarmila Bose; p-67
+ B_p .
+
History of the University of Dacca, M, A, Rahim, Published 1981
N
0C
H] .
.
*
<
2
.
Y
' a ! !08
J* !' N s + # =
< <&.
' !
!K EL
Z 2
+ ; +
' ! + EL
!" J !'
. 2t Ig B[
Behind the Myth of 3 million, Dr. M. Abdul Mumin Chowdhury ; ePublication

2 v^
- = ?G

20

' "h $2 + !K
- ! W IO'N
#
/
.
' ! O'>
2

v<&

'

# EF

- .
K
8
.
!
2
.
O'> O' # EF
J
EF
!
9 *8 <
<
' EF # > <& J
2
!

J
!K <
# .
I 2
?[ * BpGB
+!
#b J
.
<
K ' < #
Gp

?qq . 0 N v^
= .'
[q oq . < HqN & ; v^ !
?qq .
< HB
K H? Q
EAI ;
2 g
H]
J*
.
NsThere were twelve dead at Iqbal Hall, he told to me, including two ladies of

dubious purpose.H_ (
. }
&
'

' .

<

0 N

2(

O' 8 . ' $

-=

H[

V Simon Dring
sCaught completely by surprise, some 200 students were
killed in Iqbal Hall, headquarters of the militantly anti-government students union, as shells
slammed into the building and their rooms were sprayed with machine-gun fire.tHo %w
: '
. Q - ' " $2 + ?qq . N ' " a
a
h
!'
(
K $ # 9 !
j & J! 2

.< D K
w

: '
- O'
$2 8
0Vk
EP 8 Q
: !K !
O' '
jy 2
'
$= EL

' "h $)
$=
#b J
C VP <& J
2 &
' '
& ?q .
EP !
%BH = ]?
+
+

?? !
. O$ ( ! + # b J
2
?[ * BpGB
>.
2 !.
! ay
Bq] . < HGN
b *
] . j N ]_
.
_ .
* HH) v^
= .'
!0N Bqq .
#
<
)Hp
www.newworldencyclopedia.org
! ' ! +
oqq Gqq .
< pq,
EF
EA EP5e !K
&y K #
B . j __ . 0 ) g J*
.
NsAt Jagannath
]? .
0 N
@ (2
Hall there were thirty two dead, all men.tpB %.< D K

Gp
Hq
HB
H?
H]
H_

H[
Ho
HG

HH
Hp
pq
pB

Abul Hasanat, The Ugliest Genocide in History, Muktadhara [Swadhin Bangla Sahitya Parishad] 74 Farashganj,
Dhaka - I, 1974: pp 26-34.
Qh x7 ! + .
"
"$ =
' N v^
= .' ) Ig Ho
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Dhaka_University_massacre accessed on 04.01.2012
History of the University of Dacca, M, A, Rahim.
The then C.O. of 32nd Punjab Regiment; later Brigadier.
Dead Reckoning Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh war, Sarmila Bose; p 66 ^
Simon Dring
7 $ 8 & 1 & Simon Dring
1 2
Tanks crushed revolt in Pakistan, Simon Dring, Daily Telegraph (London); March 30, 1971
Jyoti Sen Gupta, History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh 1943-1973

b * 56 '
Q x7 ! + .
"

: '
"$ =

<J
BpGBN gI ]q
' N v^
= .' ) Ig Ho

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org /entry/Bangladesh_War_of_Independence// accessed on 03.01.2012

Dead Reckoning Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh war, Sarmila Bose; p 66

21

.*O$ . @

''

.< D K

EAI ;

<
Operation Searchlight

. ]?
&
'

'

5A+
O'

! +
&
. O$
) '
Q
p_
2
.
! $ B?o? .

#
?qqq .
$
$
" * B_ .
! + !K
2p[

EP

.
# EF

.
'
0

2p]
!

p?

2
2 ! +

<
#b J
$
= 0 2

#b J
2
#b J
&K
B[q .
0C

#
EP

.r

E
&

p?
p]
p_
p[
po

j
'
# 0*
; ! v
$* '+
B[qqq 0 B?qqq .

9 *

EP

% (
$
# <D Ek = !<
@'
: '
= . <
9 *
po
'
l
2 9 *
EP
; %EPR(
.
2 ?? !
. O$
$
$ ! + #b J
2 w

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Searchlight; accessed on 04.01.2012. +

.
?qBB
#
.
B_BNB?]
http://www.unbconnect.com/component/news/task-show/id-43576// accessed on 03.01.2012
http://www.unbconnect.com/component/news/task-show/id-43576// accessed on 03.01.2012
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Police // date 02.01.2012
EPRg East Pakistan Rifles; EL
0C
J
East Pakistan Civil Affairs Force
=
+
Bangladesh Rifles (BDR); ?qqp
?[ !; >@0
+ "$
+
Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB).

22

]]Npp[ 2 .

'

(EPCAF),

' z !'
0C

h+

2 ?[ * BpGB
! $ HBG .
'

+
2

pG

' "$
h + &E
$ #b J
2 +
!0 + ?[Nqqq K ][Nqqq O'
0 pp V *
8 D.
j`

EP
EL

>. O'

' !K
! ay
( 81
J
!
)

$+\y\ !.
EL

O' #

<
pH
N # VF
.
!0 ! +

O' '
.r
l #
*
2 !.
! ay
J
! + Hqqq
! $ B[ .
0 2Bqq .

!
a @ z!
!0
$ & \
!0 + ?[q .
= 81
2
'
!0 ! + _ .
=
. 81
8
2Bq?

V > >
0
V

. #
?[ * BpGB
+
= ?o
<Q '
. # > <& J
!
*N - !
*N
# N
! . O$
$ .
E
clean Jingira . a
# <D

<

* ' w
#=

8 D EF # b J
w
< ! W IO'2
#
.U
J
# > <& J
!
< K .
# ' !'
2 `
g#
'
0<
2

4
7
'

'
K
#b J
7 <

<

+ !. v
.
8
.
K
+
!
! 2 ?q ! BpGB
+ 8
2

0 N0 #
4
$2

8
VP *
$ . 2 ?[ * BpGB
+
= < $ #
K$
# b
0
.
+ .
EP
@ =
2 BpGB
<J a

EF

' !K
=
# ' 'y N
!
0 2 V w
#
EF a
l
<J a @ z 9J*
N
E
# <D 0 <N U'
Y; = Daily Peoples 0* # b
pG
pH
pp
Bqq

.U
!
2
J !

' !K

: '

a @ z 9J*

Operation Searchlight
Z (Timber Market)

.
J.

http://bgb.gov.bd/index.php /bgb/history// accessed on 03.01.2012

Jyoti Sen Gupta, History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh 1943-1973

' !

' N# VF

N # 9' g

O'> K - ' %

-(N Ig B?]

Sarmila Bose, Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan, Economic and Political Weekly, October
8th, 2005,

BqB
Bq?

'
2 BH

a
0C

<J

'
=

N }'
Y; = The Daily People
# VL JN v g
) Ig __ _[

0*

23

'
5A+

&
<& N

! . .

!
!.
!0+
N ! K=
N a N . N 73 N 0 N +
0 2

EL

EP
J

#b J
0*
!.

2w
#b J &

2 ! K=
7 N
" $) #

!" J

G
* ! + .
8 J
:
#m
#
8 J2 !0 8 J
EL
Bq]
!" J
= EL
!" J
2
EL
!" J
'
!' < ' '
#
8 #
=
* 2 #=
< EL
!"
! + .
& \
<
8 D
8 D
#
J
2 #=
" J !K
< &y
$*
+ @
=
. / # ' ?qqp
?B .
!' !0N .
EL
!"
2 G !; >@
?qBq
+
9J *Q
2
s#
<J
! + =# ' '
z
2
=#
jJN
K* =
Y
#
K C2
* 8, .
'
$ O'= !
*
2tBq_ + O'
!'
!
tEL
!"
& D #'
. <J
2 .
EL
& W !" 2tBq[ *
&. |
$ EF
. #=
" J
J 1'
!K #
CI
g

s
* #=
<
=
*0
K !'+
N '
' EF
0=
'* ' = '
#
j
569J* .
C VP # 0 ! +
.
0
.
8 2 ! + !K !<&;
0 i &K & 2 V !08
! Nw
K 3>
!0N Q x7 EL
v '
EP
' '
@C
&
Bqo
<&
! W z'
2
BpGB
. <
!
$
^ $^
s <& # =
< ! W IO'
#<&<J 89
2 <& O'
>
. x! + !
. . !K
#Ek 5e +
#EL W .
!' 2
&b
#
& J=
.* !' 2 !
#; '
K
|
#=
<!
D
N ^# ^ /
& + ! W IO' ! . .
! .
= #
K0
"$ !
! O'> EL
!" J &
. t2BqG
^ $^
s<J &. Vk
'
!" J 0h
!'
! ! .
.
#
4 !'
2 & Qb
!0
!0N
"h $ # '
1
BqH
#R <&
* <&
< t2
^ $^
#
s! . .
!" J Z #
T
}
!0
Bqp
h
!" J T # ' . 0 C # <& J
!
g O' = <
2t
s!0 7 # =
< BpGq
*
<&
EP
7
+ < \
8
!0 7
+ < \
#
.U
' . <J
4$
8 Y %#K* ` o '; 8 Y (
<Z
} N # <
< j
&y ) !
7 h ' 0 # 5L ' ! N h !" J
# V .*
8 EL W
N $ EL 8 2 Q x7 ! + .
* :
2
.
Bq]

Bq_

<&

Bq[
Bqo
BqG
BqH
Bqp

;h

'

s#

O$7N Ig ?q % &

?qq?(

! + .
.
'
. < N BpGB +> 3 r
EL
= * 8, <J .
& Vk

)
+g BG^q]^?qBq
GB N
) Ig _
'
BpGBN
$
'
BpGBN
$
'
BpGBN
$

'

EL
?o
& \

&K #

) gI ]]
) gI B_B
) Ig BHB

24

!"
+ EL
t

2 BpG?
!" J
.

E
& P
1 .

!
&K

8 D# !

EL

!" J
' } '#
?H
* !" J $
5e
!" J
2! . .

!" J
Q x7
'

&K
!" J $

2 .

BBq
EL
!" J !' ?G * # Xt2
! + s . . ?G
* !" J BBB 0 !
N
2 K& !" J ! . .
.
#EF
3>> &

I, Major Zia, do hereby declare the

independence of Bangladesh; request all
the peace loving countries of the world, to
give immediate recognition to the Swadhin
Bangladesh and extend physical assistance
of all types to liberate the democratic
minded people of Bangladesh. Under the
circumstances, I hereby declare myself as a
provisional head of Swadhin Bangla
liberation Government. I urge upon the
people of Bangladesh to continue this
freedom movement with increased vigour
and intense sense of devotion.
By the grace of God, the victory is ours.
Joy Bangla.tBB?
%# N ! . . N
m
'
!0N
!0 EL
'
Yz
&
0
0<
#EF
3> &
!" J
2#
8 #
2# # '

EL
EL W
5 &
N

s V !

! . = ! ' !0 89
2
the leadership of + .
! ;
> #
* 2tBB]
. .

?H

BpGB

. .

!" J
:
VP
3>
<& Y #
&'
'
<J Vk . <J
' EL
.
J
2 *
! j
&
$N #
. EL
'
'
. <J !' EL
. 0C
.
N . # '
N.
2(

! +
J! '

! +
# b

under the guidance of #K

under

* !" J $

sI, Major Zia, provisional Commander in chief of Bangla liberation army, hereby
proclaim on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the Independence of Bangladesh.
I also declare that we have already formed a sovereign legal government under Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman which pledges to function as per law and the constitution.
We, therefore, appeal to all democratic and peace loving countries of the world to
recognize the democratic Government of Bangladesh.tBB_

%# N ! . . N
EL
!" J
2
BBq
BBB

BB?
BB]
BB_

'
BpGBN
$
* BpGB EL
!" J
' <J ?[ *
#
)
!" J
2
# J !
NU '#
')
# J !
NU '#
')
# J !
NU '#
')

#EF

! +

'

) Ig [?

?G

BpGB
'

Bo v 5L BpGB . # ) ' $
+
+ 0VP
EP
#
j
. !.
=

Ig G_
Ig G_
Ig Go

25

$ = EL
' !" J
?G * BpGB
+
#
?o * BpGB ! EL

2
'
'

#
#

#
#

!" J
=

2(

! +
# 0
<J Vk

VP

!
0 2
3>

W z
$

#
'

<
EL W

BB[
BBG
BBH
BBp
B?q
B?B

5A'

* 8,
!'=

<Z
.

<& #

s# ; j T #
'. 2 # = ! . .
2
#
! .
#
!
#
! .
EL f
7 &
!
2 K$
VP
2
a @ z 9J* &EP
2 Q Q
2 V
0
2#
<. < ' 2
$ !K
2 &K
+
I, major Zia do
BB[
hereby declare independence of Bangladesh.
EP; #
N s?G * x #
$ Bq
$
. &K 8 J $ ! . .
.
+
# '= Z
# ' # ; @ 2tBBo
#
7 !; >@
<
=
' # ' < ;; ! ,
sGB
*
Q x 0+
EP '
I
.
I ! 0+
.
1 0 C BBG # < Z
'
I+ )!
0 < .
!
N!
;` .
'
3> &
!" J
j
'+
2 EL
!" J
2 #=
<
* = 1 0C
'
EL
!" J
<
'
2# g
' & 4
&K !" J &
jJ
Q x ! W z !0 <
m !" J &
2t\\_
3 .
'# # '
s. # r < ;; ! ,
-0
<
! v= ! $ ?G!
* <& !
! O'> !K sEL
! v=t !" J T
2
EL
!
! . .
fEL EL
v
2
v
!
'
N 85LN 5L
= 9 * &
.
T
#8 J N # | 0* ' j
<&

#
EL
=
* 8, z
'2 ;
*-
Vk
2 #= . Z .
$ # |
*J N #
K # | & \
&
1
J 2 8
! ' . # | 5L ;
J J <&
2tBBp
N s# <
5L ! 5L ! 3
#
= #=
< !
.
'
' #r
*
.
EF
#
# \
2#
& D Y
E63 8
.
!' !0N ! + .
!<&;
9 * 0*VP !
# ' &'
2tB?q s
#
*. # r
N . # ' ! , N # r
D ! , N # #0 N
+ ' ! 5A' # N `;7
7 & + #=
< !
! + .
8 ` * VF
j
56 * !
'* '
N.
!
2 Y
E63 8
.
'
!0 ?[!
*
# EA # b J ; !
'* !' 5e
2tB?B
%# # '( #
N s! ' #
! $ ! $ ` f
Q
&J
+
$
'*
# j
2 j VP ! #x
=
$
9 * <&
!
! O'> K 8
#
$ 8**
' *
'>
f2
f ! ' ! $! $
'
#8 J ) v
'
W89
0* ' j
> .
1j
<> # <> J
2
0 < ! W z'
K*
w
.
*
! + .
#
# > <& J
'* >'
$ !" J J
2
`
0< # '
. ! . .

BBo

!
! 5A' ) EL
!
! O'> ) Wg [o [H
# J !
NU '#
') Ig BB]
1 0 C g ?o * BpGB EL
!" J 9 * 0*VP 1 0 C r $
1
# <3 h Y N # ' < ;; ! , ) gI o] o_
.
.
_[!K G[N # # ') Ig _po
.
.
_[!K G[N # # ') Ig [qq [qB
.
.
_[!K G[N # # ') Ig [qB

26

EL I ' N
!
8 # J2 V ! + .
EL 8 8
B??
K* 2
#
'g +
2t
O' < x BpGB
o 85L
*
5L
: '
!" J '
sEL
!" J !'
! + . !<&;
=
N # < 2 + 0*VP %qo^BB^BpGB( #
.
# <
EL
v !' 2tB?]
8
`
3>
! BpGG
?G v 5L
'
3>
.
5A
$ 3> !8 . 8 !" J
s .
1 0C
'
EL
&K
!" J
#
0* '
& \ 2 j
# \
.
#<&<
.
J
'
. .
'
#
<8 &C #.*
2tB?_
'
.
@
X
. #
+
N sBpGB
?
*
#^ ^ ^ # '
*I EL
Y N] *
.
. *I EL
ZN G
* Q x7 ! + .

8 J
<& !K
}
' j
! . .
#
EL
. 0C T @
j
'
'* 2tB?[
#
&
NsI kept wondering, since the only name that was ringing in my
ears was that of Major Ziaur Rahman who had made the historical announcement over the radio
immediately after the crackdown by the brutal Pakistan Army.tB?o
%#

# 889
4T @

#
+

T ! . .
!" J '

.) 0+

EP !

!'

2(

#=

" J
C. <J
J }
!0 ! + .
#
=
<&
D
EL
!" J ! ,
2 ?o * '
<& !. # =
<
J
56 ' # '
D
!
! O'> !K
Q x7
j EL
!" J - $ &
$
#
!
* 2 # . !K
' EL 2
'
!0 !0+ # N #
' 0
#
' '+ '
!
. # #
. 2
EP '+ '
! } $
'
$ !K
`+
9 VP . #.*
= 0*VP !'
<&
!0
2t
O'> K - '
Ns
BB^]H ^ <& # =
<!
. # '! ,
% 5e g
. # ' ! , N <
(
=
* Q x7
'
EL
* 8, 3>
!" J
!' s EP !
# *
+
# " $N . <
#b J
!
'
2 w N <&
EP 0C
2#
: .
9
0 # '
2
# '
1 0C
z
K 0C
2 * 1
#
#
'
#
# ' =
# ' !'
EL
. !
1 O' K
0*VP 0C
0 2#
'
K
0C
.
N # N ! Q ! . O$ = #
0
2!
#
! N. # ' N W89 !K
!
-@
@ 2
#=
<! N
*
#
!' &
= EL
& !
'
B?G
'! , ' 2# # ' Q
@ 2.
2 ! + .
2t
# EF
9
O$7 & D
s?[ !
*
" vg
!
K
. / # 5A' % 10 C ; ! W z'
#EF
&
Vk (
#
.
! W IO'
EF K
=! + .
!
'
EL
!" J '
cB?H
. .
!" J
*
9 .
'
'*
N
0 C 0=
# & J =
2
. / 0+ ' EL
'
<Z
EPN + _
& #
< ' 0C
l <& J

B??
B?]
B?_
B?[
B?o
B?G
B?H

.
#
#

.
_[!K G[N # # ') Ig [qB
'
) ?p^qG^?qBB
'
) ?p^qG^?qBB
. # +
*
2 &

g ! g +=

BRAVE OF HEART, Habibul Alam, Bir Pratik; p: 3

GB
#

'
;h

O'> K - ' N

&
N Ig o_ o[
O$7) I\ g ?oq

27

) &

85L N ?qqH

. ! #;
< !. B?p
. !
<
.
B]q
2
} Z
! Q ! . O$ & \
* %# g(
.
B]B
=
N J*
/ ! g ! .N ! g
* # '
N! . .
N! . + '!
;N
! . !
; N! .
. 9 @ N ! .
@
N! .
! , N! . ; . N
! .
!
! , N
#r
& +2
=U Z
; > <v
8
4N
B]?
#<
% - ( !.
. >$
<
> J
7
&
.
/
EF
2
BG
& BpGB !
!.
} ' K
'
!" J =
0 C .U
*I z & \ # VP.*
#Q EL
!" J <& J 0 <
8
2
' '
$ 0 C .U
'
! #K*U
R #
* #
. VP - $
#
28
.U
#K*U
* #
'
%Politico-econo-religion imperialism PERI policy) 0 C
# <& J
.
$
!' 2
'
$ EL D EL
89 +4N
-#
' 20C . 8
9 * *
< $! u N! u
4
<
9J *Q
0C
2 8
= RAW
'
1
N
.
N <J
N '
N!
#
$* = 5A
EP
@C * | 0C
2
?[
* BpGB Operation Searchlight
EP
. VP !0 `
9 *
' .
E
' .
#
8 ' !

Bo v 5L ! light #R

.z
Z2
Ek 0C !
#R
N
-N .
N.
<
'
* 9
) 9 *
EP
* #R
' N #
= EL
'
2

<
?o

<Z

* BpGB
*
9
! & J !0 < 2 9
- =
0<
7$ ,
#
! + . !EL
O'
$ 9$U
.
8
! + .
EP
'
*

B?p
B]q
B]B

B]?
B]]

&K &
EP
# * #b J #=
<!
!' ) ! . . EL
!" J .
'< '*
!'
0C
*
l # 0 8
# > <> J
#=
<!
RAW
0<
B]]
2 ! + .
# EF
56 * #x
!K # =
< ! I IO' 8
>
'
!0 ! + .
'
$# N jJ
EP !" J
!0
z J
EP % `

EP ( # 2
EP
!" J 8
!' 2 J
& W # EF
56 * #x
0
' .
& .
28
!" J
!" J
'
.U
8 8
'
N! + .
' ' z
2

$ !.
+
$ EAI
, # 2
B
& BpGB
+?=_ ! Q !
<
2
8
v*
2 #;
> <v
4
.
2
C VP ! !0N _
56 * #
2
; > <v
8
4N # <
&K #
?o^q]^?qBB
$ &
.
.
Bp_[ !K G[N # #
+

2
.
&

BpH_

9 *

<

$ !.

O$ # ;
*
J
* J
$ !; * %
;( 9 * R
!K
J*
.=
%#
J* =
=

% - ( !.
' 2
') Ig _Ho 2 9

. >$

VL

<
N Ig B[ 2

. !
%
N <(
> <v
8
4 '
Q j`
H ! Q ! . O$ # EF
56 *
!
*
J

& y(
#;

< !

GBN '

28

#VP<*

EF
'

s tN #

&K .

'N Ig _H2

}'

! + .
/ B]_

EP
0C
!; 2B]o

EP

'
j

O' N
#

# EF # =

<
<Z

! W z !K
0 2

R ) 8

VF

: !K 8 B][ 9 *
EP
D
2 + . 56 * 8
v
2 . .
K
! W z EL
N
EL
0CN 0 8
+4

EP ;h
7
5e #Q .
J
!
8
)
VP
8
seven sisterN

#<
7 1 B]G # 0 8
.
'
<Z
l . 2
j . / # ' =
# @
0K b ! 5A' # =
#

' # EF
?
& BpGB
&
Vk
K &K
[=o
& m
#
} Z
2
<Z
' !
' !
m
K
= #EF
3>
&
Vk
<
2 #
4
! + .
! & vO$ = U ' . @
! & vO$N . / # '
&
Vk
!" J
2 +O'
!
# '
#
#K* Vk N
@
-J =
*
Vk
!" J
2 s+O'
1
EP # =
<
8 N#
Q x7
&K ! N
@
@
*
EP # =
<
J 56 ' N #
&
Vk ' '
. / # '
9 *
EP # =
<
J 56 ' N
'
&
Vk !
tcB]H V
C VP !
! N
J s 1 . / # '
C VP & +
$
10 C
0 &y "
8
2tB]p
RAW
# 0
8
<D
!
} ' K
BG
&
BpGB
EL
!" J - B_q
'
&
!" J
2
. <
<& J 0 <
2
'
`
9 *
EP !K
*
.
=
& '
'
' '
VL <J
'
<Z
<J 2B_B
. .
EL
!" J
$
0C m
;
0
'
@J
BG
& BpGB
<Z
#EF
3>
0C
` !0 < 2
#=

<

&K

U ' . @

B]_
B][
B]o
B]G
B]H
B]p

B_q
B_B

#
9 *
EP
<Z
'
! O'>
! + . #
EP !K ;
'
N IgB[B

D
8
#Q .
!
$
0*VP EF !' 2
#
:
. / # '=

RAW

3
8
#EF
3> Vk N
!0N
2
8

<& J

2! + .
2 9-g

'

$ #

EL

0C

!0N
#

Indo-Bangladesh Friendship Treaty; Expression of Indian Mistrust and Our Sincerity, Brigadier Anwarul Azim Khan; Dhaka
Courier; 15 April 1994

EP #
#<
0Vk
! + .
$
"$
J*
2 J* =
'
BpGBN
$
) Ig GH
.
.
Bp_[ !K G[N# # ') Ig _HH
EL
!" J - " J
+ 0 '= Bq
& GB
'
N Ig B[
EL
!" J -2
!

@C
#

+ !'+

29

0Vk
#<
N

&

)
!

BG

EP

& GB

V + ! +
2

+2 9-g 9

GBN

+
?[

8
* BpGB

# > <& J

EP
Ek
# * #b J
'
'
# 80 N
N # <D 0 < & $
8
EkEP
2w
' '
! $
'# >
. <&
.
# |
# > ! 2
<& <
0 0
' . =
#
'
8
VP *
'
8
&
!<
'
!
'
J
' 7 '*
2
'# >
j '9
*
=8
/ 0- T @
2
I\ 5L
8
JK*
Gq !K Hq j
# > <& J
2 Bangladesh Documents
+
!0N ]B # < BpGB 0*VP H? + HB . ??q .
J K* 8
# > <& J
op^GB + O'N [^_B +
= q^__ + #
* 5L 2

1 ;,.N 1

Operation Searchlight

= .

<Z

EP

8
__o
0

& jJ

?G

* BpGB2 ! . .
EL
!" J
*
.
'< '*
2
EP
@C &
<
7
'>
8 8 %
r
Q
' =
Q
#
#
!K
8
O'
.'

!' 2
'
8
0
K
'
8 8
+
2(
N ^ ^# ^ =
' <J " C
K
2_
& GB
+
* *<J
< !.
.
!
<
.
2
EP
j <
N ^ ^# ^
= #
' '
<Z
1 ;,.2
&
J*
%
* !.
(#
< =
2
# '
. / 8
# > <& J
&
<Z
EP
28
Y . a
9 * JQ
&
<&
"$ = C VP
' . /
B_?
! h,
T @
&
Q Q 2
`
9 *
EP !K
.
.
8
# >
#R
.U
=
EF
'
K 2 !'
<
. # EP z
<'=8
!< O' EF a
# & J
Ek & j J ' .
K 2
.U
1 z = &8
- ! W I O'
mOm !'+ !' 2
RAW
Yz
<Z
.
# 8
Yz
<Z
1 0C2 .
1 ;,. #
1 0C
89
<Z
1
2 1
! W z !.
=
K
= .
! W z !' 8
!.
= 2
1
<Z
< $ ! u 8<
2 ! u a
0 0 ! u
4
' z
/}
/}

/}
. .
. ; 7
. + '!

qB

B_?

GBN '

B^G

%
%~

j L
Bq q_ BpGB
?H qo BpGB
Bq q_ BpGB

N Ig B_

30

X
?[ qo BpGB
B_ q? BpG?
?? BB BpGB

/}

q?

/}

%~

. $
'
.
;

@
. Y 'Y

.
= #
4
+ '
. .
. . @
'
.
. #
! ,
.

.
.
.

. .
# '
,
4 <J
. .
' +
. #

q]
q_
q[
qo
qG
qH
qp
Bq
BB

]B
T @ '
& P <& J
E
s
'
EP
Y

j L
?? BB BpGB
Bq q_ BpGB
?] qG BpGB
Bq q_ BpGB

X
BH B? BpG?
?B qG BpGB
B_ q? BpG?
B_ q? BpG?

Bq q_ BpGB
& BpGB
Bq q_ BpGB
?H qp BpGB

B_ q? BpG?
B_ q? BpG?
?G qp BpGB
B_ q? BpG?

Bq q_ BpGB
B_ qH BpGB
BG qG BpGB

BG qG BpGB
B_ q? BpG?
?_ B? BpGB

q] B? BpGB
?G qo BpGB
q? BB BpGB
Bq Bq BpGB

Bo B? BpGB
Bq Bq BpGB
B_ q? BpG?
q? BB BpGB

* BpGB2
EP
!' j Vk
'
!' '> '
EP
!K
- h '
9 *
. <J
<&
0
. 8
* O$ !0
'*3 = 0*

8
. /
J . | 2 '
10C
0
. 8
!
' z !'
]q
& 2p!
'
10 C !0 <'
'
@J '
Ek !$> '
' z2
&
8
VP
%
;( jy8
& jJN #Ek
=
3 #
!0 #l ELl
0
D " $2 8
!
z
y ! '
!$>
0*b
#
!
J) 9 g ! +
J
#Ek =
2!
W
y
B_]
T @ ' .
-=0
&K '
!$> 2t
#
s @J ' !$> !'=
#
8
&
#
`
2 !0 !$>
&'
'> =
VF '
#Ek
*
8
*I j # Y &K '
#
& 2
#
&
J N M 'N <N
. &8I
Ek '> ' `
7 Q = 8
9 *R
Y 56 * '
m<2
'
1 0C ' .
/ W #Ek
Vk '
'> '
!0 ! h,
N

<
7
!
<2 1 0 C b7 $
!0 C # J

b < = Z2tB__
+ 0 <
s &K '
b7 $
C
!
#=
<'
0 '
2^^^
8 *
. !0 E
C <& J
N ' 0
'* # < (Extra Territorial
Loyalty) !K 0
1N !
!
@J
#=
' ' ' m
1 W
8 *

B_]
B__

GBN '
GBN '

N gI Bp ?q
N Ig ?q

31

.U

S r
EF +
0
B_[
VF
*' &
!
0 < " $2t
sEL
<& !0 <' #
' =
-0 ' .
b7 $
#=
<
& !j 8 =
J2 !'
8
EP
0*
0
<& <& VP
8
@J 5 &'
@C
N
& ' .
.
- 0 !$>
8 #
8
8
N
# j
J JK*
#K
#
'
56 # J*
''*
2 *
&
EP
0i
+ 8 D' N
= ! >J
EL
EL j
EL g9 * <
Z 2 1 0C
= !$>
!j - &' * }
@J ' !

3
2 ! 5L
b7 $
!j - '
}
# +
B_o
! = 1 0C ' 0* # : N !
= m O' !. 9
K 2t
! 8
Q8
- K
Yz= 8
. Vk &8
EP
@
O'> < x
2
'*
8
Vk
1 0C ' & j J #=
<
#
'
!
*
+ 2
VF
.
' '
!
* '9 K
E VF

$* =
!
*' =!
& jJ ! O'> &
!'
2
# <3 5L
N
<&
8
&J
!j - 0+ ' jJ VF '
&8

'
Vk 8
. /
# EF # j W
N +
'
VF 7 @J '
@C

#
J
2
`
;
*'
# '8
$ & jJ
#u
2
0 C # <> J 9 *
B_G
' EL
3>
> \
2 . !
#
N s < 7 < !K
# ' [qq .
8
!
$ . < & jJ .
2 !0 ' #
=
# < ' Z ` !" J
# 0*
J # ' & jJ T @
# =
'
5L 2
T
EP 8
0C T @
!< 2 T
8
'
EL W ' 2 # '
Q ' C8 !' ;
V
.
' # j
2#
! +
x7
& 7
!< 7 <
562 #
!' 0+ 8
!
EL
' + # !
!< 7 <
56
!K
8 c#
!8 $ EF
#
&K
56 x !K
1
N
#<
0 2 #<
<
$
!'+
s Y; t2B_H
>K
0* % *
& (
EP
0i
+.
Y
K
'
* J*
8 8
8
. 2 ! +
1 0C
!$> <> J
# <> >
2 $
EL
EL j
EL g9 * 2 V s 1 0 C
=
!$>
!j - &' * }
@J ' !

3
2tB_p
' $7
JK*
#K O'
+ "$
VF
.
' !
'

> b "$ 2
"
* = #
%c( !$> !K !
56*
/ # '
Ns
$ "$ " $2 >K #

2# '
.
!v
Z
2
N! $
Kv>
2 $
a T N !
- "
2tB[q
1 0C ' & W
+
= VP
2 !.
=
j
N
+
&
$ .
V 10C
VkJ
.
+ BNq?N_[H .
+
2

B_[
B_o
B_G

B_H
B_p
B[q

9
9
#

EP

GBN '
GBN '

N Ig ?q ?B
N Ig ?B ??
#
5A' ;.
2
! +
!< #
2
$ &
!K #
J
2
# ' 10Cg ; !'+ N #
N# '
Y %
! +
J
$ m
CI
89
N
/ # 'N # '
Y %

!
. ' - <
. ?qqp
K VkJ

(N 56 ' g
2
(N 56 ' g

32

/ #
/ #

*
'

'N Ig []] []_ %

'N Ig B??

*
jy(

. #
K # EF

'

EL

0C

8 D j

!8,< 8
`
9 *
EP
&
'
EL
0C
j

EP
&
'
EL
0C
j
2 0C ! W z
'
#=
<
* <& # N
E VF
$*N
! $! $
'
E VF #
C.
10 C
89
+ 2
# VP.*
8
'
EL
j
8
= `
! 8
=
- 1
WARSAW block )
EP
j
#
N
:2 > $
7 2 >$
* '
EP
j# # #
'
j 1 ' 2
VF .U
' = C.
b
!
10 C
j!
89
+ 2 =
B[B
8
10 C # <& J . 8
<
O' .
$ 2
'+ !
s
10 C
=
+h . = 0 2 .
# '
# 2 h
I
2
#
J
j`
T 2 &
'3
$ 8
= !' +
- 2 V =
0
#
8
O' 8
2 10C = EL
'
& D
#
2 VP 8
:
EL
'I # | :
- . 2 10 C
! + .
C* !
!
# 8*
'
2 10C VL
$ !
* '
' 1 8
<& J 0 <
28
#
8
!<
&<
VF '
EL
1
j #
$
<Z <
7
2
EL
#=
<
# ! j
VkJ 8 @ $ = 8
2
90* @
8
Vk J <I #VP J K
2 V
= =
8
#VP J
!K
10C
&8
2 &
@C
' +O'
!
# ' ! + ;.
J # b J 0+ 7 VP +
>
10 C
j .
'
'I8 2t B[?
.
'
.
VF
. Vk
! ) EL
0C
$ '
'
j# #
'
EP
j #Ek J
2B[]
v #r
%
v
(
EL
0C T
N
' EL
=
=
'
s 9 *
EP
3
$*t2 ! +
8
v
8
Q= #
$ !0 < 0 <
2
# VP
8 2 '
=
'
EP !
2 <
.
' c B[_
'
#8 VP
&
N >$ 8
O' ' m
0*
= &
8
N .U
8 8
'
!
*N .
#
# 0
&y
' '>
#
& j
j8
'
EL
0 C # <& J
2 8
<J
EP !8
'
0C
!
!' + 2
+ 8
Y '
!
! & vO$ # r = '
N
'
EL W
! # <& J
J
# VP
| 2 B[[
`
.U
.U

: & % .8 ;
B[B
B[?
B[]

B[_
B[[

'+ !
=
Y
1Y
8
U'

- J
'

* *

$*

2 ?qqH

* J

N 56 ' g
#r
) =
8
EL
A 0
# #+
7 ) I\ g ]o_
10 C
v
.
'
$*
EP
'
" *=
2#
h
Y
1 0C '
@ C=
5 & J ' '
2
)
+g ?p^qG^?qqq

! ,

8
C

W
#

&

' '
'+ !

@C
J*

2
2!

Ig pq pB
!
h'

www.liberationwarmuseum.org/in this month-in-1971/188-may-12-1971 accessed on 03.01.2012

33

<
!0N 1 0 C

'

#=

'

EL
0C!
jy J* !'

W z

.U

'

#=

<2

0C0

# <& J

<

#=
. = 9 *
EP

<
& '

# <& J 10C

'<

'

EL
0C !
' ?HH . '

W z'

.U

' 2

EP .

' BoG

#
8
<
+
0
2
'
% * ( # > <& J
2
EP
GG . .
= B_[ . & '
' ' '
#'
. = .
.
8
<
.
= & '
' ' '
Bq
& BpGB <J
' <Z
' #
8 D a @ z ' z !'
0
2
!
'
JK*
8
# EF
8
# EF
!
'
89
& DK
=
* 8
'

E VF

'*

!' 2 %# =

< 56 * # -

' J*

I\

p_ BBo !

=
'
2
2
b
(2

$*

' $ 8 D 8 D
'
= #' * 8
#
. ;; # ' #
$*
-'
Q 7$U
!0 < 0 < j
'
'. !
'3
' '

#<
! & J= 8 D
!< } Z a @ z
`
!

! W zw
10 C # <& J
2 9 *
8
#
!'=
# .
"
9 *
! 8
$
* &
'
Q
. ;; =
j
8
2 . ;; # '
<&
!
'N
Vk v
N
& +j

M* '

'

10C

0< `8 ! 8
=
j .U
K* # '
2 10C
a @ z 9J* 89
+ 2 10 C 9 * Q x7
9J*
* '
=
!
2B[o
!.
< = b
#R o . !<
. ;; # 'N
EP
0<| 56 '
;
28
$*
v J
N! 8
$*
' =8
!;
= O' < x " \
*
'3
1
Q j`
2B[G

8
=
#=
E VF
' *
9 *
. 28
+
2
# 2

B[o
B[G

VF '

#r
'+ 8
#=
< & \
8 2
*
$* <Z
!
= =
VP
8 D
m+ 4
8
=
' $ .U
'
J
28
VF =
Yz= # =
< &
EP
EL
3>
EL D
Bpop
!K
!'+
10C
8
&K '
O' =
<I O'
+ = 10 C
'3
'
8
'
0'
N . .;
*EF
#
!
8
< ;

87

& Q

K ].

' ) U'

34

0< VP ) ??^BB^?qBqN

EL
0C T @ !K !
+ ! . . sEL
+N `
# N
0C
=
EP

!<, 89
!" J t .
1 = #'
N#
K #Ek
@C &
< !
2

2
.
W z <Z
!.
=
0C ' #
W
1

' !

8
=!
- !'

! W z 0+ K*
2
< Z l 8 J tGCo

<Z

10 C

89

2 .U
E6I
I3
' '

- 2 + N ! +

#
.
2 <& J

< !
*
N #r
89 2
. '
!
* # 2!
.
&

<Z = !0 C
N ;
# 'N #
#r
&
.
<Z N & jJ =
*
Yz
* BpGB
#u
& j J # <&
<Z
*
+
jJ !
0 C # <& J
2

\
+
J
-

J
10 C
!' + =
<
$ EL D 1

1
1 0C
' N EL

N0 !
.
2 1 0C ' #
' 2

B[H

N!

#' *
W N >

* #
0 '

N!

'
BpGB
?[ !
*
EP
Ek # EF h
#R
1
= .
<
Z = !'
#8 VP
0
$ Q
#r
'
/
! W
' K
J
.U
8
VP !
#
!K
0 C # <& J
.
}
! +
+ $
0C
#
-8Q
0 2
#<&
!' 2 ! W
. ! .
# + !
0 2
'
7#
!

!0 C
1

'
K 0C
! +
'

B[H
B[p
Boq

'

'

N#

`
8 D 0*
&
a @ z 9J*
z '
`
8
!<
2 '
$Q
z
#

9 *

8 8
28
.
! W z
$
<
2 Q
'
/
&K
9 *
EP
# '
7
.O$B[p
O' EF RAW
/
b
N s]
&
# 2 Bp !
&
2 + #
&K a
7
<

EP
!

1 0C '
+
BGqqq2 <& $ Q
!.
* j-2
$!
I+ &
EF <
<
& jJ <& J
2
'
#8 VP
.
1 #R < !
2 Bo v 5L #
& \
EF
2Boq

1 0C '

pq p[ .

') Ig _H

<& = 10C

56 '

N >

N!

O'> K - ' )

35

gI _qH 2

jy2

! 3

!
9 *

w N

'
<
= Z)
.
3> <Z
9 *
BpGB
'
2

2
& jJ <& J
$Q

%
/
? 3 ! Q ! . O$
.
' 2
"$ !
! O'> !K 0+
! . .
EL
!" J !' + !
. '
2 ?G * ! . ! ^ ^
; $ * $7 =
$ ! 56
!K !
' !
= # r # ..
]H !.
' ! $> v $
Z
2
!
= #r # . .
8' !'+ '
-8Q
0 2 !8
!' +
. !.
!<$
' 2
[. N
!8
# =H.
#
! O$
?. # $ !
#EkN & 7 !<
@'N ] $
<
. !.
9 * '
E7
0 2!
&K
"
"$
EF
2 ?p
!<, ' K
$
.
# \ 8 !
m
2 B .
=; '
#R EL
Y
2
* j.
= !<, ' K N ; '
N '
N U. N !< < = ! $
2
' N
+
! $K
#
=
* j - #VP89*1 2
569J* #8 VP J8 <
Z
!
2
'
1 0C
[Nq[_ . 2 '
Ek
!
]_q . 2 '
0
! $
K
.
O'
E7
jy & jJ ! O'> !+
&
. 0
& jJ '
2 '
!'
BoB
. < ! >J
1 0C
p[^qq $
! = !'
2

= &

BpGB
& ?qq %' ( .
0
N '
- B] . EL
0 C # <& J
2
Bo?
8 < [B .
'EF !
* * EL
0 C # <& J
<

: & % .8 ;

#r
+O'
9

U ' #r

vg #

G
H
p

vg +

BoB
Bo?
Bo]

/,/

e`
B
?
]
_

vg

'
# '
' +
! ,; %

$(

.
0<|
.
.

9 *

EP

< &y
o? . #

?^B

9$ !

4 %4

4 h\ ,
&

%
: & % .8 ;
:Z

:Z

$
N #K* 8 <
&
N
&
N * <&

/ 4 X

&
.

'

# 1 .
<&

&

&

<

Yz

! ,

7
7
7

&
&
&

N
<
N 7 <&
N

&

'
% / (

'
<& = 10C
56 '
'
BpGBN
$
) Ig B]p
' # x
&y K #
2

:Z

\ap

O'> K - ' )

36

Ig _qp 2

#R

jy2

&

Vk
>
'3

&

Vk

9+

Vk

9+

'3

e`

Bq
BB

=
vg ! , ;

B?

B]
9-g

! ,
/

vg

N a
N!

&

N > J

7 #

#
O'

I3

/,/

W
#
#

;
; '
! .
9 ! 5A'

: & % .8 ;

Vk .z
'3

&

* *
0 '

O'

EP

<

e^e
4 %4

' #

'

* '

\ag

4 h\ , :Z
#
&y
.
&
N
.
&
N; '
7 &
N .
7 &
N '
4 # ; N !< <

' ;.

:Z

\ap

e`

B
?
]
_
[
o

&

N0

'
BpGBN
$
10 C ! &j $ 1 # EF N

&
&

/ 4 X

: & % .8 ;
:Z

:Z

7
7

'

Z 0**
'

4 h\ ,

/ 4 X

:Z

- J

1 0C

sThis must be the only country in the world where there are two
views on the independence of the country. ( I K
$
- !' !0+ EL
' $
(2

.U
8
<N .
N .
N=
N
EP v b $
$*
% v (N .
' N W
>
$* %! ^ ^ (
VF N
.
' ' =
)
9 *
EP
$*N 9 *
*
$* % .
' (N W
>
. ' '
VF
. Vk ' =
'
EL
0C
2
#=
<
+ 0 < + !
*0
EP
#+4
:
. Vk
:
. -'
&.
#
.
>
EP j 89
+ 2
,C * 5L
'
EL
0C
=
EP
#+4
j
20
EP
#+4
&
K* .
Bo_

10 C ! &j

1 # EF N

7 #

; N Ig [BH

37

EP I Y = 1
.U
N #K*U
=
<J Vk & \
EP !K
D
8
#i
K
!
* 8,

EP
\^

#+4

CN %

&

Jq

+ -N .U

e^ /

Jq

K*

'

Vk 8 N

VP

!
K

3>
)

$N

EP

9 2

N
EP
#
= .
2
& 4
Jq
VF =
.
'
' N
8;
Jq C. N j N
' N# .
#
$ /
Jq
= &
* *2
1 1/
Jq
N# ' N#
= . '

p^
g^
`^
a^

EP
'
EP

! W z !' ' 2Bo[

3> 8
!
1
# EF
#K*U
! J x 2
0
(# '
$ 3>
K
N.
Q K
N

!' N :
' '
&
3> #<&<
N 9 *
%
8
$ 3>N 0 .
2z

9 N

EP

.U

1 z N ,C
! . 2

5L 2

EP
EP

.U
=
!
2
EP
#K*
'<J # < !K
EP
l
'
8 Bpo[
!;
`2 J ' . + ! N 56' 2
#
9 *
EP
!
56'
B^ Geomilitary strategic point
?^ 9 *
EP
. +
$
8<
EP
]^
-@ 8
' !K
9 *
EP
&

EP

.
EP VP

Boo

EP

2
. ?[

Bo[

s I3

* BpGB

EP
:
9J*
2t 4
EP
N

0 Vk #
+

89

9 *

Vk
9 *
EP
Ns 9 *
'
VkJ

EP
.

$ a @ z 9J* EF 2
1 IC

<
2
+

'
EL
# '
EP ! 2 9 *
N
J

m + #b J

0C
K 8
EP
2tBoo

.2
=

J}

2
!
EP

1
<&

2
'

EP ' &
Vk Yz=
0 2
9 *
. <
1 IC
:
= . + 8Y
2 9 *
EP = K
N j =
' 7 j< K
2
BpGq
*
#=
<
+ < \
!
1 & <
`
9 *
EP
'
+
operation searchlight
2

: ! WEF
!'
# 8*9
!' # 8*9
N0
+ N & W
' $
B[ # < Bp_G
56 '
N &K # )
+g qo^B?^?qBq)
!

38

2 7 *
56' =
# 2

> .
# EF !K

{ !K
O'
0*VP E W
' ! >\ !' 2 !
9J

!.
# '
'
+ 0
'
<
2
l
# <& J
! ; $ O$
!.
. ' N ! ; $ O$ !.
<9
N ! ; $ O$ !.
${ + N ! ; $ O$ !.
#
# '
. N ! . !.
= N ! . !.
#
N ! . !.
=;
# N! .
!.
+'
. N ! . !.
#
#
. 2

! <8J*
&
'
= #=

operation

EP

&

Vk 8
9 *
8 D .U
' 9
&

EP
'

vg #r ! Y
2 $!
<Z
Vk 8 2
Vk 8
<
.
' '
2 1 Vk 8
$

.
!'

2
'

?^]

i /"
W
qB^
q?^
q]
q_
q[
qo^
qG^
qH
qp^
Bq^
BB^
B?^
B]^

vg #r ! Y
#
= ' . '
#

#=
#=
#=

T &@ ! ,

!
= . # '
#+
/ # '
=
g
.
. / # '
! !
;!
!
;

>

8
.

CN %
<
<
<.
< & '
< & '
.
&
$*
<

#
9-g

-N

BoG
BoH

$* % v (
$* % v (
$* % v (
%

# #+

7 ) Ig ]]q

+ -BoH

EP
EP

<

<
EP !v b $
EP !v b $
EP !v b $
'
=
# 0 (2BoG

B_

' '
' '
' '

EP
"$
2 '
' <
-N

J # 0
# #+

!'
$

+ #8 VP J

.
7 ) Ig ]]B

8 8
&

39

# <& J
2
EP
#+4
j

* : 9 *
0<

!$

?^_

EP
W
B^

'

?^

# ..
.

[^
o^

. ; .
'

G^

v^ ^ $^ '

H^

! , 8 ; '#

p^

Bq^
BB^
B?^

VP
K*
*
0*
#

v^ ;

9 @
v^ ' !
.

8 J.82;
'
N

N
EP
# . 8*
8 ! & vO$N
EP
!v b $
$*

'#

]^
_^

! ,

+ -

.
<
.
<

'N

.
<

'N

'
&
'9

'
N
'

EP

=#
;
' N
EP
&
'
' N
EP
&
'

'N

Nw
: '
# . Nw
$*
8 N
EP
!v b $
$*
N
EP
3>
VkJ
N 9 *
EP ! vb
0*N w
: '
N

/ 4 X .4W
N
EP
<

EP
&

'

.4W

<

&

' N
EP
&
'
' N
EP
&
'
' N
EP
&
'
'9 N ! , ' #
'

j
'

56 D
;

'9 N !. 8
'
&
'
'
'9 N
& =
!'
' H v 5L GB
* &
'

Vk N
BpGH
& 1 Vk N
=
8
& 1 Vk N .
$*
#
Nw
: '
# . N
$*
=
&1

3>

'
&1 8
! & vO$N
'
BpHo

$
BpGq
.
#K*U
}
j
. Vk

* #=
< `
9 *
EP
G_^p
.
!K
#R
1
& &@
; 2 '
*
3>
J
K
2 BG[G
3 4 ! 56
!0 #K*U
N $
*
O' ' j
N
'
N <xN !
@N
$
#
O' ! W IO' m EL
'
& +
'
.
!
W3
2
!
0 '
> $ N
8
! +
EP
#+4
K* 89
<& J
2

40

K* !
K
&8W

=!
EP
&
9 * Q

!
!
!
!

! @

<%

(N
< % 8 (N # =
<
+
*N v N .
N! .
N.
'
.
. &K
0* ?G '
3
* B_q '
3 ! O'>
VP
$ <Z
2
Bop
VP
$ <Z
.U
&b
! W z !'
v
9 @ #
2 s 9 @ #
W z ! , 8 ; ' # 'N } ' + . + @ / N
; 7
N #
!<
#0 N
BGq
=
@
B? . .U
1_
& BpGB
+ ${ +
Q !'+
2t ! W z
O' ! , 8 ; ' # ' = @ BGB
#
$ N = . N # ..
N
E ;.
N . ; . / N N
@
=
'#
Gp '
3 9 *
EP
VP =
J
<Z
2BG?
$
7 3

< \gy / /1

.4

?^[
<

&1

" U /#

.U
B
?
]
_
[
o
G

Bop
BGq
BGB
BG?

$ I [_ .

} ' +. +

@/
; 7
9 @
. '
=
@
#
!<
#0
'#
#r .
+/

=
#

/ #

VP

<
<

.
.

'
'
'

v
#=

<

[_
01; O$
*

H
p
Bq
BB
B?
B]
B_
B[
Bo
BG
BH
Bp

'

;# ! , !
=
} ' ! 5A'
#r
#
!<
#;
/
!
/ ''
!
^! ; 7 !
#
+
!

?q

! . %#

& y( # ;

' 1 '
.
*
!;J !K
' ' 2
2

'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'

<
<
.

<

v
.
W

=
>

#=

+ ;
#
(
v

$*
<

' 1 '

<
# O'

EP

9 @ #
EP
& \ #<&J 89
2 V Bp[?
8 # O'
*
2
www.liberationwarmuseum.org / this-month-in-april 4, 1971 accessed on 02.01.2012
9 *
EP
& 2
Y "
='
! ! K N 1 0C !
! O'>N Ig ]q2
$ '
+ $!
- % Ig _]( !K 2 s# < M .
& 1 Vk ! , ; ' # 5A' Gp$
!. <
! +
$ # VP
$ <Z
2t

41

j
56 '
56 '

#;
&

'
89

# #+
Gp $

7
!. <

W
?B

!'=

??
?]
?_
?[
?o
?G
?H
?p
]q
]B
]?
]]
]_
][
]o
]G
]H
]p
_q
_B
_?
_]
__
_[
_o
_G
_H
_p
[q
[B
[?
[]
[_
[[
[o
[G
[H

.
#r +
3 #+
/
=
Y
= '
# # '
. -'
; . M
g
. /
# . ! 5A' #
v8 $ $ '

[p

!. #

;.

%!

8
#

.U
N

9 *

VP
'

EP

'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'

.
8

<

.
<
<
<

'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'

! ,
.
v

} ' # ..
D
;'
v8 $# '
#
. ;; # '

.
#; # ' /
! g 9 @ #
%# (
#

%#
#+

@ (
'
.

9 @
=
#
} '!

;.
#

=
! . # '
TC O'
K

,C
&

,C
&

42

a @ =
" 8
* a @ =
" !

,C

W3

'
'
'

,C

W3

'

VP
0C

EL

$ & $ !. N
'
J

7 N K

0*

EF

$ <Z

2 &K

0*

B^ EL
#

0C $
|' N
EP
.U
8
"
x
j
2
"
x
.
1) #
.
1
VkJ
. N #K* N
. b 2
?^ EL
0C
& W = 0 C Y # EF 56 * ' !
J
2
'
Opportinuities a
!' + Threats a
#
2
]^ .U
*I z & \
<
' #
#K*U
#
EP
EP 2 '
#
8
# > <& J
' 56 Y '+
T @
2
_^ 1 0 C ' & K
1
<J
N '
J
1 0C
EP
2 '
+
.' #
.
+ .
EP
2
$a
!'

GB !K
#K
!
'
!
!0 .a
B^ 0
?^

'
'

EL W & y
1 0C ' `
'
K
'
`

# EF
t ! +

89

.U

#=

EP
N
2

O' '

&K '
IC ;
j
-

* "D !0 !
EF 0
# EF
*
2
!
$
' $#
*
#
!
!
=
9 g
1 0C '

<

#
j
<& J

< I Y

.U

*
N
!K
j
8 D + ! ,
;

) # <
'
$
12

<

J8
!0
.
$ 89
+ 2
<& J
2 '
s
' ! ,
O' j

'
`

9 *

EP

#=
.U

'
<J
2
EP EL
# O'
! W z'
'
< 0 Bp[?
8 # O'
!K
`
9 *
EP . &
K 2
<
$ 8 < 81

<N
8
<=
< 81
1
!; 2
% . ;; (N
%8
(N
$*N .
N .
N =
N
EP
v b$
$* % v (N .
' N W
>
$* %! ^ ^ ( 9 *
EP
$*N 9 *
*
$* % .
' (N W
>
. ' '
#R
.
2 `
9 *
EP
.U
' a
9
8 < 8<
0
B^ @ C % %
RR # =
<2 # =
< ! W z
'
EL
0C 2
#
#=
<
+ 0 < + !
*0
EP
#+4
: !K EL
2
?^
81 b / C% i
% . ;; (N
%8
(N
$*N 9 *
EP
$*N 9 *
*
$* % .
' (2
= . Vk
#
VF =
VF
2
VF
$*N
% . ;; (N
%8
(
+ 0 < +
!
* EL
0 C # <& J
=
' #
!
* EL
2
VF
= . Vk ' a
'
EL
0C
2

43

]^ (/

.
#+4

N=

EP
: !K EL
!K
2
_^ 8/ C % %

W
>
. ' ' N.
' 2
!K EL
=#

' a
!

=#
<N
' a
!

8
=!
* EL

!
& D

<N

!K

O' ! !0N # =
< 10 C ! W z'
EP !8
'
EP
*
j
.
' !' 2
EP '
!'
R
K 7
G_^p
!8 $
2 ?[
* BpGB
Operation searchlight#=
< !
*' 8
VkEP
N
+ #=
<!
Js
'
&
Vk . / # '
K
:* * !'
<
Ek # EF

!
! .
j
BG]
t
J
0 Vk
Q
#=
$ $
*
.
& '
' ' (MPA) '
+ !
* EL
0C#
K
) 9 *
EP
Vk z <& JN VP
$
W z &' N .
J
* 4 89
+ ) + < ' '
$ `
7
!
2!
'!
= '* !
#1 !
EP
10 C
!$ 8
j`
!0N #
#=
<
D '
l
K .
2
N #
#
1
= IC
EP < !
j #=
< !8 $
:EP v^
!
* <J
=!
.
J Ek
=# |<
# EF
<
h !
.
!
!EL # |
*J
# .
#i 2tBG[
BpGq
J *
#=
< $ $ *
.
' ' ' (MPA) 0
10 C
8 D 89
+ !0N !' EL
' #
' '

9 <

BG[

<

4 % C%

/
B^
?^
]^
_^
[^
o^

BG]

EP

*
& D

#+4

<N

v N
:

9 ,

BG_

!
* EL

a
a

o
G
H
_
[
_

?^o

X / /1 vMNA) .
/ /1

# ! g!
# ..
g 9 @
! g
! g. '
} '!

.U
' 2 BpGq
Vk 3>
!
!" J
' 9 *
EP
EP
*I <J
*8
< # > ! 2
Q# +
# <
8
VP
!'
5e
' ' %MNA) =
<& J
!K
T
!0 <'
EL
.
' '
#+4
j .
& J
#=
< '
. . <J
*
'
2 BG_
s h
&
= 10C
y
EP

8 J.8 ;
% K

'
BpGBN
$
) Ig B_]
www.liberationwarmuseum.org / this-month-in-June 5, 1971 accessed on 11.07.2011
'g
K N v^
= # ; # ') Ig BoH

44

' '
'

%MNA)

= & '
!'
2

&%
/#

-9
'>3 (
BN ?N]
BN ?N]
BN ?N]
BN ?N]
?
BN ?

/
G^
H^
p^
Bq^
BB^
B?^
B]^
B_^
B[^
Bo^
BG^
BH^
Bp^

/ /1

+
+

_
G
< _
< G
< H
$7 + ?
; ' B
; ' G
; ' H
w B
w G
! + B
<&

/#

% K

<;7
! g # '9 < ;;
! g #r
#.
/ # '
! ; .
<
# '! ,
9 @
# ' / # '
# .' !
+
! g @
.
/
! g= ' . '
#

9-

'>3 (

?
BN ]
?
BN ?
BN ?N]
?
BN ?
?
?
?N ]
BN ?N
BN ?N ]
?N ]

9-g B^
# #+
7 N
-N Ig ]]? ]]]
?^
'
* BpGq ?qqB )
7 # ; N gI [q? [BG
]^ www.liberationwarmuseum.org/ this-month-in-1971

9 <
W

<

!$

4 % $
/

B^
?^
]^
_^
[^
o^
G^
H^
p^
Bq^
BB^
B?^
B]^
B_^
B[^
Bo^
BG^
BH^
Bp^

a o
.
Bq
.
BG
[
o
73 B
0
p
+ o
+ Bq
$7 + _
< B
[
]?
< BG
w BG
w ?H
; ' B
$G
$ BB

?^G

X / /1 (MPA) .

8 J.8 ;

/ /1

% K

. / # '
#r
!
# !
!
. @
g!
;!
+
! 5A'
'
.
'
!
;!
.
# 1 @
} ' ' @
! g @
#r
3
! g
.' #
! 1
. ! '
!
.
. / # '
'# '! ,
45

&%
/#

9-

?
?
?
?
BN ?
?
?
BN ?N ]
?N ]
?
BN ?N ]
?
?N ]
]
?
?
?
?
?

'>3 (

/
?q^
?B^
??^
?]^
?_^
?[^
?o^
?G^
?H^
?p^
]q^
]B^
]?^
]]^
]_^
][^
]o^
]G^

/ /1

$ Bp
7 G
7 Bq
+ G
<& ?
<& _
<& B?

vg #
!<
! 5A'
! g +=
7
.* #
# 1 @
.
N N
; /
#r .
.; #
/
.
#
# '
# ;. !
# T &! ,

<&
0
<

BGo

B]_
B[q
Bpp
]qq

% K

/ #
7

/#

9-

'>3 (

?
?
?
?
?
?
?
BN ]
]
]
]
]
BN ]
B
B
B
B
B

'
v^

,
D
,
.
! ,
! 1
89
9

9-g B^
# #+
7 N
-N Ig ]]? ]]]
?^
'
* BpGq ?qqB )
7 # ; N gI [q? [BG
]^ www.liberationwarmuseum.org/ this-month-in-1971/

#=

EL

< .

0C

& '
N

' '
.

'

V `
!'

W
B^

+O'

9 @!

+
!
s

?^
]^
_^

VF
# 0
& \
!
BGo

+O'

;!
= ; 9

.*

. Vk
r

EA
8

8^ ^!
VP
# 0
9 Y* #

!
; !
.

+
+
#=

!
!
0 <

a @ z 9J*

1
T = Vk 8
'
N 0
56 * ! +
V 0C
2t
T = Vk 8 ' 2
2
&1

.* # .

1 z

+O'

'
.
. Vk 0
l
9 VP

! 8
. Vk
. Vk & \
2!
3>
. Vk
Yz #8 VP J ' *
J !
'
#
J
) !
<& ' ! O$

PE Provincial Electoral area

46

. 2
* M* Yz
2
=! 7
9 VP
.
' .
I 7
) !
<& ' !K 8^ ^
$ * <*
X
2

# '
'
2

=
. Vk

VP

!K
EF

#
'

3> <Z

!'
E

#
# l

BGG

3. A Bengali-printed document, reportedly, published from Azad Press, Rajshahi, by East Pakistan
Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) was found recently in secret circulation amongst the Party
workers in Dacca (Dhaka). It is said to be a translation from the ` Liberation dated 15-6-1971, a
mouthpiece of the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist). The document inter alia, says that
the gambling on the East Pakistan issue by USA, USSR and India has failed because the peoples
Republic of China has provided full support to Government of Pakistan for .....

Source:

Try the war criminals of 71 at a special tribunal, Edited by Shahriar Kabir; annex-7

<
r
$= Y '
!
' ! 8
= '
. Vk
'
.*
. Vk
#8
)
! 8
& b
< #
+2
Red
Book
8
! 8
) ' 8
s
!
N! 8
#x
% * (
>. '
Q !0 < .
) %
' ( .
J
>. '
N
BGH
.
1 # O'
# ' * = EL K* &
: "
2t
VF !
!
* %'9 ' *
.
'
(
'
C. ' ! EL
0 C # <& J
! 8
8
s 9 *
EP
& J 9
. *T @
2
' &
$ EP
2
==
=
!K
mI N . ' '
@ C <&
#
2
VF
& 7 # K*
0
BGp
2 E
9 *
EP
EP j
2t
$* ]B^qH^BpGB
+ 0 .U
&
=
!
'
10 C
= -@ '
0
X
' !K
K
2

9-g http://www.cpb.org.bd/partycirculars.htm accessed on 13.11.2011

BGG
BGH
BGp

B[
& BpHp
+2
. 8 EP N ?] v 5L BpGB %
'
& 8' ?? v 5L BpGB %
'

<& = 10C
56 '
O'> K - ' ) Ig [qH !K
<& = 10C
56 '
O'> K - ' ) Ig [q[ !K
<I

47

<I
(

8J .;
CN %

1
%

(8 +
L
RRR,( / :i > (
L ( q
:
/
/
b/
0%
,
,
4 / 3 C1 b
: /
/ . 9 1 1 / 3 C1
J+
RRR 3! 9%"
L ( q c
:
, <
=8 C % 9 K b /A
/ R
"#:
, ,( )"
3! / . 9
+
RRR 9%"
L (
8/
90 C % (/ 0 C
(/
b
:
k W1 <
<4+
RRR
A% ( 0
%
8 J.8 ;
&%
% b
L
/ .1
% +
8 J.8 ;
&%
Z
/S[ 4
% ( +
'
EL
=
VF '
. ' ' # b
J* ' v^
= .'
N s ' %B[ .
BpG?( vg
' #
# .
!0N . . ; =
'+
!
'
VF .U
' a
!
= * '
.
*
' 20 ;
5e
= 1
j ' a
! = *
K
2tBHq
EL
VF '
$
*
) l!' $
+ EL
c ^^^
VF BHB
N !' $ ! $ EL
N
EP
!K
8
!< 2tBH?
BpG?
8
M* '
$* & J !
. ;; # ' w
2
.i
N
' EL
N
56 * #
VP
c .
. ;; # '
N #
EP !K
D
-2
V E638 EL
!0N
'
$
EL
* 8,
3> 0* ' #.*
2BH]
& j
&
X
VF 8 D
<Z =
*' 2! $8
n
=
!0N . .
0' !
N
.i
'
N
8
& D J
..*
2
2
= 0' .
N & .
7
0* =
!
0*VP
'
!K 0
K
<&
m
! 3
2 .i
' =
0*
'
<
j
2 # 0' .

K K
&J
2BH_
! 8
= 8
Q
}
56 *
J 8
= RAW
'
@C
J
8 ! J
2 `
9 *
EP
VF
8
K 8
.
)
J
'
EL
0 C # <& J
)
E
j & J
2
# #+
7
Ns
VF 9 *
EP
3 $* %
(
Y
10C
9 *
EP
8
# <&
#+
20
7 3 #R
' ! W z'
v
# '
N
v
-N
v
: =
v.
+ . * & +2 'R
10 C
VF
<&@
< 1
!
'; " * 2tBH[

BHq
BHB
BH?
BH]
BH_
BH[

Q x7 ! + .
"
"$ =
' N v^ ^ = .'
) Ig B]G
U'
0< VP N q[^B?^?qBq) .
!0 & D Y !+ . . @ N 8
.
'
10 C
2
$ <J Vk
#=
<
c
'
D N# '
'g
K N v^
= # ; # ') Ig ?[B
'g
K N v^
= # ; # ') Ig ]qp
#
. !' + 0
# #+
7 ) gI ]o[

48

+
N

'

$ #

N qH^qH^?qqp) ]

<
E J

(/

/ #
.

=! $! $
$
'
.
<Z 8
2
.
Ja
%B(
EP j
!0 # 80
$7 7 !0, 1
c %?(
'
EL
0 C # <& J
j #K
j
01
c %]( 8
0 = h7 a
c %_(
EP j
j0
h9
c
$ E6 *
.U
C VP <& J 8
#
' =
89
8
EP
#+4 j
< 0 2
.
N=
! $! $
' a .
.U
&b
Q m K
=
EP
#+4
j
'
J=
2.
& \
=
=''
Q .
=
/ # 'N =
#
#
VP <
$
K*
=
EP 8 <
j # EF ! 2

`
1

8/

9 *

.
'
0*b
#+4 j

EP
EP

N.

=
2

' a

C% %

Bpq[
!K
9
=
!
. = O' ' m
0*
' . EL Vk # 89 }
# O'
T @
2
. Vk
*
<D @J ' "* '
$ 8
K
N +>3 = } ' VP 8
m OmBHo !
b
& b
C
2
VF =
.
'
8
m Om .
EP
& \
2 +>3 = } ' VP
8
.
!
2
#K*U
N .U
N
. N EW
!j - 0Vk T @
2
0Vk
+ < \ # ' 3>
!' N
0Vk
#
?H? $
+ < \ j7'> = > $
' .a
8
' .
#VP8*1
. 8
<8J* !.
O$ $
+
+ < \ >$
' .a
8
'
.
jJ
|
#
+ < \ j7'> = > $
'
.a
'+
j
2
.
' ' a
.
K*
K
=
EP
#+4
'
VP
N
.
' ! W IO'
EP
#+4
j
2

<N
<N
8
<) .
' N v N W
>
$*
'
'
EP j 89
# J* 2

J
8 8

EP
EP

.U
'

0< K
Q 0C

BHo
BHG

$#
z= EL

2
0C#

<& J

=
V

1 K
8 8
EP
EP
#+4
8 8 #;
IO'BHG

Semuel Huntington
Clashes of Civilization
8
a
10 C ! &j $ 1 # EF N
7 # ; ) gI ]o? ]G[

49

'
:

!K

EP

1
0 '

!$

?^H

\fh\ /
ea 4 % \a k /S /
/ () < 4 % b 8 < " 9
ea
g! .

^ ;^

'

^ #r

+O'

J*

J*

J*

J*

% \a k /S
.8 J

#
B
! .
#
?
! .
#
%#
?
! .
.B
'

O$

! Q

O$

! Q

O$

! Q

<8J*
* $

&1 # 4
:
" X " X t/

.4

:Z%

/ 4 X
4:Z
0

J* G]

. '
!

J* G?

w
!

J* G]

w
!

'

:
4 Z
T $ !;v

. v
J

u
EF
8*

K
#'
! & vO$
2

; .

! ,

g # .' #
g#

/,

'+

.
/

5A' !

g #r

'

J*

8*

# *
! v*N

w
#
Bq ! Q
% - ! .^(
^ ^?] <&v
v^ ^= ? '
'y 9 *R
;
#;
' 'y 9 *R
#
N

! 56
#
N <
! 56

g# ' .

g} '#
#
#

;7

'

J*

7/
'

.
.

w
!

<& v

w
!

<& v
^

!
!

N
& $* !v 8g
g

. O$
! b$
<& v

] ; ! . O$
0
!

! .
!.

w
!
w
!

' 'y
B_ v 8

J* G?

G]
. ; .
' g

!
w
!
w
!

3>

EF

N=

w
J* G_

Bo v g
0*VP
0C

50

<& v

N
& $*
!v 8g
gN
# $ 8

.$
7

VkJ

#' .
2

ea
#r

^ ^

<

% \a k /S
.8 J
]N
4
$

'

'

! ,

#
N
'
=
; .*

]B ; ! . O$
# $*

]B ; ! . O$
# $*

# .' !

#
?_
;^ ;^! . O$
v^ ^ ^ .^

'

g #
% ^ ^(
g #r

^=^

'

$*
Bq
! Q
! . O$

# $*

#
;^ ;^
! . O$

.*

'
/ #

'

# .< #

#r

! . O$
??
!< O'

#r

?q
!
! . O$
'y

#r
@

Y
7/

.
.

. / #
'
#r +

<&
7

! ,

'

. G]

! . O$

[G
8<

<&v

Vk p?
<(

'
;
Nw
' 'y

v^# ^ .^

v 5L
7

!
w
!

. G_
<& v
#
.

w
!
w
!
w
!

EF

VkJ

1
^

.
^ J*

&
#;

^ v^
#

$^ ^ ^

0
!
0
!

# 1
# ^ .^

w
!
<&
!
7
!

'
'
% &1 (
v^# ^ .^

.
<

VkJ
$*N

x
' 'y

0<|

$ VkJ

0<|
v^# ^ .^

N
^!.^ ^N
' 'y
' 'y

v^# ^ .^

' 'y

0
!

!< O'

51

& yN
Nw

Bo
v 5L GB
0*VP w
*
2

' 'y
EF

0C
-

Bo
v 5L
# D
*J
v 5L
0C
1
0 2
7
0C
! W z
!' 2

.
.

. N
^ ^ %'

.
!.
7

:
4 Z

!
!
w
!
w
!

; ' /

^ ^

/ 4 X
4:Z

.4

ea
#

' ;.

.
+

U ' #r
g

.
D

'

g #r

g #r # #.'

g!

^ ^ '

# '

g '

g ' #

'

% \a k /S .4
.8 J
4:Z
!< O' w
$
!
$
w
# EF
v. $O$
. '
. ]N [G <&v
w
!
?] ; ! . O$ U '
# $*
!
^ ^# ^
w
' 'y
?] <&v
' 'y
!
?] <&v
' 'y
!
?p $ ! . O$
!
?p $ ! . O$
!
; # 5L
!

''!

; # 5L

^ ^# ^

g !
= '
g! +
g

'#

g #r

g #r
g+

'#

'

#r

' #

v^# ^ .^

v^# ^ .^

' 'y

J*

'

# 1
v^# ^ .^

' 'y

v^# ^ .^

' 'y

v^# ^ .^

' 'y

J*

'

3>
1<
` HH

$*
^ ^ ^
]B ; ! . O$
# $*
$
w
# EF
]B ; ! . O$
# $*
.^ ^=^]
9 *R
4
^ v^ ^ .^=^ ^
B_ v 8
[[ ; ! . O$
# $*

w
!
w
!
w
!
w
!
0
!

v^# ^ .^
v $
v u
<& v
v

' 'y
#
&

= <&

j
'
D

EF

l
Bo v 5L

# D

v^# ^ .^
.

' 'y
#

&y

.
!.
<& v
J*

' Nw
' Nw
EP

!
*

^ ^.
^# ^

'

. O$ # $*
[] ; # $*
^

:
4 Z
' 'y

!
u '
'y N0
w
!
7
!
7
!
w
!

Bq
! Q
% - ! . O$(
]
4
$

/ 4 X

<& v

!
!

EP
!

52

J*

*
Nw

*J 2

ea
v

;.

89

;+ @ #

% \a k /S .4
.8 J
4:Z
^ ^# ^
' 'y
+
HH
$*
7
! . O$
!

+ N
w
]B ; ! . O$
7

/ 4 X
<& v

v 5L

0C
^

5A' ; .
g#

;7 '

; 7 #
^ ^

^=

^ $^ ^
# ..
+
7/

^=^ v^

$
# EF
Bp
! . O$
Bp
! . O$
Bp
! . O$

.
#r

@
#

<

<

#;

w
!
w
!
w
!
0
!

; $ O$

^=^ v^N w

; $ O$

! . O$

;n
#;

! Q

4# N w

. @

E v>*
v

;n
! ; $ O$

v^# ^ .^

' 'y

&y

' 'y
EF

0<|
v^# ^ .^

*N

' 'y

J*

'

v^# ^ .^

' 'y

v^# ^ .^

' 'y

<& v

EP
*
E

53

' 'y

8<

VkJ

<&@ #
4 >.
EF
VkJ

"h $N w
v

'

.
v^# ^ .^

8<

'y

' 'y

"h $N w
/

v^# ^ .^

#'
w

! ,

;=

jy

^=^ v^N w

'

U '
!
.^=^ ^
*R
4
w

; $ O$

'

w
!
w
!

<

'# ; '

w
<

0 2

w
!

^ v^ ^ !.
7
$
# EF
$
# EF
&

$
w
# EF
?] ; ! . O$

#;

:
4 Z
' Nw

$ N

^ !.
=
/
Bo
v 5L
BpGB
0*VP
w
*
2
#
& yN Bo
v 5L BpGB
0*VP w
*
2
v &

ea

% \a k /S
.8 J

.4

/ 4 X
4:Z

:
4 Z

"h $N
0
# r # ..

;n
! ; $ O$

;!

"h $N
0

;n
#;

;n
! ; $ O$
;n
! ; $ O$

^ v^ ^
! & vO$ G?G]

v &

"h $N w
;

;n
#;

*
8

"h $N w

VF
X

;n
! ; $ O$

<&@

#
&

&y

#
&

&y

<&@

#
&

&y

<&@

#
&

&y

#
&

&y

"h $N w

E v*>
v
#

"h $N w

;n
#;
"h $N w

. '

E v>*
v

"h $N w

E v>*
v

"h $N w

;n
#;

E v>*
v
<&@

HH

"h $N w
E v>*
v
''!

"h $N w

;n $
! ; $ O$

"h $N w

;n $
! ; $ O$
"h $N w

^
% ^
+

J*

^ ^(
'#

'

# r # .. % ^(

*
# EF

v 5L

I 7
0*VP
E
j
2

9 *
*

"h $N w

;n $
! ; $ O$
/

B[
-

'

#'
jy

#'
p
jy

54

Bo
w

.
w

v 5L
.
1
0 2
#R

w
<& #R

Bo
v 5L
0*VP
E
j

*
2
'

8*

ea
#r

% \a k /S
.8 J

' %#v*^(

'

5A' E6

#R
#
'

89

'

'

.4

/ 4 X
4:Z

:
4 Z

#'
B
jy

#'
.* !
#r

7/ %!

; 7

7(

&
$ <
#'
jy

#'
^ $^ ^
# ..

; $ O$

w
#'
jy

'

#'

v^# ^ .^
7

'

'y

.
.

'

8
?[

0C EF
4 # J
* BpGB
Bo v 5L BpGB 0*VP 9 *
EP
. K
EP

&

W
B^
?^
]^

$ # '
# ' >

# ^.
# 1 # ^.
v^# ^ .

_^
[^
o^
G^
H^
p^
Bq^
BB^
B?^
B]^
B_^

U ' ;.

v^#
v^#
v^#
v^#
v^#
v^#
v^#
v^#
v^#
v^#
v

;'
^ D M
# '
.
/
U '#
! .
/
/ #
@
#
#=

^.
^.
^.
^.
^.
^.
^.
^.
^.
^.
u

55

?^p

C% 8

'

2 `
9 *
* * 0

4 %4

4 Z
:
' 'y
' 'y
# jN
'
v
' 'y
< O' 8 <
w
+
. +
' 'y
^
^# ^ v
<&
<& %! = (
8
8

EP
EP

%
/ 4 X
EL 3>
# 1
EL 3>

# ^ .^ =
# 1
v^# ^ .^
# ^ .^
# ^ .^=
v^# ^ .^

:Z

W
B[^
Bo^
BG^
BH^
Bp^
?q^
?B^
??^
?]^
?_^
?[^
?o^
?G^
?H^
?p^
]q^
]B^
]?^
]]^
]_^
][^
]o^
]G^
]H^
]p^
_q^
_B^
_?^
_]^
__^
_[^
_o^
_G^
_H^
_p^
[q^
[B^
[?^
[]^
[_^

/ #
#
#

'
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^

:
=

@ D

<
! ,
!

<

'
'

#r
# ..
#r +
+
.
!
U
/ # '
.
/
.
'
#r . +
.
7/
!

4 Z
:
^ ^ # ^ v^ ^
' * '
8<
=
v $7 <8J*
^ ^
0
w
.
' 'y
$ Q

/ 7
.
# '
#= ' !
<
# '
# ! ,
#
# ;!
'
#r T 7
D;
5A'
. '#
'
#
#
#
:
;

' .

/ 4 X

:Z

^
^
^ G]
# ^ .^
# ^ .^
# ^ .^
# 1#
v^ .^ N
# 1#
!
# ^ .^
# 1#

^ .^
N#
^ .^
^ .^

73
0
0

v^ # ^ .^
# ^ .^ p?
^ # ^ .^
# 1 # ^ .^

$Q
*
7

^
^ ^

<&

^ ^
# ^ .^
Yz

'3

^ # ^ .^

^ ^

^ ^
^ ^
v^ ^ ^
^# ^ .^
^ ^
^ ^
^ ^
^ ^
^ ^
^ ^ ^
^ ^ ^
^ ^ ^
^ ^ ^
^ ^ ^
^ ^ ^
^ ^ ^
^ ^ ^

+
.

' 'y
a
$7 +
$
+
+
' * '
8<
w .
w
w
w
<&
* <&
<&
56

#
v#

1#

v $v

v $v

u
#

4:Z
[[^
[o^
[G^
[H^
[p^
oq^
oB^
o?^
o]^
o_^
o[^
oo^
oG^
oH^
op^
Gq^
GB^
G?^
G]^
G_^
G[^
Go^
GG^
GH^
Gp^
Hq^
HB^
H?^
H]^
H_^
H[^
Ho^
HG^
HH^
Hp^
pq^
pB^
p?^
p]^
p_^
p[^
po^

/ #
. 5A
#r
=
#r +
;
#
#
#r =
h
#r
# ..

'

' %?(
<.
+
;

+O'
''
' %?(
!'=
! ,
!

$
/ # '
5A' #
# '
'
.
'
!
'
@
;.
5A'
<
! EP;
#
+
#r
'
!
9 @
! ,
.
/ #
#r ! ,
! ,
' #

!; ', +
#

'

@
/ +

#
!

^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^

! ,
#r #=

v
v
v

'

^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^ v^
^ v^
^ v^
^ v^
^ v^
^ v^
^ v^
^ v^
^ v^
^ v^
^ v^
^ v^
v
^ v^
^ v^
^ v^
^ v^
^ v^
^ v^
^ v^
^ v^
^ v^

^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^=
^=
^=
^=
^=
^=
^=
^=
^=
^=
^=
^=

/ 4 X

<&
.
+7 0
+
+ 73
' .

.
$

7
7

$
+
7
; '
$

.<
73
7 vQ
'
.
$7 +

, 8 .
;
J<
Q $
7 <& ; '
7 vQ
;
'
> J
a
; ' ' .
$ E !; *

^=
^=
^=
^=
^=
^=
^=
^=
^=

' N <8J*
57

:Z

' *

4:Z
pG^
. ;; !
pH^
'#
4
pp^
'
!
Bqq^ # r
;.
BqB^ ^ ;

/ 4 X

:Z

'
0< 0<
!0 < 0 <

v
v
v
v
v

l
+
' N <8J*

' *

'

C
BHH

r $ #K* !
2 BpGB
EP
.
`
EP
#
#
Bp_H
.
# ' BpGB # 0
<Z
2 .
.
j`
#
%
(
!0N .
>3 2BHp
y#
* * = '
b 8
<Z
.
4 = .
'
<J 2 RAO FORMAN ALI
Q B] * ?qBq
+ &;
=
/
Bpq
# ' *I <& J
j`
#
7 !'
Q. Can you elaborate on the formation of the civil armed forces saying that you formed the
Razakars?
A. I think it had been formed by the Martial Law Head Quarter.
Q. Whose brainchild was the Force?
A. Must have been the Core Commandant's.
Q. Who was at that time?
A. Niazi.
Q. You had no control over the Razakars?
A. It was done by the Martial Law Headquarters.

.U

b7$
a

K
+
< '

$
<J 2
' "

&

* N EF
.

+ $N !
0 '
!K
+
b7$ =
# a
VF =
.
' '
! $
10 C # <& J
+ EL g7 *8
.
2
& W
j
8 N ! N EF
j
=
56 Y #
$ $ = !8 < '+
! 8
BpB
.
!0 <'
2
@/ # ' h
W - 7
2
+ s Q ' .

&

]Gqqq .
J .
2;
#' * '
*
O' 5
.
0<
EL
8 *

2
'
'
K* '
!
'
+
'& = # =
x
! >J
#8 ' <& VF
a
J

N
B^ !'
+ ' 8*j EF
!0 < !' N ' }'
BHH
BHp
Bpq

r$

VP

$ BpGBN

.
<'

2
$

! ' 8* j
!
!'
s .

;
VP

N0
!
$N

.
7

) Ig B?

j`
# 2 j ` $ < B] * ?qBq
+ <& J
&;
=
/ # '2
9-g We would like to ask you General Rao Farman Ali, how you initially got involved you in the operation in East Pakistan;

RAO FARMAN ALI

Muhiuddin Ahmed.
BpB

t r$

!" J
2

N GBN '

) I\ g [p

58

'

VkEP '

$ N

'

!0 <'

2
?^

'

!
.

]^

8
' '

<& <& R 0
!0 < ' h ; !
h

! >J
' !.
0 < <& J . =

0<
# > EF
# =
2tBp?

#
'

N# | j

56 Y '+
!0 < '
2

8 *
1
'
! ' .
# '

'
!K

'

$! j

2
W #

-@

!0N 0 C
!
2
.
j
2 BpGB
&
2
J '

T @
8 *

.
+O'
! !.

# +
sBpGB
"$
!
]G $
!K .
#
!'
# ! +
.
+ BB
< ' 2 ^^^#
7 <&
+ . # N !0+
$
C VP !
!0N ' '
!
' 8<
!0 <&
Bqq . !
! ,
!8 $ N
8 <&
' !
' #
1 ;, .2 ^^^ $
#
# EF 2 ^^^0
2 ^^^
<
.
.
0 ! , %# =
Bp]
# ' %
VF ' ( "
2
.
#=
< !
=
s 8 D K 9- !K
&y & J '
K

Bp?
Bp]

EL
BpGB

#8 '
"$
][ '
2

# g N
.
#

N
! '
.
1
!K # <
!
:

Q
ay
0*VP

! + s# !0 !.
<
Gq
*
!8 $ !
. 0
- ][ $ .
=
GB
- +
0*
!K
. <&
'
EF
2
C VP
' !
+ !
' !' .
2 !0
' 0
.
#
! $ 8
.
0
0< x N
0< !
.
<( !K !
N '
!' <
K

&

Vk #

' 9
!0N .

@ / # ') I\ B?oNB?G
N +O'
#
+ N %]
E J(N Bpp?N I __ _[N o?2 10C
= #=
<!
# >
.
!
= ! + +O'

59

&

&

! + .
# +

)
)

8 ! +
0

.
'

2 &K 8
8<
0

$<

B^ 0

.'
=
1 0C '
K 0C
.
' :
)
?^ 0
O' 56 Y '+ $
#
*
0 < <& J
]^ <&
.
. !
'
8< ! $
! +
.
#

1< <& J !
N
# * j 0 0 '
* EF
.
2

&
j

EP

?^Bq
O / /1

<& J

10 C . !' !
K8 8

0=
&

"$
2tBp_ .
+
4 '

4:Z

Bp_

Bp[
Bpo

. @
I N "
;. / 89 h
; ' /
EP !

!+'
v. vO$
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

! ,
.

.
./ # ' +
#r
# ;#
'
# '
'
!
# r # ..

# r = ''
#;
/ #
/ #
;.
; / ! ,
$
;.

J j !" J ! & j = !<

'
'

#0 N #

') Ig G[2

http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2011/04/01/cover.htm accessed on 12.02.2012

1 0 C ! &j

1 # EF N

7 #

; ) Ig _qG _qp

60

' 'y
' 'y
!
O'> !
' 'y
<& !.
$ !.
w !.
!.
+ !.
0
!.
$7 + !.
7 3 !.
!.
.
!.
a !.
' . !.
'
7
73
73
73

'
'
'

# 5e
.

2
&K
* J . B?

\fa

W
B
?
]
_
[
o
G
H
p
Bq
BB
B?
B]
B_
B[
Bo
BG
BH
Bp
?q
?B
??

'

EP = &

2
'
'
! +
*- #<&
0 ! + . EL
0C
2 .
#

#VP8*91

N
2 0

$N

Bp[

8 D EP

j
*

I +
Z2 '
DIG # '
> =
*

'
!'

EP

7
7
7

W
?]
?_
?[
?o
?G
?H
?p
]q
]B
]?
]]
]_
][
]o
]G
]H
]p
_q
_B
_?
_]
__
_[
_o
_G
_H
_p
[q
[B
[?
[]
[_
[[
[o
[G
[H
[p
oq
oB
o?
o]
o_
o[

4:Z
=

/
;'
; / ! ,
# +

U
+ . @
#r !
U
9 # '
# ;.
/
'
#
4
'.
#r
'
+ . ; ! 5A'
U
# ; / # '
!
/ # '
@; !
. / # '
U
+
#r !
'= # 1 / #
#r
+
#
#
/
#
U '! g .
+
+ @
+
#r
+
+
O'
. . @
EP ; 7
; ' /
5A'
#
+
#
+
#r
;
#
@ 9 #
+
# ; /

'

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
61

7 vQ
a

7
7

' %' jJ(

7
' %' jJ(
7
0
'
7
0
'
7
7 <&
7
< x
7
. 7 $
7
a
'
7
<
7
=<
7
.<
7
7
7
< $
7
+
7
j
7
'
7
8
7

Z
7
$Q
7
$Q
7
.
7
' %' jJ(
7
' %' jJ(
7
' % Y (
7
<
7
<
7
<
7
<
7
w
' % Y (
7
w
' % Y (
7
w
' %' jJ(
7
w
' %' jJ(
7
w
' %' jJ(
7
J<
7
< O'
7
; '
'
7
; '
'
7
!< <
7
'
7
$ '
7

W
oo
oG
oH
op
Gq
GB
G?
G]
G_
/# q

4:Z
$
'

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

! ,
5A' .

U '!
' #
#r
.
.

! ,
'!

<
> J
7
7
'
!;
! +
<&
<&

7
7
' % Y (
' %' jJ(
7
7
7
' % Y (
' %' jJ(

'

7
7

9 C<0 e / S 0 \fh\

1
1 z
'
!0

81
B^
?^
]^
_^
[^
o^

EL

BpG

!" J %?o

* BpGB( =

.U
'
K
J .U
'
K
#K #
'>
9
=
'>
9
K
3
8 D+ N
=
'
= 1 0*
2

v^

5A' =; 7
+2 BpGB
- Bq

B^
?^
]^

<
#

g Gq
VP
$= .
10 C
j b 10 C

BpGB

'

EL
0C
jT
1 z EL
0C
j
0
1
!
J
!

N *
!K T @
} ' ! EP; #
' N =
5A'
#
N =
# >; # N =
D %.
7 ! '
(2 =
/
#
EP !8 EL
'

BpG
BpH
Bpp

'
'

'

&

8 <

8 D
8 D

$ 9 *

.
.

#
#
.

. 8
. 8
T @

3
3

3
=

+ pq
.

BpH

#
0 '

K 01 b g Bo !K BH
#<& J 0 < 8
g B? !K

B_

VF =
.
' ' 9 T
N >
20 !
.
.
# N
+
EP
#+4
j
2
;7
=
#r
; ;7
%
$(N =

; . NBpp =
; ' ! 5A' + N =
#
N =
N =
9 # 'N =
#r
# 'N =
! 5A'
N =
# ..
j
2

= 8
& %BpG? ?qqB(N v^
= 8
& %BpG? ?qqB(N v^
2

62

5A' =; 7
5A' =; 7

) Ig ??
) Ig ?_

,C

5L

VF '
!'
,C
* # <
EP
#+4
a @ = ,C W 3 &
" !
TC O'
K !'
' "* BG '
! ,C
&
W89
EP 2
'
EP ! ,C '
- EF
K
2
?qq
!'
'EW
'
!K
j
2t
# u %BpGB(
!
' #K
85L
&K '
TC
! b$ !.
&;
!<

" #
.
*
?qB
Q
=
4
2
!
,C <&
+
2
TC O'
#
"

`
W
2?q?

<&
,C
EP 8

!.

:
2
*
*
; !
Ns h
+
! ,C !
1 O' '
O'

K N &
M . #

"
2

0C T @
K
EP
!
0 %# =
C. ( .
&;
9 @
8 *
2
EF
VP
=
0*VP
9-g http://www.nybangla.com/Weekly%201971/June/
1st%20Week/June1_gbb.jpg accessed on 12.12.2011

C IY
8 ;C 0

1
( C /
'

1 1

0C &
C.
8 < 89
# ! 2 : '
9
&
j
EP
#
. !K
0<
<& J
2 BpGB
B_ v 5L
!
C.
. =
: '
9
#
8 !K # S =
& J
9 g
E
j .
N#
' =
Q Q
! ,
'
8
I3
2
' ?q] C. '
' 89
K
+
s N
N C.
+
2 V
EP
EP
/
h
! + # ' . N E6
!
& 0 < 2t?q_
w
: '
! &
i
N v^
' N v^
N v^
D # N v^ ! .
N v^ ;.
N#
#
7 + N #
! , N v^

?qq
?qB
?q?
?q]
?q_

EL

www. liberationwarmuseum.org/ in this day/ June 4, 1971 accessed on 15.11.2011

EL
<&
* <& N
N# '
Y %
(N 56 ' g
/ # ') Ig ]BG
EL
<&
* <& N
N# '
Y %
(N 56 ' g
/ # ') Ig ]Bp
n
'
2
0C
N
' N# '
Y %
(N 56 ' g
/ # ' ) Ig BG

63

. '
@

5A'N v^
5A'
N v^
> N v^
# ..
N v^ ! 5A'
?q[
N v^ !
; 7
&
j
. !0 <'
2
w
: '
j ' # EF *
<
/ # '?qo
s+ !
#
j
56 # N #
#
2 # ' v $* O$
j #
N = '
=
!
!
!' ! 2 8 <
&
'
- "
' !
EP
& 4
!
2
v $* O$ j '
#
# ! ;
' ! ,
56 #
2
# '
;
'
2
n !
2'
5A'N
! , #
>
! .
56 #
n ! 2t?qG
.
/
.
: '
&
j
. !0 <'
2
W
: '
j 4
j !K
01 I
s#
# ' & 89
EP
+4
#8 x
> O'
2 .U
VF '
; EL
!" J #
'g+ !
=
?qH
2
!
!
N#
! , =
0
EP
' & 89
.
* 4
#K
*
1 0C
' 56 * vg

s!
!
!
c 0 BpGB
'+ '
9 *
EP
! $*
K
N! !
!
+ EL
EL j
j J! 8
2!
! , c J
h
. &
$
!
2#
+h !K T @
N!
+h 0*VP &
! '
2
# . 0+ EL
EL j
j K J
N + & D
!
v
BpGB ' z 56 '
c #.
0+
'
N K
N + & D
10 C
0+ #
VP =
!0
#
0
N!
w
$
#h
}'
EP
1 0C '
@ C 56 '
ct ?qp
$

?^BB

: & % .8 ; /8 & " 9 8 ;C 0

W

"#

!
B
?

! ,

?q[
?qo
?qG
?qH
?qp

BpGB
EP
K

'+ '
! $*
v

?Bq

/#
9 *
'g
v^
gI BpG

K = #;

g
#

')

BpGB ' z 56 '

2?Bq
BpGB
}'
EP
56 '
1 0C '
@C
56 '
2
9 *
EP
&
!.
${ +
] ! 5L www.liberationwarmuseum.org
/ this day/ June 1, 1971
BpGBN <8J* v g
K
Z
2

www.liberationwarmuseum.org/ this day/ June 1, 1971 accessed on 14.11.2011

n
' 2
89
N
/ # 'N # '
Y %
(N 56 ' g
/ # ') Ig B]H
www.liberationwarmuseum.org/ this day/ June 4, 1971 accessed on 14.11.2011
'g
K N v^
= # ; # ') Ig BpG BpH
# #+
7
&
-)
! ,
'
X
2 Ig ]_H

64

!
[
o

'

'

BpGB
*

M .
2
K 2

! . ;;
'
56 '
# <& J

. '

#r
5A'
#

'

BB

+O'

! g #r

B?
B]
B_
B[
Bo
BG
BH

! ,
vg #

!
' ;.
vg
= .'
&;

9 @

BG !
[[ .
. 2
7

EP
C.
'

j
#

&

BpGB
EP

'+ '
#

BpGB
E

'+ '

'+ '
' '

?]

www.liberationwarmuseum.org
/ this day/ October 12, 1971

EW

#J
.
#

E
` !

1
2
^ .^!

0 ^^ +
${ #
.
: '

. <
!
2

4
j

65

2
#
2

'

I $

3 p '>3

Ig [B

?B

g
! +2

'+ '
9 *
; %
..(
. j`
2
BpGB
qB 85L '+ '
Z & b 2
9 *
EP
; # '
O$ $2
%
..(
2
$* * 2
BpGB
qB 85L '+ '
9 *
EP
;
%
..(
2
$* * 2
www.supreme court.gov.bd
BpGB
qH 85L '+ '
9 *
EP
;
%
..(
2
$* * 2
BpGB
I '
1 z
#+
'

?q

(N 56 '

}'
10 C

N 10 C
!0 <'
$
*
# <& J
2

'
Y %
/ # 'N

BpGB
E

Bq

2
!0 <'
$ $
1
2

;
! $*
!

/#

Q x7 ! + .
"
"$ =
' N v^ ^ = .'
2

Q x7 ! + .
"
"$ =
' N v^ ^ = .'
) Ig
Bqp

1
# ' < ;; ! ,

# <3 h Y N
) Ig ]B

/ #
Y %

' 56 '
(
&

'
.

!
*

?_

?[

?o

!
v8

v
$# '

! +
.
10 C
# <& J
BpGB

J* ; @

1
.

.
!
*

! +2
/ #
Y %
! +2

56 *
$

/#

$
2

!0 <'
*

?BB
?B?
?B]
?B_

10C 0 '"
8
'
'
=
I !'

=
EP j
. .
$#
#r

'
.

Q x7 ! + .
"
"$ =
' N v^ ^ = .'
) Ig
Bq_

www.liberationwarmuseum.org
/ this day/ october 12, 1971

2
' # ;h
Ig BG?
56
2 BpG?G]
!0 <'
2

O$7)

Vk 2

`
9 *
EP
[[ . C.
EW
1 z
EP
&
)
! , N ' ;.
N
Ns hw
[[ . '
C. '
I $
* 01 3> !
?B?
2t EL
I '
'
@C
>
'
$* &
2
I
1
?B]

* O$
$ #
8 *$
.
w

4 m< &
!0 I '
< 2
# ' #
a C=
'
!'+ !
I 7 + !0 # $ .
' x7 x N # | EL.
w =#
EF !< 0 <
# ' #
*
<
N
J
8 I3
K
2

*
. <J
!K
& '
EL z
#'
4$
'
; EL
!" J '
5 &
=
0
.
# * # EF
&
: "
#
&
2

O'
' #
= ! J
&K Bpq[
I$ . z
# ' IK 9 *
#
Bp_G
!8 $
EP
3> #
&'
C VP <& J 2 1 C VP # y = # ' !
"
'EW

' 56 '
(
&

j
01 I
?BB
2
# #+
+
<.
'VP
$ <Z
$
#

!
.

VF
Z
N

'

.
& ' <Z
8 '
J! 2
01

'

EL z
! < <
N
' '* !
#
C VP !
K 01 =

I
5e

EP

=8
/ #

0Vk
'N ! ^ ^

! ! K N 10C !
! O'>N R '>J) Wg B_? B_o
7 ) Ig [B
"
='
! ! K N 10C !
! O'>N R '>J) Wg B_? B_o
www.liberationwarmuseum.org/ this day/ April 02 , 1971 accessed on 14.11.2011

66

' 8

^^^^ #
- ' # :EP
2
K&
y
. . <&

$#
s
$* ]H . # .
<D =
* # 8
& ' .
?B_
J & #
. 2t
s
'
1 <&
D ' # O'
N ! 5A' ' N } ' # ; !
N.

Y "
='
-N
# #+
3g p 2 9-g
Y

EF

' 7
5e
=

! ,; 7
; 7

N;
N!

@/ #
/

'N ^
_B . #

# 'N } '
. 2?B[

'

/ #

'N

' EL
0C
`
' EP
j & J
2 }'
#.' % *
x(N }'
<& N }'
EP %
* }'
N *
&
x(N }'
Y;
EP
#+4
j & J
2 }'
#.'
.
' N }'
<&
9
N }'
EP
# }'
Y;
#=
< + -2
# ' < ;; ! ,
N s Y; GB
10 C K* !' 2
! =
. < 0 2
a. &
!0N Y; # ;
= !.
${
! $ $ j 9 J '
2
!
> 10 C
0+

' 0= #
!'
N +
!
${ #
4
2 . <
4
Q !0 < 0 <
. < <
Y;
&
#
. 2 V
!
!
#
& +
2
w
; 0 2
w !K
Y;
&
2
Y;
! +
!
K +
!
8 2
' EL
Q x !' ; #
# < $ '
Y;
.
' '* 2 Y;
10C
89
. } ' . @
. / # ' '.
'
2 V ! + .
EP
!. !K ;
'!
j
!' 2t?Bo
}'
<&
}' # . '
9
=
.
'
}'
EP
EP
#+4
j & J
2
!
EP VF & J
}'
9 *' 2
0 '
@ C EL
#8 0<
9 * ' = Pakistan Observer
'
! , N Pakistan Observer
56 '
N 9 * ' 56 '
' ! , N
}'
EP
56 ' #
/ N }'
# . ' 56 ' } '
'` !
N }'
<&
56 ' # + ; @ 2
&

&

1
= &

BpGB
& ?qq %' ( .
N v^ #
# +
'
o? . %v^ #
# +
Bqq .
EL
0 C # <& J
2
EP
' #
!.
&
*
?BH
0 '
.
!'

?B[
?Bo
?BG
?BH

0
`
9 *
EP
- B] . EL
0 C # <& J
2
?BG
(#
8 < [B .
'EF !
' #
20
`
!K
.
<Z N & jJ =

www.liberationwarmuseum.org/ this day/ April 10 , 1971 accessed on 14.11.2011

1
'
-N

BpGBN
# #+

# <3 h Y N # ' < ;; ! ,

$
) Ig B]p
7 N Ig ]]] ]_G

) Ig ]B ]?

67

< &y
9 *

* *
EP
)

<

.8;

&

e^\e

4 %4

4:Z
B^
?^
]^
_^
[^
o^
G^
H^
p^
Bq^
BB^
B?^
B]^
B_^
B[^
Bo^
BG^
BH^
Bp^
?q^

?B^
??^
?]^
?_^
?[^
?o^
?G^
?H^
?p^
]q^
]B^
]?^

?Bp

#.

; ! b$

'

; ! b$

^ ;^! ^

#r
^

'

/
7/
#

U '
^!
^!.v^
^ ^
^ ^
<
;^ #
^#
'
. .
^
^ ;
' # x #

'! ,
#
^

'
#

^ #r
'
=
;
'
#

Vk

'

0<|
!v
!v
v
v
v
v
v
!v
!v
!v
!v

!0 < 0 < 8 <

EL 3> 8 <
EF
8<
EL 3> 8 <
EF
8<
!0 <Z 0 < 8 <
+' 8<
EL 3> 8 <
l
8<
#K* 8 <
l = J. 8 <
<I
*J 8<

b$
b$
b$
b$
b$
b$
b$
b$
b$
b$
b$

68

:Z

e\f

EP

0<|
0<|
0<|
0<|
0<|
0<|

$!
$!
$!
$!
$!
$!
$!
$!
$!
$!
$!

/ 4 X

'
*

*
EP
EL 3> 8 <
> 8<
l 8<
#K* EF
8<
!0 < 0 < 8 <
.EL 8 <
l
8<
> 8<
EF
8<
& '
j 8<
=
.
*
&
$$ $
#
8<
#K* 8 <
!0 < 0 < 8 <
<I
*J 8 <
l = J. 8 <

^ .
. #. #
5A' #
^ ^
5A' !+ ' #
^
vg ^! ^ ^ !<
/ 7
. ;; # '
^ ^
;
7'9
^

&
9
&
9

; ! b$
$

9+ #K*
!

Vk
# 1

N
& 8$ .

/ 4 X

4:Z
]]^
]_^
][^
]o^
]G^
]H^
]p^
_q^

5A
`;7

.'
/ # '
'' !
=
.
# '
T 'Y
@

!v $ ! b$
!v $ ! b$
!v $ ! b$
#;
#;
#;
#;
#;

8<
'`=!
8<
& jJ
v
W
8<
+' 8<
j 8<
j 8<
+' 8<

0<|

!
_B^
_?^
_]^
__^
_[^
_o^
_G^
_H^
_p^
[q^
[B^
[?^
[]^
[_^
[[^
[o^
[G^
[H^
[p^
oq^
oB^
o?^
o]^
o_^
o[^
oo^
oG^
oH^
op^
Gq^
GB^
G?^
G]^

^ ^ ;.
! ,
^! ^ ^ 9 @
+ ' /
^ ^ 7/
#r
# !
^ D
^!.v^ ^
7
/ # '
= #
# +
#
/ # '
^! ^
/
#
^ ^#
#r
! ,

+
= @
^# +
#+ #
; / # '
' #
; ' /
5A' # ;
! 5A' ! ,
^! ^ .
/
. .
=
. 5A
; # '
#r
9
# '
U '# '
# '

#;
#;
#;
#;
#;
#;
#;
#;
#;
#;
#;
#;
#;

&
&
&

.
.

&
&
69

'`=!
8<
EL 3> 8 <
+' 8<
EF
8<
+' 8<
EF
8<
j 8<
EF
8<
8<
8<
8<
W
D
*
=
.
*
=
.
*
.$
*
D
*
# v
# v
8<
.
J
8<
' * '
8<
Ek
! v*
+ ! , 8
+7 ! , 8
< ! , 8
. ! v*N +
. ! v*N
. ! v*N $
$

:Z

e\f

! v*

0<|

EF
J.

Vk

4:Z
G_^
G[^
Go^
GG^
GH^
Gp^
Hq^
HB^
H?^
H]^
H_^
H[^
Ho^
HG^
HH^
Hp^
pq^
pB^

p?^

^ $^

9 @
'
# +
. @
. . '
#
+
#r #=
.
/ #
9 @
! ,
#
/

BBB^

'

. # ' +
# r ;. ! ,
EP ;.
#
'
;
/

w 73

&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&

.
. +
<&
a ! +
+ a
73
; '
$7 +
$Q
7
+
' .

'

' 0* '
E
!

0<|
#

0<|

0<|
0<|
0<|

0
<&
$Q
<8J* N

v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v

<

Vk
&

:Z

e\f

v
v

#
;
;
'!
/
;!
# ! ,
. 5A

&

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

#
+

p]^
# 7
p_^
! ;
p[^ # r
'
po^
/ + #
pG^ # r
pH^ #
pp^
5A' ; .
Bqq^
BqB^
Bq?^
Bq]^
Bq_^
Bq[^
Bqo^
BqG^
BqH^
Bqp^
BBq^

/ 4 X

$Q
7
$
w
w
<&

v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v

% '

&

Vk

&

Vk
'3

<&
+
+
+
+
.
0
$

70

'

Yz

'3

<(

/ 4 X

4:Z
BB?^
BB]^
BB_^
BB[^
BBo^
BBG^
BBH^
BBp^
B?q^
B?B^
B??^
B?]^
B?_^
B?[^
B?o^
B?G^
B?H^
B?p^
B]q^
B]B^
B]?^
B]]^
B]_^
B][^
B]o^
B]G^
B]H^
B]p^
B_q^
B_B^
B_?^
B_]^
B__^
B_[^
B_o^
B_G^
B_H^
B_p^
B[q^
B[B^
B[?^

^#
#r
#r Y
; @ # '
#
/ ! ,
a ! *'
# r # ..
7 '
#r
%?(
#r
! ,
. @
/ 7
#r .
+ !<
#
#r
7
!
+
. / ! ! ,
+
#r
'! ,
..
#
!
.
! ,
!
@ #
+ '#
#r
+O'
5A'
!
.
;7
#

#r
# '
+O'
.
.
+

'#

! ,

;7
7 '
#
. '

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&

.<
' .
Z 7 <=
Z 7 <=
;
=<
=<
'
'
7 <&
'
.<
$
73 '
.
'
O'

< x
'h
.
'
;
<

7 vQ
* <&
; '
J<
< $
> J

0<|

0<|

# 1
0<|
0<|
Yz
'3

#
#
#
0<|
0<|
0<|

7 vQ
0
'
'
a
+
+
j
; '
; '
'

71

0<|
0<|

'
'
'

:Z

e\f

1
1
1

4:Z
B[]^
B[_^
B[[^
B[o^
B[G^
B[H^
B[p^
Boq^
BoB^
Bo?^
Bo]^
Bo_^
Bo[^
Boo^
BoG^
BoH^
Bop^
BGq^
BGB^
BG?^
BG]^
BG_^
BG[^
BGo^
BGG^
BGH^
BGp^
BHq^
BHB^
BH?^
BH]^
BH_^
BH[^
BHo^
BHG^
BHH^
BHp^
Bpq^
BpB^
Bp?^
Bp]^

#r
/ # '
= '
+. # '

;.
#r
#r

#
!
#r
9 @
'
'= #
'
.
=
#
@
/ #

'
! ,

5A' !
!.v
= '
# '
@
'
. @
' !
#
'
;

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
v $v
v $v
# 1

&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&

/ 4 X

:Z

e\f

'
< O'
!< O'
' % (
' % (
$7 +
a
w
w

' %'(
' % (
<

0<|

$Q

u
u

;.

%'(
% (
% (
7 ' %'(
7 ' %'(
7 ' % (
$ '
<
0
'
.
+
.
8<
$7 +

Yz
'3

;7

;.
# . ' @ #
#
#
!
= ; @
'
# ; 7
;7.

<
<&

$
+
x

w
; '
<&
0
.
w
+
+

' #
!
+
#
/
!
U '#

72

0<|
&
&

4:Z
Bp_^
Bp[^
Bpo^
BpG^
BpH^
Bpp^
?qq^
?qB^
?q?^
?q]^
?q_^
?q[^
?qo^
?qG^
?qH^
?qp^
?Bq^
?BB^
?B?^
?B]^
?B_^
?B[^
?Bo^
?BG^
?BH^
?Bp^
??q^
??B^
???^
??]^
??_^
??[^
??o^
??G^
??H^
??p^
?]q^
?]B^
?]?^
?]]^
?]_^
?][^

'

;.
!.v
; 89
#r
# O'
!.
<
*.
#
.
/ # '
' ' ..
! ,
' 7
;!
#r
# # '
#r
#r
+
! .
;7 /
. @
'
. #
/
# ;
#r
'
EP ;.
' # +
#
+
`;7
,
. ;
' ! ,
h'
#r
;
+
/
7 #
/
#r Y
'+
@EP #
@ #
$
' #
@
#
#r
/

/ 4 X

:Z

e\f

$
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v

$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$

. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
73

0<|
7

; '
$7 +

# 1
0<|
0<|

$
+

0<|
0<|

$Q

VP
a
73
$Q
$7 +
<&
7
; '
w
0
+
.
; '

$
# 1
# 1
0<|
# 1
0<|
# 1
0<|
# 1
0<|
# 1
v $v
.
&

+
<&
+

VkJ
.
73
+
$7 +
+
7

# 1
0<|
# 1

4:Z
?]o^
?]G^
?]H^
?]p^
?_q^
?_B^
?_?^
?_]^
?__^
?_[^
?_o^
?_G^
?_H^
?_p^
?[q^
?[B^
?[?^
?[]^
?[_^
?[[^
?[o^
?[G^
?[H^
?[p^

@/ # '
#.
,
.
/
#
# '
#
@
.
;.
# .. # '
9
= '
;
!
; 7
89
U '+ @
@
;!
+ '
# ..
;
# '! ,
! ,
+ '#
+
5A'
'O'
; 7
U '
/

8/u
?oq^
?oB^
?o?^
?o]^
?o_^
?o[^
?oo^
?oG^

!.v

v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v

$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$

. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$

' .
w
.
w
.
=<
; '
73
w

v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v

$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$

. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$

$
' .

! ,
'

0<|
0<|
0<|
0<|
# 1
# 1
0<|
0<|
0<|
0<|
0<|
#
0<|
0<|
#
0<|
#
0<|
#
0<|
0<|

- J VkJ
j VkJ
l VkJ
$

?oH^
5A'
?op^ # r # =
?Gq^ .< D K !'
?GB^
@
?G?^
'
?G]^
g .
?G_^ U ' # r

:Z

e\f

1
1
1
1

U '# '
5A' ; .
! #
v^ ! g # r
'
v^ $
'

. ' .
; '
; '
; '
<&
$7 +
<&

/ 4 X

.
&
# g .

Vk

'

&
Vk

# g .
# g .

&
&

#
.
v
v
v
v
v

&

<&
$7 +
w

g .
&
$
$
$
$
$

. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
74

&

$
' .
.

#
#
#
#

1
1
1
1

/ 4 X

4:Z
v
v
v
v

?G[^
?Go^ # r
'
?GG^
! g #r
?GH^ ! g ; /

: /

$
$
$
$

. >$
. >$
. >$
. >$
!$

n3

$7 +
#
#

$
; '

?^B]

i!

4 %

t/

'! ,
#
; @ # '! ,
!
'
.
;
# ' !
! ,
+ '
'
EP; ; @
5A'
!
; @
# '
.
'! ,
'# '
5A' .
# ..
! ,
#
;
'
. !
!
.
.'
/ # '
!
!

#. @
! ,
'

+
D
# '
;
# =
#

1
1

:Z
. #

:Z

e\f

/ 4 X
1
3>

&K
v

3> VkJ

K&
&K
&K

3>

#$
7 '

]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

'

3>'9
3>'9
v $
$>v
3>'9
3>'9
W
* *
m

&<
$ =
4

#
3>
3>'9
3>'9
3>'9
3>'9
3>'9
3>'9
3>'9

.
.

<&v
4
E

v
v

u .
u

3>'9
3>'9
0<|
v $
EP
EP
EP

# EF
# EF
# EF

>
v $ E6
.
3> VkJ
7

75

3>
3>'9

'

1
'

#8 VP

&

Bp_G
! 5L N
N
N QN #
# 2
! EL
'
= .
Y
K
56' !;
&
8
+ 7 '9*
K
#
.
#
! , !K

) C%

#u
N <

8
4N

0 i & ]qqqq
N !K
.
. '*98
K
#
2 #
N
=
. /, 2 9 *
Vk EL
EP
??q
#
'
#
8
\
3>
EP
9 * #
K 9 *
EP
# 2 #
N#
' =
<J
2 O' ' m
0*
=
Y
; !0
' #
EL
)
b
7 + EL
0 C # <& J=
+ee\

. . <\
'
EL
0C
EP
& # <
T !'+ N
=
EP
Vk 8 '
' z
$
0 '=
s
'
8 D

# ! t2??_ V . !.
!
,
j`
5th Army in Bangladesh
EL
0C
*
; O$ !; * #
! . !.
= N 0
`
' z
2
+ N ! ,CN
.
.
2
7 . .
Y
EP ! '
EP
Vk 0*
#8 1
2
K* '
??[
2t
#=
< & '
' ' =
. !
:
vg
Vk 8 !0 <'
2
<
s Vk =
'
# T &! ,
M . #
'
! 2 $
*$
.
EP + =
#
v=N `
;
/ # '%
*
$*
<l
2 <l
0* #
< +
7EL
EL
N#
!
Vk
2#
K T
#
9 *
EP EL
c
EP 8 0 C 8
.
'
N
4
Q
8
'2t ??G
.
Bo v 5L BpGB
+=
'
EL
NsSome Bihari (paramilitary) gangs and other elements
??q
??B

???
??]
??_
??[
??o
??G

#
!'

#
fN

. -'

V
8
2
+g B[^B?^?qqp

+ 7

. !'

'9*

2 O' ' m

. -'

0C

???

??]

* #R
0
'
+ =
EP
# EF
2
!
8< . =
10 C
NsPhantom of Chittagong the
<& ' z
8
!E6
.
= j
<Z
'
EL
@C
2 ' . -'
`
'
@ C # EF
#

T &! ,
EP
#+4
1< # 8i
J*
2
Q
$
4
=
#8 K*
<J
0=
# =
(
# ' . Vk
Q
!0N #
'
9 *
EP
$ `
N#
N
c
K#
4
0C .
#
??o

!
2 www.thedailystar.net
were active in pockets of Dhaka
+ = <I

+ = <I

<'

www.liberationwarmuseum.org / in this day/April 15 , 1971 accessed on 14.11.2011

'
BpGBN
$
) Ig [o
. !.
!
,
j` N y .
! +)
+g q[^q?^?qqp
% 'O'
( BpGB
. !v $ . >$ 0 # 1
. !
EL
<&
* <& N
N# '
Y %
(N 56 ' g
/ # ') Ig ]B[

76

!'
<Z
#
'

(Mirpur), North Bengal and Chittagong Hill Tracts until February 1972 and after 'negotiation'
surrendered their arms.t??H
%
* <&
' #Ek

*
*

#
0*VP b

9
!0

0C
0

'
9

8 D #R
.
= & '
'
=
+ 71 ;
' '
'
. -'
( ;
#
.
"
EP
&
'
! W z '

Amnesty International Document

!
)

W IO' BpG?

K#

!0 N

$
=

!<&;

!0N
"$
0

! . 8
#b J
!

0
.

N Y Q

EL
0C
$# |
*J
J*

*# |

.
#b J

7
'

'

!'
'

x !'+ 0 !0N
! ,
$' !

1w

2
' .
< = . '

]^
_^

%
.

!.
2

B^ EL
?^

'
& '

$
!; >@
. 2(

BpG?
*J

2
'

'

'

0* '

EP
Ek
. ' # EF

Y
3

' ' <J 0 EL

0C
N
. !
# T & ! ,
0 #=
+
2
s
' EL
=
Q x7
*
Z
2 -'
2 -'
!' !; ` #
#EL
2t??p

<
+

Bangladesh: Human rights in the Chittagong Hill Tracts

!; >@

! + .

j`

'

sIn February 1972, a tribal delegation called on Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to accept
four basic demands -1. autonomy for the Chittagong Hill Tracts, together with provisions for a separate
legislative body;
2. retention of the provision of the 1900 Regulation in the Bangladesh Constitution which
allowed a form of self government;
3. the continuation of the offices of the traditional tribal chiefs;
4. a constitutional provision restricting amendment of the 1900 Regulation; and the
imposition of a ban on the influx of non-tribals into the area.t?]q
%BpG?
!; >@
&
Vk ! + .
Q
$! ,
'
$ &
'
j`
2
' a
g
%B( <&
* #R
. # ' #
'
0 < ! + #R
EL z
&' N
%?( Bpqq
* <& ! a
jJ
EL
<Z
0 < &' N
%]( .
& '
jJ
%_(
*
<&
Bpqq
! a
jJ K*
0.
#R # . '
&
C 2(

??H
??p
?]q

http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=117851 accessed on 02.06.2011

EL
<&
* <& N
N# '
Y %
(N 56 ' g
/ # ') Ig ]?B
http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA13/001/2000/en/a40d7d31-df83-11dd-8abb-118b2e919ec0/ sa1 30012000en.html

accessed on 02.06.2011

77

/2 b 8C

= . '
# m <Z
.
!
EL W
& '
& \ <Z
2
EP
#+4
j .
# ' <Z
2 ' 0C
. EA
+ .
J
' 2#
.
`
- <Z
- "
?]B
?]?
# ;!
& \ 2 ! .
#

'
. '
#
'$
<Z
2
#
' N#
= . ' '
+
!
Z
+ !
&
2 .
<Z
J ' '
+ - U'
<&
#
'
'
&
) 0 !K
J
!0
& \ $
$
#
J
2 9 g
'
+
[qq % h (
) War Crimes Fact Finding Committee (WCFFC)
website
'
&
)
1
C =
9 g
+ '
_o
%
(2 # ' #
= . '
#
*
!
#
K
!
VP 8
! 2 '
+ 56 *
!
+
= 0
2
2
K*

?]B
?]?

' N#
EP
.
#

http://shahinbdpolitics.blogspot.com/2009/07/bangladesh-jamaat-e-islami.html accessed on 01.08.2012

0C

'

j=

jN

) gI B?B

78

wZb
: & % .8 ;
8 J.8 ;

:% % b " % /

#>

!%

/ /

9$ !

EP
#+4
j . 0 !
`
I C 2 @J ' ! .
Y x !
!'
!' 0
0
=# #
Y
8< K
'
EL
j # |
&'
2
EP
# 0 < = VP
3 &
!<
#b J
'
10 C
1 0C ' `
IC
N
EP
8
EP
* RAW
JK* '
#R
* # EF
K <&
2
0C
# <& J ' jJ Z
2
K 1
N .
N
'
!.
=
Yz= !0,K
<Z
2?]]8
`
9 *
EP
EP !K
D
0C !j - '+ ' } '
> VP =
'
<&
9 VP8 . 01
j _ v 5L !K 8
!K
B^

9 *
#8
?^ Y
]^
_^ ! "
#8
EL

'
'

=.

GBN '
GBN '

2
J #
0
0<
J !'+ 0 2 1
+2
!<
0C
I3
2
.O$N 1 0 C = ! ' # > <& J
<&
EF
+h $ $
J= 9
# u GB
!
& VP 10 C
.
'
4 8
<& J
!j - 0C
&E <& J
EF 56 D
2
!
1
#$
' "*
EF
5A+ # 80 T @
$ #R
#

$ > J
' .
73 +
$

a #8 +
; ' #8 +
.

Q 01
8
= ! , 1N 1 0 C '
& D V ' `
.
J EL g7 *
0 = b
K* 2
'
1
>J =
EP #
ELl
. 0 K3 2 E 0C T @
. 56 * !
O' #
2

0<
VL # b J
Q Q8

" % : % $

] v 5L BpGB
EP 8
&K EL W . 2 o v 5L BpGB 8
< x <J >. Vk
'
$ EL
!'

?]_

/
2
EL 8
1 0C '
*
& $
#
EPW "$
89

. !K
v8
VL < Z _K* !
+
R !K ' v 8
< Z ]] !
R !K ' v 8
VL < Z ? ! 0
.
7 !K
v8
! $ #
?]_
+2

a k /S \fh\

?]]

EL

'; 0C T @ 2 _ v 5L
* O$
#
8
>
EL W !'
K !" J
2

N gW B?G
N Wg Bo?

79

?][

Vk

'

O'

\a k /S \fh\0 s
BpGB
EL

1
*
2

#u
$ !0,K
4#

%U/

. @
4

] v 5L BpGB
' * K
=
0
J

O'

71 m
? ';
+
!0N
' =8
Ek
Ek
28
!
&
1 !0,K
4 >
=
0C
0=
C VP !
2! #
'
N#
N 1 !;,.N .
#
#R
?]o
Vk J
0 2 !.
#
< =
0
10 C
8
. ! g !.
%#
(#
4 <& J

0C

0C
%
( 0* g 8
!" J !'

4!

N
+

EP 8

'; 0C
7 Q2 0 C ! , < '

?]G

B^

#
%!
9 *
EP (
= 2
?^ # EF <
J J
]^ `

EP
.U
# EF
_^
EP
#
- 8

EP

&

x
=

'

2 9 * ' '; 0 C 8
8
#<&< 2
EP

0= 2
' & # EF
.O$ I 32

RAW

&

0<

# u GB !K w
=
: *
1
'
# EF !
#b J T @
2 v 5L
#<& *
'I
K 2 BB v 5L w
.
EP
Ek
+
#
h
. 28
#b
<8J* 8
EP
vg
K K !
& '
' <
Vk 8
Hotel Intercontinental % *

( # > <& J
2
.
.
# |
*J
#
.
EF
! &E
<& J
2 7$U
=
!0 < 0 <
# |
*J
+N
'
%Instrument of
Surrender( Z
2
$8
'
= RAW
.O$<J
E
Q EF
'
EL
0C
*
!.
=
+
#x 2
EP
3 J*
4 &
! g !.g
. # |
J* '
EL j

!<

?][

?]o
?]G
?]H

+ EL
& 8
2

3>
'+

2 BpG_
! 2

8
8

0
BpGq
EP .
' 0 *' !'
Bp_H
&K '; N Bpo[
m
';
3g B] # |
*J ' 2

$ &'
'

$o#
Bppp

10 C

]o
0* '
!K
7K* '; 2

80

&

8
*

'

Vk

! +O'

%!<

Jw
' <J

2?]H
X (2

#Q .
* &K EL W

<& J
2 BpG[
!'
X

Bq

&'

'

&

Vk

Bo v 5L !.
=
' #
J Q Bo
v 5L '
' V ! g
!.
.< .
! '
!0 7
#<&
2#
! 2^^^^
'
= 0 2
?_q
#
B^
?^ 8
#
!

K#
#r
@ 2?_B

EP
!

*
)#
Vk

&
!

'

O' < x
#

# |
*J # \
56 *
j
v 5L '
! g !.
.< .`
*
;
!; * J Q
' *
!0
#
N! '
!; *
+ #
; 9
*
$ !.v
#EF ! & vO$
&
Vk K & j

* * =.
# ! K 2t?]p
'

+ * J
! g !.
.< .`
#
+
. # |
*J
'
Ek
&
!

3 J*
*
$

4 & ! g !.g
!
= '*
' (
O'>j J . 8
& !
0 *' K
!

j7 D
!

EP
h

. 8
3 J*
4 &
# |
J*
2
EP
# j
' "*
$ 0 < EA J
#
& +

s ' =
# <
K
X !8 .
2 Bo
. #
0
K
2
' * #
N
!; * ' * 0
C VP
Vk .
#
! K
& Q J* %# g( =
2

! g !.
2
. # |

*J

! g !.g #
$w
9 *R
4
. EL
$
2# <# 8
+ . #
. 2 V

?_?

When Gandhi asked him to go to Dhaka and accept the surrender of Pakistani forces, Manekshaw
declined, magnanimously saying that honour should go to his army commander in the East (Lt
Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora). Manekshaw said he would only go if it were to accept the surrender of
the entire Pakistani army. ?_]
%0+
<& J
#
!0 <'

< x ;
*
. #
& 2
#
2(

$ / /
8
&

EF
8
.
?]p
?_q
?_B
?_?
?_]
?__

# D
#EL

0+

569J*

EP

J* # \
EF !K
EP
# D
J*
!0N
5A 3 *
4#
! g !.g .< .`
# D
*J
+ !
# # D
J* # \

$%1 %4

Bo v 5L BpGB
+
. <
Vk 8 '
&
*
(KPI)
VkJ <& J
EF VP
0< 2
?__
!<&;
2

EP
#EF
EP

# D
3>
E
2

*J
Vk 8 #
8
!; 0 =
$ .

'

-@ 1 2 ?? v 5L
$
' <J w # 2
J
!
= a @ z 9J*
J #Ek 8 4
#
! u
4 ! .

y
b )
+g B?^B?^BpHH
*
.
' !v $ E6
%?qqp ?qB_(2

1 <& = #
K N J* %# g( = # N # '
Y %
(N 56 ' g
/ # 'N Ig ]B
# ' &
Vk 8
& '
9+ Vk N # ' %! O'> ( Vk 8
& '
Vk N # ' %! O'>
(
<J 8
& '
' Q m j #
. = !'
0 *'
!
2
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-27/india/ 27752774_1_manekshaw-field-marshal-sambahadur // accessed on 29.05.2011
. ' & \
8
VP
.
1 # O'
<Z
2

81

#
8

!K

'

! $

EF

&
%B( 8
J K * !;

' .
Y
K #K*U
% 56'( =
'*3 # .
&

K
<

!'

'
EP #
&
*

!' ; 2
.
%?(
2 ?_[

! + .

'
! + .
$ #
2 Bp?q
!< < $7 Q
<&
. |<& J
! + . >$
# O'
''* VP
- *
'I 3 # *J
j
2
!
' !
= '*
Q
" \
*. ' 2
! O'>
.
E
& \ # O'
!0 < !' 2
.
T @
- < $; *2 !
K
EL
%
$ ( # O'
#
! W I O'
8
Q
" \ < = Z2 : . Vk # O'
!.
`
'
!
*
&8 ; 2
! + .
EP # O'
*
. Vk VP
2 9 g
$
! >
&8
# I 7
$ 9
VP 8
2
&K g
&
EL
3>
!'+ !
2 m
g
1 0*
! + #
!j . Vk & \
:
2 W
g
EP
3> Z =
O'
2?_o
Bp_G
#R
EP
#
.
'
* !
9 * Q
% 9 *
EP (
# 2 ! = '*
'
O' 0*
!K
j .
!K 0 )
Bp_p
EF 8
.
EP
# 2
9 *
EP
<
+ !
7
I3 )
$
. Vk VP ) 0
0*VP
< !8 # =
< <Z
2! + .
'
. 2 . Vk
VP
= O' ' .
# <& J
0< I3
j #=
<
*
#=
< J
2 8
EL . $* <Z Vk
'
<Z Vk
<& J
<
$ 1
$* <Z
2
EP
< \ }EL Vk
8
9 *
EP
#
'
&8
I3
2 #=
< .
' Yz
#K*U
! < <& J
K 2 Bpoo
#=
< #R
1
'
o '; !" J
2
BpGq
.
' *
]qq $ #
BoG $ #
. 8
EP
8
8
#
8
' 2! + .
EP
5e
&
Vk
EL W
2
?[ * BpGB
Operation Searchlight T @
9 *
! + .
O'

EP EF VP
2
'
EL
0C
7 .
N < Bq
$
"$
=
#. 2
& J
'
.
!K !
"$ 4
.
0+
'
M 5L
N + . EA &
.
#
" \.
EA J
!' !0N
$ EL
* 8, !'
3> &
&
9$U
3
M
5L
2 & 7Y
.
N # ^^^^^ #
#$

?_[
?_o

GBN '
N Ig Bpp
! + . G * BpGB 8 J
EL z
' !K EL
<& EL
O'
8 !<
! +t
&
!
# ' # x
!0N

s.
& x &1
<& v '
8
$ '
.z
+ =
s
t.
N.
EP
v

EP t
&

J !
Z2
+ .
t

82

2
.
2

= &

qB^B?^?qBq
'3
5A'
EP
r' $
! + # |.
!
K
s.

+ U'

&K #
&
sG * ! + .
EP ' &
T 8
5e J
0 }'
. f s
EP t2

^^^^^2 ?_G

.
# '
s Q x7 Bq .
BpG? !' ; # 2
?_H
10C 56 *
569J* #x
2t
8 ! + .
EP
#b J
$#
8
0= !
VP
2 !.
! ay
"The night before i.e. on March 24, 1971 [Indian] Intelligence
sources informed Awami League leaders of the imminent attack by the Pakistani army. General
Osmani came to see Sheikh Mujib at his Dhanmondi residence and informed him of this secret
message. Together they discussed, until the late hours of that night, about their upcoming plans. It
was decided that they would flee to India. But [on March 25, 1971] when Tajuddin Ahmed came
to see Mujib around 7:30PM, he found Mujib ready with his bed and bedding to go to jail. Mujib
told him that he would stay back and surrender."?_p.
%BpGB
?_ *
# b J 56 * #
2
'. !
2 V BpGB
!'+
!0N
.
# EF

'

8
!< O' 9- # =
< ! W IO'
EP
2 !.
=
!< + # <
! + .
0*VP 8 `
l
#
2 C VP <I
!0N
?[ *
$
. / # ' 0+ ! + .
!. 0 = .
&E 2 .
. /
2(

+
!
. ;
# 8
$
EP
! & v O$ ' z EP VP
28 ! + .
EP
< !K
1 !'
/
Q !'+
2 v^
8
s8
!'+
2
# .i
N 7
O' # EF
c!
N N # ! ! & vO$2 Q x
7 ! & vO$
c# !
*
!
! ' aJ !
$!
2
K T 8 !
2 !
!0N Z
?[q
# #
! & vO$
0 2t
_q
v^
!
.
.
!0N ?o * !K Bo v 5L 0*VP "$
! +
.
7 .
2
!8
!0
O'
N8 !
O'
2 +
.
8

EP
& 2 #
a
* #
.
#
*
3 # @
= M* ' '
.
#+
2# '
j`
N s '
N
3 # @
9
89
2 . / # '
N #
2
8
$ 8$
?[B
!0 ! + .
'
2! + . # |
*J
2! + .
. 2t
GB
10 C
K #
< #
! + .
EP
&K
?[?
# |
*J
.
+
2
! + .
.
+ '
<
N s# ! '
' = #
+h . !
'
!;
2t?[]
BpGB
! + .
'
/
s#
+
EP
&
Vk N
?[_
#

: " 2t

?_G
?_H
?_p
?[q
?[B
?[?
?[]

?[_

'g

K VF '

EL

87

!.

N v^
& Q

=#;
K] .

#
z #<
4
EL
.
'.
8
# > <& J
K !'+
#
+
!0N s
# |
*J

# ' ) Ig _GH
# ' ) U' 0< VP N

+g ??^BB^?qBq

"Bangladesh: In Blood And Tears" by West Bengal journalist Jyoti Sengupta;

Ref: http://www.topix.com/forum/world/bangladesh/TJB1Q2IQBSQT18CPH accessed on 29.05.2011

y
'g
'g

'

'
EL
K K -

y
?H # u ?qBq^ # |U.
j
v^
0C
# N '
) gI B[o
N v^
= # ; # ' ) Ig _o?
N v^
= # ; # ' ) Ig _o?

Sheikh Mujib was telephoned and warned that something was happening, but he refused to leave his house. If I go into
hiding they will burn the whole of Dacca to find me, he told an aide who escaped arrest.
Ref: BANGLADESH GENOCIDE and WORLD PRESS, Compiled and edited by FAZLUL QUADER QUADERI; p 64

9"!4 /

%t A / / - D

+5

0 % Aq \e^yg^ey\\

83

=
'
$ EP 2 BpGB
Bo v 5L
!K !
#EL
2 #' * 8 D
J #=
< . ' & \
!
0
.
. Vk ' %. '( & \
} i
.
!
2
$* (CPB) = E VF
(NAP)
#
'
!'
3>
' #
. Vk & \
<&
< # 2 !
VF
' 9
C
#
VF
$*a
0 ' '* 2
V
' N
= :
'
. !'
O' <& J
0C
N
O' #K
=
'
EP
!
Statesmanship
' 2 +
+
;
! + .
) !0
K*
?[
* EL
!" J 2 V
! W z
#
<& J 0 <
2! . . %
*
3> ( EL
!" J ' =
j !" J '
$ <& J 0 < = : 0 <
2 ?o * !K
'
"$
#. K
= EL
!" J N
<Z N 0C
* 4
2 >$
# O'
EP <Z
89
. 56I1 # %Peoples oriented(
. 0
N
< !8 # =
[oN o?N ooN op
8 D # O'
89
#<&<J 2 o '; '
# O'
&
& $
$ #K*U
1 EL D !' +
2 ! EL D EP
'
Q
7 !' N BpGq
*
#
' ! 2
;.
N =
8
!
'!
= '*
EL
'

10 C !<,

BpG? ! + .

&

'g

K -

Nv^

20
2
#

M* '
'

EL
+

K*
! W z +
! + .
Bo v 5L 0*VP
#
N
<
< <Z N Bp[?N
9 *
EP
z
:EP
!
!
EF 2

= #;

' 2
EP
@ ' <x x
K K
= 8 D
#
0< x
<
7
.
' !; 0 = #Ek
2
'
1
0*
x
!
'j
10 C !<, ' a
5

Bo v 5L BpGB .
8
EL
'
EL W !' 2 ! 8
. <
=8
#u
K 28
!
'
#
8
&
* *N
N!
1
EL
VP
$
!. ! & J
2# '
1
!
N a N 0*
K 2

?[[

'
Vk
Z

"$

Bo v 5L BpGB
2
:
'
!<,
# |
*J
' "*
Ek 0 C #
2
J
2 0
1 0C
.
$
N
M $VF v 8
%16th Division(2
# |<
E
#+4
:
8 D ! >J

.
'
0 0
;
4N - N
' #
= M $VF v 8
' '
Q
!' 2

Bq .

EP

')

'
0 - T @ 2 o v 5L 8
&K EL

#
'
0* b
'
EL I !' 2
BpGB
EL j
G '; 7 1 # 0
'
VkJ <& J
28
'

8*
* *
'
< !' 2?[[ # '
' N # ' ' N !0 < .
'
. #$
!
#
8 D'
'
81
EL
'
'
"
56 Y $ $ EP
2

Ig ][]

84

56 Y = '*8
EP
#
I+ #
&
?q v 5L BpGB
! + . = v^
!
=
4
O'
! & J
2 4
'
O' ! & J
8
EF +
EL
'
&
s
'
EL
+

<

BpGq
= & '
2 EL

$ N
#
2

<
' EL
j
!0 K

?[o

?[G

'
=
#

3>
'
Vk z <& J
0C EP
<*Z
2 BB .
?[G
.
*
.
' ' '
' <Z
'
.
<
E N
4
#EL

#EF

' 56' #U '+

EP
2 ; EL
'
T @
I+ !'+ !' 2
;
# 89
EP
3>
' z!
?B v 5L
1 !'
C VP <& J
2H.
BpG?
+
$ 89
' i
2
EP
$* '
#
'
4
'
$* '
>$
= .
'
8
28
&
Vk O' < x ! + .
w
#
.
?[o
>$
= .
w
# 2
Bq .
BpG?
*
!
* '
+ .
/ 8 J'
2
* N
EP
Q 9 *
56 * #
g & \
2t

.
&

'

&
=
'

8
!
EF
!' 0C
'
2

&
'3
!'
2
. <
=
$ '
' !; ` # N #

Bq .

BpG? ! + .

=8
N
I+

#
J
!0N 8
b
sBq .
!K
8
1
K 2! +
!K ! +
&K !<
4 2
'
w
!; *
w
0 2
!0 8
!' N ! + ! +
'
w 0
0+ .
N + ! +
!
VP 8
! ;
2t
9-g ! + . 7 1 $ #<&

!
y
<. N p
*N ?
+ N BB .
N Bppq
3g G

EL

'

G '; 7 1 # 0*
EP # $
!
* *
*
EF
' K

#
8
!0 '
EP
< !K
1!
2 ' 0+
N + 8
&
Vk +
0
#
28
N I$
2 #=
<!
# '
' #.' ! +
N#
I$
0 2='
'= #
,

&

85

56 ' N

[q

w
w

2
<

2
! '

EP
I$
!0+
'
EL W
8

K
C VP 9 VP2
!

N! +

4 !K

!0

&

Pvi

EL

0C

'
EL
0C
<
< & _q
!
.
T
0
& $
.
K* ) #
!'
. 'g+. 2
' 1 0C
VkJ
' z
& y & Vk .
?o^ qp^ ?qBq
+
N EL
0C
.
<
<J !
l
! 2?[H '
#
1=< J & \
8 D K ' =#
* 2! + .
EP
< !K
1
'
& * *
K BpG?
H
.
K>
O' !K Claridge's Hotel 0
' '
N
'
EL
0C
]% ( j
0=
K
< ]% (
<
2?[p V BpG?
Bq .
8
O'
' '
N
'
EL
0C ] % (
?oq
< )# .
]% (
K ]q % - ( j
<
+
&
# 2
B[^qo^ Bpp]
'#
J* #
!
!0N # =
< EL
0C]% (
<
+
0 9 g & W
+ Bq %' ( aJ2 + # =
< # '
'
#.'
!0N .
!
+
& D
)# ' !
! + . !0 7 + $
$ Z 2
'
*$
+ ?o . N
*
0 C ]o . ?oB
?o?
J! ,
B?N_GNqqq .
5 & British Medical Journal
&
Fifty Years of
Violent War Deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: Analysis of Data from World Health Survey
'
EL
0C ?NopNqqq %' j Y
. ( .
Programme

<

2?o]

*
( J*

'
'

EL

0C

<

'

<

s In Shakharipara an estimated 8,000 men,women and children

were killed when the army, having blocked both ends of winding street, hunting them down
house by house. The description is entirely false. Survivors of the attack on Shakharipara on
March 26 testify that about 14 men and one child (carried by his father) were killed inside a
single house that day.?o_
% + .
EP
Ek
# 80
& #$ .
@ = T'
2
4 56 *
1
I $
569J* K 2 BpGB
?o
* 1 # b J !K ! h 0 =
1 ' !K . 0 1 # 80 T $
B_ .
@ = . T
EP
2(

w
j
EL

?[H
?[p
?oq
?oB
?o?
?o]
?o_
?o[

&
* #
. <
&
Vk . / # ' $ 8 8 J
# |
' #
' T 1
!K
" 0
,
?o[
w
!
1
+
Y
2t
+ . ?p .
BpG?
+ !v $ u #
#r
>
+
* J . B? '
3
$
$ <Z

'

Ns'
'
0C

+g ?G^qp^?qBq

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/24/mujib-confusion-on-bangladeshi- deaths accessed on 08.06.2011

j
2

!<

EP

*W ?o

* BpGB !K

Bo v 5L BpGB 0*VP & ' <

BBN_p_ .

Sarmila Bose, Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan, Economic and Political Weekly, October 8th,
2005,
Kalyan Chaudhuri, Genocide in Bangladesh (Bombay: Orient Longman 1972)

3g ?q
Anatomy of Violence/ Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971 by Sarmila Bose/ Economic and Political Weekly/
October 08, 2005/ pp 4465

}'

+g q_ .

BpG?

86

B^
?^
]^
_^
[^
o^
G^
H^
p^
Bq^
BB^
B?^

.
>;
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

#r
!+

N !v $ u #
' # N <J
' ' N 7
'!
+ N <J
' ' N a
#r
;0N <J
' ' N0
/ # 'N
.
/
N >1
N
5A' # N
N I VkPJ
$!
N z
> ,
/ N
N j 8<
!
N
N EL E F 8 <
4 !
N
N
N EL 3 VkJ

8
'

]q

> BpG?
+
+ Nj j
K.
' #
'
X
.
'* !'
2 V #i
J
$
.
'
2
BpG?
+ .
'
& .
'
?qqq^qq %' . (
$
# ' !'
!" J
2
' !K
& G?qqq # ' .
0
.
'
' '
! $ $ [qqqq '
?qqq^qq %' . ( $
# ' !'
2 ?oo
'
3 $ $ # > $> . v . Bpp]
#u
. J*
'
EP
"$ 0 C ! '
H
] ' 2 0C
[q .
2
BpGB
+ #
`
9 *
EP _N_G? $
N oHN]H[ $ <& N
B?NoG]Nqqq +
%households) ! $ opNGG_Nqqq .
2
#
EL
0C
0=

$
" U /

8/

: & % .8 ;

$ % \yyy C
8X
'

'
v8

?oo

j.
j.
j.

<
<
<

W*
W*

_^B

_?^pp
B_^]]
B^_]

4
!0
!'
8 8 '
+ 2 8
EP #+4 '
8 8 N
< 20C
EP = 8

8X

.b

$ % \yy
A

$ % 9$

?]^oG
B_o?^]q
B_o^?]
T
$
= `

EP

_]^Ho
B_^o?
B^_o

&

N
)

'

()

EP
=

$%

oGq^H_
??]^oB
??^]o

0<
1 0 C = M $VF
=
$
$= #

Abdul Muhaimin, the Ministry of Finance, Government of Bangladesh, had informed him that, Only 72,000 claims were
received. Of them relatives of 50,000 victims had been awarded the declared sum of money. There had been many bogus
claims, even some from the Razakars, within those 72,000 applications.

87

!K

0 2 0C
EP
8
B_?B '
!
0C T
j
0 CY
!
j
.
0C 8 D .
<\
# ' !'
$ T
+
+
!'

& _[qq '

= & Hqqq . #
2
?oG
= _q[H . #
2
0
N 0 C # <& J
j
0 2
#
!
' z 3> 2 & 1 0 < 8
+
8 D8
J
2 .
N
.
&1 0 < 8
0C 8 D .
<\
!$

$ J .8 9

" .8 ;

_^?

" U C %R 9 K

Demographic Unit , 9!
<
Bq_NG]?

< /
]oNGqq

8/

.8 9

% % / A1

"

% % / A1
oHNBqB
??NGGp
HNH[H
_Npp[
?[Noqp
GN_Hq
BNoG[
BNp][
_?N_p?
B[N?pH
GNBH?
]Nq[H

*
b $
#
1J

*
b $
#

</
oHNq]B

/ /1

*
b $
#

9-g http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War accessed on 16.06.2012

' 1 0C
2

J
2 EL

'
EL
0C
+
#
0 C ! $ oo?p .

. 1 0C
'
0C
+
0
1 0C
'
0C
< g^p
8 J . ; / A1

+
!
!
#
K $
#<& J 0 <
1 0C
+ BN[BB . 2

/ A1 vC w
BN[__
?B
_G
HBG
B?o?
?Np]H

,
# % v# (

<
9-g 10C

?oG

VkJ
3 & \

a0aef
webpage !K

Dead Reckoning Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War, Sarmila Bose; p 179

88

*J
+
#

# > !
+
# > !
j
!0 & J

*J
#
% (
!

!0
!

2 _
*J

.
+

2 0C
<
5e N V
+ J*
2

J*

*J

8
5e
; .
N s
*J !0
* ! 2
*
9 g
$
B^
*J
+
c
?^
*J
c
]^
*J
8
l
N
'
j
0< x
Ek
' I*Y =

*J
0<
c
! + . =
! + .

'VP

B^
?^

]^
10C 0 '"
?qqqq .

' VP !
$ & D
+2

*
*
j

10C 0 '"
j
& .
=# 8
`.
' 2! a

Z
2!

<

l 8
$ Z
.
! = * N

EP
0*

! O'>
! + .
0 # '

2t?oH
+ !0N

#
/
2

*
s60000 Pakistan Army to kill three million and rape three hundred
thousand women, each and everyone of them had to kill 50 persons and rape 5 women.t
%
K

EP
N

'
& .

oqNqqq )
'

EP

0' - j
< [q .

!
!

=
=[.

*J
*J

2(

*J

?oH

8 D

# |"

$ 0*

%e-book)N ; .

!$

!'

through Dr feroz Mahbub Kamal www. Drferozmahbubkamal.com

accessed on 10.10.2010

89

" U /

8/
'

&

_^]

: & % .8 ; /
*I

&

<&

&X4 !
*

&
.

'

j
j
j
.

o^oo
[^qq
]^]]
q^]]

*
*
*

[^H[
_^]H
?^p?
q^?p

Hp^__
oG^qH
__^G?
_^_G

'
Y 0
*J
!
aJ !
*J2
* !
!
<
'
. 2
*J
' "* ' < J
J 'Iw 9
N
'
Y
*J Z
2
T
*
+ #
Q '
*
2 #K
'
!
+ ! 2
J*
v^ * !
. < J !0
$ !$
Ns Y
9 *
EP
" $ 0=
$ "$
Z 0*
< J #
'+ N
' # <& J <J
0 "$
& j' *
0 C J* ' 2 a
J* = ' 2 V
#
+=
N s# *
' !
j
2
0 ' ! '8 *< b b ;
0
# K 2t
Y
*J
!0
+ 7
! ! &j
$#
EA
! < 2#
! v.#
$ - "$ = & J !
2 %Bose, Sarmila: 2005(2
* ! #
+ Ns Y 0C
&
< J
< '+ ? +
!K _ + *
!0 +
'
!
8Y ! 2 $ #
# &
!0 81 8 < '
+
$ estimate
2
& $ estimate
9 = Z 0*
7 j
& JK
0 8Y
$
+ !
0 2 V
'
Y !
7
2
!
+ =
2
+
$
: 0< 8Y
Z 0*
'VPN
j 9 J
*
j 9 J !K 2 g
! O'>a
!0 K &
!
! a
'
#
' !;
2 a
Q !' N
!0
2
*
!0 + !
* ! O'>a
K !K # ', & J
2t
'
*J #
& J +
!; ',
& 8
2
56 ' s Y
'g EAI t
.
O' '
!
2
* !
< J !K !
7 . 0 2 s ; ',
& 8
.
Y ! &J
j
!
8 E 2
. EF
+
.$
# ; 2 !; ',
#8 0<
&K
#<+
!.
.
*J
2
! B[ .
EP
#;
! 0 ' # EF
0
=+
2 '
!K
-' .
'
@C
*J #K
*J ! 3
#
&
!0,
#8 0< #
0
.i
'
2
. 8
!
.
&y
VP
2
VP
+
!; ',
K
#
.
G.
8
! +
K
2 !0+ ! .$
.
2#
# '
!; ',
.
@ x7
!
: *#
$ .$
!
#; 2
$
#

.
' '
' EF
0
2 !; ',
8
=
0 2 + !; ',
!K 0

!
8
! !
#
2 +
@
! & $
.
2 !; ', 0 1
N!
.*
+
K
2
!0 ' ! &K
*J
! ' !
.
K'
+ !+
<
N .!
!
K
$* O$= <
2
! +
!
*J
2
' !
#
. <
2t +
& D
N !0 *J
Y
!
.
O' !

90

& 4

j
J
N !0 ' !
*
! '
. # J$ !
c!
0+
*
=
+ + = !
!' 2 & '=
2 { {
!
*J !K
h
=! 3
2 !0+
*J
EL
. N ! EF ! # EF
.
'
2
#K !
'. EF !K ! '
'
=
2
*
=!
! 3
2
' #
! #;
. !< 2 #K !
# EF
:
0
!0 !; ', O'
2
' EF !
!0
2 !; ',
* J #8 0<
a .
- ' '
O' .
2 V ! # ; $
K !; ',
$ 7 1 EL j
* !0
K
! K
N
0+ v
+ ! # 2
*J
8
W
$
Q
'
/ # !. ' #
?op
K K !K
#
0
s. '#
N
<*
BpG]
# '
#
2!
&
!' N #
YN 0 # ' 0 C
0<
N#
!j - ' 89
2
= 0C
0
i!
w
# N Q x7 #
w
.
N ' =
89
2
N# ' #
& } 3 . <$
N
J !;,.'
j & J .
!0 EP j & J
K N # ' !j - #
j
K
N# ' #
T 1 j
N
=
N
.
89 N $
.
$ j2 $Q
8
$ #R !
"$
2
! 8 $ # 2
'
/
& # Y 7
N + #
# Y# 2
W
# VP # 2
$! =
2
10 C #
Vk
2
<& $ EP
+
'
2
#
N VP
8
. 2 $
1 2
. '#
N#
VP
2# '
!
K
Y# 2 '
/
0*
N K 0' =
VP
2 0C
# 2
<&
' ]o
. ! N !0 <& .z
+
N + ! !
ct

'*98

= #+4

EP

#+4

8 8

'
' *
'
Q BpGB !K BpG?
'*98 = #+4
C
2 $
' '
* J
Z 2
K
#R
0 2
!
9 g
8
.
&
D
) m
g
' # K* 8 j <&EP
.
# 'EF
N .8
.
telling unnecessary lie # EF
2
BpG_
# r < ;; ! , }'
.
.
4 2 % & x EL
0C .
4
+
I 2
! !
% = 4 K
2
e-book
89
! +
. 2t
'
EL
0 C #=
< !
<
$ T 0 2 '
Ek

?op

RTV Talk show,

EP

'

4N
#+4
N

+ # : 0< 2
:
8 8 '
0=
W 8
W
' '

N K&
g ' .
.
K
5e
&
8 <) W
g
'
!
N
5e = &
8 <2 .
<

Y
D

+g qo^Bq^?qBB

91

*J

& D
!0
!'
# |"
!<
#K
s# =

t
J !'

<
(2 ; .

<
(

' # D EL.
< &K
!

0C# .
2t?Gq
EP
#+4
:
`
9 *
EP
<8J* !
+
1 0C
2 9 *
EP
VP =
J

#
! , 8 ; '
# 5A' a
2
< !
# ..
! , N #r .
#
= !
%
-) Ig oq_( !
1 0C 2
Vk . @
%
(N
$ v
8
.
/ N &1
# '
'%
-) Ig _](N
<!
.
%
-) Ig _](N
a !+ ' # %
-) Ig _](
!
* 0C
2
! $
0 !'
<
JK*
% ! $ !'
<
oqNqqq .
1 0C #
J K *(
'2 !
+ Vk 8 Vk a ;.
#
&J '
EP
N #
Bo v 5L
0
1 0C '
2
EP
8 8
# :
1 0C ' ' N
*
# :
EP
' 2
0C
.
.
1 0C ' '
)
'
'
#
N<
'
< J
2 V 0 C 9 * =
!0
0C
EP
. '
!
+ J*
2 !' EL
=
! + .
0 !'
!" J ' GqNqqq # ' .
0
?qNqqq # '
I
.
!K 2
?qNqqq .
' ' [qNqqq
?Nqqq $
0 !'
+ 2
BpGq
*
9 *
8
2w
8 D EF
jy8
' C8
K T @
2
=
.'
' '
j
2
E7
. =
*EF 0
'
#b J
T @ 2 w N <& N
} ' N
$N 7 3 N 0 N + N
#
EF
B
* BpGB
+
= `

EP
' #b J =
4 "$ 2 BpGB
"$
EP
W*
Bo v 5L
&
! : "$
+
?GB
9-g http://www.defence.pk/forums/bangladesh-defence/135989& B% ( j
+
2
old-bangla-photos-74.html accessed on 04.08.2012

?Gq
?GB

"

='

! ! K N 10C !

! O'>N R

'>J) Wg ?]

Dead Reckoning Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War, Sarmila Bose; p 180

92

C % b V<
'
# 2 BpG?

EL

0 C ! W z'
' #=
< '
.
$
$ # '+
#' *
'
. Vk : EF
$
# '+
#=
<
'
.
. Vk ' a
. K*
K 2
'
$*
%
( - <Z v
*
#89 9 * ;
@J
.
. Vk # ' *
'
2 #=
< !K
81
<Z .
. Vk ' . ' sU i
. Vkt
! <
' <J .
#
j
2
!'
VF
.
' ' !
' N <Z
1 K
#
2?G? BpG[
$
* = BpHp !
: EF
?G]
. Vk
+
.
7 !
j
2
VF =
.
' '
<Z
2
.
' '
'

' .
' ' %
(N m
'
.
$*
VF
'

' .
2
$ .U
'
56 * + #
N
#=
< !0 7 !'
#
'
0C
! N
'
EP
#
#
2

<
BHH[

8
!'

&
O' !
&

K
W IO'

' #
! W IO'
-'.
# < !K
2

<&

<Z

& \
20 9
/
'
0 < # *J
2 .
& \ '
8
#
&' *
2;
&K

#
'
# J O' ' #
<Z
56I1
EF !'+ 0 2
! W IO'
* 8
#
?G v 5L !K

>$
<&
0<
<&

.
+
2
G? .

<J . ' # EP z
j K
All
x
]q v 5L Bpqo
+ 0*VP w
India Mohamedans Education Conference
All India Muslim League <Z
&EP
2
# \ 8
*
8 D EF !K # o[q .
! W I O'
&EP
K*
#. + N =
5A' # .= N . ; # +
# #
2 W
#< +
%Sir Agha
8+ @
%Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk) =
(Nawab
Khan III) 8
Muhasan-ul-Mulk) 0,K8 ! b$
<Z
' EL
# O'
*8
<Z
All India Muslim League %
<(2 BpB]
5A' #
. D
.U
* 9 !" J
2 Bp_q
&EP
' EL
89 . | 9
<
X
2

b
b

9 C F

EP & \
'
!' 2 Bp_H
_.
;.
01
/ # '2 '
# # 'N ! +
# .. #
?G?
?G]

< j
'N

BpG?
'
]H # ' #
BpHp
!
4N Q N 9 * . * N
< N!
Bppq !K ]B v 5L BppB
+
! 8

*
8

O' !' EL
=
<Z
' *
- 8 <Z
9 *
EP
- <2 #
#r
! , N; '
+ .
N 7
#r
N ' .
' @
N
;.
.
=!
!8 Q

93

2
. Vk
'
a # ' # ' 3>

&b T @
J
2

2 Bp .

N+
! + # r # ..N w
= # Nw
<
9 @
N 7 3 # r # ..N } '
?G_
@ # = # r 7/ ! ,
& +2
<,
[[
EA <& VF
+
s
!
' !
= '* ?G[ w
$* ' @
!
*
$
. w # 2 +
j7 '
K
' "* #
2
<

EP <J Vk
j 7
' <Z
&b T @
2
w
!
* '
* '
N
<
Q 56 * <
7
.U
<Z <
7 N0
EP <J Vk & \
0
- <J Vk & \
. < J = 3>
D
5e 2 # =
<
$=
!' 2?Go V # r < ;; ! ,
s '

EP
0
; + /
Q
. D
< <Z
2
0
' #=
< & \
EF
!
= '*
#=
< & \
Z
.
2t?GG
# J*
#
#< #
& '
< 8
=
#r
'+
8
' jJ $ Q
*
O'>
$ . ' +
+
D = # ' . & mOm
.
9 * Q#
' '
*
2 *
-@ $ #
<8J*
# '
=
8
N
+
+
D =#
& K* Bp[q
#
*
& K*
# 0<
!" J
2
1
9 #
9J*
& .
?o
& Bp_p
* # \
+ !" J
2
<
EL EL K* +
+
D
9 * !"
# 0<
# \
*
< &K*
& m Om
2# \
8
9 * Q .U
' . |
=
<
@J ' b ! W z w
B[q ! < $7
# EF 9 * Q
< *
.
2 @J !
.
1 *
!
2
*
& K*
@C
& m Om
# J*
!8 $
*
2 ! Bp_p
?] .
Bq$
! ^ ^' !
!
! . < v*
< * 5A
8
z
=
#r
' + 8
2 5A
9 *
EP # =
<
$ 7 ' & \
2 8
*
=
8
2
8
*
#
+ N +=
!
N# # '
N # # . ' + # v 8 $N # r
+ # v 8 $2
J 56 '
$Q
2 0<| 56 '
! + .
2 '.
56 ' +O'
!
!
?GH
; 7 !
2!
j
! 5A' + 2
#=
< &K ! ;
N 3> &K
&
.=
*
#
'* = C #
. N *N J*
*
<& + VPN D N
JN
9J*
.
<&
2
EP
!+ ; #K
#
EP
>$
$ EL
* 8,
3> 2?Gp
Bp[?
w ! O'>
< K EF
8
!;
=
<&EP?Hq # EF
1 8
2
Bp[?
VP
K
0<| 56 ' ! + .
#=
< 8 &y
J 56 ' 01 2
?HB
Bp[[
?B ?] # u
w

'
# \
W

#
#=
<
7
J
s 9 *
EP # =
<t2

?G_
?G[
?Go
?GG
?GH
?Gp
?Hq
?HB

<,
#=
<,

%01;O$( v\f`gR`hw

[[
N EA <&VFN
' #=
<)
<!
'!
= '*
'
&
[[
N EA <&VF N
' #=
<N
1
N # r < ;; ! , N Ig Boo
EL
! O'>
VP
$ '
2
<,
[[
N EA <&VFN
' #=
<)
&
# !0N
w ! O'>
< K
'
8
!; 2

$ ' " $ N *
!8 Q

Ig ?B
\
Ig ??

<J

Ig ?]
EF ! + .
*$

Ek
2

94

Q #U

56 * I 3

'

<

! ,

#=
<
' < #=
<N W
>
$*N <J Vk
$*N
$*N + ;
$* =
$*
'
01;O$ < Z
2
BB
#=
<
#
?B'; #
'
N0
01; O$
J
2
Bp[_
9 *
EP & '
'
* # \
2 * $ ]qp $ #
J
#
+ ?]G $ 0 01;O$
??] $ % 9 *
EP # =
<
!
$
# (N
< p$
EL Vk [ $2 # '
+ " #
.
<& ?[ $N v

% ; ( !;v
?G $N + " 01;O$ B] $N
$* _ $ #
<J Vk ' ] $ # 2
'
< 8 v = 01; O$
.
<\
#R
7
.
2 01; O$
; .
85L ! O'>
=
EL K* '
& ' aJ = ?[ *
Bp[_
+ ! O'>
+ < \ *
&
'
<Z #
. 2w
>
?
& Bp[_
+ 9 * Q#
' *
01;O$ ' '
* O$
8 !
N
! N ;.
# \ 8 !
*
2]
& !
! W z 01;O$ Vk 8 < Z
2!
Q# !
=!
8 < } ' # ..
% D
( K <& J
2 * I ` # <' 9 *
EP # =
<
= Vk 8 <& J
2 ;
#U
I3
2
# J j7 # =
< ! W IO' !
!
' !;
0 < # VL J y 2
.U
musical chair !+
9 *
EP
9+ Vk
#
+ 2 9 *
EP
#=
< ! W z & D
* + Vk #
+ = <Z
J 56 ' ! + .
> & m Om !'+ !' 2 8 D
J #=
<
* O$
$*
#=
<
'
+ Vk #
+
@ C ' <Z
& 3
y 2
#=
$* &
=
8
= ! O'> ! W z
#
+ Vk 8
@ C # EF i
2 + Vk
-T # EF j
m 81 W
>
$* #8 VP J ! O' 8 C
} ' # ..
EL ! W z '
<
* O$
+ Vk # !
j # EF i
2 <8J* + Vk #
&
+ a @ '
# EF ! #.
' 7
# !
Vk 8 <Z
#
. 2 ' !
= '* #
! O'>
&
Vk
; . + 9 ]B * !
N ! N ;.
<8J* '
#
J
B
&
&'
; ! b$ #EF <8J* ' z8 <& J
"O$
+ Vk # !
' 7
2
* + Vk
#
+
'
3
<Z
2
i
.*
=j
.
!+ !'
= j7I
!
2 ; &@
#8
!j- & EP 2
'
D + . &
@C
. #=
< !'
#
89
# J* 2
9+ Vk #
+ _ . Bp[H
'
5A
9 * =
EP
#K*U
}
N ! O'>
!
9 *
EP ' > }
#8 0< &
!
2
BH . Bp[H & '
' #
! - '
3
jK
' @J #
+
+
!;
Bp . # !
+ Vk
K <& J
2 V ?? . Bp[H # EF !8 $
#=
$* # $ . '
Vk 8
@ C !8 $ !'
; # !
Vk 8
" $2 ?[ . Bp[H 9 *
EP
! & vO$
& *
2
?? . Bp[H #
+
+ Vk
K <& J
9 *
EP
<Z
2
5L
?q
+ & '
' #
#
2
'
E6
# '
Q
' ' !'=
#
!'+ !' E6
@ C # EF &EP
#
2
&EP
!v $ E6
'#
'
' z !'
2 ?] ! 5L
?H?
8 & y E6
' #
' #8 VP
!
#"
| 8 #
?o
! .
v 5L
*

?H?

Bp[]

K !0N

+ .

& '

'#

& y E6

'#

95

! 5L
!" J

.
I 7 J
2 ?_ ! 5L & '
' #
!'
. " $2
#=
$ - 7
# # '
s0 7#
Vk z
<' #
!
7 l J. Vk ! + .
* '
#
& > '
'
2!
I* #
# > <& J = & > '
- #' * '
\ * 9
*
=
J
2 T
"J
& b
.U
N #K*U
N EW N =
.
E =
& *
'I
l
2
8
}
N
- N=
1
&J * '
<& # EF
j 3
#
* ! 8
*
# 9
. K # K * .* # |
<
2 '9 *
;J !
<&
.'
..*
= Z2 #K ' * '
Vk ! + .
.
!0N
! 3 v*
+
Z
' *
.' Z
EP
EF
2
7
' *
$7 7
` $
!'
Y 8
# < # 2w
4
!
$
' * '
& 3
' * =
- . t2?H]

! v
G#u

9 a t v\faaw
Bpoo

o !; @>
! .
$* &
! ,
! 5A' #
8
E
a
'
8
2 V
# < [ !; >@
} Z
+ +
&
C
'* .
2} Z ! .
N.
N #=
<=

< !0 <'
2 } Z
! + . o '; ' !
2 V
' a ! #R
EL z
K
!
. #
. 2 #=
< } Z .*
2 '
'
5A
o '; !" J
2 Bpoo
G *
EP
- o '; +
2
Bpoo
BB
* ! + . w
O'
'
5A
o ';
+
2
$

h
'
#+
2

o ';
B^

EP
*
.
;v

?^
]^
_^
[^
o^

?H]

$ !;v
3>
2
* O$
C
K
2 #
8
E '
!8 $ < Z
2
+
T - !' j =
3>
K
2# 3
& '
+
K
2
&K
9 *=
EP
. ' $ 569J* IK #K
.
!0 < '> &
2 #K ' & '
.
'> K
!;v
'> K
!0 9 *
EP
'>
EP
2
+ . N $ MN # '
j
& '
K
! O'>
#
#' W
#
2
& '
} '
'>
EF j . EL Vk
K
2} '
J.
# .* } '
'> & '
*I
Vk
2 & '
'
!'
Q J . j!- EL
K
2
& '
&'
Y .
& '
$
<Z
2
&y

Bp_[ G[N # # 'N Ig ?[o

96

9 % X>. i ,

EP
8 8
' ' #EL EP # EF ;
'
!j 8 I 3
D8 !
!
* *
}
.'
# EF 8
*
0
VP
?H_
K
2! ,
! ; $ O$ !
! W z
$
EF < Z
2

EF
.
Bpo_
B[ !K ?B ! 5L
! + .
Q !'+
2
!
7
#;
= !.
'
Q

EF !0 < 0 < EF
2

EF
& ! + .
89
8 ! J

' #
`
Ek

C VP <> J
2
?H[
#<
0Vk
#
J* = #
s#
0Vk
2 ' >
~e7C
Ek VF
'
EL
j #
Q x 5A
$

EF <Z
2
# '
l
N
$ '*3
$ '*3
#

8 D <&@
81
`
9 *
EP
$ O$
O$
4
#b J

EP ' #Ek !
! N
' O'
N
Q x! + .
! W z
'
EL
!" J
2t?Ho
#<
< 8
! g J*
>N ! . ! ?HG
#
.
Q '
l
?HH
#
$ EL
J* =
#
s7 v* .
! 5A' #
! . ?Hp B? !K B[ . BpoG
+
9 *
EP
EP !K
D
EL
'
& \
l
EP
5e 8
0
8
* * '
Q #
.
#<
0 2
8
=# ' &
m #<
; ; !
8
0
# '
#
#
!
> J = 0 2t?pq
BpoH
.
8
Q !0 < .
9 *
EP
EL
0 Vk y
K
# 8 0 < Bp .
!<&;
#<
0Vk
2 BpoH
?B
&
E
! & v O$
# v* .
!0N
EP !
! v B?B
B]B
! +
.
#
'
2 . w
$ #'
<Z
2 & ! $*
= 9 *
EP
$*
.
=
'
VL < Z
7 *$ !
#'
BpoH
Bp .
T @ 2?pB
#<
0Vk
#=
< & J
J
' > # :
J
#R
$
K = #R
'
+ # ,
<> J
@ C & 4 j 8 !; $
2
j &
.
0= $ &
Z 2
!
= Z2
- <N N
;
v
VL < Z ! O'>
- <&
'
! W z <J# O' ?_ .
<J#8
J
2 - <&
' !K Bpop
o !; >@
9 VP !" J !'
!0N # <
&
0*VP <&
2 Bpop
BG !; >@
!
#<
0Vk
#
#
.*O$ ;.
= .*O$ . @
= a
2 .*O$ . @
"$ EF
2! !
$ #
b
0Vk
20
! + $w
& 4 J " $2 BH !; >@0
; !8 . K ! #
-. 2
2

?H_
?H[
?Ho
?HG
?HH
?Hp
?pq
?pB

'
2
' %?qqH ?qB]( !v $ E6 2
#<
N J* = # ) 89
'>3 2
J* !
N

0
*
#<
0Vk
#
]N
' EL
#<
0Vk
#
]]
#<
N J* = # ) Ig B[
# 801 '
! + .
N! ^ 4
! 5A'N # ' ;.
N ;n $ .*O$
.*O$ ! 5A' ;.
N +O'
@ 7/
+ 'N +
N
'
.
N ! 5A' # ! . N
+ ' /
*

.
=

2
.

!
!
N 7 v* .
N
# 'N
v# 9
;. N #
5A' # '
'N & 1
' '
/ N ;n $
N 89 89 J = ;
! , N
W ! N
' # ' N ! 5A'
N! .
# N

N &1
'
# ' = ; * ! ^ # '
;2

97

EF

<I 0 C
+ .
#<
. |
!0 $
#<
+
$>
&
'
?p?
2
& D
# 8
*
' '
!" J

b
'

*
<
#Ek !

<
VP
#K ! + !K
#R
$ O$
O$
4
N ' O'
V
!
#
! 8 <> J
c

!
8 J #<
O' ' 1 !'
2
;
:
=
#
J Q x7 #
#
Z 8
C =

< W
#b J
W z
*

<

' <J 0 '

'
#R
EL

v\fheRh`w
'

#=
2

<

3> j
C

$
EL
!0 8
$
N #.
z
8
!'
56'

& y !'

&

! + .
EP 8 $ Z
!'+ !0+
EP !.
'h
. 8
! .
!'+
?p]
Z '
2
8 &
'
8
8*O$ 2
!'
8
'> 2 8
.
.
2
0 8
' 2
: !K
D2
8 =
'
!0
'; 7 1
EL j
. <
#EF
3>
} ' . @
i
;
N !
7 1 # + 8 8Q
! + .
. EL
3>
'
< !
' . < ;
2 O' < x m K
Yz=
'
8 D '>
2
BpG?
o !; >@
! + .
; 0 2' '
O' 8
&
Vk O'
<x
#8 K* . 2
> <v
v <& 4
. 8 8 J 8
=
. <J # ' EL
0C
*
0 < !' .
W i i
2 s. 8 !
.8
O' < x = ! + . # \
} Z
2 1} Z
&K
0 < Q x7
' !K 8
U
&
$
2
$7 # &E # EF
O' < x 1
0*
N
'
#
I+
EF !
+ = 0*VP .
2
7
'
VkJ
#
0*VP # j
$

c#
#
!08
! 8
2 0
N
# =
$7 EP
#
C VP <& J
0N Q x7 . | ' BG * BpG?
+ !K ?[ *
+
?p_
' !K
EP 8
U
&
!
2t
?p[
! ,
N s8
!
&
! +
<x
>
# EF
!;
<8 *
2
<x
K K
2
8
EF 2 !; >@
!
' $ ! +
Z`
N#
$ K
^^^^#
#
} #
!' !K ;
2#
#
K T
. 2
< x !.
'
N #
!0 '
! ' 2^^^8
! & vO$ }.
5 &
N
' !K 8
}
&
Z
2
<x ! +
#EL 8
. &
J $. ' 5A '
2^^^^
3>
!j -= ! +
8
?p?
?p]
?p_
?p[

z
2

EL

'
< 0 2 Bpop
?B ! !; >@
#
+
!" J ' 2 Bpop
?? !; >@
! + .
0Vk
K K
0Vk
' &
$ 0Vk
2 V *
' !v $ E6
J*
s `
.U
# EF ! & j ! , <
.'
'* '
2 . =
$
K
7
2
BpoH op
K 2 V +

#<
N J* = #
Ig 89
'g
K N v^
= #; #
Q x7 ! + .
"
"$ =
' N v^
}'
.
56 ' 2

') gI ][]
= .' ) Ig B_q

98

!'
!
!
2
5A
EF
* 5A
!0 <'
.z VP ' J2 8
! +
0 2 Vk
' } Z 8 D = 2! +
N#
0
=#
' ' 8
2 !
7 0 #
2 %' (
K
.
* * VP
N! + .
!
2! +
0+
VP #
+ ! +
N
! T @N =
!
ct?po B[ * !K 8
U
&
T @
sBpG_

*
<& = M . !K
4
$ .O$ Kv>
0=
2t ?pG V
* <&
# VP .
+
0 2
! + .
:
Q 56 * D
&K
0<
BpG_
OIC 5A
!0 <'
2 . / ! + 0=
9 * O' #
=
K
N! + . & 4
1
s 4
!
ct?pH # ' < ;; ! ,
s
'
'
!0
+ $ &
N
N
5A
.
!0 <'
# <
'
Vk 8 !0 } Z
?pp
N
#K* Vk . /
Vk ! +
!0
2 ' &EP
N ! +
* #
. & J Vk ! W z
$ &
'
Z
0 K3
2t]qq
BpG_
VF 0+ '>
j
.
Z
<N E VF 0+
#
C VP <& J
+ ! + .
3 h
8
!
7$ Z
s = N '>
j
h 2t `
y
v =
7 !
!
$
; 4
* *
# ' &'
2
#

'
8.
'
D
'
5e
N
8.
0<
Jj
!' 2
! + .
C # #
!
* '
C
VP
=
!' # .
T @
2 RAW ! + .
C
# EF
!' # EF
I3
EF
2 #=
<
*
'
N
& \ N j & \ =
+ '+
= Z2 K # =
< #; N
= v* # =
< # ; N = v* + # =
< #;
'
v* $
'+
0*b
T @
2
v*
1
&
+
" '+
2 BpHo
&
!< . $
'
1 56 Y
X
+ 'h
B?N_?G $2]qB
'+
<
.
.
=
'
0*
2
8
'
"
&
9
#EF
56 Y ELJ* N $ N !$ 8 N ; .
! ,+ } . - $
< 2 BpGB
C. '
. vg !< O' O'> % . ( !'
'+
#=
< `
* = *
! 2]q? +
4
b
<Z
!E6 $* n '+
*
'
#
b b2
' 56 Y ?]N Q x7 8 0
1 56 Y
81 ! $ < ]H
0 `
#=
< ! O'>
0*
2+ ' .
!
'
!8
5 & #U
VF
$
b
2 #=
<
!
* # '
$
< ! + .
&
j
!; 2 $ !< \
! $ !+ = ! + .
7
K
2#
!0 K ! + .
2
#=
< #
&
'N ' K
. |! .
. Vk ' %. '(2
. ' 1
'
#=
< & j
'h 2 # . ' ]? . !
?po
?pG
?pH
?pp
]qq
]qB
]q?

P J < 9$ 1
0 %)
G&8 0 / I
9C ] /S[
K N v^
= # ; # ') gI ]o ]G
&
*#=
<
. & J .
K !' 2
Bqq 8
2
1
# <3 h Y N # ' < ;; ! , ) Ig B[
' !< .$) # 1 + )
+g ?] 5L BpHo
y
'
y N
+ qB^q_^?qBq

'g

A 8C

99

8 (/

A ]f

X40 e / A1 0 \\^y\0\ffy

.
'
'
2
= 0+ BpG]
* #=
< .
m & VP
+ ! O'> '+ N
$ M
; ; '
.
2
+ .
# ' +O'
!
# ' . # # '
'
.
]q]
' ' O' !K
$ M!

<J8
#
)
J
! + .
* # ! + '+ K 2
v
*
$ M .
! +
}
2 &
' . '
!
! + .
v
#.
'
' !'=
5A
-$
'
$7
$7
!;
2 +
#
* +
!
2
'
v
< < C
$ BpG[ 9 *
8
&
2.
56' j K* ' z
< !

# . #. N O'
#
.
'
2

' 8
G '; 7 1
* 0
'
*
$
K
K2 + . &K
0* 7 1
$
<Z
'
=
8
7$
EL
2 !.
=
Yz
j
1
$
<Z
2
}
0<
=j
' $
!
!
2
!
<
j
<
2
' jJ
K N# '
j
#
' '
K 2. '
]? . !
* ?q .
'
0 2
' ' m 0
#
"$
2 + .
"
#+ '
<Z
9 *
'
'
. s
" '
' t
>

' 2 #Ek C
w
& $
0 '
%!
#
0
. ' VF
( !0 #
EAI ! 8
2
#
/ # ;]q_
! + #
!'
B[^qB^?qBB
+ &
s j
I
0<
*
t ! + $ 7 !'
l\fhe /
h` /
.4 /
" U
/% &1.89
4 % b
+ . 4% eh C
8 X %P1
" U
/ A1
+ , > b b( /
CN % %1 O
\f C
8X+ { b A8
,
A+ <
h C
8X +
b
9 /
./ $ 1 b 9
CN %
b
9 /
b %
%
&%
E /
% /
e` C " U % S
%1
b
9+ ,
%" 9
%1
KP b
/% &1
+
b( / C % / C% i
C/
8 / A1
% 4 4 %1 O
+%
&1 C %
X
9 7 3
<
%
9 (:rP
- / P
A v/
w A8
\fhe /
\y } + hp /
\h / S % % %
/
A8
C/
9 %
80 0 , %
0 % 0
8 b /S[ /
+ % A8
b C/
4
&1
/<
C
//
C,/ C B 0 9!
C0 # 0 / 0 /8
L 0C B 9
)
0 8 <
A 7 3/ 0 /
C/
%
) 0
9C 8
W 0C
0 / /80
0
0
9 /
%
/
0
/
C0
8
)
C80 C 0 C
8
x 0 9 /)
0
!
8
0
8
0
/
/8 8 0
8 C ' 0
8
C B 0 / 0
/ 0 tC8 0 t
8
8 0
8
0 C
L
0/
0 t )
/ 0 {>
]q]
]q_

U'
#

N
/ # ;

+ BB^Bq^?qqB
'

100

% 0 80

{I0 % % 0
v !4 w A 0 v w0 <
/ ) 0
/t P
/
+
b
"/
/I
ea \fhe /
$ % , < $%
A
0, <
9 7 / :Z
$ 9$ ,
C
. + %
/
/
Z
4
%1
% +%
X!
%
C 8%
.
+
%1 .
A8 ( 4 b "
+%
/
{
%1
b
KP . 4%
9
< % &1
+%
)J
C % %
9
<
0 tP<
A %
+ A
#/ % ( % / *9>
b
9 ( )D/94
8C
V%
!4
. 4%
C% 8
( P < 9$
; X
8
"% !4 %P &
A 0 ^^^^EA
v
8
wb
%R
=&%
A8
+
A /
{
+s
>
+ , < /(
%, <
P>
0 %
C
%
9
< 0 tP<
A
%
+
8A
(+
% % b
( (+
?
%
M
.
+, <
> V7<
8 b * 7 8 & + X C
% <
+
/ 1
M
/I
e C8 \fhe / A1
A
0 s
C v %4
/
C w
<P ()
b
9 4 %4
4
/ . 9% /S[#!4 1 J9% L% / & ) 1
, C 8J .; C
+ ,(
& 8
%
9$t%
!9
CN , /, : ,( V % <
8J
+
/ \`
%1 !4
A
#/ + ( % /
*9>
b
9
(< % ) A
^^^^^^ 9% C 8
%,
/ C %( % \ C `
%1
+ ,
( / C /
# 4
/ 4
<4 v( / wR, / /1
+
1
4/
b
$ % / 8"# %
/7
+,
.8 .
C %%
%%< / W
% b ,( ".
$!
+
b 4 /4 <4
< 81
/
b %4
/
%
A
C %
/ < b / /1 ( % A 0 8 C
/
>5 n
/ i / C %0 $ 1 %1 0 {I
%1 0 {O + ,{
A8 ( / & ! 1 + 1 S[{
%1 .
A> + .
9
1 S[ ) * 9 /A 9!
%
+ . % ay <
b . +
<B
/
9 :Z
3
b
4
{
+ %&
%
+
. 4% /S[ 4
% 8
> ) C
%4 8
L! /
, < $%
/I
k \h 4 \fh / A1 + , > b / / :r %
\fhg ,
RC8 / A1 %
, <
%
+,% %
> b k 8s1 1 S[/
< 1 S[ . 4% b
8X
%1
X4 !4
+
/
%%
0 \h
6 %
9$
$
+ 9$
&
% b -! /
,
C
&
. +%
L :
/ b 8
:Z C % + %
&
>
+,
8
p t 3L
%
, <
%
9$ V t + b
9
/S[
/ A=
% %~ 9$
b 8 LX
,
C
+%
b :t / ey C 7 8 .8
&
. + L
/
C,
b 8t
%
4 . 4%
!4
0
0 % b X 1
%t
<
C 9 4
A ,A b % J 9
+
%t
<
%R
=&
:Z
%
t + f t 3L
%
&1 8t 0
b
L / /
C
"
% A &
+%
&1
&
9 +
, <
b
t
) A
L +<
. 4%
\f t 3L
k 8s1 1 S[
L! / b
+
0 :t 0 9 7 b
A
+ %
t
+ L! /
/
<{
b C
. + k 8s1 1 S[
%
8 1 S[+ X %
s +o

101

! + .
!EL
<
* ' ' <Z
(2 & '
'
J
= 8 D
5L
' 2t]qo >
<!
# '
?qB?
B? *
!
* b
' =

#
2]q[
D
v
w

9%

$
!

<Z

s
' " $ 7

% *
& jJ !'
2
! + .
'
!" 2]qG #
&
.
+
2]qH

t2 >
!0
.
s
!" '
!0N ' "* &
< Q !0 # =

<=
.
.

<

BpG? !K BpG_
#
=' *
* 4 #=
< . D
!; 2 Vk
' ' '
' * ) #=
<N 0 <N - <N !EL
< !
*!' $
.
& 0< N &
K* !'
} .
EF
I 3 2 BpG_
' 8* j .
.
8j I 7 # #
;'
! =
';
'
!K
!; 2 # =
!<
.
'
8
=
* + .
' W
>
#=
< %Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League BAKSAL)
7 ' <Z
2
.U
'
C !" J
7 ' !0 <'
2
&
EL
J
Vk _ % ( $
- ]qp
x
!'
2' !
K ! N
# EF
% +
K(
'
%+ $
(
<Z
'
!
*N
* *
* ! '
!
*
!0 <'
2 !.
=
=
3
!
`
.
']BqN !
#
g
<JN
'EF
* *< J #
8 !j 8
J
' !0 <'
2 `
: C
# EF
J* ! +
>
&
j
!
! +
#
O' # ) 0 '
R
*=
.
!
!
# EF

2
& \ K
K &y #
%RTI( #
N !< $ $8
N
- = .
.
' * I 3 ! $ 5e
2
]q[
]qo
]qG
]qH
]qp
]Bq

}'

!' N
+g B]^q]^?BqB?
! + .
!" 2
GBN
$
) Ig BH
#
!' N B] * ?qB?
Bo^qo^BpG[
+ }'
Y; N }'
'
&K &
Vk . / # '

N Bangladesh Observer, Bangladesh Times

!
$
+
2

102

!'

EL
8
'> &
2 # VP.*
#;
2
#=
<
'h
!0N EL !
s $ !< \
#=
!
! +
EL D
8
G?
r2 !K T @
EL

'
&K
#=
< 2 0C
*
+
. 2
!' !; ` Z ]BBN &
!' !K
>
* W
JK*
* N
'
.
; #.*
2 V !'
<*Z
!j - # =
<
K*
0
0<
#K*
=
K*
!' 2 8 &
=
<J . @
O' G % ( '; 7 1 B '; # !
* J
0<
.U
8
< W
EF & '
' *
''*
!
2
& . <J
W
K 2 #=
< !
*' ' *
0*
+ . #;
!0N s
!
+ # #
!
+ t #K
+
!; 2t
< !
* !
.
x
. ! + .
'*
2!
`
#=
<N 0 <
!
*!
'
. # 80 x
'* !' 2
. 'gEL D

$8
<\2
7
7 r 01
# '
.) s . t
+
'
&
7
.
.
)
'
#.*
.
=
EF #EF
J 56' #U 8
.
J -2
# .
9
J
#U #Ek2 1 0 C '
0
`. 0
:
v
' #Ek . !' N
! #Ek> . !'
$. '
#Ek> . '+ ! + 2 ' #
#Ek
.
#K . '+ N
'+
'+ 2 #Ek>
' #
#=
.
Q .
K
I\
!
!
2
.U
=
K # 8
&
= 8 D K 2 ! + . ' "* ' .U
#Q
! W z '
V
3>
'j
& D C
2
$ =;
# 8
I

Gq
*
%! + . (
j
EP VP
* '
recommend that you handover power to Mujib. I assure that he will be the most unpoular man in
East Pakistan within six month.]B? (#
.
$j
EP VP
#
2 # !. '
!0N
%! + . ( o
9 *
EP . &
2(

!
#

' * N!
Nj
#
#=
<
. $ !; 2
. '
VF '
# O' . &
8
=# >
Z2 + ! + .
<Z
j
' < <& J
2
+ ;
+ ' #
8
/
<Z
C VP
!
N s Q x7 #
0' #
! + 7 #
+
.#
V #
C VP
2t]B]
;. 7 D
. =
C VP
Q
2 v^
= .'
Ns
0*
!
=
/
T
N
' #
# J = ! .. !
+
2
J
!
!
+ !
v O$ !
2 T ! & vO$ r $ W 8
W
J
#
2t]B_
#=
<
y
'
<Z
=! + .
% !0 & b
!
! (
!
Z
C
!
2 # ' < ;; ! ,
8
s#
.
' ! 2# =.
'
:
' 2#
O'
&
0
#
Q
]BB
]B?
]B]
]B_

*'

* !.
9 8
!
0 2
Bp !; >@
BpGB
+
EP
! > vO$
# 'g
N Wg 8
XV
8
$ !
1 2
Q x7 ! + .
"
"$ =
' N v^

+
^

= .'

103

=;
) Ig ?]p

K 2

'

. |N

=;

# N

# ' 8< . 2 #

]B[
' $ !;
-2
V
BpG[
B[ # <2
'
!+
*' #
"

!'
EL < . 2 ! + .
# O'
N 3
J
T
#'
2]BG

7 #=

<

#
0
N
I
#

'

' $ !;

#
!

# '
j
V !
7
7 !
!
' Tb

g +O'

'
2 * 1 '
2! + . #

N !EL
N 0 <N 0< !
# EF B[ # <
s D
t 0*VP
.'! !
.

< !
]Bo

B[ # <3 BpG[2 # r < ;; ! ,

8
s 569J*
#
t]BH !
! + . w
: '
* # \ 0 2 &
#
# \
#. =
56
3>
#K* `
s
. Vkt !" J !'
K
2 V # =
<
!
EF m ! J
!
$#
K !<
#
'
#89 K " $
3> j
<& J
2
EF <
+O'
!
! I z <Z
7 #=
<
!'
EL < . 2 J
B^

.
&K '
&
# ) 'gE &
<& ! '
.
. 8
?^ Bo # <3 BpG[
+ !K
;* Z
j
)
.
x
0 2
]^
'
;
8
l ' #
J
2
_^ }'
Y; = }'
'
<J
# EF I 3 2
[^ ^ =^ p
. '
o^ oB !. <8J*
<# '
EF
G^ ' $7
' !'+
'
.
# '
x 2
H^ j
#
x
p^
.
!0 <'
!0
1
j8
.
0< 2
+O'

< !
# 'N
N
Vk 8 EF !'
]B[
]Bo

]BG
]BH

!'=

.
<

' "* ' B[ # <

.
2
-*

!K

'

.
x

'

$ ;

2
I3
! = . x #

#
=

'

I3

2
=

9 * 0* ' ;
2
.U
J &

) gI pq2 s
7 Y
g Q !
# . 5e
IK

104

' # * <D !

# <3 h Y N # ' < ;; ! , ) gI oo

# <3 h Y N # ' < ;; ! , ) gI ]]2 0 '=

#EL 8
EL EP

9 *

Y
.U

HB '

# <3 h Y N # ' < ;; ! ,

8
! + .
# EF 2
. & #K
. . # . 569J*
#
2t

- '
Y.

>J

!0 Vk 8 < Z
2
# !
.U
!
!0
v ; ' #K +
N
# ..N
2
?] '
3 Vk 8 0

1
1
2
1

+
D

!K

.
N#

Vk 8 = # =
# 'N ! . ;;
!

s D

'

!
. I
# '$ ! 2 .

t 0*VP
2+
'

<.
'

A7
W

[^B
%

i $%
B^ +O' !
?^
5A'
]^
#
_^

'

i /"
i

i!

3>
3>

' ! ,

[^ #
5A'
#
o^ v^ # ..
G^ v^ ! . ;; #
H^ # '
D
p^ # ' !

Vk
Vk

3>
#

Gp

#=
& K*

Vk

Vk
Vk
Vk
Vk

#K*
j
EL EF
W = +'

Bq^ ; J89 J . '

BB^ # '
+
B?^ ! g
!
B]^
= '

Vk
Vk
Vk
& Vk

B_^
!
!
B[^ @

Bo^
/ Z 7
BG^ @
! ,
BH^ v ^ j
O'> 4
Bp^
. / # ' !8
?q^ U ' # ; !
?B^
/ # '

&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&

Vk
Vk
Vk
Vk
Vk
Vk
Vk
Vk

.# v
! ,
<J 9 * = <I J
v
=
$ 0< 0<
89 =
! = !0 < 0 <
K
l & Vk
-J =
*
` = T 56'
!0 < 0 <
! +
=
Vk

??^ !'=

; ' <.

&

Vk

&

Vk

?]^ !
1 1 { L%~ #!4

'! ,

?o^

#=

+ . #=

<

Vk 8
< ?qqp

& K%

?_^ # '
?[^

J.
56'
$

Gp

<
2

E6
!.
<J =
/ #

'

5A'

Gp

#=
<

Vk

0* '
'9

&

'3

Gp
Gp

<

#=
3>

& K*
#=

<
2

105

& K*

& K*

A 8C

%4

# '
g!
s ' I 7
VF
5L * !

#
2t

$%W
4
'
' 2 !' !;

'

sBpG?

!K

.
1

'
! +

!K ! +
.U
#=
< .
- ; 0 N
+
' #
0 * T @
2 7 7
K $7
#
*
h
#=
< Vk
. z
<
=
N <; < =
!< O' . #
!'
J
2
Bppo
* .
#
) J RAW + =
$
#
'
.
Bpp[
$ '
# < !'
"$ )
*
2

]?B

]??
]?]
]?_

'g
VF
.

<

#8
! $ !<
Q x7 0* '

BpG[
-

B[ # <2
}'

]??

# ..
*. > C #
'
=
'
#
2
2 !;J .
. N
N
< . !
.
Vk
Vk
.
& .
*

#=
2

2 ?q

< 0C
.

veyy_R^^^^^w

]?q

'

?qqG
!.
]?] j
<> J
.
!<
!; 2 ' $
'
&
O'
$7
#$
2
' EXIT
& . 0 ' #=
<! +
!
!.

*
# 0
* !" J
2
!" J ' = !
!.

.
*
# <> J
*
#=
<
#
. 8
! j
> $

]Bp

! +

J*
'

\ffaReyyy

"$
/ #

& \
' ;
#
' ! 2<
h
56 *
'
!0N
=

2
+
$
2 ' $ "$
+
EL D
!< 2^^^^ .
$> . v
Q'
J
2t]?q
# # '
s . #8 y = *
! W z
'
0.
# 2t]?B
s > $ = EL D 9 J
! + . 2t

]Bp

!.

N0

# ' ! +

j
!+

.
&

.
*

j
<
.
<
.
.
!" J !' 2]?_ # :
*
# <> J
# . > D2 ?qqH
= &

K .

?qqG

N v^
= # ; # ' ) Ig _[p
N
v$
N 4 N
+g BG # <N BpG[
Bp_[ G[N # # ') Ig []]

' #

# ..

!.

'3 8 '
B? . ?qqH
+

!0
.

qH^ qH^?qB?

2
2

. / # ;+ /

VP

' -2

106

'3

% D

. 9 (2

$2 !.

!;

'

#=
.U

*W !.
& | #=
.

RAW

*
' '
I3

< !
&i !' +

'
8

# ' N # K* # 9 ]?[
'g
K !.
= Digital Bangladesh ! <
7 .
> |

*
< G? G[

0+ !
j

$!

+
K*
= K* 2
@
EP
2
'
8
#=
<
* * =
a @ z 9J* ' *

$
!0 !Z N
#
.
2 Bppo ?qqq
0 $7 7 &
;
=
!8 $ .
' ' '
8
J
8
T 1]?o
v = $> .$
' N
$ &'
0 *'
2 &
:EP
&
O' '
' D = '
'
jy2 &
Vk
0* N
'
N
'
O' ' '+ 2 * *
Banglalink officer2
' .U
;
$ ) ! + .
'I
#
K
* * I 7 '4 0*
2 0 '= #
t $

.$
' 8
!<
EP
* * '
0*
!0N # =
VF
!0 !
0*
* * # +
j
<> J
10 C # <& J
.

.
K* t2
' K*

$ 8
!0N # =
" J
C. =
K
T @
0 ! +
$
< 2 !0 v
' . <
!
v
< x
!'= .
'
#=
#'
# >
2 * <. 56 '
K
O' N 0
$8 x # 0
Vk ' ' *
K %c(
'
'
%# = (
#'
EP
. &
Vk Vk 8 !" J '
2! +
# ; @ +
' *
K
jJ
#
' '56
< @J .
'
& J
2 #=
< K*
$ - 7
B^ Bppo
#=
<!
Q !0 < .
'
h. . 3
2 V
%?qBB( # =
< !
h . . !K
& B j ! $ %Bqqq
= ($ } '
'>
.
Q Q ][ j j7'>
<
K
' 2
?^ h . .
3
J
* J
. #=
"
% *
W
!
( >
+ ' '
'VP
. #=
< !
!
# 2
'VP
#
@C
2
h. .
3
!K
.
`
m
g#
* *
j=
'VP
2
]^ #K* Vk #
#
h. .
;$
.
repairing
!
K. !
#K* Vk
' z
!0 <
2
_^ # =
<N - <N 0 <N
<
" .N '+ .N
.N 8 * .N
!$4 .N h ' .N *J .N + .
' !' + !' + # \
#=
"
]?G
%# g(
5A'
s' +
. '
O' t2
[^
J
$' *
. !
feasibility test
< #
s Q x7
O' t }
l <& J
2 .
. $
#
` ' x
! $
%Indianization)

]?[
]?o
]?G

The Economist, date Jul 30th 2011; wrote Ever since 2008, when the Awami League, helped by bags of Indian cash and
advice, triumphed in general elections in Bangladesh, relations with India have blossomed.

g &
%# g(

Vk #K*U
!

> !

'3 v^
$* >

107

Bppo

!$

>

'3

o^
G^
H^
p^
Bq^

BB^

B?^

B]^
B_^

B[^
Bo^

]?H
]?p
]]q

]]B

! $ " ;7$ $ m
8 $
' ! $! $$ # |
l !8 EP 0
&
+2
! 7 .T @
9 * ' * # > !
&
Vk ! +
+ !0 < 0 < Vk
} '# !
2 &{ .
=
& \ %SAHCO( .
' *
J :
& l #K *
x
!' 2
!0 < 0 < Vk = VkJ
' *
J
!'
!0 < 0 <
EF
0 2 ! ,
Vk
.
+ 0
9 g >
!
!0 < 0 <
EF
# . # EF .
8 ' 2
J. Vk J* ; @ +
.EL
;
.
4 $
Q.
!
J
& $ '>
9 IC
.
8 : # 2
!' a
Q8
56 * EF
*}
56 * I 3
! ,' #
:
. 1 ;
x
0 2
! $ + $ #.
#
>
Remittence #
8
0 2
#=
<
. &
<N ' N ' D '
<
* *
*
'
# <
*' # <
2
Q !0 < N !
= #
` * * '
' D
' #K OSD]?H ! + # j W # 0 < N
' N# ` * *'
' D = a @ z 9J* ' '
. &
I+ I 3
2
!'
* # '
'
* # J 56 D
<
EF D
.
EF !
'
Q
0<
'
EF
' 2 !0 &
s . .. .
% . 'EF * ( K 8 < 8 <
" ! t!
&
&
Vk - J
!K # ' <& J
@
'
2t
; 7
Ns *
#'
+ !' +
=#
' $ 2t]?p
#
*
!'
& j
EF
2 '
!
'
v#
!.
'
Y.
K K
'>
[G . !' &
= 8
EL K*
#;
I 8
#
.
.
v# !.
O'
=
&b
EP ' !'
First line defense
2
<& 8
@C
v#
W z 9J* ;
#
%c( v#
*
2
&
Vk = #
Vk ' !' . Q ' '
#Qh
s
'
$ . Q ' 3>t
$

. }
2 '
>
. N J . !0 < 0 <N ^ ^
' ! & J
$ !'+ !'
& J 2
#=
<
' ' <
=
0+
!', & 0 <
&K =
'
} ' #
!
Vk
+ Vk ' !0 <
& D Z 2 #=
< # 0<
!
'
Vk
< = !0 < !
'
*
$* !
' Vk
!'
9
< <I 0 C ' !Z ' 2
< !j - . ' - < !
'
&
!'=
" #a w
.$
2]]q
]]B
! #
'
EP
+ #
a
. '
# + '
&
. ! & J
2
&
#=
<
j .
=
&
8
2
<Z
_$ - ! +
x
' 2 #
!'
56 '
'
N
* < . 56 '
O'
0
$8 x
'

$
GB OSD !
J* !' 2
}' #
!' )
+g ?G^BB^?qBB

VF
$* N = . ' - < !
$
N

; # 'N
@
'N '
N ! ayN .
+ N# '
D + N ! = ' N v^ = !
.
#
'+ 2
!<
# ; $ N#
N vg #
& +
VF 1 2z
! #
'
. '
X
2

108

! , N
N#

' #
! & JN

&

J
5 &

!K

2$ !
#

x
2

N & '

' - #;

!< O'

#
BG^ Digital Bangladesh <
* Digitally Bangladesh Map
*
?HB
.
]]?
8
$ EP VP
!'
! $
&b T @
2
BH^ # =
<0 < - <#
'
!
*'
a 0*
Q Q .'
!
*' =
a 0*
<
2
Bp^
3>
Vk
K
'
; .
# ' ; @ N
#
#
' & +'
# b JN .
8 & y ! b$ !.
$ #. @
]]]
= &
56 '
#
v4 !
#'
.
N
$
N K
.
Vk '
$ EP VP
. #
*
< J
2
?q^ Bppo
j
#
#=
< .
s Q x7 EL Dt EP
2 ! EL D EP
<
j
2 ?qqp
j
#=
< s Q x7 %! ( EL Dt
E
K
2 + J
=
. / EL D EP
8
$> .$
v !'
EP
2 #K* Vk
s8
$> .$ !' # =
< EL D
t2]]_
?qBB
o
+8
&
Vk
'
; #
8
Q EP '
7 1N
$> .$ 7 1 #
$ 7 1 EL j =
K
2 8
Q + Vk
O'
#
#.
! 71
=
' $> .$ 7 1 EL j
'
2 V
' !K
# T< ! , O'
#+
' 8
!'
#
# .
T @
2
8
'
v ]][
#R !K # #R
.
. $ 8
#K !
& T '
=! = 2T
& D
#K* Vk =
3>
'3 $
$ #8'>.
K
$! $!
+
& '
$
T
0<
' 2 &K #
$ $*
&
#
2 !0+ #
. <
EP
N
J
T
' N ! + # !'
_?
<
.
. $
J
N !'
EP " $ 3
! + !
T ! =

N
$ Z
C VP
2
?B^ # =
<
#
!'
N '` = <
$
#
J
2
'` = <
0< x
' #
l
& VP
# N
!8 < VP
!; 2
'` <
'
=
#Ek s0C
'
<&EP
t
'
0* T @
2
??^ 8
# VP.*
# #
[_ $ '
h
*J
'
@89
J
8
l <& J
2 <8
9 EF
#
89<8*EF
Y
W .
#
g +'
$!
= #'9 8
<8 89< 8*
#8 !'+ ' 2
+
' W
0*
8
0*
2
]]?
]]]
]]_
]][

$
B[^qH^?qBB
+ ?HB
. 8
$ EP VP
8
EP VP
.
2
?p^yf0ey\\ % A $ # . @
=
#
O'
#'
.
2
'>3 2
#=
<j
#
#K* Vk
' '
& D Y
K
!' #
$ !'
!8,<
&
!'
#
$#
"
v 2
v &'
Q # !0
j
' 5A+

8
T
Q !'=
2

109

2# *
#'

56 Y

'

v4 !
k N !0

J
+

o j

EP

0< !

<

- <0

<

0=
!K
- <# 0 <
!
#
*! 0
Q.
2
#
EP
! O'>
- <
- <N - <
0 <N - <
#=
<N
0 <
0 <N 0 <
#=
< 8 D EF
" *
2 + N
. N !$4 .N
h' .N + . =
. .
'+ .N O' 56 Y '+ N *J &8I
- < U Y
* 4N > '
'
2
- < #=
< <
h$2 ! +
&K
- < !K
.
h
<
<Z
'3 ' !K
' <
= - <
<
2
B[^q]^?qBq
+ }'
# '
&
'
+
!0N
v
.
- <! '
!
'
#
EL K*
.
- ' !.
#U
. Z
K + # # &
2 y
'
y
?[^q]^?qBq
+ & '
N s% v (
. 8
!.
7 =
J 56 ' ; .
. &K
! - - ' #
.
.
2#
8
=
J 56 '
N0
- ' ' #
.
. & '
'
@C Z
! <
' & j2
&
# 7
$ <&@ . N
. !. D
?qH 5L
j
- = !+ '. ! <
?q[
5L
j
- <=
Vk
0=
&EP
8
7 =
J 56 '
<&@ 2 &EP
.
= ' $# '
&
!' 2 ;
' v '
$
11
!K
!
!'
2t # EF # 88
#
.
.
# '
# 0 2
vg
.
! ,
Ns
EP "$ # VP
* VP 2
EL
'
.
"$ "$
# 8 & 2 .U
"$ " $
2
N
'+ N h ' .
7
v
. !
'
- <!
'
Z

$+
* VP "$ 2t ]]o
- < 56 * y
'
y
& '
N s< ?
& x
- < 8
#
. <&@
v
=
# '
8 <
0 = #U
&EP !' 2
- .
=
=
v
M !K
2
# <#
&EP '
!

2
J jK* '
!
+ + &u
$
'
= 2
!
#8 0 < =
: '
!K
E =
2 <J 0 < 0 < =
'
8 < W
* - # ;2 8
<&@
v 8Y
.
: 2 56
&
& $ #
*
Q ! 56I12 # ; !', |
#
J - 2 ' !+ ' 8
@ C= }

#8 0< Z 2 #
. .
: '
<D .
'$ j /
. 0 2
J 56 ' <&@
!
* = j! 2
' = ; 8 <D
' # <&@
&K
. ! 2 . <&@
*# ;
! &
Q ' !.
#U
56 * < !
2
-U Q # ; <&@
1j
" *=
2 - < #
*
$ : '
&
.
- # . . 5A
2 <Z
!
*' }

5 &
!
*
&
Vk ! +
# 8 0 <= ' +
2t]]G
- < j
' $ $ !0
!
!
!
= ' # 2 s< H .
v^

& 8 v^
*. + ' 8
.

2= '
- < *I
J j K * $ '+
! 3
& 8 + '
&'
2
8
.
. v^ + '
!K .
j
2 - < v
. ' = &
2]]H
8 < 8
v^ ; 7 D
' - < 8
#=
]]o
]]G
]]H

y
y
y

'
'
'

y
y
y

?[^q]^?qBq
+ &
+g B? # <3 ?qBq
+g B? # <3 ?qBq

- <

110

&

'

v^

! ,

j`

Q K

]]p

2t

$T @

0*

v^

'

. # j O' N - < !
#
&u
N - <
!
v
: '
8<
&
K
& '
"$ # =
C. N
' = #
!
+ T @
&
Vk - <
N < $
- <
'
'2
:
j
0* ! '
0 2j
' $ +
!
2s - < !
<. - !'+
=
.* O$ =
2t]_q
qo !; @>
?qBq
+ }'
&K #
&
'
+
!0N ]q .
?qBq
+
- <# .
# O' !
.
* 9 *# \ 2! # \
h %[qq(
!0, 0*
2
y
'
y
B_ .
?qBq + #
!
- <! + s &
'
!
v.
7
'
7
7
-U $
+
8
- < v 2 ^^^^2 '
0 < !
# ' ! W z - < Vk
.
! v
.
`
} - !
' =
#b J
2 ^^^^2 5 &
.
: '
EF
8 < 8 * 7
jK*
$ ]q . $
h' '
- <
j
56 '
'' !
9
<. - !
! 2 "$ = 81 8 < j K *
$ | !;
8 < j v^ #
#
2
v^
<. ; `
!<
Vk
'' h ! ' &
2 j &
&
' !;
8 <
j K * # O'
: '
&
- <
Q
# O'
' '
! 3
2
- < #
* !K
- = J '
2 v
' #
* ; EP
' '
<
4 !K #
* ; EP &
# +
i #
# $ &
2
= &
$ ; $ !0
' = 0
=
Z
<&
.
2 < qo^qB^?qB?
+ 0< VP
'

j
. - I
l
- <!
2
'
0< VP
& '
s - < !; !
N
N
!$4 .N
'
' "$ 2

#=

8 *

J. .
0= #

<

. Vk
2 Bp_p
2]_? Bp[_
*
< 8 v
' s
<
'
!K s
t r$
'
&
Bp[?
8
3>8
'
# O'
! W z
1 VP #
'
!<
; #=
< ;
=
!
EP
<\
@C =
8
j 1
X
T @ 2
8 # O'
=
. 8
'
'9*
.
>
%# =
'9*
0 #K* <Z N ' (
*
VP
2 0 '=
#
! < ' !K
EW
.
'
$ ' U
sEL . $* t <Z Vk
#=
< <Z
<Z Vk
I3
<Z

]]p
]_q
]_B
]_?
]_]

Bp_G

9 *
"

<Z

< 8

y
'
y N
+g B? # <3 ?qBq
#
!'
+g Bo^q]^?qBq
! '
EP 8 <
.T @
+
8

r ' '
2
'
<& = 10CN 56 '
O'> K - ' ) Ig 89

111

vII

$ ' <
ZN 0
EP
]_B
< 8<
#=
<
t =
T @ 2 #=
!
@ C 0C !" J
2
/ .
!K
K K
01
K 2 # O'
VF =
.
' '
W z #=
<'
r 0 #K* . N <
. r
#=
<
J 56 '
! 3
;
2
]_]
<& J
2 EL 8 8

$ O'

<Z

j = * 9
ELi !0 '
j = * 9 <& J
! ' !0
O' K
K 2
BpGB
9 * #=
< !0 '
Z
* %Inner Circle(]__ = # $
* %Outer Circle(]_[ + !
l
=
%Inner Plan) 0
=
# $
%Outer Plan) 0
N j= )
.
2 #+4
EP #
#=
<
$
'
8
2
O'> K - '
s
'

<& = 10Ct Bp[_ [[

#=
<
o $
O$ '
7
2]_o a # =
VP
:EP ' 2
B^ Bp[[

BG !; >@
01;O$
* O$
$* 8 0+ !
!
+ #=
N N
;
!'
#
#=
Q ` T @
N;
5e
2
?^ #
'

'
'
; x
B__
.
]^ 01 *

8 8Q N.
-8Q
N #=
' 5A*8 @
'
<
j !
w
. <J2
_^
Vk
0
. !
= /* .
'
0 ." E 1
N'
T
-@
1
2
[^ #
Vk 8 O' !
$
'
V
.' !
!
N
& D .
#=
z=
' '
2
o^ 0

'!
Z
'
Vk 8 <Z 2t
BpG?
!K # =
#
!
2
'
& J
!'
!K
2
0 <
w
= ;.
'
+
.
'
+
BpG?
&J
*
j
3> 9
#
C
2]_G
BpG[
$
*
#=
< +
+
&
= &
Bppo
3> j
" J
C.
9
7 7
K $7
&'
?qqp
j
8
2} '# ;
s#
]__
]_[
]_o
]_G

]_H

EP !< O' EF 9 * R
< .U
! W
'
<& =
BpG?
]H #
" <Z
#
*8Y # !
1 K
2
}' #
!' N
+g
#=

<=
VF =

2
'<
@C
+

!0N 10 C !
!0
@ C # EF <& J
j0
' & J
j 7
: '
<& !K ! #
CI s
.'
tN

!K
r $ ' !' 2 ' *
J
. @
2
&
@3
!
!0N
. @
. @
.2
3> = .
4
* #
# I
& x
I3
/
#VP89*1
2
<Z & \
]H # '
#<&
K
*

&
IO' 2
10CN 56 '
'
+
&
<
" <Z

1 VP
.

ZT @
<J

.
K
2
#=
=

C.
'

&

K+ '
$ EL < . 2
EF < ! + # $
# \

<
!

=
;' N

#" !
!'+ 2
8
9
N O'= 2t]_H
#

' ;.

O'> K - ' ) gI ?_]

s . I+ = }
EL K* #
K
)
* K !0N .U
'
# !
&

112

T @
7 10 C

#
EW

9 * &
* 4
=
K

K
K

2
2!

!
)
@

m #
/
56 D
`

'
0*VP

* 4T @
j '

7/

'

01 Q
j
# <& J

01
#

2
j
!

=
#

<.

N O'
*
.

# !
j +

'

2
j
.
z=
#0
j
0<
& J'
* #
'>
j .Q &. ! O'>
=
'
' !'
&K 0
- J 9 # 80
0*b

Z 8 ;C

* 5L
# 0 !

2
K

2
' '
*
* 4
*
j j
22 '>
!K
R
8
' <!
* + j = < J !K
1
.
v
N
J = <JEL W
* ! W z

(/

2 0+

= .
;
jK* ' !
2 '>
j
VP ! 3
2 '
@C
'<

= x
= !0 <
=
N

2
*EL
N

&%

!'
$ '
!K
.U
#Qh
*
Q Q 1 C
* ]_p
#
* 4.
=
#
= &< '
X
# 2
. Vk
VP
#
N h . ' .*
& b
#
* #; N
Y * ! < !
@J '
# W3
2!
#
@J
J
:
'
*
;
v
2][q V #
' 9 * :
# EF
K
*
.
2
' EL
=
' ' '
#
* #"
@ C & ' j8
)! + .
j
. . *
! & J
2
+ <
=.
2
= !'
<
8
# > <& J
2
&
# !0 # ' ;
n
Ns ' !
! #
; K T N '
; K T ) + !
# '
; K 2t
. #.
n !
K
'
s#
!
' 8 !0 K
'
ct

#.'
#
# :
s :
.< $
#x D2
:
a #x
N =a
.
<8 #x
# I
2t][B s
* !' +
!0
*
h
N

*
! jJ h
2
* 9
*
N
j!
*
# 5e )
* =0 $
*
!K #
# * 2
! ,8 <
!
*
N
"$
2!
*
# EF
%'g+.
=
!0N
. # 1 '
!
# *
.
. *
I 7 J
(
*
# EF
2t][? s *
a
=
& \
2t][] s
.
@C
#
7` )
K
.
#
2
: .
!
K* 2][_
s
! !'
K
!'
2 ! !' #
2
#
!
+ 2 !
.< J
K
+ 2
EL
K
+ 2
a
*xN
EL
N
N 9 49 N '
'
#x
+
2 '
J !'
1
* .
9J *Q EL

2 *
!< $7
+ !
!< 2 ^^ ! !
'
2t][[
]_p
][q
][B
][?
][]
][_
][[

1 C
. Vk
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
j` N
Ig _G

:
:

:
:

* #K*
VP
'2
N
N
N
N

# . ')
# . ')
# . ')
# . ')

EF

I\
I\
I\
I\

o]
Gp
p?
Bq]) # :
j ` <& J

@C <

7
1 C

7! + 0 <
* !
# D

' '
2 j`

'

113

<

s
% (N 56 '

'

T @

t
^

$
'

' 2
N I' &
)

& 4

$% !

#=
*
jN
' 2 V
! O$ O$
'
+
2
#=
=
<
*
j
%Secular-Islam)
& J
2 j
.
:
j
0= .
*# *
7
j
!K
! +
.U
*
2
!K =
!
.
.

<

87
<Z

'
2

;
0

G[ 9 * ! + . #
|
*
<J
J ?qqB
j
#=
Q *
EA
EL j

<J Vk

' #=

. j
& K*
!8 $ # =
<j
0=
2

2
<
.

* &J
3> j

'
VF

'

+ ;

*
* 4
.

<

#=
<
' $
+ #
= 0 2 #=
< <J Vk .
<&
N $
$ !<, ' )
<J Vk
#=
<
{ . 89
! + 2
'
!8
' $ + = <J Vk *
. ! 2
Bp[o
' !v $ E6
#=
< <J Vk
0- T @
2
Bp[H
!.
#
.
<
# .
K !' 2
BpGB
EL
0C
# .* !'
&K
<J Vk
$ 3> 9
$
][o
9
* J
2
. Vk
Q " *
<J Vk + =
. Vk !
<J Vk !
&
2 V BpG]
*
!.
! O'> '+ =
*
; ; ' ! <J Vk 9
7Z "
2
7Z " = 0+ <J Vk
0
+ BpG[
.
_K*
<J Vk
!'
2
][o

. Vk

'

EF 2

114

BpG[
B[ # <3 ! . '
#8 # =
< <J Vk
9
Q
# Q 9J* =
J
#8
l
#=
<
2 V BpG[
]
85L # =
< 9
+ ' !
; ! W z
#8
j
'+
=
.
. Vk '
85L o = G
+ over trum
j
'+
! 3
2 V # =
<
Thesis
. ' Antithesis
+ ' Synthesis
!.
. # 89*
2
BpHB
]q !
+ !.
.
#=
<

2
J ! & vO$ .
4
' =
K K 8
*I j
' EF
'
][G
.
!0N ! +
!<&;
c BpH?
?_ .
<J Vk
!.
'j
'+
! +
EL < . 2
Bppo
!.
'
! #8 "$
<
K*
<J Vk
!
#
K 2 V ?qqG
;+ @ / /
J . @ # EF
Yz
#=
< # O'
;
!" J !' 2][H

81
EP

& \
E
8 D#
BpoH
_K* 5A
+ 9 *
EP
(CPB)2 Bp[?
8
# O'
89
# <& J
0< !

<4 v /

Bp_H
o
* 8
$*
m
<&
2
!K # < &
<J # ' !
$* #
EP & \
2
9 *
EP
& '
$ 5A
&K
<& !" J ' '
$* (EPCP)2
' =
0
+
'
$*
][p
# O'
89
'9*
j2
V Bpop
#
+
EA J
2 BpGB
#u
8
&K 10 C
CPB-NAP-BSU360 0,K8
1
# ' !; * <Z
2

<4 v" /

b 8C t2t w

B? ! 5L Bp[o
+!
'!
= '* # =
<
$* ]oB !
>
Vk
K <> J
2
#=
< !"
*
! ;
j
*
!"
3>
<> J
=
8
Q Um
!'+ !' 2 ' !K !
= '*
* !"
3>
<
#
> +
2 Bp[G
G !; >@
<
#=
<
#
EP
3>
> D 7
4 I3 2
VF '
*
#=
< > \
8
=
8
Bp[G
BH * $* !K
' <
2
=
8
BG . Bp[G !" J #
?[ = ?o . Bp[G w
+
EP <J Vk
]o?
* 5A # \
2 h
8
zw

5A
#=
< 8 $
]o]
a4 '
Y =
j
<Z
#=
$*2
$ 9 *
EP
=
8
! W z # EF
#=
< #
EP <J Vk '
VL < Z
EP

][G
][H
][p
]oq
]oB
]o?
]o]

}'
9 *

'
#

.
!' N
8

# O'

! +
B?
+g Bo^q]^?qqG
= `

N =
.

'N }'
N +4 ) ' @ /

'

N
)

+g ?q^q[^Bpp]

Ig ?o[

CPB-NAP-BSU Comunist Party of Bangladesh, National Awami Party, Bangladesh Student Union

5e
#
.

$* 8
+ # ' .
+ 0 vg +
g +

2
$
EP

2
.
Bp_[ G[N # # ') Ig ?H? ?Ho

115

$ ' " $

2
*

!8 Q

*$

.
8

.U

' ) '
VF '
" $2 =
8
8 N . ! 5A' '
]o_
<J Vk '
8
$
'#
J 56 '
' z 2
#=
< + - U'
Y;
#=
$* # 8*
h ! + !' +2
#=
$* NAP
W
Nehru Aided Party # + ' . < J
$!
& J
2
Bpo?
8
0C `
! 8
8
j 5L
= `
! 8
!'+ !' 2 !
!.
!'
. Vk ' a
8 . I 3 2 BpoG
#=
$*
VF =
VF 8 <
0 2
#=
$* %8
(
VF
#=
$* % . ;; (
VF .
T @
2

C % / C% i
+
#
$ '
' 2

vC / w

EL
l

! <

.U
<

K
Z

- = #=
2! + .

< #
C'
@J '
]o[
. Vk
.
U i
. Vk
@J '
2 &b $ T @
- < 8

EL
'
- < &K
5A # \
BpG?
?BN ??
?] . 2 - <
$ <&@
! W z
$>$ E
. #
+ N 5A

' 2 # <&@
! W z
]oo
! + ;.
J 0
N s#
#
N
! + .
t ) 5A
!
* ' 2 ' <&@ ! + .
5A
m
# VkJ . 2 ! + . !
*
!
! 2

'
. #
+ <&@
5A
.
+ < \ # !0 < !' 2 #
#r
N
N .
.N !
* * ' !K
J*
N! . .
.
.
@J !
= *
5A
!0 <'
2 +
# EF
N 0C !;
@J ' 1 $< <
2# ! 8 !

$
J
* O$
2! + =
7 !<
T @
2 + = !
'
!
.
!0N '
'
2!
V # VP
. Vk
. N .
. }
2

'
. #
+ <&@
5A !
U i
. Vk & \
&
'y
! <
'
5A !K
.
. Vk ' %. '( U
&b T @
2
]B # u #
$ <Z
.
. Vk ' }
9 VP + &J
j2
.
. Vk '
# | &
'
.
7 - 01 2
.
. Vk :
`
!' &
1 0 C 2 0+ ! ! + .
@ C $7h r $ J

N +
* &K
@ C f 2 EL 8
J
'>@ . &
!
T @
. <J
0 2'
} i
. Vk ! < # W3
!'
.
. `
!' &
@J2 8
!< O' EF I3 j
!
< . '< !
<J
2
#' * & \ !
! + .
!. !' 2 # =
<
'
&
- . !
* >J
2! + .
I 7
<> v + ' !
; ! I z
#87
8
VF ' j
#
J*
! I z
#87 . ' j
!' 2 V . ' Z
C VP ' !
0<
2 ! + .
I 7
j E K
. ' .
EP
# 2 . '
8 < 81
*
$ I & '
J
2

]o_
]o[
]oo

'
0 #

EL
1

0C #
2
'
B[# < BpG[N# ' < ;; ! , 9 ) Ig p]

116

C% %
.

VF '
'

' .
' ' %
(2
!.
. Bp ';
* 9
8Y <
Z '
<N 8
N
!
#=
< #
' !
* !0 <'
2 .
1<
.N .
'
*
'
.
'
*
#=
<
' *
8
'
. &
` 2 !.
.
I 7
= ' $ <J Vk C
3> j
K
V !.
'
'
j
=
'
<J Vk
C
! ' # 2 !.
'
'
3> j
# 2
!
0*
=' * '
.
' < !;
J @J &. |
$ #=
<
<> J 0 <
IC
);
' j
.
!', # $
2 #=
<=
'
.
' ' ! O'>
'
.
@ J
! $! $' a
'
Q !. $
2

C%

'

<4
.
j

!'
N

'

'
'+
$ &
0=

v VF ' m
' <Z
2
* # 2
Z & J
2

'
.
$*2 !.
'
.
C = Bp $ !. !8 o_ $ !. <Z
='
#
'
. &

% (/
'
*
#

]oG

' 2 Bp_B
& \ <D !K
8 D
'
.
2
!
* N $
$ 9J* Q .
'
& \
=
' #
='9'
' *
Q `
#
#
8 D
! J
2 !
#
#
9J* Q .
EF
*!
*
*
j ' '
!
.
!
' = #. =
='9' !
+
K
! J
2
. Vk !
0 < ! !" J ' = '

2
3>
3>
*
EP
3>
& \
#
* .
2
.
$
# ' * ' # O' (Islamic Movement) '
) V .U
*
.
$ 9 g
$ .U
'
8
2
8 D + < J
84 <
7 2
BpGB
.
+
'
N
& D Y '
# )

sAround that time, such smaller parties as Nizam-e-Islam and Jamat-e-Islamtwo right wing
religious partiesand the Muslim League, the remnant of the countries once all-powerful party,
hardly mattered in East Pakistan^t]oH %
N .
=.
' $ v VF
* '
=#
! $! $'
&
&8
< j7'> #
9 *
EP
.
!
+ 0 <
2( BpGq
v 5L
*
' $ !8 $ !
&'Y (casting) !8 $ - ]

2]op #
: 0< '
.
EP
#+4

]oG
]oH
]op

!8 $=
0
<
<& J
N '
$
'
EL
0C
#
.
b 89
+2 BpG?

3g ?B
After The Dark Night, S M Ali; p 21
9 *
EP & '
' * BpGq

; ;

&

' 2

117

# EF
$ # !K 2
VF =
.
]H # '

#=

<

' ' a
*

'

C
'

<N ! .
N.
=
.
0*b x
EF g & *
'
' 0*b T @
2
.
<Z
'
'>
j #
# '
.
j
j ' ;
"$ !
2 BpGG
# | &
' J -'
' 2 8
<Z
1 ' !K .
! # $
1 2

1 1 CN % V<
]

0 2 BpGo
:'
#
<Z
BpGq GB

85L BpG[

BpG[
?[ .
#=
'
EF
2
$
' = Vk +O'
!
#
VF # =
<
7 & :
0<
8
=
'
'
+ ! + s! + .
E j
2 . !
0< !
!< 2 ;
V 8
'*
!<
l # 0
<& v + ' !
8
VF
& \ .
!.
.
O'
2w
EP
#8
*K
#=
&
'
#
) `
&
= 3>
#
2

_K*
'
y
B[ # <3
'
*EF
!
' #
# ' ! I z
#
"$
28
VF
: @C } .
!'= . <J
EL < . 2 ! + .
#b J
l
0 2 # O' .
0+
N +
O' < x &K Z
$ v8
*=
N!
<
'
# '
+
0< #
O' EF RAW !'
8
`
2]GB
; BpG[
] 85L +O'
!
$
#8 "$ 2 +O' !
= `
!
&
<& v + ' !
;=
'!
;
!
<
!
2 &K
.
&
#
' ! 5A'
&

]Gq

]GB
]G?

"S \fh` /

C %

#=
#
@C
#Q <Z
}
']
2 3> j
<& J
0<
a
'>
I3
}
!
+ # . #.

<

C% / %
85L !K
2

G
*'

EF
2t]Gq
'
! .
W z
#

85L
*

.U

' .
0*VP
.U
2 J* #
T @
)
.'
]G? +

. Vk ' %. '(
EF
0 < <& J
! W z !
.
* *
.
h
.

# O' .
'
+N BB^BB^BpHH) <&
'
# ') Ig ][
http://www.google.com/#hl=en&sa=X&ei=PRP6TeX- NIvRrQeD9rn2Dw&ved=0CFUQBSgA&q=In+1975,
Sheikh+Mujibur+Rahman+was+assassinated.+Though+Mrs +Indira+Gandhi+first+considered+intervention+and
+ Army+alerted+3+divisions,+in+the+end+the+government+h esitated+and+the+moment+passed.&spell=1&ba
v=o n.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=9dd7129c70b71d22&biw=1358&bih= 97 accessed on 15.06.2011
+
In
1975, Shiekh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated. Though Mrs Indira Gandhi first considered intervention and
Army alerted 3 divisions, in the end the government hesitated and the moment passed.
'
N # ') Ig [_
!
* * ' ' .
;
# EF
8 D J XK

118

J }
'
Q
0 2
EF
J*
Vk J
!<
.
!0 < 0 < EF
' '
7 ! <
s
. 8 8 !.
.
t s
.
8 8 +O'
!
1
t s
.
8 8 + ' !
;
2t
G 85L BpG[
!.
.
O' # EF !K
1
#
chain of command ;
#
.
EF <& J
2 +O' !
1
) 3>
K
N!
.l
l
"O$ 2
J
*
'
* !
3>
' '
<
2 #8 8
!
'
= &
#
&
3>
'
K
)
& <J
#
&
' z
2 8
*8 = .
3> j
'+
# 80
y 2

. g#

<J Vk
EF

'

"$

'

(situation) T !

#
2 B[ # <3N ]

Q
1
j
!
'
'

EF
'

J
0 #

Z
2
`j J
!
j
E \
) 'I 38 Q
85L
G 85L
+
EF '
J
2
EF
~e
) !.
.
!
. Situational Leader2 BpGB
W z !0+
K* !.
. ! + Situational Leader
; 2
} . I3
2!
EF
!.
. ! W z
'
<J

Vk J Situational Leader
?o * # =
< !
BpG[
<Z
!'
& $
O' J
2
.
3> ' z <& J
' } .
EF !K !
7 '< VP
!' 2
%_K*
'
N . N 3> Z
'
(
*
#$ ! $
& J ' # 0
'
EF & *
28
*I
*
3>
$! ,
*
*
j
* * 1 #
9J* # EF =
: N .
'
*
' .
'N
. Vk
* #K*U
=
.
& \
0.
2
8 <
&
0 Vk EP j !
_$ *
' &
EL
&'
2
- 8
+
3>
*
|1
3>
'
x7
3> !K
1
2 8
3> Z
*
+ D
0*b <& J
7
3> ' * !"
& b !.
. Situational Leader !K Strategic Leader
> \
8
2
#. 0 .
`
9
@ C # EF

%B(
EF
#EL
`
H! $
'
# 5A
N 7
%?(
'
!
8
+ 3> J
N #K
%](
7 &. |
N0
EF
56 * =
EF #
K*2
3>
2 !0
= ' 0* < !
.
.
+
$ # '
# 8i
.
8

. Statesmanship aJ
1
!'
& j
. +
$
* 9 <& JN 3> <Z
. !0
$ # ' #$ W '
JN # '
# 8i
J
.
'
! '
RAW . !' + N
!'
8
119

#.*
EF
.

!
! ,
.
JN '
+'
Y
!
'9
9J j
!' N !
'
: '
# 8i j '
I C J &8I 2 V
J
* 4
.O$ '
.
'
2

'#
. =
!.
'j
'+
.
+
j
!' 2
3>
# '
Y
3>
'
*
!8 $ 3>
*
2
. &
'j
. 7 9J*
7$ , T @
2
#
I+
EF
#
"$
# 5L
2!
0*VP
#
+
#
' 0 & Vk #
! + !K !<&;
2
' ?_ .
BpH?
+
.
#
&
!" J ' = #
8
#
/
2
'#
0C
$ + #
#
2
+ . =
K# J
2
3>
9 @
N 0
VP
$ !
#r
D
# #
EL
'
Vk 8 #
a @ z 9J* ' # \
RAW

120

z <& J
<& J
.
8 D
VF
Z
. &
3>
!" J
.
.
N =
2

Politics is national,
Economic is international.

E
#<&
R
8
#+4
0 2

BpGB
!'
' $ j0
EP !8
'
!
#K 0
#+4
j
' $ j !' # <
!
N : N 9
Vk
20
EP !8
'
!
'
:
!' EL
#K*U
!K
j
2 + EL
!
*
j
K *
!
EF
2
0
EP
#+4
:
'
:
' !8 !<
$
9 *
EP
]G]
b
!'= 2
!' = 0
* 0 2 .U
=
J ' # <
!'
j #K !' EL
'I 38 Q
K* !
' $
= " * ! @
EP

' 'I 3 !' '> '

EP
?[ * !0 # b J T @
- h '
]B * BpGB 8
* O$ 9 *
. <J
<&
0
.
&EP
<& J
2 '>@
&EP
0*

8
. / #
'
2 = & J 0 < !0 8 ]q
BpGB !K
`
9 *
EP
# b
0
89+ 4 <
'
& jJ '
1 ;,. }
!" J ' 2 j VP ! 8
IK
!' # u BpGB
0*VP `
9 *
EP
"$
EP
#8 VP J
!" J !' 2
EP
!< \ # J `
9 *
EP
= j7CN
$ 8
8 8

2 Bpo?
!K
8
EP
8<
9 * Q
Q 01
' j
* =
# ' 3>
j EL

' <Z
28
!< O' EF IB
IC
& \
1
!< O' EF RAW2 RAW
.U
+
'
EL
0C
$ 'j
Q
2
?o * BpGB
+
J #b
q_
& BpGB
+
EP
#+4
:
!
!.
${ +
Q !'+
=
J
2
*
+ < \ = '
j
EP VP
# <&
N
EP
#+4
:
2
VF
.
' ! W IO' 9 * !K

!
!0
`
9 *
EP
8
$ '
< 0 2
'
+ < \ ' #=
<
$j
EP VP
j
EP
#+4 =
: 28
* O$ 9 *
. <J
<&
0
&EP <& J
`
=
! W I O'

!0N
EP
#+4
j
+ +2#
j !
operation searchlight
* operation
' ' z
* J
0 2

'

EL

0 C # VP.*

EP j

v^
. # ']G_
The Superpower strategy in the Third World : the 1971 South
Asia
x
'
EL
0C
: `
I ` 1m
m Om %Confrontation( J j(ground) ' '> !' a
EF VP
! ,
X
2
sIt is recognized by the
powers that a direct confrontation would play havoc for both the parties, their strategic preference
]G]
]G_

?q^Bq^?qBq
1

v^

+#

N s 10 C

.#
2

'w

'
0

9 *

' #=
EP

# VP.*

<

56 * 8 <

121

!<

#0

BpGB

'= 2t

j 2

9 *0

1 2

shifted from the traditional battle grounds of Europe to the undernourished Third WorldThe
1
" * 8 1
1971 South Asian Crisis is a case to that effect. ( $ EL W !0N '
' @J8 j <&EP N !0 .
' 0C !j!K
W
: !
#R
!'= !
#<&
&'
2^^^BpGB
' jJ
0*
' ! , <
l
$ # 2(
Fish eye projection
' !' +
!0N 01 3> = ! 8
'
Ideological conflict 8
EP = 8
m Om
0<
. < 2#
' I ` 1
Ideological conflict
bi-product
' 2

Ideological Conflict
BANGLADESH
MOVEMENT

No.1 Enemy

No. 1 Friend

Allied

Allied

USSR

PAKISTAN

Conflict

INDIA

USA

Pattern

Fish eye projection

Politico Military
Conflict

Fisheye projection
v^

N The 1971 South Asian crisis revealed a clear demarcation of the

interests of the Superpowers --- USSR and USA --- projecting a conflictive pattern in their
relation, each one siding with the enemy of the other. (BpGB
' jJ
0* ! 8
=
01 3>
.

.#

'

: 1m
.EL 8 j
-@ #
.
x7

9 *

EP

E$

"$

!K
2(

$* %

'

EL

0*

0C

m Om

!0

" $N

sEPCPML had comeout with the thesis that the conflict between Yahia and Bhutto on the one hand
and Sheik Mujib and his lieutenants on the other, was a struggle between the two boot-licking
dogs of the American imperialists.]G[ ( 9 *
EP
3 $* %
( < J +
!0N 9 *
EP
"$
j
= 89 N #
jN ! + . =
!' ' mx 0
#
56> J ' '
$ 7 7 2(

]G[

The Bangladesh Revolution And Its Aftermath, Talukder Maniruzzaman; p-137

122

!j - `

EP
sfight between the two dogs.]Go ('

.U

9 *

EL D =

EP

VF
7 7

''

!0N

'

EL

0C

0C2(

81

@ .U
EL D
N s8
<
'
<& ' jJ 9 *
!K
&
0*VP
EP J*
#K*U
.U
! O'>
< =Z
5e = 8
*
2
!8,<
# EF
' '
8
*
<& #R
#K*U
#
$
a @ z 9J* EF '+
#
8
#R
'>@
D = #<&< # 5e 2 8
' '
8
<
" !0 EP !' # EF !0
N
N # ;< EP N
% > (N
*N
%
(N
%K
4(N . 8 % O'
(
0' #R 8
" C N
*
!0
+ " 56 *
I3
N
#
"$ ) #K
=
= 0*
$89
569J* ' 0 2t]GG
@ 8
= O' * 8 Y 8 <
=
J
N s =

[_ .
#
2 <J 8 $
1
W
& < # 0 =
[_ . !8 $
-#
_o . = 8 <
*
_o .
!
1
<>
2 8
!
!
!j - ?H .
G? .
8<
* J
]GH
2t
# EF
=
C VP <& J
2
$ Jaswant Singh
!08 !' + N sHow do you divide a geographic unity? Simply by drawing lines on
maps? Through a surgical operation, Mountbatten had said, and tragically Nehru and
Patel and the Congress party had assentedt% 8,<
!
8 8<
c
!$ c

N}

') !

$ =

<&

&

(2

surgical operation VP $
)!
0*VP ' $ '
$ !'
J
@ j 2 O' < x
<& !
'
EP
"$
$ EL 8 2
EP 8
$
!
EP
$
'j 2
@ .U
EL D EP
&K ' j
8
.
'<J #+4 8
EL D
!' + 2 #
#+4 8
+ Akhand Bharat for the western reader is basically the
policy for reunification of the subcontinent according to the pre- 1947 borders that
include the entire geographical area of Pakistan and Bangladesh. For some, Akhand
Bharat refers to an earlier period in Indian history that would encompass an area that also
includes Afganistan and parts of present day Myanmar. All these territories would come
under the suzerainty of New Delhi. Akhand Bharat also has political connotations that
bears similarities to western imperialism and envisions Indias control over all the
countries mentioned above and also Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and the Maldives.]Gp
'
O'
8 Bp[q
!" J !' !0N #R
' VP
0 '
8 EL
]Hq
]HB
a
'+
2 Bp[p
Keith Callard
Many Indians feel that the
creation of Pakistan was a tragic mistake which might still be corrected at least as far as
]Go

]GG
]GH
]Gp
]Hq

]HB

The Bangladesh Revolution And Its Aftermath, Talukder Maniruzzaman; p-140

' v
' v

8
8

#
#

4 N .=
4 N .=

!
!

@) 8
@) 8

< $ ! & !K
< $ ! & !K

Q
Q

')
')

'
'

&
&

)
)

' ) gI oH] H_
' ) gI oG[

The India Doctrine by M.B.I. Munshi pp 23

The resolution of Hindu Mahasabha, a political organization in India, put the same thought in more militant words: India is
one and indivisible and there will never be peace unless and until the separate areas are brought back into the Indian Union
and made integral parts thereof / Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani foreign policies By S. M. Burke p: 57
Keith Callard (1924-1961) Associate Professor of Political Science, McGill University

123

East Bengal (East Pakistan presently Bangladesh) is concerned. %s#

8
!0N
EP
I3
$
| 8
8
7$
9 *
EP
E
K
D
2(
?[ *
' '
O'
@ N TN IC 0
VP # b
8
# >
T @
2 # ]q
* RAW
& jJ ! O'> Institute for Defence and Analysis
!
>
Indian Council of World Affairs # .
56 .
^s 0
$
8
C #
N! $
EP
8 # ' EL K* # 2 .
0< +
#
2t]H] !
>
= ! 5A' #
The Liberation War <& VF 89
! + Ns 8
.
$
$ "$ N 0
r # " $ 2t 8
EP !8
' EL
0
0<
J
B^ .=
! @
EP 8 EL DN 0
!
EP
0 < +h.
2
?^ Bpo[
EP
Q0C
.
&
!
0 <2
]^ 89 .
' jJ
-#
EP 2
_^
' !K
&
'
' * # EF
+2
EP
' $#
.
! , < ' '
'.
2
[^ 8
EP !8
' & \
$
. '+
2
o^ 8
J
ISI 8
. = < D ' '
*
<& #R
& jJ ' 2
EP !8 !< !
& jJ x
8
!K
.
= < 4
D
% #R
=8
! J
(2

'

I3
8 :

]H_

RAW

89

?HN Bp_G
v^
.#

,sultimately both the dominions will unite into one

country.
'
N It is natural that his daughter, Indira Gandhi,would aspire to
fulfil his wishes and of the Congress leaders. Breakup of Pakistan would naturally be a major
]H[
step.
'
h $]Ho !< O'
8
!< O' EF RAW (Research and Analysis Wing)
EF
$2 BpoH
IB (Intelligence Bureau) K T
*
N .
= aJ<

!< O' EF KGB

EF 8 1
2 '
' &J
J RAW # . :
'N 89 .
'N
. i N
Y
iN
*
4 N 8
i =
EF 8
.
!<,
2 The Illustrated Weekly of India,
October 14, 1990 . RAW * * CI ' .
!0N RAW has within its ranks every
form of specialist from a cobbler to a nuclear scientist.( !K
J
i
0*VP 8 D 0 *
*
3> i N #K*
* *

i RAW- #VP89*1(2
India Doctrine # 0

'> N
'
8 < *

.
<&

2
+
+

B Raman
Bangladesh #
]H?

]H]
]H_
]H[
]Ho

#+4 8
& \ l
= = ' ' N
.
' Q N ' jJ R

'+ N
' =
VF # O'

EP

!8 !; N >
Vk

EP
'

RAW

*J '

)#

'

'

) gI Bqq

The Superpower strategy in the Third World : the 1971 South Asia; Imtiaz Ahmed
The Superpower strategy in the Third World : the 1971 South Asia; Imtiaz Ahmed

01 3>

CIAN

N
.

The Kaoboys of R&AW

Role of R&AW in Liberation of
sThe late Rameshwar Nath Kao, who headed the external

Pakistans Foreign Policy: An Interpretation/ Keith Callard/ Institute of Pecific Relations, 1959/ New York; p14

. # |

<&@ }
89

MOSSADN

EP

ISI

124

'

DGFI.

intelligence division of the IB, was appointed by Indira Gandhi as the head of the R&AW when it
was formed on September 21,1968. In the first few months after its formation, he gave it two
priority tasks--- to strengthen its capability for the collection of intelligence about Pakistan and
China and for covert action in East Pakistan.t% &
: K
N 0
O$ .O$
* : !< O'
8 < &
&
O' < x BpoH
?B ! 5L RAW & \
2 & \ <D
'$
. #<&
&'
'* !'=
2 0 &K $ N
EP =
!< O' K <&
K* I C
m $ 9 *
EP !<
`
(2
]HG

The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR)

Senior Staff Writer Jayshree Bajoria
+ RAW: India's External Intelligence Agency %published on November 7, 2008(
+
sSuccesses that RAW claims it contributed to include:
Creation of Bangladesh in 1971;
India's growing influence in Afghanistan;
Sikkim's accession to India in the northeast in 1974;
Security of India's nuclear program;
]HH
Success of African liberation movements during the Cold War.t
%RAW

!0 EP
;
'
! a
g
%B( BpGB
' I3
%?( # ;< EP 8
&
8
IC
%]( BpG_
8
<
89
J
%_( 8
J
* 9
Y
%[(
0C
# ; EL
# O' a

0<

&' 2(

$
+ 0 < C
! v= $ 8N - - N a.
N # O'
8
K
EF
0
/
8
K
N.
CN I+
&.z
2! . K
7 # >
0* C
2 j - -@ ' 8
K # &
0 ;
EL K*
" $2
/
-@ !'
. <J
. !'
0 !
b VP /
. 8 !< O'
$*N
'
N $U
N .
#
! . '
# &
20 '
J8
&8
EP
8 K
/ 9
EF }
89
+ 2]Hp
v
RAW #K * VkJ
2 '
Vk J !'
#
' N
.
'N ! . K
7 &. |
VP = 8
+
Bpq[
K* 2
' s t
#
'
s ' BpGB
10 C
'
= .U
EF #
8
$
j
RAW

.
. <J

'

&K
!' 2

! ,
8

g
}
0C8

EP
!

' *
!0 !

m
g m.
Yz K & J
# &
"$ 2 EW
= C IY
#EL
8Y }
2
]HG
]HH
]Hp

'
< ' *
#.
0*

#K*U
8<'
I3 #
& J

! >\ z #.*
'9

'
Bp_G

N R

/
#K*
&@
!
7
:
'N
N
'
#
N
/

81
!'
& R
!'
2
' =
! ,
a
C. N

Bpo? = Bpo[
. 3
#+4 8
!
= 9 * * "$

The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an independent, nonpartisan membership organization, think tank, and publisher.
http://www.cfr.org/india/raw-indias-external-intelligence-agency/p17707 accessed on 23.10.2011
Asoka Raina, Inside RAW, The story of Indias Secret Service; Chapter-4

125

9
89

!K
2

7K* g

j #- #R
.
Y

'
$ x78
D '
+2 0
#R 8
#
' # b VP .
'> '
. RAW
K 7 1 56 '
2

& \
R
#.
.

=
71 !

g8
!
+ '
Y

'
'

9J*

EF .
+2
=
Ek =
& D$

O$

0* 8
'

EL
$ !'
l # 0

T - EW
* #h
7
C I Y 0*
Ek
&b
= K #
!0 !
8*
+ 2t]pq

&

EF <
0

h.

EP
]pq
]pB

]p?
]p]

'

EP
'

'

. z VL
.
J* !
K 9
@JN # > VPN = ` <* W !0 C
. <2
EP ! O'>
! . + '!
;N ! .
*
1
J*

0*b

!< O' EF
EP
* C
* J
2
<\
& ?q
# V 3

EP
N
$
' '
# VP 3 h9 .

s tN # ') Ig ?H ?p
0Vk
#
7 v* .
EP !K
D
EL
' & \
! . !
Q#
. #<
0 2
'
N # ') Ig _H

N #K*

IC

( #
*
EP
'
&
; N=
= RAW

Exile : The

%
: K
(
*.
$ !<,
#
!
'
*0i2
'
I3
0' 8
Ek
RAW
#
K
2! + .
K#
%IB, RAW
9 *
(
K&
8 # \
Bpo]
& \
BpoH
2 & W j RAW +
9 *
EP
< Z & $ .U
=
]p]
2

s
!

$ O'

&

RAW

0C
x7 z 8
< 0= 2

Inside RAW, The story of Indias Secret Service RAW

+
!0 s 9 *
EP
$ !< !< O'
]pB
ay
T @ 2 ^^^ J* !
%

J = !0 < 0 <
.
VP
RAW
VkJ ! O'> !+
8
&
# O'
'
!0 < 0 < EP
' @J8
IC
2
EP J EF
! O'> &
*
8
+ 0 <
J*
.=
! W z
#r
'
/ N 0
"
/

.O$ '
!0 < 0 <
# 8*9
2t]p?
RAW
EP !8
' U
8
.
Spymaster
RAW: The top secrat failures
'$

.U
0*
*
0
0< '
9 j
8
. K
=
*: * G $
.
'
& .
. <
0 2
0* 8
J & b !. ' =
'

0'

\ g !8

Q
'
! +
$ .* .
J
2
#
2 0'
'
#K*U
! @'4 !8 ' # . | 8
Asoka Raina-

$8
EF

0* jJ

9 *

'

I3

! 3 =
RAW

0*b

EP

9 * #h

' # V 3

'

I 32 9 *
EP ' # V 3
.
' j
8 = #8'>.
# J ; 2 9 *
#<&
2 RAW
;
$

'

#<

!
l

5A' #
EP

! . B? !K
5e 8

B[ .
0

BpoG
8

Exile : The Spymaster, Alex Leamus, The Illustrated weekly of India, December 23, 1984 and

' g ]qB2

126

+
*

9 *
* ! g

EP
J*

N#

>N

'

+ .
VP8
]p_
= & jJ !' 2

<Z

= N

#K*

Bpo?
EP
O'> !< O' EF %Director of Intellegence Bureau-DIB) .
!0N
8
$
N0
8
O'> !< O' EF #
'
'; N ! + EL

'
$ !<
<Z
b
2
/
EP
3> !K
9 *
EP
D
$ EL Vk 3>
J
2
EP
O'> !< O' EF =
.
!0 Y
=
' } '
'
EP
<
Q
!<
<Z
!0 < 0 <
2 '
EP
O'> !< O' EF 8
O'> !< O' EF
.O$
2 !< O' EF # .
N EL

' <Z $ + "\

; '
+ "\ #R
`
2 -'
=
<Z $ 8
J.
EP
O'> !< O' EF ! $ #
2]p[
RAW EL
0C
.
$
<Z
2 .
!' '9
$ *
* RAW
" $ sAviation Research Centret
& jJ !'
2
&
. #
+ N! ;
# 'N # ' N
;.
2 EL
(JRB)
.
!EL
(JSB) !0 <'
2]po
8
' #
.
j
. /
RAW
< 0 2
EF
. O$
!' 8 <
&b
y
2
$
s
'
&
Vk . / # '
K
:* * !'
Q# +
# <
<
Ek # EF

!
! .
j
8
VP
!'
5e
2t]pG BpGB
[ = o * w EF 8
!v $
!
! a y %0
.
WEF
RAW
.O$( Q . / } Z
2! + .
$.
!
8

#
. EP + 2 '
s ?_ !
*
} Z
=
K
2 V ! + .
!
#
*
. /
# 0 < # O'
b VP '*
'
EP + N ! a y
Q } Z # \
t2]pH
s . / #
.
WEF
!
RAW
.O$
K
J
. <
! , ^^^^ . /
K# 0
.
. @
N!
# 'N
'
]pp
#.'
. ;.
JN ! ;
# 'N # r N =
. # + t2
v u $ # O$ .
s 10 C 0*
VL
. RAW N IB =
&
VL
01 !< O'
$ <Z
2!
0* 0C &E =
& < *
C VP
<& J .
$ ! b$
$
$ <Z
2 & j N EL 3>N #K* =
3>
VL
0*
$ . # 5e
RAW &
= '
#VP8*1 2
.U
&
.
v
0
3> VkJ
l
$ 8
N
0C 5Lx
' #VP8*1
t2gyy
RAW 8
'
10 C .
$ - 7
#
2
sIn order to present a clear synopsis of the events that finally brought RAW (Indian spy agency)
into the Bangladesh operation, one must review the intelligence activities that started soon after
its formation in 1968. But by then Indian operatives had already been in contact with the proMujib faction. A meeting convened in Agartala during 1962-63 between the IB (Intelligence
Bureau) foreign desk operatives and the Mujib faction, gave some clear indications of what was
]p_
]p[
]po
]pG
]pH
]pp
_qq

RAW: Top secret Failures, Gentleman, November 1985 (Indian),

'

EL

0C

'

N#

N Ig Bp

Maj.Gen S.S. Uban, Phantoms of Chittagong the Fifth Army in Bangladesh

GB N
$
) gI B_]
GB N '
) Ig Bq
'
N# ' ) Ig _H

Asoka Raina, Inside Raw, The story of Indias Secret Service, Operation Bangladesh, Chapter-6

127

# ') Ig ]qB2

to follow. The meeting in Agartala had indicated to colonel Menon (which in fact was Sankaran
Nair), the main liaison man between the Mujib faction and the Indian intelligence, that the
group was eager to escalate their movement They raided the armoury of East Bengal Rifles
in Dhaka but this initial movement failed. In fact it was a total disaster.A few months later, on
January 6, 1968, the Pakistan government announced that 28 person would be prosecuted for
conspiring to bring about the secession of East Pakistan, with the Indian help (which is known as
Agartala conspiracy case in judicial history of Pakistan)_qB^
%s
"$
8
ay
EF RAW (Research & Analytic Wing)
#
'
#8 VP
RAW & \
!K
. *
!$ ! ! $
$ E63 J !
#
BpoH
0*
2 V
%#K *` RAW & \
T @ !K ( 8
ay
. <&@
K 0<
<
7
2 #<
Bpo? o]
$ .
'
8 < ay
. <&@
K !0 } Z
! $
$ E63 J !' !0
0 2 #<
!
$ J* !
%#
( 0
. !
8
ay
EF
.O$ '
0< j
)
J !'
N
'
. #
&
# <& 2 ^^^
3! Q
; w EF #Ek <
N V & K
K*
0 2 ^^^#
$
0* 2 ^^^
BpoH
.
EP
!" J !' N
8
K 0Vk
*
EP
D
# 8 0 < ?H .
@C
2
$
EP
#<
0Vk

2t(

RAW

89

RAW

'
a

10 C

[$ 8 < 8<

%[(

@C

EP
JK*

. <

# >

'

&'

'

=8

0*
'

EP

BpGB

'
0 CY

#EF
71

10C
8
EF
!'
8
= . <
3>
} ' . @
=8
jy
D @ g

'
j

EL j
*

&

Asoka Raina, Inside RAW: The Story of Indian Secret Service, page 49-50

'

EL

0C

) I\ HB

128

=
2

!0 < 0 <
'
#b J
+

1_q?

) 8
=
$
. <
$

7 1 EL j
2 . <
Vk O' < x # u BpGB
EL j

1!0 C
0 0C
'
' EL
&
< '
&
J9 ' 9 J
8
&
* * 2
?^
' = 8
Ek
$ !0,K
8
!
&
1 !0,K
4 >
0C
0=
C VP !
2
]^ EL
'
!
.EL Ek
K
2

_q?

& ' }
=
EP Yz 0 C
EF <& J2

8
K* !

B^

_qB

l ''
!< O' `
!<
& jJ
& jJ &'
*0
9 *
EP =
EP
*
'
7$U
a
0

* * *
*
1 0C '
*
0<
&'
EF <& J
. D ' '
*
- EF = & jJ

%?(
%](

EF

-= 7

.U
1 0C '
*
EF
EP
!< O' K &'
%_(
*
<&
<

%B(

EP

.
0 2

'

!0 <

';

# 0

'

Ek
4 #

0C

2
0C

_^ #8 VP J #
I+
EF
j .
1
2
[^ ' '
1 .
EF < !
V
* J
2
o^
' EL
=
8
!
# *
&
85L
56 *
j J . ' !'
G^
' =8
8 !' #
!;
#

./ # '
2_q]
71

71 } ' . @
'

EL

EL j
ELYz

! O'>

$
#

& \

J.

.
' # EF
} Z # \
2
3>
Z
2

.
!' 2
!; ) ! + .

EL j
4

i
* ' !<

way of reconciliation and normalisation among the countries of the sub-

K +h.

continent

'

EL
'
1
28

<
' ' & 8
' !0

8
N
'
&
1# <
8 )8 $
!0 8
'
EL
'
'9
*
l %visonary planning) India doctrine EP
2 0C ! ,
+ defensive and backward +
8
.
' !0
+ offensive and advance #
' *
!
# j + 2 Bpq[
8<
' N Bp_G
8<
N
Bp_H
8 ?H] $
' .
?H? $ ' . '+
N BpGB
EP
8
N BpG_
'+ N >
'> N !
= '
'> N
'
* #R
.
'> N EL
Q89 # O'
!+
$ j s#+4 8 t & \
2
Bp_q
&EP
EP =
# ' # '
3> E
& P
2 . D N!
= ' *N
;.
N 9 @ #
! W IO' = 8
%
(# '
3>
j
!' 2 Bp_o
?_
* I$
' < I$ !
$ ] . ' 8
! h,
0
!
$
2 '
/
8
.
'
0<
0K "> 8
' .
EL Y
EF
'>@ 8
<
2
# 0
56>'
*
&K
& ' j !8 $
!K
. &
*
$ ! O'>
8
2
! O'>
8 8
.
2 I$ 8
0
EL K* j
. <&@

&' a
$
EF
l !
2
<&@ g '> .N ! 5LN 01 & ' N
N
&'
#K *` O' + < \
9 2
<&@
g N Y
VP & ' N x7
#R
+ < \
9 2
<&@
g
#
#K *` 9 *R
+ < \
9 2
&
<&@
.
#
K
&
<&@ !' j N } '
56 *N
!0 < 0 <
EF
a
9J*
*I z K
2 !' j N } '
= !0 < 0 <
EF
8
$ ! O'>
VkJ
K
2
.=
'I
K
!0N <&
'T * # <& J
!0N
<& 0+ & .
+ !
$

*
2
'
<
!
$
<& J
<
* # :EP
!0N
<& = E $ <& J
$ 8
8 `
8Y
2 + 8
<&
8
" J !' N
'
<&
+ < \
!. E $
*
=
2
' + "\ N + < \ '
@J
K
2
!

_q]

'

N#

EL

'

'N Ig _p

&

'g

K -

N v^

129

= #;

' N Ig _o?

.=
#
#
" \ x7
8
.
.
'g!+
K
8
. j
$
&K
0*b
Bp]G
=
N 0+ <8J* O$ #
uN Bp][
#=
0!
= '*
# '
3>
j
!' ! !
j
!' 0+ s
#
!0N O' #
!K
1 #'
& \ EL D
' 1 '
5A+ 2 # EF N
EL Vk EL
3> '
K 8 0 2_q[
!
= ' * Bp_o
< 8 resolution <& J

# '

# 2 ` Yz= #
2
J
"
8
&K
* # \
2_q_
= '* 8
$
3>

<&
#+4 8
. <J ;.
' ' $

!" J !' !0, in this subcontinent there was no path for Muslims other than the Muslim League and no ambition before
them other than Pakistan^_qo %
'
<
' # !
EP !+
EP

' #
= '*
.
#
' =N
2

j ! 2(
!
C
s I$ N 8
'
j
EP VP
!
$
j
EP VP
$ 01 C
x
2
<& > $ '
s# ' j
' =N #
"$ N #
' '
N v
3=#'
' g!
2
# '
!
' !
= #Ek # '
' =N #
#+4 8
>
<Z
J
8
#
j
! 8 56 ' #EL 8
# J2 #
$
<I 0C T @
N V #
$ 8+4 N !0+ #
VP 9J*8
2
#
$.
#
:
IK
8
* J # ' 89
+
2 V > $ =
<&
# '
VP 9J*8 = 0* '
K
EP '
c 0' '
N
0C .
&E
2#
& Da
#
!8 N + #
K !" J
!0N
& $
EP
. .
'
&E
2 ^ . D #
N# '
j
2t_qG
2
!
= '*
C
5A' #
. D m.
Yz (Two Nations Theory) ! <
!
$
l #
<&@
= <&@
' $ IK =
3> I 3
5e
!'+
' < x N ! @N
$
#
O' ! W IO'
8<
j 0Vk T @
2 O' ! W I O'
'
>$
#<&
! @
O'
'Q
!' 2 =
#
#.'
NsSixteen August 1946 was a black day not only for Calcutta but for the whole of
India...This was one of the greatest tragedies of Indian history and I have to say with the deepest
of regret that a large part of the responsibility for this development rests with Jawaharlal.t_qH
%Bp_o
Bo # <3 T
8
* .
$
' 2 $ 8
.
#
$> .v 2 # <8 'g!+
K . !0N
"$ .
&
' .=
2(
8
*

'Q

_q_
_q[

_qo
_qG

_qH

!' 2

India Wins Freedom, Mawlana Abul Kalam Azad; p-170

Memoirs of Huseyn Shaheed Shurawardy:Edited by Muhammad H.R. Talukdar; University Press Limited.
The demand for the two sovereign Muslim states was as quickly forgotten as the people of Bengal forgot Fazlul Huq, when
they discovered that their greater demand for freedom from Hindu domination became threatened by the Congress demand for
Akhanda Bharat (undivided India)
The Resolution of the All India Muslim League (1945-46); Liaquat Ali Khan; pp 35-47
Memoirs of Huseyn Shaheed Shurawardy:Edited by Muhammad H.R. Talukdar; University Press Limited, 1987
Britain wants to hand over power to the Indians and the Cabinet Mission is here to find out suitable machinery for the transfer
of power. Congress tells the British 'Give us power, we shall sweep away all opposition, we shall suppress the Muslims we
shall bring the scheduled caste to heel and we shall annihilate the adivasis. Give us the police, your army and arms and we
shall reproduce an Armageddon in the name of a united India. This I call insanity induced by the lust for power we do not
intend to start a civil war but we want a land where we can live in peace. We are a nation and, we believe, we have something
to contribute to the civilization of the world. But are the British and the Congress prepared to give us Pakistan peacefully and
with grace? If not, then, are the Muslims prepared to fight? I have long pondered over these questions Let me now honestly
declare that every Muslim of Bengal is ready and prepared to lay down his life for Pakistan Now I call upon you, Mr. Jinnah
to test us.
India Wins Freedom, Mawlana Abul Kalam Azad; p-170

130

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/ thumb/8/87/Calcutta_1946
_riot.jpg/300px- Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg
accessed on 17.06.2012
Bp_o

http://radhikaranjanmarxist.
blogspot.com/2010/04/directaction-day1946.html
accessed on 21.06.2012

Direct Action Day !

O' ' m

I3

'I 2

= ' * #u
' 8 J '
N +
O' ' m # b VP
) !0 $
J* '
vg ; @ N s# < 3 Bo
+
= '* #u
O$ '
=
. <J
/ 8 J '
.
!0N . 8
/ #<
9
h
_qp
8 D
m
O' ' m
# b VP 2
.
<x
+ N s 88
$
. <
#
$ - +
!
4
< .
$ Y
j
N
J# T
'Q
O' '
_Bq
#
! 2t
Ns# u
85L
$
$ O' .
9 *X
9J* &E
# EA `
'
h
2
0< 0<
' &
'
<
9J* : =
# EF
<
2
I
4
@ T
*
&
!K # $ .
2 O' + < \ 01 & '
4 # = I
<& J
2 <8*
' '
D
D
#.
T !
!;
T ' EP !'=
!
$ 7J* 7J*
<. !
!'
2!
'
*J
2t_BB
! @ = O' < x
O$ $
'
j#
. #U
K!
! 2
! W IO' O' !
' # EF !
EP }

9 * Q
EP
#
<J
2 Bp_G
B_ # <3 9 * Q
EP
#
EL
8
2 ! ' 0' #
EP
#
$8
$ &'
) # #.
' =
0<
2_B?
_qp

_Bq

_BB
_B?

Memoirs of Huseyn Shaheed Shurawardy, Dr. Farook; Edited by Muhammad H.R. Talukdar; University Press Limited, 1987
On 16 August at the Ochterlony Monument Maidan, whilst he was addressing a crowd, gathered from all parts of Calcutta and
the suburbs, he received news that processions were being obstructed and attacked by the Hindus and anti-Muslim riots were
taking place in many areas^
Understanding the Muslim Mind, Rajmohan Gandhi; p-170
Vallabhbhat Patel wrote in a letter to Rajagopalachari: This Calcutta killing will be a good lesson for the league, because I hear
that the proportion of Muslims who have suffered death in much larger

'g

#
!' 8 < =
K N

' # 0 . D N
=#; #

) Ig BH]
' ) I\ g Bp]

131

C.
C.

'

g'
C.
4
<
& _q
C.
'
N0
) 9 g
N
8 D 8 D '
! !
!' !0N C.

v 5L
J

B^ s

&
)

&K

C.

?^ .

l <& J
56 *
a
+

0
! 8N
i
'
2
0*VP2

]^

.U

0*VP

: '

a
J

4 +

&

a
+
J ' !0N

8 D 8
"$

!'
<J
T @
2

EF

' '
#
!<
2
Y .
= - "
N - " ${ +
j
& Q
'
C. '
2 .
= " !
'
.* = <& 5 &'
K K
J C.
.

85L

!
y !K T @
v 5L !
y
l # VP.*
b VP
'
4
2 ! 1 ! >J
'' !
# VP.*
b VP $ <*$N !
!
8
./ !
EP VF ! =
$ '
5A N # . ' '
= =;
#
#VP8*91

C.
Q.
'
B^
EP
?^ # '
]^ # VP.*
b VP

!0
g EL

C.
C.

&

2 B_
'
* 8
4 "$

EP C.
VF - j

* |'
#
! W I O' 1W
I
EF 56 * <& 5 &'

&' *
'#
# &
!'
C.
VP
& !K T @

EP C.
N '>

j
!

!K
!

$
7 #
v 5L !

&
$
! >J
!<
y

EP C.
N
'
! W z
T -.
$ <*$N ! !
j $ <*$2
J !'+ 0
'
#K !0
! ,
! O'>
VP
' 8 #8 <
1W
'
!< 2t_B]
EP

0*VP !0
!.

'

: /
*

?[

* BpGB !K
&K
y
EP
EP
l #b J " $ 0
Vk . !
. .
!0N C.
' .
#;
X
j

>$
' 0* '
_B]

"

='

! ! K N

10C !

! O'>N R

132

J
*
J =

N
K
2

'>J) Ig BBB

<J
:
.
#; '

C.
!K
&

2
2

'
!.
`j J

#EL W .
' . #;

$ # VP.*
C.
+

!08

HINDUSTAN TIMES

# x
b VP #
'

$
-#

'VP
+ #

!. '
' EP<

. 2
2_B_ THE

!0N Ten senior Pakistani army officers were responsible for

organising the recent murders of a large number of people, especially intellectuals, in Dacca, Mr.
John Stonehouse, British Labour M.P., told PTI in an interview here this morning. (New Delhi,
_B[
20 December)^ % 5 & w
<J
C.
.
EP
C* ' .
#; '
2 $> >
'
^ . !3
#.
$#
!'
j
K
2(

. !.
=;
#
C.
b VP #
sBq v 5L 90* EP
4
. !.
. '#
4
+ EF # ; #
2 h
4
<
#
< !'+
2
!K !
#
#
<
Z
2
$
< a
+ #
J
.
2
.
Q K
. #
0 2 !
' 'y %Corps Headquarters)
0=
K
#
N
$ +
C.
#
a @ z 9J* 1 !<&;
.
$# '
!
2 #
N . c $
J
.
2 . '
K$
.
2
.
#; 0=
. ' & D $ =Z 2
. #
.
2 #
+
2 #
# <
Internet K
&y &
'
0 '
!<&;
'
#
.
'
2 '
#
!<&;
2
5A
2#
#
N 9 * * # '
5e
7 # ' # .
2
!
!<&;
2 # # . 0*VP
.
!0N '
! K
+
2 5e
'
! K = O'
+
N0
&
. ' 2 # |
*J
!
w <
4
'
VkJ
!;
1
8
<
2
J 1
'* 8
. ''
2
EP
# * ' * !'=
/
1
4
# *= O'
1'
2 8
w '+
2t_Bo
w
!

Nicholas Tomanil

i
<
Q

a
'
9*
+
# 2 5e

.
$
!
_B_
_B[
_Bo
_BG
_BH

'

'
'

&

I 6
w
# D
2 $
EP
# 2 !.
.
'*3 Z
0
.
$ 8$

*J

"=.
= +

Ek <&@

7 2 v^

%Auxiliary force)2t

"

='

! ! K N

10C !

EP
_BH

I3

s .

! O'>N R

9 *
EP
[q .
C. N
# EA ` # b J 0
7 EP

4
$.
2 J
N
'
' '
@ '
v
'
a
2_BG

N #

2 C.
' N #

!'+
EP

'>J) Ig BqH

THE HINDUSTAN TIMES, New Delhi: 21 December 1971

'
. |N = ;
# N # 'g
) Ig BpG
3 g BB2 BENGALS ELITE DEAD IN A DITCH, Nicholas Tomalin ; News report in the daily Newyork Times; 17.12.1971
&
$*2
y
'
y )
+g ?]^q?^?qB?

133

.
#

K #EL
! '
s

'

'

j !K
C.
4
# 8 0 < #EL
2
'
_Bp
. &y #
+
. '
s '
W
I 7
BpG]
}'
&
&K
.
!'+ 2 #K +
'4 & y #
#
.
2t_?q
=
#r
D _?B
>
vg #r #
! ,
# J=
K.
K
_??
2 J* %# g( #
!
s =
D
'h
#
1 0C
! +
2t_?]
C. ' # | EL. ' j !K . 0 !0N # '
l
.
+ N !
= !
2_?_
.
9
! +
!0N
EL
0C
0 C # <& J . Hqqqq O' 0
8
& jJ &'
)
'
#8 VP
.
# '
= .
2t_?[

C4 %

# VP.*
b VP
'
EP N 8 N
* 01 3>N
#VP8*1
2
' EL
0C .
!
!< \
1 # VP.*
b VP
'
0<
.
2
vg
C.
Q
$ %Haight) = v
%Dwespic)
'.
#
* * .
2
#
!0N s C.
M }
8
=

b
Q # 0*. 8
VF ! # 0
10 C ! ' = EL
*
0*VP
Q <$
!
'
#89 '
2
.
'
j N
` N & ,
=#
C.
#
$ *
9 *
EP
*
#
= j
X
_?o
!< N 0
.'
'
10 C I\
!< 2t
s# =
<
C. '
<*N
: &+
IO' #
#
z= C.
|
!
' <!
2
$# ' .
K*
C.
.
$ 'VP
$ <Z
?p v 5L BpGB
+2 .
8
z
$ #
'
B^
' ! ,
?^
# @
]^
='' # '
_^
7 + _?G
[^ U '
o^ vg
.

_Bp
_?q
_?B
_??
_?]
_?_
_?[
_?o
_?G

$*

' @
' a N
=
#r
D
EP
!'+
2
J* %# g( #
!
.
'
*
J2 .
Y "
='
!

' ! ,
!'=
!
+
& y2
+
. ' N gI BB
#
<
2T s = t =
.

1 0C
Bpp?
! K N 10C !

! O'>N R

"
='
! ! K N 10C !
3 g B?
$ &
$*) VF
' = Weekly Holiday 56 '

! O'>N R
=
+
2

134

'

'

2
'>J) Ig Bqo

http://www.defence.pk/forums/military-history-strategy/50095-truth-1971-sheikh-haseena-wajid-2.html
Soldering with dignity; Dipender Singh
!K
CI !
2 $# '
K
K $

= #

'>J) Ig BqG
K
-

&

$* $

5e

01

g Manekshaw
0 2
2

]q .
K
!'
8

.
2

$
0 2_?H

8
!0

+h .
0 2
EP K & J C

C.

' <
'

9-g http://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/filmi_
sangeet/film_song_1970_s_asia.html date 06.07.2011

$
% 8 ;C
b
B^
?^

#
#

]^
_^
[^
o^
G^
H^
p^
Bq^

v^
#
v^ ;.
; #

_?p

@
+ + '
+

'
# Um
8 0*
v^
.
+
#
! ,

BB^ #
B?^ #
_?H

!< O' O'& !'

!.
* a Z 7

! ;
5A' #

' ! ,

Y "
='
! ! K N 10C !
B BH 0*VP w
: '
j Nb
Bp w
`
2

?^B

gef

b %18

I
+
?[^q]^BpGB
?[^q]^BpGB #
]q^q]^BpGB I
?[^q]^BpGB
?[^q]^BpGB
?[^q]^BpGB
?[^q]^BpGB
?[^q]^BpGB
?[^q]^BpGB
+ #i
B_^B?^BpGB

!
VP

: '

56

EP

Operation Searchlight

EP VF
Bpop
&
$ '>3 2

I
EL j
s <& =

B_^B?^BpGB
B_^B?^BpGB
! O'>N R
: '

135

'>J) Ig BqG
$ E7
j

?q w

: '

2
t

b
B]^
B_^
B[^
Bo^
BG^
BH^
Bp^
?q^
?B^
??^
?]^
?_^
?[^
?o^
?G^
?H^
?p^
]q^
]B^
]?^
]]^
]_^
][^
]o^

#
#

<

/ #

'
VP O'> 8 0
v^ # ' +
v^
.
+
v^ # ; .
! g '
v ^ ! 5A' ! *.
v ^ ;.
v ^ ! 5A' ;
'
./ !
'
. / # '
+O' #
# !<
! EP;
'
} ' .
- .
# ;
'
v ^# ' #
! ,
!
8
!
<

@ D
/ #

'

qB . BpGBN w
B ';
'* #
0'
+
.
8
2 9
' EL
=
# < &J
2 RAW
.

!
K
2
Q
'
/
B_ v 5L
.
!
2 ' C.
.
*
! c
v 5L
' '
_]q
_]B

'

I
+
B_^B?^BpGB
B_^ B?^BpGB
B_^B?^BpGB
B_^B?^BpGB
B_^B?^BpGB
B_^B?^BpGB
?[^q]^BpGB
B_^B?^BpGB
B_^B?^BpGB
B_^B?^BpGB
Bq^B?^BpGB
B_^B?^BpGB
B?^B?^BpGB
?p^q]^BpGB
BB^B?^BpGB
]B^q]^BpGB
BB^B?^BpGB
]q^qB^BpG?
]q^qH^BpGB
B[^B?^BpGB
B_^B?^BpGB
Bo^q_^BpGB
?[^q]^BpGB
B_^B?^BpGB

VP

EP

VF

!K

+.
!

: '
' !
K
g

j Bp
&
&
BH ';
!0 <'
2_]B 0 B_ v 5L BpGB
EP
# '
#
VF
j
'
EL
0C
0
VF
.
!'
& \
w ' $ + !
#K* `
VF C. '
N m
g
' ' z .
# ' '
Y

sB] v 5L BpGB 0*VP 0

89
' '
.
'
'
C 0' K
w
K
' C.
v 5L
=
EP
C. #
' '
@C .

w
!K
' C.
! c
!
< ?[

_]q

'*
N
.
2
!

l
= '

EP
!<

' ! 0 D
N $= !
EP ' !
! c
B_
*
EP
' '

3g H
www.liberationwarmuseum.org /this day/ June 1, 1971 accessed on 14.11.2011

w
;.
# ..

: '
N#
N v^ !

! & i
g v^ ^ ^ ' N v^ ^ ^
#
7 + N #
! , N v^ . '
5A'
@ N v^ ^! ^ ; 7
&
j

136

N v^
5A'N v^ 5A'
. !0 <'

# N v^ ^ ! ^ .
N v^
> N v^

N v^
^

!'

' C. ' # #VP

5A
2 ?[ *
' ' #b J
0
'
#K
!'
EF
&
<
' '
0
#
S' !' &
' C. 2
=
' & #
<8
89 # N '
. N VP VP ' & = <8
# 2 V 0
EP
' '
# 0 0C
EP '
0<
N
. =
*
'
!; !<
8
0 *'
2 B_ v 5L
i aJ ! h K
#
# ' VP
'
!K #
# =#
i #.*
2 ! $ !'
.
J
2 .
N . j
' .
N j !' 2
EP
N
EP
2
.
*
2
EP
!
+ +
c
' < <
! c
EP !K
EP j
!
2 $
'
' z2 V '
!
!
0+ #
#
!
<& < #K
*
E
C <&
N 0C
' '
.
'
N 8
c
K
N ! + 0 !' +
!0
2
!< ! $ !8
7 7
N
_]?
8 .
2
Q
'
/
Y BB^Bq^?qBB
+
x! + s
!
0=
# < # = ' = !j 8
2
m N i aJ
N0C
EP
! '
.
! c V
!
K T = # '
Q K
#
! +$
! < 2
N
$
$7
!'+ '
2 B]
+ 0*VP 0 #
w
!K
EP '
7
N B_
+
' !
EP '
9 g !< c # 0 ! h
' ! ! '
c_]]
v _]_ &
+
K K
.
.
C.
=
K #
& J
2
+ #
: '
j ?B . N
'
j [p . N '
j
?Gq . N & K
'
j o]p . N
' B] . N
` _p . N
_B .
#
%
EW
1 z & , ( Bo .
2 !'
`
!. #
!'

k
C b "9
w
; '
$Q
w
8<
<&
* <&
$

+
_]?
_]]
_]_

&
&

!$

?^?

/ A1

8/

8 ;C

% b

1
]G
?G
?q
_o
B]q
]p
p
Bp
_[
?o

&1

1
H
B?
G
?H
[[
Bo
_
G
]]
B]

C
Bq
_
?
B
BG
G
B
B
_

% 1
)
o
]
?
Bq
B
B
?
_
?

Vk
0VkN Q
'
/
Y N#
!' )
+g ?G^qp^?qBB
Vk
0Vk _N Q
'= /
Y N#
!' )
+g BB^Bq^?qBB
v ) collected from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_killing_of_Bengali_intellectuals accessed on

16.08.2012

137

C b "9
x9$

"9

+
0
$7 +
73
A8
.

"9

' .
a
C

"9

/ 9$
v 5L

&1

\p_
_H
[[
[q
]
?H
\_g
]p
_B
[q
B_
_]
\_h

hp
B[
]B
?B
B
B]
_\
H
??
Bq
B?
p
a\

apf

ehy

!0N w
!K
= ' EF

' a

C.

C
\p
?
[
_

\y
?
_

_
\`
]
p
B
B
\g

a
[
_
?
?
?
\`

`f

g\

Daily Telegraph
' &
!0 With public opinion inflamed by the discovery of the massacre by Pakistani irregulars of
more than 200 Bengali intellectuals in the last days of the war, it was feared that armed bands
roaming the streets would step up their campaign of vengeance against collaborators with the
Pakistanis._][
125 Slain in Dacca Area, Believed Elite of Bengal
New York Times
' &
"At least 125 persons, believed to be physicians, professors, writers and teachers were found
murdered today in a field outside Dacca. All the victims' hands were tied behind their backs and
they had been bayoneted, garroted or shot. They were among an estimated 300 Bengali
intellectuals who had been seized by West Pakistani soldiers and locally recruited supporters."_]o
%

0C !

b VP

#'9 B?[ .
` N#
N! + = j
#.
= '
!
$ ' + N :
C
a
0< ' m
& ]qq .
C.
$#
2(

2
2

1
EP

& '
8Y
'
- a
& ' &
!0N
.
C89
?qq C.
2 v^ ^ = .'
Nsw
! 5A'
& VP
$+ =
Y
EF
[q oq .
= 0 2 h' #
Q
'
! h !v
! +a
N#
!
$ ' +h
+h
2
!
C.
#VP8*1
#
N
` N # . N
' N
N lN i

N
*
!
1 <*2
+ N ! 5A' =
#
'$
_]G
9 # Q #
#R 2t

_][
_]o
_]G

Daily Telegraph , December 20, 71

"125 Slain in Dacca Area, Believed Elite of Bengal". New York Times (New York, NY, USA): p. 1 December 19 , 1971

Q x7 ! + .

"

"$ =

' N v^

= .'

138

) Ig BBo BBG

& y K ' !K
B^ ?[

&
*

Bo v 5L BpGB #K *`

0C

_]H

C.

! $ GB . N 0

&K

'
'

j
j

'
: '
v8 $

]G
H
Bq
Bq
o

j
j

<
EL 8

.
.
.
.
.

h\ C

& D. <

%#( & K
=
'
j '
C.
c 0'
&K
!K _[ .
' '
2
'0
#
!< O' O'& !' N
#
!.
* a Z 7 N v^
@ N #
+ + ' N v^ ;.
+ N
; # N
' N # Um
8 0*N ! g ' N +O'
#
N
'
N
.
N # ;
'N
N !
@ D N
'
N 0
v 5L
9 *
!< #K 0 '
+
= 0 )#
+ Bo . 2
%# ( BH

C 89

% ( ?q v 5L BpGB
Exaggeration #

%( v^
c

'

= .'

&'
EL
!K
C.

EL
)
0C
8
!0N 8
'

<

+ Daily Telegraph
c

?^ ]q .
.
I\ '>3 2
]^ s

0C
'

a
$*

$7 7

' c
EP

8Y
$*

Daily Telegraph

+h .

0 2

+h . =

#
$

$7 7
EP 5A

56 *

0 C # <& J . Hqqqq O' 0

#8 VP
.
#
'
= .
Ek
&
;
*
.
9
Ek
O' 0 '
8
& jJ '&

8
2t s

B_]
& jJ
'
1
# '

'
=
! 5A' #
N ! 5A' = ' 2
2
'

.
.

_]H

< = I Y w

!. #K *`

'
VF # O'
Ek

w N <N

!
; D

<N

139

5A'
!K

J<N < .

' N !
} +
D

' !.

5A' .
N !
+
'
2 Bp[?

9 2

5A'
N
8

_]p
# O'
$*
- + - !;v
!
'
'
EL
0 C # <& J . 8
. 2
! +
8 D#
*
Q.
!
8
Vk 8 '
; # ' '=
!
`
9 *
EP
EP
# > <& J
)
# 8
0 28
$U
& 3
EP
'=
!
8
$ EP VP
2
8
!' EL
1 0 C ' # K*
2 B_ v 5L BpGB RAW
E v* 0+
!' +
'
1
!8
'
!K
. !<$ !+
9 * #
!K $ !
T @
2__q
8
RAW
#
' 'y 0
'
'
)
0 < m
8
!< O' EF 2
RAW
I3 .
' '
N N N N+
. '
'
X
2
# .* $ # 80 1
@ C # 8 0 < !0N # 801
N N N N +
= ; #r +
$
# '
. ! 5L
2
=
#
y .
! 5L = ! b$
2 & j =
j8
'
! # 8 =
!.
'+
+ .
0
0 < 0<
2
J*
.
$ 2
#8 0<
!0 B_^B?^BpGB x o ]q $
#
' '
!3 < N
8
' # Ek
# '
;
}'
' 56 '
3
'
' . 8Q &
2
#8 0<
!0 h Ek N 8 N 8
Ek
!
j
'
{ !
!;
'
'
! v @ !K
!.
/
0 2
V
' = 0 2
"'
& '
K
sAt that time someone knocked loudly the outside

door. Zakaria rushed to first floor. Shahidullah Kaiser was taking tea at the drawing room at that
time, Neela was accompanying him. Informing that someone came at the door, Zakaria came
down. Gripped by fear, Kaisers sisters and other switched on all the lights on the ground and first
floor. Kaiser was trying to make a phone call, but the intruders entered breaking the door inside.
They first knocked Obaidullah (younger brother of Shahidullah) down by the rifle butt. The
masked-men went up to Shahidullahs bedroom. Identifying himself, Shahidullah wanted to know
the reason for their coming.t__B
%
! !0 ' . !. !.
2.
!'
!', !<
+
'
v> @
N
% '
( Q
2
'
+ $ '
.
!
# 2
8
VkEP
=#
= !'
.z
' 2 0
!;
3
V
# <V ' . !8 8
&
2
;
$ '
&K
= '
; ' 2 +
!
' ! v @
&
'
.
'
' #<
J .i
2(

!
v
!
#
m
_]p
__q

V < B_^B?^?qBq
+ '
!
s
#
.
1!
EAI ! 2
# '
!K T
K2
2 B_ v 5L
K
!<
! +'$
8
Z 2
K
# =8 J
D
2T
B_
5L x ! 8 <l2 + # '
w
$7
2
2
.z
!
. # # <& # j
2 #
!
!
2
#
;v
' +
2
7 Z Z
2
N#
.
& VP ! h, !< 2
EP
+
K +h. 2
+! 2
*
- - =
E VF
3
' - <Z
' & ' N

$* ! 8
Q
+
vO$ !;v
N
+g B_^B?^?qBq

'

<Z

<

__B

2nd Report on the findings of the Peoples Inquiry Commission on the activities of the War Criminals and the
Collaborators

140

2
' . Z Z
r
2! $
%= ' (
N 'N
' . ! !0
N + !' c
+ `;7
=Z 2 `
N 1 0C
N
' . + '=
K
#
+ $ !
1 0 C ' !' . 2
V
"$
$ # &
2 1 0C N
h . !
+ !w "
&
2
" w
.i
N
'
!
<
N #
'
2 !
+w ! a
!0 T @
2 Q Q #
! +
!
2 # " !K ! $ ;7;7= !',
2
=
!
2 V
1 & <
=
+
2 # ' Ek = !
h
D
!<
2 0=
Ek = !
'
EA !
N 8
K 2T
*
.
@J ! + #
' =
2
; #x
.
!< 2
# !
x
= 0 2
I ' = = 0 2+ 3
0+
K 8 2 8
#
! +
#x
#
!<
8
$ !0 !
= Z2
!'
K
!8 N !'
.
&J '
< * = 2
.
' C.
VP
# < *
2t__?

C
'
+. <
<
.
$

J2
V m
: !0 8
# > <& J
#=
< !
' #
* !
v
J
. /
'*
&J
2
Ek O'
s
$#
!< N # .
#
+
2
K
0
2 !0 '$
.
2
! & n '
1
0
+
K
N .'
K
N .'
!
'
*
N
!
N
v 7 O$ #
2 '
+ # + !' 2
__]
K
=
'!
#
2s
!v
<
56 *
. 8 !0 '
!K !
0 ! '
. 8
> <v
Q
=
# '
v
2
# ' !;
. N
!
' v
0=

2 #
.
Q 0 2t___
!
v
VF ' 3> j
'+
S
#
8
2' '
RAW
> O$ # ; ' ! #
2
u
4 ! . .
s8
# EF
#=
< ! W z #
7 .
!
EL
*
.
2
!.
#
7N - =
#
' *8 'I 2 V #
.
<
! . #
!;
2 EL
<D ! #
7.
#
&J '
J2 8
$ # EF
#=
< ! W z 7 N ' *N #U
N !0, !
N 8 D !8 <
'
8 D +
#
* & 7 & J '

- 'I 2 # =
< #
10 C
@C.
#
EL K* VL
! 01 j
c__[
s]q .
.
. 8
+h .
0 2
C.
K x
$
' <K
!'
2
$ !0 EP K & J C
N
$ .
'
8
0 2t__o
'
# . & DP
B^ !
8
> <v 0
Q <
# !; ` #
c
__?
__]
___
__[

__o

'
'
'
# j EL
Y "

& ' N
& ' N
& ' N
='

N
N
N

+g B_^B?^?qBq
+g B_^B?^?qBq
+g B_^B?^?qBq
! . %# g( N N .
! ! K N 10C !

N Ig ?o
! O'>N R

141

'>J) Ig BqG

?^ !
EP K
!

'

'
& J

'VP

$ '
0 c #
EP VP
c

=
& D

=
!

EP<
! +

&

7 v* .
#<
! .'y
z
*
# VP &
= ;
a EP
# '
10C
1 0C

__G
__H
__p

0Vk
] #
7 v* . = " $
0 7 v* . #
p ! u #
H ! u
. !' &
!0 C
2 & 4
=
z #
= #x 812^^^^7 v* . 8
# EF # =
< !
2
E6 *
EL K* VL
c
EL
z !K
.
0 7 v* . 2 8
0
__H
s EP ! 8 #
'
#
h
* '
!' EL
=
#
2 7
1
!
' = !. . = #
*

# j EL
' 2
0C
.

N ! . %# g(
O'N # '

Ig ?oN ?G

N Ig ]] ]_

142

J 2
0C
7 v*
' #
y +
#
7
v* .
& '

'
2
.

7
$
v*
#

\ N
8*.
! + .
* 56 *
w
<
z j-2t__G
.
N
__p
2t

:& %

8 J.8 ;

&%

10 C
B^
?^

&

R $

.4

v\fheR\fh`w

"9

g ' $ 8 < 81
0
9 g
j player2 '
0C
= Bp[ .
X
!< .$ i y &
2
VP
$N .
# ' N#
* *
*
#
N
K
$ '
)
9

EP
K
EP

'

N . 'N
j

collaborator stakeholders2

'8 < #

'

. ' $#

: /

.8;

&J

$# ' # ' 8

J*

&

X8 %1
: /
+o_[q
0*
; }
EP
8
@C
0C
0=
#Ek>
BpGB
Bo v 5L
* '
# |
*J
2 0C !
EP !
[[Nop? . N ! , =
BHqq . N
$
Bo][_ . N
[?po .
&
Bq[qq .
0C O'
8
0=
2
' EL
=
EP
0C O' '
0C
!" J
'
. <J
$
'
2 Bq .
EP
<
!K
+ . w
;
!
* '
N
s :
."
4 'VP #
2
$
j # VP.*
'
*
'VP
_[B
@
#
2t
V
J 0C O'
8
'
!<
$# 7
'<3
2
EP
' =
'
_[?
0C O' '
0C
.
`
# VP.*
#
%$>
( # BpG]
&J
2_[] $
' 0 0C
K.
'
@C
EF <& J
Bangldesh Observer/ 15.01.1972
lf`

vg

.
&J
# b JN

_[q
_[B
_[?
_[]

# VP.*

}'

'

# 2
N # <D 0 <

+g BB^qB^BpG?

EP
8 D#

+g ?]^q?^?qB?

EPR/ EPCAF, Coastal Guards, Paramilitary forces of West Pakistan

3g B[

143

!0

#;

'

&K

9 *

EP
BqB[

VP

B[qq .
iy &

.8;

$
2_[_

0C

Bp[ .

< .$

& /9
BpG]

International Crimes (Tribunals) Act # 0

0C

<J

' <J

0C

<

!
+

N #
K 56I1

sA tribunal shall have the power to try and punish any person irrespective of his nationality,
who being a member of any armed forces, defence or auxiliary forces commits or has
committed, in the territory of Bangladesh, whether before or after the commencement of this act,
any of the following crimes

1
'

!0 !'

Crimes against Humanity

Crimes against Peace
Genocide
War Crimes
<
#- #

3>

!
0*

< 0

BpG]
j & J

EP !'
#
@ C#

VP
<J
0C

BG

&

0C

! &
+ =

EkN &
9 *
7 j

.
J

j
0

$>

# VP.*
* J
2

'
!
# 2

'
D J* !0 !

%$>

(#

BpG]

Press release of the Government of Bangladesh

on war crimes trial (17April 1973)g``
Investigations into the crimes committed by Pakistani occupation forces and their
auxiliaries are almost complete. Upon the evidence, it has been decided to try 195 of
serious crimes, which include genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and
breaches of article 3 of the Geneva conventions, murder, rape and arson.
Trial shall be held in Dacca before a special tribunal, consisting of judges having
status of the Supreme Court.
The trial will be held in accordance with universally recognized judicial norms,
eminent international jurists shall be invited to observe the trials. The accused will be
afforded facilities to arrange for their defence and to engage counsel of their choice
including foreign counsel.

_[_
_[[

3 g Bo
The weaknesses in the international protection of minority rights, Javaid Rehman, Kluwer Law International,
Appendix-F; p-261

144

A comprehensive law providing for the constitution of the tribunal, the procedure
to be adopted and other necessary materials is expected to be passed this month. The
accused are expected to produce before the tribunal by the end of May 1973
%

EP

'+ '
'
0
' 0C
56 * #
'VP & !
0* 2 j & J 'I 3
| #
!0 !.
vN 0C
N
@C#
N !. 8
8
# '] " N+ N
*J = # <D 0 <
#
. Bp[ .
C VP <I
2
w
$>
& ! $*
0* ' 56 D
#
# \
2
# VP.*
8 EL W
C # J 9 *
. 56 D
$ #
. # VP
.*
8
+
'
# VkJ .
2 # 801 '
'
O' 0
'
j
'
01
2
$>
& \
& . #
#
& .
C
EF
56 D
2
# 801 BpG]
!
!
< ' $>
.
2(

.8;

&

. /
! W z # u BpGB 8
K &
'
56 ' qG % ( ';
7 1 ? ';
'
Ek
48
Ek
EP +
* 2!
J
EP
'
1
*8
Ek
J*
4 &
$# |
*J
0<
2
'
1
!<, 9 * ! W z 0K 0K EL W !K
R
2
1
4 #
&
' VP
v %
*
8
* ( ! +O'
# |
*J # \ ' *
EF
-2_[o
$ !
1<J
# |
*J I
EP
=
0<
' <J 0C O'
EL W
'
O' # EF 8
0=
28
$
VkJ
1 0C '
$ %0 '
#EkN
'
0< '
@C & 4
!j 8( !
'
2_[G !j 8 0
VkJ
0*
0 N!
* !K
8
# |
*J W
8
$ EF VP
2
0 CY 0* 8
$# ' ' *
Q
2 : .
8 ` VP
!
01 3>
U
+
j
2
8
EP
Q BpG_
7 1_[H
' !'
}
&
' j <& J
2
s8
&;
EP
&;
EL ' &
*J
j2 0C
'
'
'
'
$ !<,J
2 BpG]
3>
'
; !<
.
! ' # *# ! ' # *
#
8
!
0 1 0C
'
2t_[p
8
0C
! $
K
!
0*VP Bp[ .
X
$ !< .$ i y
&
2
*
+ B_B .
* J
!< .$ i y &
2 vg
+
!0N 0C
! $
BBH . ' 2_oq 0C
'
!
'
!
m
# Y
2 V 0C O' = 0C
'
8
_[o
_[G

_[H
_[p
_oq

# EF

\I

Gp '>3 2

Mukti Bahini Guerrillas have threatened to attack the Red Cross-protected Inter-continental Hotel, unless the former Governor
of East Pakistan. Dr. A. M. Malik who is sheltering there, is handed over to them as a war criminal. For the moment, the Indian
Army has talked the guerrillas out of attacking, but the situation is highly charged. The Red Cross and the Mukti Bahini were in
desperate conference this afternoon. The young Mukti Bahini leaders say they have no control over their followers now. The
Guardian, December 18, 1971.

}'
0C

3g BG
Y; )
<J
=

+g qo^BB^?qqG
# VL JN v g

) Ig Gqp

145

4 '
'
!
!'

!
& <
2 BpG_

8 N

EP 8
0C O'
: 01 3> = > $
&
' 8
EP

N
EP
#$
] % ( j
N
Bp[ . 0C
p] . 0C O'
p
- j 7 1 ? '; #
sin the larger
interests of recociliation, peace and stability in the sub-continent C VP
sthe 195 persons of
the war may be repatriated to Pakistan along with other persons of the war now in the process of
repatriation under the Delhi AgreementtN #K* ` ! + .
. /
# ' b
`

3> Vk vg
(#

%$>

!
BpG]
'#

humanity

0*
"$

7 1 EL j
#
N

" $2 8
0

BpGB

0C
= # VP.*
#
0 ' genocide, war crimes, crimes against
0 N! .
# $ +

BpG_

-'

71

# <
+
!0N
EP
Ek
W*
'
. <J
@ C 0C !" J N I
4N <J N
'#
J
$>
#l
EP &'
j # VP.*
#
%$>
( # BpG] .
2 BpG?
q? .
+
EP = 8
71
' !'
J 56 * D
'j !
2
BpG_
p
&
' 8
EP
- j 7 1 EL j
2
7 1 B]N B[ =
Bo
# 0 0C
0C O' ' 1 !'
C VP <& J
2
EP
0C O'
8 !
' # VP.*
#
%$>
( # BpG]
0*
#
"$2

EL

$ %
0

$>

'

( # ' BpG?

EP

Ek

* #
'+ ' Yz

# 0

K* '
2
?^ '+
EP
Ek
! ,+
# ! 8
EP
'&
]^
'
@C0C y =
0C y
2
_^
EP '+ '
C 0C . <J = 1
@C !
j
.
2
[^ '+ '
EP
Ek
'+ ' z #
' "*
1
.
j !
1I
I !'
!
# &
y
l
# <& J
2

$ '
N
0

?o

EP

1
+

'

j
*

>J
* BpGB

0<

+
#U
&'

' ' EL ) #
2 #U
' '+ ' z $
+
146

J
'
0

EP
%?o

'+ '
* Bo v 5L ( #8 VP
*
$

'
X
stakeholder 2

$ '
'

$
! >J

Jj

10 C

8 D stakeholder
9 * #
2

0 '

EP
0<
' '
'
=
2
EP
Ek
W*
'
. <J
@ C 0C !" J N I
N
#
' .
!
1'
$>
. ?_ .
BpG? Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals)
Orber 1972 .
2
#
#=
& _?Nqqq .
!<>;
2_oB BpG?
'
EL
0C
' . ! + . ' ';
Jj " J
2 &K '; Bo ! N
BpG]
m
'; ]q 85L BpG] 2 &K ';
Jj
$ # ' I3
N
J#
#
a
` + 2 '
B?BN B?_N ]q?N ]q_N ]o]N ]o_N ]o[N ]oHN
]GoN ]p?N ]p_N ]poN ]pGN _][N _]o = _]H
9
`K
';
Jj
0<
2;
#=
+
j
8
2 m
';
Jj
&' * .
.
#
I3
N
J ';
Jj
2
0 <
+
!.
!K !
# 2
&K '; sBo ! N BpG] '
#
. & y = # 801
! >J !
& j
&' *
_o?
_o]
2t
VP
$ ! O'>
8
+. +
/
+
1
0 '= #
'
O'
2
& _N[qq . !0 < .
1 !'
2 V
BpG_
p
&
' 8
EP
- j 7 1 # VP.*
#
%$>
( # BpG]
0*
#
"$ 2 9 #
'
5e
=
0< .
# ' #
N
VP
$ ' '
. <Z
$ # '
. .
<
Z2 # =
<
+ - Y;
#<&J 89
N
56 '
&
}'
=
.
}
2
m '; ]q 85L BpG] ! + .
J j _o_ !" J
*I # 8 O'
2
J j
#=
]G_GB . O'
?o_qq .
1 8
2
G]
%! Y ( $ !E6
$>
BBqqq . #
N0
o.
I '4 G[? .
8 D
! '
EP )
!
+
20
.
O'
'
$EF
7
$
# |
*J
Jj
0<
20 '
J j #=
! =
1 !'
'
@C
#
#8 0<
'

0C
!
4N <J
l

2
8 D !

# Y

B^ + N
?^
J*
]^ " = ! ,0 .z
_^ a =
j

_oB
_o?
_o]
_o_

'
'
'

]q? = ]q_
]Go
_]o = __H
'

_][

After The Dark Night, Problems of Skeikh Mujibur Rahman; S M Ali ; p:32 (UPL,1994)

0C
<J
=
# VL JN v g
) Ig GBB
&
# !0N +
!. + !K
1
! + . .
9-g www.omipial.amarblog.com accessed on 29.09.2010
Jj
-N v^ '
BpG? BpG[
$' )

147

- + 7
Ig BHq BHB

Jj

BpGB
'
#
0,K
Z
1 0C

!0 '
!
!
' EL
0+ . N # '
VP $ ' '
T @ N +
#=
<
VF !
' `
= @ 2
#
#
1 ) #
!
.' !
'
8 #
'
2 1 0C '
*#
!K
2 # EF
_? .
$ # ' #$
5A+
2
8 N
$ '9 56 * # | '
' !. +
K
* '
K 2
#
#=
.U
K
2
.
}
=}
I3
! + T @ 2 E g
Jj
9
Ja
A 8C

EP2 EL
0C
j b
2
'
.
1 0CN
! '* =
# <
O' K
#
Ho . '
&
'
N
1 0C #=
<!
!<
* !
'
.
' - 8 D
'=

/ B 1 J9% /A1%

' "* .U
01;O$N # =
#
!
*

&b
<N # =

! + .
'
.
!
EL W
2
<N
<
.U
<Z
& j 89
2
.\
.U
J
EP
#+4
& #
K
'
EL
0C
$ # '
O' 2 .U
& j
= 1< " \
J
+
N
# ..N ;.
' ! ,
#
! W I O'
'
2 Q
'
/
+ s
.
' #
.
'
+
2 #
K #8 0 <
.
'
!.
Z
! EF
2 #K EL
+
0+ Q x7
Z '
8
. N 7 !' EL
N #. 7 &
Vk 2 #
8
2
!. K
c
Z =
'
+
g * 1 '
2
# ..
N
0+ !.
= '
= #
'
# ..
8
Z
2
/
' ! ,
;.
' ! , 0+ !.
+
!K +
Z !
' !
2#
/ N
N N!
0+
K
' = !<
$
Z
2t_o[
1 J /S[ 4
#=
<N E VF
N8
N
VF
$
<
jy 2 ' "* '
.U
x7 ' "* '
< ' 8* < K N
O'
2 =
0'
1 .
7
2 .
0'
+ ' 0 ' E63 & J K !
EP ' =2 !
#
# a .z
!' 2 _oo
/

EP

_oo

* EL
.U

&8

0'

0C
. 8
!

Z2
*

'

'

C 9$ ! . 91%

. 8
(N =
#+
_o[

+
8

.
=

#+4
J
' !
J

& J!
8
N#

j
2 =
5A'N =
.
8

& JN Q
#r

< EL
0C
#
3> =
.; !
% *J
(N =
#r
; %;7
N =
#
J #
' #
5A
2 v^
. N v^ ' !
N v^ ' ! 5A'

'

/
9 ) gI Hq

Y N

'

148

& ' )

+g ?[

* ?qBB

: '
' #
j

#
& 3

j
' !0 <
$ # '
O'
2

J
=

* = -'
. <& J 0 <

<& J 0 < 2 EL
'
1 . EL

&
EL
j#
EP
.
x =
*
J
* 5L '
j #+4 ' '
$ # '
O'
=
.
2

/& ! -

/;

#+4 ' '

.U
K* !'+ ' = 1< 56 *N
#
1 0C =
'
N .U
!
* N O'
89
EA J
K 2 0 ; EL
' #
' C
J
' 1 . EL
j
& 3

9$ !

! + . &K
Jj
C EP
8 <& J
J2
C EP !0
Nj
&y '
+ =
+7
2 V m
J j
C EP <& J 9 *
'
*
=
#
'
Q
#
2 !'
T8
'
Q=
$
#
2 ' # . !. v*
<* _oG Q #
$ %
$>
( # ' BpG?
#$ W '
Jj
C EP <& J # & J !0 < 2
]q 85L BpG]
J j %m
'; ( !" J ! & ! $
2 '4
]q?N ]q_N ]GoN
_][N _]o = __H
0K b
N#
.
& J N *JN a #K

j
N
" .z
! ,0 # a
J
' # 801 = . & y
BHpH
!;,.'
0*
_qB
# 0 #$ = . &y 1 ' j
2
!. 0 #
!
1
$ %
$>
( # ' BpG?
# = !0
!<&;
N N
N 'VP N = 56 Y !b
# ' .
#
2
K
N *J = # <D 0 <
! 4 ! a
& .
$ %
$>
(
# ' BpG?
!
& . ! 2! a
6 Y
#
=
y=# \
y "$
$
! !0
2_oH
# ' < ;; ! , '
J j
+ .
Q #
! &
$ +
BpG]
Bo v 5L . '
1I +
}
!' . ! + .
!v
Z 2
sBpG]
v 5L
. '
# < Q x7 #
K !v
Z 2
+ =
<J8
% EP #
! & vO$
( #;
2 w
! $* !K !<
<J8 2
! & ! b$ !
+ % +
&
Vk <J 0 < # ; ( #
!<
#;
j2
. Vk +
+
EF 2
#
VP !v
2
N +
$
!" J +
!
+
2
EP '
!
$
0 ' 4 = # 801
N
. = w = j %!.
( !" J
0 2
EA
> D
N
!< ' ' = !
!' c
N h2
2!
0 '
@C + N
. N " # a !' N
J
*J
&8I # 8 0 <
N
2! Nw =j !
! c
N N! 2
EP !' #
0 !0 <
# 8 0 < !0 .
. !
# j
N ' & #
j
&' *
@ 2# Y! 2 ' #
.'
@C
_oG
_oH

# '
)
+g ?[^B?^?qBq
U'
Y;
_ v 5L BpG]

56 '

149

EP

'
0 !. <
2 V
!< ' ' #
j
2
EL
-@2 '
= '
2
. !
N
2
!
'
2#
#
!
2 #
!
.
EP U '
' #VP Bp? .
_op
#;
2 =!
c_Gq # ! # D !'
! 2
'
D =
2 K
#
.
0 c
K$
!. ' 2 V #
+
2 & <
!
!v
#
. '
8 J + ' 2 0= !
" < w = j !" J
+ !; 2
N Q x7N #
; @ N j !" J +
#
+
2 ! +
2!
K
2
# < +
U
2! $
! $ ! $ 'h
! '
'

$/

<

B v 5L BpG]
+
`
J
'
! & $$
'
$ %
# ' BpG?
#=
N 0 '
@ C !<&;
#K
0
. !8 <
'
Jj
& 01
1 8
2
# <D 0 < #K

"
#8 0 <
. & y 1 ' !j &01
2

_op
_Gq

_GB

'
=
0C

N#
+ $=
. 5
2t_GB

;
J j !"
&
2
$>
(
0 #$
#
&
# 5L
N
*J
0
# 801 =
Jj

?qp . 0C
#;
# r < ;; ! ,
0' !
89
K
.
3 .
.
+
! +
v 5L v
K
+ )
71
! j - v 5L G] ! + .
1
B[ # <N # r < ;; !

2
= EAI .
J
#VP g ' $ 8
2
8 ' $ %B( ]q 85L BpG]
%?( BpG_
p
&
+
EP }
1 <& J 0 < 2
, ) Ig B]

150

) # 0'
!
89
Jj
! & $
' !
!'
C VPP

K
- j

z%

t /& ! -

8J

J j
#=
]G_GB . O'
?o_qq .
1 8
2
G]
%! Y ( $ !E6
$>
BBqqq . #
N0
o .
I '4
G[?
.
8 D ! '
EP
)
!
+
2
0
'4 & y
9 *
EP
& 1 <8 * v g
=
Vk 8
' IO'
#
a @ z 9J*
1'
0
!
J
j
1 !
'
.
B^ v g # r ! Y
?^ #
]^ = ' . '
_^
[^
!
o^ = . # '
G^ # +
/ # '
H^ =
g
p^ .
Bq^ . / # '
BB^ ! !
;!
B?^ !
;
B]^ #
# +
B_^ # T &@ ! ,
B[^
# ..
Bo^ +
BG^ vg . ' ! 5A'
BH^ vg
.
Bp^ vg ' !
?q^ vg !
#
?B^ =
# '
D
??^ =
/ +
?]^ *

9 *
vg

#
#
#

EP

.
.
j
j
j
j

'
'
'
'
'
'

151

& 1 <8 *
Vk 8 '

/& ! -

" 7 %
J j

'

0< VP

!" J
.

'j
2 #=
<
! N C. N
'
1 0C
' 0*VP ! + .
'j
# 8 O' . 2
0
+
1
=
# 8 O' .
W i
&
2
- a
56 '
=
56 '
+
!$
'j
# 8 O'
2
X

/& ! -

V X!

$%
(

!'

q5

] \ k /S \fhp

< /C $I 1J
.# |

< . j

/& ! &y '

&

V X!
Q x7 #

*J =

' j !

' '
#
# 801 = . & y 1 ' &
J j !V X!
2
' '
%
$>
( # ' BpG?
0 #$
N0 '
@ C !<&;
#K
0
#
. !8 <
'
&
Jj
&01
# 5L 1 8
2
N
*J
# <D 0 < #K

0 "
# 8 0 < # 801 = . & y 1 ' !j Jj
& 01
2<
Tb
&
! &
$
J j !" J K &
2
&
Vk Q x7 ! + .
<
N '
*
0
# '
.
' Bo v 5L C8
7 'I 38 Q
!' <
K
! . '
#
#$ = . &y 1 ' &
J j !" J
2
' '
# ' #$ = . &y
1 0
J j !" J
#
5L !. !K
1 8
# D Bo v 5L
. `
!0 < '
Q x7 ! .
'
1 z VL
. EL 3> ';
&
'*
'
2
Jj 0
1
' . '
`
|
!' <Z
-' z
= !'
EL
j
K <& J #
.
2
Q x7
Jj
&' *
K !" J
<
N 1
!' <Z
' z <& J 9J* 0 <
<& J
' #
`
= 0*
8
<
!' &
'I3 VP EF
$
2
Q x7
N 1N <N
j # ! +
#
EL
8
2 !0 !
9
EL
j
2
#
!0
. '

" "
+ VPN I C
J
7 '<VP
|
2
&
Vk
N EL
0C
7!
'+ '
Q
0<
# ' 1
<&
2
' '
# '
' !<&;
2 '
#

152

12 EL
0C
'+ '
Q '
# J* 'g+ ''* !
2
Q x7
!
' "* ' # $
2
# y2

' #
0*
#
'
#
0*
8 < !' <Z
7
K
<
EL 3> '; !K
D1 ! & $$
2

/& ! %b

V X! / W

g k /S \fhp 5

( t

0<

'

'

2
#
& W !' &

'I3 VP EF

<8 8
1 8

/S[

C A

&
J # 56 !"
2
N
0* N # <D 0 < &8I # 8 0 < '4 & y
# 801 1
#
J j #=
2 EL 3> Vk
# 0
. !
# 56 ;
<
1 8
2 &
Vk
'* .
Q Q !'
8 D
<
O' 1 '>@
KT @
2
#
1 8
2 # < Bo v 5L
. '
0
!< $ .
K
|
!' <Z
!'
EL
j EL l <& J
! . B[ v 5L
1' !
2 C .
% % 8J
(
% >
k4
b . / 9$t%
0 0 / 0 % R% 0 b /S[ W
,
C
/
%
+ ,
%1 0 &X4! b 9U/ . 9 ,
O
/{
$ C
>
(
$ C
(+ E /{
[
,( ( b / I b
8K
8 I V< ,< &
.%
+
# <= ' j !" J
2
< !
#
#u
! 8 < ' & { 2 V ! '
3j
S'
= d' 0*
! =
!E
2
3
!0 '
=
'
9 * '
j
= g O' !
=
.
2 V
! !0
$
m mOm
$ N
9J*8
!' 2 & W # K*
$
J
j
8 S[
D
S $ 4%
b ,< /
/ & !" b / 9$ "
" 7 %
2 E j $ T Q x7 d' 0*
!$
=
$2 m
:0 C

*
N s Grass dont grow under gallows, but grows then on a battle
fieldt ; h R + ' * ' . |
N V 0C !
0
J j- #
.
Z2 K $
#K*
!0N 0C !
!<
+ #
!m # b = &
<& J E6I
K
#
=# b
8 <> J
!' <Z
.
2 $ .
!$
K $2 Q x7
J j
b VP J
& $ - '9 ' * ;7 $ Z 2 0 ' 1 !'
' 9 * 89
56 *
#
K
!0 2 !8 < # = #
!8 < !0 2 V Q x
' EL
; !8 <
.
0<
' 2#
8 !' <
. <
#
.
' #
. 2

" "
VP I C =
Wy
7 '<VP
|
!
& K*
2 Q O
J = !" J
& j EL 3> Vk
' ' .
<8J*
v^
=
`
Vk 8 ' <J
3 1<J .
N j ' ]oN_qq .
O' 1 8
2 8J $I 1J %
/ /S[ t %
+,
9
.
P /8 . 9
/8 & b &
"9
% /
P "9
+ E
!.
3
Jj
8 2 ,( C "4
(+ .
/ 4
2
'
1 0C
'
!
= VP '
$
\ 'j #
2 Q x7 ! #
9J*
2
# 7f # 8 O' 8
2 $
& 2 10C !0 !
0C
$ 0C2
EL
<& ' . =
1
' ! 0C !
< 2
0C O' +
!
!' ; 0 2
' # EF
EP
=
EP # $
' EL '

153

&
#

2
'
EL W '
& D ^8 # 7 <
7# = .
2
N # ;
#
!'
Ek <&
' d
1
EL
2 >. ' 1 !
!'
*
2 V & & $ EL
= 1 !' a
K
56
=
9
0 C Y 56 * EL 8
Z !'
2
4
K
O'
56 *
+
2
.
' =
EP
!j - + $ = #
J + $2 ^8 EL
'
EP
EL
' !'
56 *
# $ .
Z
'
$
7 '<VP
|
2 V . EL 8
EP
K
!0 ^8
! 2
K K
.<
>J
$
&
=
8 D'
x7 ' !*
K*
'
' &
& < 4 = 7 $ 9$U
0*
0'
+ O' ' 1'
& D
9 * R` m <&EP = '
C VP <& J
5L
#$
' 8* <
' "*
K
#EL 8
0
c 8
K
' K K 2 O' 1 K ; # 2 10C
89
!
#=
<
J .* !" J
2.
O $ I / 9! / $ / (
C
7
8J
2 '
. y 56 Y = 9 * <
#
!; ` '
2 IK
.
!
K
2
V K
=+ !
2 + 0
< !K
1#
; #
' ` <
8' z
2 Q x7 #
&
N
' #
87 < !'
<*Z
7
0 < <& J
!' |!
z
EF
2# =#
#
& J
!0
# EF
: # -'
2!
9
K$ #
' !
:
.
b
X
2 R!
1#
:
!K
!;
EP
VP 8 !
!' = .
. # W- !
m #
!' &
! =
!' &
= 5e 2 0
1 8
'
#
i .
'

'
=
" \# < # 2 '
+
j '# N Y N
N
l ' < # 2# =#
#
& J!
0 ' . .
& 7 &8 & Y
5e
+ = # 2 # . !'
l = #K*U
' < !j N
N &i N &
N
I+ N
EF
! W z
!j - #l EP 9J !'+ ' 2
. x
K
2
' =
.
#.
*=
J 0 ! >
9 >
K
& J 56I1
1 1<J
0 ' ' & 8 N &8 N & YN # 8i = * 1 . <
1 9
# +
9J*
2
EL
$ ;
<&
' } . I3 & 3
y2 0
<
=
*
& J
j
!'
8 ` j
m<D
2 Y; 'I g
' j
56 '
EP 5e
+ !0 $ $
#
1
9
!; # .
* 2 K K # ' !
$ '
= ' 3
! 2
#. } . ' !
# '
20
< !K
1 8
'
=
Y;
1
` 0* E632 #
#
#
'9 'I 3
a
.
=
EL
7
. # # ' z \
K
2
!
VP
! $ #.
K 2 #.
.
VP >
.
2
&< VF !' ' ' 1
K
|8
56I1
2 + ! >
# '
2 .
K = !<,J2 } .
j !
!
. 2 C1( . %
C %
+
#.
!
!+
Z 'E *
8
2
#
EAI
0 < !'
j
2
`!
!'+ !.
2 & Q g# $
K
2
J # 56 !
7!
! 2 '
=
7!
#
0 '
j!
= ' 2 j ' '

=
' -#
2
0'
# y
'
!
# + &
'
<& J
0
$
*I j !8 !'+ !'
c
!0 < = # 8i !
' !
=
. < <&
+
c
10C
0
' # EF
V O' # EF ' @J <
z
'=
56 Y
= 0' # y
'
& # <
&
' !
9
#VP g

154

!j -

2#
'
#
#
0 '
& D
Z 2 V
7
7!
*
!0 <
20
'4 > y
<8 * Vk = 0 ' Q x # 56
!
'
= ' . xK
c
1! a
J # 56 #VP8*91
R`
< # Q K 0 N H 5L #v*
0* g !
0
p 5L #v*
+ 2#
$ K2 #
j'> i ' # !0$7 7 N
Q x7 #
8
0*
9 j
.

2
j - $* v
N <8 * O$ J*
N 3> >3 = !$
89
# J*
2! .
#
!j - #
9 *
$ j7'> .
IY
2#
'
!0N
*'
= #'
! W <*
$ 5A v 7
1 O' ' !08 !'
<*Z = EL
jJ 0* 56I1
'Y #
. ! 8 !'
#
I+ j
N=#
& J VP
.

8Y
.
*'
#'
! W <* v ' 2 #
:
!' ' '
v
'
2
!' #K*
. <J
D
2
#
.
J
= !0

$ 'Y #
$
J 89
O'
2

3#
#. & . # 2

/& ! -

!8

!'+

] v 5L }'
Y;
+
Jj ; #
!0 C VP$
EL <
.
2 ! +
#
$ a @ z 9J* + 2 EL 3> Vk # '
! + '
#
#$ '
1 = '
' ' n ;
2'
#
#$
1' ! $ +
]G . _ GB
= +
! +

*I
Jj
&' *
& j EL 3>
VkJ
# '
# = 81
1 1 z VL
.
3
*I j
'* '
2
<
%
(
' '
K#
#
EL 3> Vk . # '
K . 2
!0N
Jj
&' * # '
'
#
#$
1'
j
# = 81
1
1'
.
3
*
'
'*
'
2
EL 3> Vk .
!0N '
# # 0 ! $ # 801 1
+
]G . _ GB . 2
#u
0*VP ? . H _H .
C
6 Y
2 | G
[? .
.
? . po . +
2
$
' -'
#
#$
1
+ Ho .
+
2 V
# 2
EL 3> Vk
!0N # $ W
. &y #
&1 !
J j !" J # =
1 8
2
!0 0
'4 & y
9 *
EP
& 1 <8J* v g
=
Vk 8 ' IO' "& 1 8
2# '
0
1 8
'
vg .
' ! 5A'N vg
. N vg ' !
N vg !
# % &
: '
'
j (=
+ #r
=
2 EL 3> Vk
!0 1 & y 1
' 56 Y !; `
!'
< '<
&'Y
0<
' !8 <
2
EP !K ;
Q x7 +
. <
!. !K
1
!0 <l$ T
! $
6 Y
+ 2
7
!
B[ v 5L ! v= $ 8
5 &
= Q x7 8 J
& Q
# $7 7

EL
-@
0 # 801
' = #
N j
^^^^^#
&
= &
<& J
:
2
10 C -@
0 '
#
#$
'4
' j
&' *
2 !'
<
EL 8
. 0
#
0 < !'
2#
:
#
& J 0
8> VP
K <& J
# y
' = !' <
<& # !
0 < !'
2^^^
9- }'

N }'

Y; N }'

J =

' # . 8

155

/& ! -

V X!

$/

< " U%

J j ! & $$
8 *
= 0 2
8 D 9- !K
$! & $ =
< 2
K& $ =
www.omipial.amarblog.com K N m $ v^ '
BpG? BpG[
$ '
!K
W $
0C
'
j
j
!K 2
=
= v^ '
!0 ! & $ J* '
z%
t /& ! V X!
$/ < ,
&K t / & ! - V X!
$/ <
+
2
z% t / & ! - V X!
$/ < < .U
/
.
+
&K
t / & ! - V X!
$/ < < % ( %
+
J
0 2
$! & $
D !'
_G?

www.omipial.amarblog.com b kq / )

B_ v 5L BpG]
&
2 $/
- V X! 8

+
<<
w RRR

; `
vkq / )

(R ,

Jj
(

(
!" J
'
< b /C $I

! & ! $$
$% /& !

0 BpG?
'
%
$>
( # ' % ^ = HN BpG?
(
#$
#K
. 8<
' &
Jj
&' *
& D$
# <=
'+ 2
56 * 1 !" J
g
B^ ' 5L # ' J*
1' =#
9 !jg
% ( BHpH
!;,.' '4
_qB
# 0
+ # '
#$ = . &y 1 '
!
!'

+ # '
# !
#
'
@C !
#8 0< K
'
J j !" J #
5L !. K
1 !'
2
%+(
$>
5A + #K !
. > $ # '
1 # '
3 $>
= . > $ #
&
+ # '
# !
#
'
@C
!
#8 0< K
' . !K
1
!'
2
%<( !
1
@C
+ # '
#
= 'VP 7 ! =
+ # '
# !
#
'4 0 < #
! # 801
1 !'
2
+ # '
!<&;
N . =
'* #K
1
@C
56 Y !b
! $ !' K
&
!<&;
#K
!
1
9 * !<&;
. #$ K
#
5L 1 !'
2#
!
1
+ '
# '
!
'4 0 < # !
#
@C!
K
2
0 ' # EF
. !'
#K 0 '

!<&;
7
0+
01 # '
.
j
& K* =
'
& # < !" J
!
+
' !
j & 0.
2

_G?

& ! $ !< .$
=

<&
! +$

'
! ! 3

& 3
' !' 2

www.eBangladesh.com

156

www.omipial.amarblog.com

?^ '4
]q?
% (N ]q_
% *J(N _][
%a #K

j
(N _]o %" .z
( = __H
%! ,0 # a
J( # 801 = . & y
# ' + j #=
2

5L

!K
(

/C $I b

".8J

3!

8 S[ ghp

$ % B uP /

BG ! N BpG]_G_
<

Bo !
' '
%
$>
(
& '*
C VP <& J
2_G[ ! + .
! >J #
!j j
& 0.
2
'
*JN 7 N # <D 0 < &8I BH
&' *
2
*
& m Om N '+ ' !
N
9 *
EP
Vk
'3
' # 801
. &y
# '
#
0<
' # 801
. &y 1
I
!"
# 56
8 7
y
7
. > $ .
7
. > $
$ & .
1<
'
EL
!" J '
2 Q x7
<
&K
&' *
7' 0 `
b
D + !" J &
2
&

56

7K*
+
1
#
9
. = 7;
2
!.
1 !'=
# ! # # 0 #8 0< K
+ 8
'
& # <
&

?^

7K* # ' J*
#'

]^

_G[

0C

'

&

9
1
0'
'
0'
# <
&

'
85L BpG]

j=

jN

Jj

&' *

J j !" J ! & ! $ $

+ # '
. &y 1 '
2#
'
@C 1# '
' 0' ' J
1<
&'
=
EL
2

1# '
'
W
!<&;
= N . =
J
!
. K
0< #
0' !
#8 0< K
+ 8
'
& # <

Ig B_? B__ 2 J*

9 *

+ # ' # 0
. >$
3 . > $
#'
# ' b
# '
# !
0<
EP 0 <
' J
1<
'&
=
EL
2

7K* # ' J*
1=#
9
# x 9
. &
56 Y '+
# '
2
!'=
2# # !
EP 0 <
' J
&'
=
EL
2

BG ! N BpG] &K
]q

1=#
2#
K

+ 8

_G_

! >J # 801
. &y 1
I
+
!0N
@ C 0C
0 C & 3 N 3> '>
N
N
# 8 0 < . & y 1 & # 56
j !'
8
& J # <& J
' <& J . '+ '
0<
' = .
4 =
J '+ '
= # 56 &' *
#=
2
1 !.
. K
!" J &
2 # 56
8
1
3
'
& # < =
'
#
. & y 1 ' 56 * # 56
2 <&
$ + +

B^

&
#

_G]

# '

& _[qq .
!

157

CI

'

*2

'VP
'* =
1
0'
=

_^ BN ? = ] 5L # ' J* #
> 0.
2
. &y

( 0
# 801
B^ B?B
?^ B?B
]^ B?_
_^ ]q?
[^ ]q_
o^ ]o]
G^ ]o_
H^ ]o[
p^ ]oH
Bq^ ]Go
BB^ ]p?
B?^ ]p_
B]^ ]po
B_^ ]po
B[^ ]pG
Bo^ _][
BG^ _]o
BH^ _]H

56

D +

1'

# ' # 0
D + #
#
"$
'
@ C 0C 0C & 3
'
@C0C
0Vk
3> '>

&

D + #

9
K g

&

$ #

0<
J
. # J
#$ + . # J
# S
1 ' !<
#$ +
*J
7
.+
7
v
+
v
+
a @ #
! 3
7
#a

'
0 ' W
" 3
#a

'
#a

0 ! ,0 'I

'

#
#

v
0 ' W

+( '+ #
*
& m Om
0
'+ '
. & y #K # 801 #K
O' 2
<( '+ '
# 7 EL '
'
& J
EP
&
'
$ '
' <
0 '+ '
. & y # 801
K 2
"( '+ #
9 *
EP
EP
<8J*
0
'+ '
0< #
. &y
( # '
#
<Z
'
'+ '
0
. & y # 801
K 2
( .
4
'+ '
0<
#
# 801
K 2
( '+ #
!. N
7
K
VP
$ ! & vO$N
'+ '
0< #
. & y # 801
K 2
.( '+ #
9 *
EP
! O'>
VP
$
* *
0< #
. & y # 801
K 2
( 10 C `
= <Z
'
K*
#'
0'
'+ '
0<
#
# 801
K 2
[^

!" J # =
# 56
. > $ 5A + 0 '
.

.
0

& K*

7
!

.
N

=
1<

158

1 <* 0
. 0

0<

. !
#

&

Vk
'3
' <& J
# 801
K 2
0<
#
0
N#
0

&'

. &y

! b$
'+ '
'+ '

!.
'

0<

K '
. &y

. #
@ C !<&;
'

#K
&

7
.
# <

EL

!" J

&

2
o^ & .

1<
&'
'
& # <
&'
= !" J
1 <* 0
0 ' '4 & y
'
@C#
'4 ' = 7 ; 0K 0K '* # 0 !.
K
_p_ !;,.'
0*
#=
$>
&
.
1 !'
2#
1
*
0<
EP 0 < # !
#
Q
3
= . = .
!" J
' 56 Y .
;
! =
2

J j !" J
v^

. = .U

/ + #
2_Go

s 10 C .
B^

]^
_^

[^
"$

B^ ' '
% 1
?^ 1 0 C
!<
'
]^ 1 0 C

_^

Jj

#=

*J

=
EL
!" J
#
_qB !;,.'
0*
#=
+
2 #K
0'
#K
. > $ #
!0N
0'
1# '
!<&;
. . W
y
# '

;
!" J

EL

#=

< '9 ' *

!0

&

- 9

0*

!'+ 0 !0

#Ek
%B( 8
N .
N '
N #= Q
N!
' #Ek
*J
=
'
'* !'
2 m
g
EP
=
Yz 2 #Ek
. !' 2
'
$#

'

%?( EL
j !0 C
&8W (2
#Ek .
!'=
.
9
!; !' #
#Ek

' $ '& *
"
N . . '+
2
.
% `
& '
.
' &
O' ! !
!'+ !. 9 *
2
' <J EL
j
EL
j ' 8<
0=
&

!K
1K 2#
.
!K

2
_Go

$# |

. #=
< '9 ' * = J !' +
+ 0 < g
EF N
l N
=
=
EF .
J ! u
*
= 3> z
9 # < 8 EF 2
0,K
#Q 8
! '
' !K
&
N 1
!K
10C
S #Ek ' 3> ! ; .
*J
b VL !'
! N ! ,N
N
VP j
'
; N
N #
<*Z =
J2
J K* = 0C EP #K*
* N !0 < 0 <
EF
EF
K&
R *
l &J 2
10 C
9
10C
#
' &
J j !" J
8
K
7 1 56 ' 2t

?^

BpG? G_

<

. > $

< !<,

(N vg

/ + #

< N Ig B?_

159

(2
#

EL
mOm I 3

[^ p]qqq 0C O' 8
1 0C # |
'
#
& b !'+ !' 2
K 2
BpG]
v 5L
# O' # 22
'
# \ #

'

$
O'
. # |

!. 8
#

'

8
0*
. !K

# 0
1

0* '

!0 < .
O' 0+ 1
" !;
.
8'
*
. x !.
2 EL
EF !K EL
& # <
&
2

160

&'
8 D8

+
!'

0
1 0C

.
m

& <

.
.

:& %
.

'#

&
R z%
v\fh`R\ff`w

EL

.4

'

+ . !' <
j
= #' *
#
.
EP
'
'
' j
!' 2
$ BpG_
qp !; >@
+ 6 D
2 BpG[
+O'
!
j
#
$ # BpG?
2 V # V .*
#
%$>
( # BpG] +
2 #
& Q
. Vk = C.
N !0 < .
'
.
#
&J
jJ
2 0 '=
$
!
01 <
J! 2 9 *
+
!0N 8
0 ' genocide, war crimes, crimes
against humanity
'#
"$
N
0
0 N! .
# $ +
2
!.
.
.
I Y EL K* ! + .
' # J
2
EL
!"
m
.
!" J !'
EP
.
' J I3
2
'
!0 <
1'
'3
' %
Vk
'( <Z
2
'
EF
* '
.U
EF & *
!'

# 2
. <' =
*
' .
' ' (BNP) <Z
' !.
.
!
!
. .U
!
# 89*
2
J
*
!'
' <J Vk
2 * = # * _GG
.U
' = & \
* # <& J
0 < !'
2
!'
#
!0N .
' 7$
!.
. = !.

2 BpH?
?_ *
.
3> j
# \
' "*
!'
2
= ! + . = !.
.
K
EP
:
Q 56 * EF
j
0C
!
K
2

"
'
<J # '
* 9
C

9*

$ %" '
#0

!<

Bppq
'
# O'
j
EP VP
.
2

'
9 VP

2_GH

(N
<

<J # O'
0*

2 h ' N
' N 7 ' # .
0 2 o v 5L Bppq
!.
/ ! W z
<Z

0< `
Vk

'
Caretaker

?G !; >@
BppB2 .
#
' 2
'
&K 569J*
j=
VP 9J* .
'
* 2
*
9 *
= J #=
<#
#
.
j
0 2#
- # | :
J! +
!" J !' !0
Bq %' ( $ #
2 V +
BpG? !K BpG[
#=
< #
K 8
2
<Z
+ < \
#=
< !0
l
N!
'
!
! = 8
_GG
_GH

.
!
3>
='9' #
' <
2

*!
' '

!" J !' 2
<

3>

161

<

'

$ 3>

'

z EPVP

'

>E

#=
?q $ #
$
& \
#
*
v
=#
BpGB

# 0
$* B[

< B_q Boq $ # N

oq Hq $ # N .
]? _q $ # N .
8
9 *8 !' 2
J .
#
9 *8
K &
D
'
+ < \
=
J
sBpG? G[
#
K + = !8 $
8
)
j
#=
<
2t
<
# .
K*
j
0=
RAW & ' a J2 .
`
#"
#
#
!<
#0
?p v 5L BppB
+
* ! ' .
#
!" J
2
_Gp
RAW
0<
2 !'
. O$ ' m
<Z '
.U
# EF
I3
2 ]q # u BppB
+ '
8
&. | BpGB
$ <Z # D &
"$ 2 Bp .
Bpp?
+.
#
#r
D ! ,
'
<Z
_? '
3 s 10 C !
EP
=
"
'
9* .
VL
$t2
VL
$ a @ z 9J* ' <J
B^
?^
]^
_^
[^
o^
G^
H^
p^
Bq^
BB^

#r #=
<
9 @
'
. # ;# ' . '% (
=
# '
#.
% . ;; (
.*
. #=
<%
. '
vg
Q x7
'
#r # ' ! ,
1 0C
'
U '
$
'
J* %# g( = #
1 0C
'
<
7/
5A
EW
!. $

H .
Bpp?
+ #
!<
#0
.
#
*
#=
< ! 5A'
N # ..
N #r #
= * * $*
'+ !
.
' _ % ($
&EP
2
'+ !
'
Ns
'
# # 0
.
<
#
1
$ .U
'
&
*
$ 10 C ;
# '

2
.
' '

s#
!<
#0 . | 9 '
< 2 !0
# '
<
z J
N #U 2
'
<
#
'
#
*
2t
`
EL 3> Vk # r
! ,
&EP
N s
!<
#0
<
z !' 2
.
'
= h #
*
=
$
< 89
2
# <
' j
!'+ 2t
#
N sEL
0C
!<
#0 % 9 *
EP .
(#
2 ??
85L BpGB
+
EP
0 2 BpG?
'
<
X
2 BpGo
4 !K
%
' ( <
z # '
2 BpGH
=
# '
2 V '
# '
!'
2 BB . BpGH
+
!K
8
'
# 2 #
# EF
J !' +
2 ]q
& BpHB
+ !<
#0

_Gp

&

162

'
0*VP !

<
z 8 . # <
&
;
'+
C VP ! =
2 !<
#0
'
<
2t
?_ * Bpp?
+
'
<
% & (#
#
v$
!'=
2 ?o * Bpp?
+.
!
@ C s<J # ' t
# \
2 <J # '
56 *
<J # '
!<
#0
2 &
#'
! !<
#0
# K* !
. !'=
_Hq
#'
2
<J # '
#
<J

B^
?^
]^
_^
[^
o^
G^
H^
p^
Bq^
BB^

!<

#0
!
Ns &
}
2

.
0<

0*VP

!<&;
= '* '

Bpp?
. 2 <J
J! $ !
}

# \

!<
#0
@ C Bq $ # 8 0 < 8 Y B? . j
'4 '
0*
.
#
. 2
#0
'
<
% & (#
!<&;
<
'
$*
2
$J * !.
)
v^
.
% v^ #
(2
#0 <
z ; !
# \
8 .
#
<
z
81
N !0
%
(
=
+
!0N !<
#0 m
!
#

j <& J

<J # '
s I 7 '4t &'
#
!<
# ' #U !" J
<" J #
& ! $*
!<
2 <
#0
@C
&'
2_H?

_Hq

N
8

_HB

v 8 $ <.
vg # ' ;
0 @
3
; # '
; .# '
#
! ,
;
=
# r # = _HB
g J* %# g( . @
g J* %# g( # =
! ,
3 = # +
#

_H?

y
s<J # '
& <
'

t
*

'

+g Bp^qB^?qB? 2
U #'
2 V # =
"
} .
`
!

<
2

" J

!<

#0

C. <J

#'

EP

z
#=
$* =
' z <& J
<
z
"$

that there is nothing to directly implicate the petitioner in any of the atrocities alleged to have been perpetrated by the
Pakistani Army or their associates the Rajakars, Al Badrs or the Al Shamswe do not find anything that the petitioner was in
any way directly involved in perpetuating the alleged atrocities during the war of independence. Professor Golam Azam Vs.
Bangladesh Government (45 Dhaka Law Report, High Court Division, page 433

163

:& %
/ ;+ @ /

&
v?qqG

=#=

R %%
# . 0*VPw

.4

<

BpG? G[ # =
< #
. ! +
Bppo
*
9 * &
j & K*
2
0 # & y E
N Bppo
& y E !8 $
'
$
$
#
0 ! +
j & K* #
#
* j
'
#=
<
j !8 $ &'
'
7
3> j
#
2
*
9 *=
! +
!
.
`
#
#
!<
#0
Q !<
} Z
2_H]
Q
.
'9 z # =
< j
0
)
.
- ] % ($
# !
# EP Yz
$
2
Bppo ?qqq
#=
<
E 8 =
8
.
Y 0*b
. K*
j
2
#=
<!
*8Y '
=
z= *
.
. .
'!
* #
J
'
89 #.*
j
2
#=
< &K ' .
' a
Q 56 * .
+ ! 3
=
* m
VF '
' a
# b J | 89
# J* 2 ?qqB
*
.
$
#
$ J2
?qqB
*
.
!. $ #
& y ' !K #89 9 * ; #.*
2 V
*
= ' # 0
' 0K 0K8
9 J
K* N RAW
#K*
&
a
9
89 N ' '9
a
&
# 1 0* ' &'
J ' <
.U
EP j N
<
O'
VkJ & y
'
0 Vk 8
& N Third Force
j
_H_
#
9 *
l
, !
.U

+N
?qqo
*
_H[
!
#
K K
z
!'
2
&

/ # ' .U
1 N !; ', # ' !
' Kings Party
<Z
K* & 3 N !
' '
*<& ' * N !
1'
. ' * '
%'' (!
N
' ' #U
8
.U
1'
. &'
#
! #
'j
!'
* # EF # EF
7
&
&EF
+h. K
2 # EF ! +
BB
. ?qqH
+#
0=
Kw
O'
s# =
<j
!<
* 4 }
&'
2t_Ho
.U
7 ! @ J !
#=
<
0 < <Z ;,. <
.
2 ?qqH
*
!
* 89
N v
& j
N *
#
CIA-RAW-MOSSAD
l
2
.
# 0
'
9
. #=
<
*
0C
'
01
2

_H]

_H_
_H[
_Ho

B } Z
Bpp?
?o * ! + !
O' ! v
2? } Z
Bpp_
?[ .
H ! v
] } Z
Bppo
*
9 *! +
!
;!
Y
O$7) Ig BB[N B?]= BH_
Cristina Roca
Harry K Thomas
!0 W
1j
<& J
2
z
g
[H
# 0
z
+N
N 0*
'
! ' - pq %
( '
9 ' z .
*
\=
j8 # \
2
B? . ?qqH
+
.
' -2

164

! +

;.
2 9-g #

J ' #

4
N

0C

'

'

In the larger interests of reconciliation, peace and stability in the sub-continent

sIn the largest interests of reconciliation, peace, stability and development of our
sovereign countryt j p
& BpG_
' 8
EP
- j 71
! + .
Bp[ . 0C
p] . 0C O'
1 !' 2
$ %
$>
( # ' BpG?
#
#$ W ' .
J j !' 2
#
$ %
$>
(# '
BpG?
2
0C
'
EL
]G
&1
& !.
/ # ' .
2_HG BpGB
!0
& B_B[
N 0
1 0C
.
! $
N
.
10 C
j
.
X
! 3
'$
J
B^

K&
0+

!K
& .

VP8
?^ m

g
! & b

!.
4 * !;
!;
="
0C
'

#
.
!<
+
.
N & .
#=

Q RAW
# 0

56 *
0C

'
!
$*
<Z
EP

# {7 ! ,
oqqq !

G[
9
_HG

_HH

< ?qqH
*
& $'
Bppo
#
#"
0C
'
!.

+ < \
Ordnance)

N_HH
X

&

= 2

!0N he had no point of return; RAW

# 2
2
<

'

!. '
. ! u
VF ' a ! u
4 *
#
B] $ '
.$

' #

$ 2 '
*9
$
&1 !
#
! , %#
! ,
I 7
8
! ,
'
#
# 801 =
!K
j
2 9 -g
8 K N
/
, ) Ig p[(N
!
!
%0
. ${ +
#
`
9 *
EP
K
. '
<J (2 vg
/ + # < %0
.
(N

; # ' % 0 BpGB
w
: '
#
8 <
j
# <
'
.
(N v 8 $
@
% 0 BpGB
EP
j &
.
( & +2
0
N vg
N
N ! g!.g %# g( @
' % &1 !
&
!v $ <&@
!
'
$$
'
. ( & +2

#=
9 *
*

! ,

RAW
! & b
# 0 0C
'
<Z
2 I & "
'
*9
$#
Q
'
*9
$
Q
| !" J
#=
'
*
01
2

0C
"
#
!

0*
$

vQ
10 C
< # EF 8 .

*
<Z

&

8 D 8
*
9 * #=
<
. j !
%
* ?qqB
*
j = jN
Ns 85L ?qqB
<Z
2
#
'
2#

; EP
3> j
' #
$ !0
& &@ '
*
&
2
3> j
! + .
'
!
.
J

) Ig [q
+ !'
VP J9 *8
85L
!
y !
.
Z`

165

'
'

*
EF
#

*
\
EP

2
'
2
9 *
<

*
(2 j

G?

# \
2 *
'
!. $ 7
D
.= (Officiating Master-General of the
5e
# !'+ !< 2 VP EL )D Ig ?G[

?qqH
&

9 * #=
< B? v 5L ?qqH
*
9 * !"
.U
= &
Administrative culture) '
. %Digital Bangladesh489) < !
[%B(
sTrial of the war crimes
N_pq V jJ
*
.
[%B( = [%?(
* # 2
0*VP
International Crimes (Tribunals) Act 2009 # 0
2
BpG]
# VP.*
#
%$>
( #
i 0 0C
N #
=
' 0 %BpGB
( 0C
2
$
X
'
. !0 < .
%'
2
!0 < .
'
7
0C
i
7 8
%$>
( # ?qqp &J
#=
<
*
?p .

!
s?qqp
# VP.*
#
%$>
_pB
0C
'
2t

&%

.
2

# VP.*
0C

0<

<J

'

8.

.8;

+ ' '
EW %Political and
#Q
1
2
#=
<
?p .
?qqp
+
K
+

EP
' #K
EP
( # ' BpG? >J J
# V .*
#
?qqp
( #
# 0

&

#
%$>
( # N BpG] # 0 !
' <J 0C
X
2 !
2#
]%B( # ' $>
+

N#
K 56I1
!0N A Tribunal shall have

the power to try and punish any person irrespective of his nationality who, being a member of any
armed, defence or auxiliary forces commits or has committed, in the territory of Bangladesh,
whether before or after the commencement of this Act, any of the following crimes.( Crimes
against Humanity, Crimes against Peace, Genocide, War Crimes)
1
!0 !'

<
K

!
0
#- #
#

2#

EkN & j
'
0*
=
9 *
#
Q ?% ( = ?% v( # ' < ' $ K

'

'
$>

3>

(a) auxiliary forces includes forces placed under the control of the Armed Forces for
operational, administrative, static and other purposes;
(d) Service law means the Army Act, 1952 (XXXIX of 1952), the Air Force Act, 1953
(VI of 1953), or the Navy Ordinance, 1961 (XXXV of 1961), and includes the rules and
regulations made under any of them;

_pq
_pB

EP

J !
.

0 2
& 0.2

K
" * 2
?qqp
0C
b VP # VP.*
9 !0
* #
#
?% ( # ' 0 . 2
+

#
IC
$>

_Hp

Digital Bangladesh

?qqHN

D
' #=

'

N! , =
!0 !'

#
%$>
(#
#
]%B( # '
; 0C
'

!0
<
N BpG]
EPW

#
!

$>
2#

expansion of Information Commnication Technology

<

www.albl.org/menifesto accessed on 12.12.2011

166

+
+ 9 * !0
#

+
]%B( # '

sA tribunal shall have the power to try and punish any individual or group of individuals, or
any member of any armed forces, defence or auxiliary forces person irrespective of his
nationality, who being a commits or has committed, in the territory of Bangladesh, whether
before or after the commencement of this Act, any of the crimes mentioned in sub-section (2)

1
'
D J* !0 !
# 2
#

!0 !'
'
3>

<

!
0
#- #

K
0.

EkN &
0*

=
9 *
EP !'=

'
7 j

$>

?% ( # '
sarmed forces means the forces raised and
maintained under the Army Act, 1952(XXXIX of 52), the Air Force Act, 1953 (VI of 1953), or the
Navy Ordinance, 1961(XXXV of 1961t 9 g
EP
9 . #
& 0. +
2
N $>

+
# 0 !0 !
= 0C
<J
0 2 #
!'
.
.
5A+
!" J
!0 !< .$ i y &
VP
$ '
N vg
Vk 8
' N C. N
N
N
* *
5A+
R 2
?qqp
EP
!j- I C
N!
EP
1
IC !
N '
B^ !.
#<
5A'
+
?^ .
#r
'+
EP
]^
; $ O$ .
.'
&
_^ . ; # 89
!
&
& 0C
B^
; $ O$ .
${
?^
; $ O$ .
]^ ! . !.
=
_^ ! . !.
#
[^
. !.
. '
o^ ! . !.
=;
G^
. !.
+'
H^ . !.
#
p^
J*
7
Bq^ ^ ^

BB^ . ! g # r +
B?^ . + ' =
B]^
#r = '
B_^
# ' !
B[^
!< O' EF
J*

'

'

0 '
+
a

1 0 %

'
*

EP ( Ek
Bp[ .
X 0C
0< I3 2
0* Bp[ .
0C
2
'
+ +
0
N . N # ' N #
N j N
.
9 N
VF .U
N ,C 5 &'

Bp[ .
&K
0 '
EP
`
!
`
!
; #; 2
*

'
X 0C
#
& vO$
&
EP

$ '

! & vO$

#
.

#
&

.8
!

0C

167

! $

& D2

@ C !0
a @ z 9J* !0

j 0C
BpG]

# VP.*

(#
<
Liberation Struggle (Indemnity) Order, 1973 # 0 EL
$
0
V # VP.*
#
%$>
(#
0 C # <& J
#
0C
X
0
0C
2
U '#
' < B]^BB^?qqG
+ &K #
'
& x + s '
/
&

' EL
!0 ." 'I3 VP EF
N
'
8 9
#
.
.
1 0C
) T
'
&J '
) 0 '=
1 0C '
* 8
# VP.*
# #
0!
0C .
J* !K
&
0!
. 1 0C '
!< 2

EL

%$>

' !

'

The Bangladesh National

0 C # <& J
!
?qqp
< =
# VP.*
# #

' 0C
# 0 EL
0C 8

EP
= 0C
'
N
&8I
a
*
: 9J*
0 2
9 * -@
J= .
.
2t
. 8 jm
0C
"$
@ C= 0C
'

2
0<

War Crime Fact Finding Committee

8
vg
1 # 0
* .
$* %
'( 0C
+
!
! 2_p? # ' 1

+ ' !K # =
<
0C
+ m N .
0C
+
W 2 Fact Finding Committee- 8
1
#=
< K 0C
'
'
C VP <& J
2_p]
EP
#+4
:
*
8 D Vk 8 '
)
!
!
'
Vk 8
#
$
!'

C%

=
v8 $
! , N
7
} ' ! 5A'
' ' (2
l
' N

<4
D N

i /" : & %
& q
.
!8
N # T
N #
!
N #
!'= N '
N = .' #
N } ' . ; .N

&@ ! , N #
. 'N
+
D N
O'>
$N
!<

9
i /" : & %
& q ! ; .
N v^
/ + # < N =
9 @
J* ; @ + N
!
;!
2

N#
N

, v,
w i /" : & %
& q #r
0'
N . . ; # 'N
# ..
N # T &@ ! ,
N
/
' ! , N} '
N =
5A' . ' %.
(2

_p?
_p]

vg
q[^q[^?qBq
vg
q[^q[^?qBq

v^

N . .; #
+ N v^ ; +
/ N
/
N} '
! EP; % *
#=

T &@ ! ,
@

N#

N
; !

: N #r #
N

%.

'N
7 N
'
N
<

N
D N ! ; .
(N #
#

N#

N=

; u ; 4

$ q_^q[^?qBq

+ !$ 8

!'

'

+g

N#

N=

; u ; 4

$ q_^q[^?qBq

+ !$ 8

!'=

'

+g

168

0C

$ <*$ '
'
# $7

$7

& $

v 0C
' !0 Q - #
$ J I3
!0 '
0C
N EL
N !'
# Q
! 2
#=
<
!"
Bp[ . 0C
' $7
2
EP
'
2
_?
.
8
EP '
. N # ' N
VP
$
'
!<&;
=
5A+
2
.
# ' m <Z
`
$
N 0 '= +
& ]G . 2 ' #
'
$7
2 VP
$ !
! 5L '
#
`
. h
.
EP
#
!K
j
. !0 <'
2
+ !0N
VP
$
#=
<N
<N
v N .
9-g http://gurumia.com/tag/constitutional-amendment/
date: 17.09.2011
' N.
'
!
*
2
$
(, %

8.

/ A1
vg
O'>
1 z
.

>b

. 9/ C

Vk 8
VP
$
$
.U

B_
B?G
B]G

]
?q
?p

G?
?oo
Bq?
?p
Bq_
_`\

q
q
q
q
q
`e

q
q
q
q
q
a^\\

EL

0C

3>

_p_

<
# EF
EL

.
@C#

'

$7

= ! ,C = '
.
&

K !

>b
/ A1

>

>b
8 %
?B^_]
B[^G[
?B^BG

8<

_p_

[^B

EP
$7
VF '

#+4
*

7 #

&

5L
VF

'

!0

>
/ A1

$ '9 &

'

>
BB
BqG
BqH

8 %
GH^[G
H_^?[
GH^H]

G?
?oo
Bq?
?p
Bq_
hff

Bqq^qq
Bqq^qq
Bqq^qq
Bqq^qq
Bqq^qq
fp^_f
*

$7

symbolized

$j !

10 C ! &j

169

/ A1

1 # EF

@ C 0C !" J

!K 2

b VP 2
2 EL
D
2

0C

'

'

<
&
_q
`
=
#=
VF ' 8
!<
#0 N
. N
/
' ! ,
# #r #
0C
2 #=
VF #
VF #K
C. <J $ 8 $
N!
# #
8
j
'
0C
+
!
'
2
&. |
0C
8
2
V
#
Vk
; # ' 0+

0 '
0C
X =
K
N
#
8
0C
N + N
0C
'
N
_p[
' 2
9 *
! + .
&K g
EP
BqB[ .
X
2 'VPb
+ Bp[ . ! #
!< .$ i y #
0C
&
2
+ #
B_B
*
BBH . ' 2
0C
8
j
!' 2 BpG]
3>
'
.
! ' # *# ! ' # *
#
8
!
_po
0C
'
2
Bp[ . 0C
.
%
C. N
'
1
.
0C
'
.
( !
0C
'
m ! J
2
J
EP
VP
8 # VP.*
71 " . '
2

'

*
;

&

0C
!<

01
N

_po
_pG

_pH

#
}'

'

N
Y; )

+g Bp^q]^?qBq
+g qo^BB^?qqG

The Nation, 31 May, 2009

'

''
8
#

EP
5A

0C
'
<
'
&
Vk !K T @
Vk
'
#=
" J
C. N
' N u
4
!; N Fact Finding Committee
1 z 1 '
J '
+2
&K g #
Vk
0C
' !
N
'
_pG
Vk
No trial of 195 Pakistani war criminals.
%# g( !<
s EP 0C
'
# <
$
2#
EP '
2 0 # < = 0
# <
2
EP '
! . #
*
_pH
2t EF
Vk
0C
'
&
2
U '!
]q^q[^?qBq
+ # '
!. < K
0 <
t0C
'
0 $ #
! =!
.U
2t #
$ #
K2 w
.
#
;
+ BpGB
_ % (
T # Z 7 < h= !.
_p[

'
Bp[ .

+g qB^q_^?qBq

170

&

EW

2
3>
j`
K=
| ! 3
+
.

<

#
Bq%' (2 # =
< &J ]o .
X 0C
'
K
E6$
U '!
K
2 y
& '
N s# =
< + 0C
'
$> v*
2 '
J
v* '
' & j .U
'
"
2t_pp
9 * & Vk v 8 $ # r
D +
sEL
]?
10C
!'
[qq
2t
K 0'
!

'
#
8
[qB
N#
8
=K
5e
! 2 ?qqH
* = ]H
10C
2
[q?
&
Vk
s0C
' h
' !'
# EF
0Vk
2t # EF
'h
!0N
'`
<
! < ' = ! ! < 0C
'
.
0 2
'
'` < ! '
#
0 < - < W
<

' B__
.
0C
' h
%c( 0Vk !K !'
j
2
#
Vk
s0C
#
#
2t[q] # VP.*
#
%$>
(
# BpG]
# VP.*
#
%$>
( # ?qqp
< # 0 0C
%War
Crimes)
#
%Crimes against Humanity) 569J* # ' # ' #
)#
Vk
0' #
8
K
.
8
K
U '!
s0C
'
0 $ #
! =!
.U
t 1
&
2

_pp
[qq
[qB
[q?
[q]

'

'*

#VP * *

N T8

}' 0< VP )
+g q_^q_^?qBq
#=
) !0 7 & Vk 8
#=
}' 0< VP
+g qo^q_^?qBq
' & ' N
+g q_^q_^?qBq

N y
#K*

'

171

10C

+g ?]^q?^?qB?
2

9%
BpGq
'
#

!K
2

#b J

5 &
EP
9

\fhyRh\ ,

%
0*VP

=
D !'

&

&
[q_

'

"$
* 4

& $
+ 0 <

%1 O

BpGq

T @
2
' 56 Y 3

]=_

*
#=
!
N } ' N <& N +
2

* BpGB <&

'

!'

!0

0i !

'
8 D EF
#

'

'

-@ j

#b J

2 sAt Chittagong, violent mobs

led by Awami League storm troopers attacked the Wireless Colony and several other localities,
committing wanton acts of loot, arson, killing and rape. In one locality (Ferozeshah Colony), 700
houses were set on fire and their inmates including men, women and children were burnt to death.
Those who tried to flee, were either killed or seriously wounded. Apart from those burnt alive,
whose bodies were found later, over 300 persons were killed or wounded on 3 and 4 March.t505
% <& # =
J Gqq "

'$

< .Q =
J
# a < !0+
| 8 .+
2! +

'

> oN BpGB

EF
N

]qq

$N # <D
@ = T
= <

0 <N
=
0 20
2(

*J
! 3

2 ; .
'

$*

Thousands of helpless Muslim refugees who had settled in Bengal at the time of
partition arc reported to have been massacred by angry Bengalis during the past week........The
facts about the massacres were confirmed by Bihari Muslim refugees who crossed the border into
India this week and by a young British technician who crossed the Indo-Pakistan frontier at Hilli
today....He said that hundreds of non-Bengali Muslims have died in the northwestern town of
Dinajpur alone.
% .
y
!$

.
j7
8
(

5L
' m

m E 0 %Bp_G
( !' 8 <
| #b J
2 ^^^^
.
> $ !$
D #b
' .
#
<

&
Y

=8

9 *

'!

$ EF

v3

! pN BpGB

9 * Q
# > <& J
m E 0
!
8
"$

^^^^
2(

<
&
% >$

In Khulna, newsmen on an army-conducted tour yesterday saw what a non-Bengali

resident described as a human slaughter-house. Sheds were said to have been used by East
Pakistans dominant Bengalis in mass killings of Bihari immigrants from India, West Pakistanis
and other non-Bengalis during March and early April at the height of the secessionist uprising.

[q_
505

<

I\ 5L BHB

!' # 2

The Crisis in East Pakistan, Government of Pakistan, 5 August, 1971, p. 31.

172

%+

!
+

'

J*
&

;
' * <
!' 2 9 *
EP
&K '
D '

.
8

!0N
$
!K # <
N
' m
8

'

'

N 0*

'

56 Y f = "

0
#

2(

Gq
*
!K
'
0*
!
# 2 w
8 D
. .#
!
Y EL K* ! 5A' =
EF VP
2
2B
* .
' #
EF <
!" J
' .
Y
#
*EF !K N *EF 0 = #
K# J
w
: '
8 D
.< D K
=
% * . @
( O'
0*
2 ?[ *
.
9 # 80
2

!' +
EP

2
'

'
C

!K

EL

w N+ N} ' N
$N ' . N <&
!'
EF
'
8 D + 0*
2 8
' #EF
56 Y
J . EF
56 Y
'+ N 9 * -@
C N
#
* j7 1 ' &
10 C
z &' *
.
'
# b J 0*
4 "$
2
. 1 0C
N Bo v 5L BpGB
#
& j
# ' &
2 #
10C
'
@ C 0K 0K
+
+
= &
<& J
2 .
w
'
'
.
.
. <J
0
O'
N 1
4
'
/
Q '
.
O' !
$ ' +h
+h
2w
: '
EP
K* 8

Bp v 5L
$ N
"
'
I ` # EF w
EP !;
+ 2 ! + . !;
#
BpG?
* !
& j ''+
' #
'; <J
2 [qo
8
# 8i
#
Bpop
<J # O'
!K
$ K
C VP <& J
2w
5A' N
$N } ' N ' . N <& = +
& $
.
1< !
j
-K T @
2 Gq
*
9 *
8 8 ' -@
X
2 B * BpGB
+ # #
EF <
!
2#
EF
'

#b J
2
EF
' m
# b VP
= + <
J
!
0 2 '
N 0* ) '
" # <D 0 <N $ $
2
?[ * BpGB
+ 9 *
a
"
N
. #K
.
<
Z
+ ! K= 2
[qG
Bo v 5L BpGB
+
!K
'
T @ N 0 !
+ ! K = 2 "$ a =
C! 2
4
$ "$
J* !'
B^ s EL
!'
#
#
T IC
.
'
0
' = a
$
' = a
+
2t[qH

[qo

[qG
[qH

'
I3
!
!'+
!
!;

!
. 2 #

BG v 5L !0 S' ' 'I

9
7$ 8
J
2 EP
} } T
* ' 2 # ' . ! $* = =

'9*8
I 7 56 *
. a
2
IC V = ' I 7
J
=

Anatomy of Violence, Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971 , Sarmila Bose, Economic and Political Weekly,
October 08, 2005; p 4468
#
Q '2

!.
<

! ,J

9 *

2
' N '#

'N &K

&

Bppq ) Ig BB

173

?^

$#

!0N

"$ a
"$
$ I
<I 0 C
0+
w
!
& \
N !0
#
I + j . !
EF <& J
2
& \
g.
&K ' ! + .
w
&
* =
&
Vk ' z8 <& J
J &
J
x 2 !0 < .
'
&b #'
! '*
2
J8
;
N 0 '=
'
&
" C

"$
2
J
$ <Z
"$ BpG?
*+
"$
2 "$
' m
"$
?qq .
2[qp

%1 O
' $ 0
4
#
=
* 2 ?
& BpGB
+
+ !0
4
* I3
2
*
N sIt turns out that the

massacre in Jessore may have

been genocide, but it wasnt
committed by the Pakistan
army. The dead men were nonBengali residents of Jessore,
butchered in broad daylight by
[Bq
Bengali nationalists.t
?

& BpGB
-

'
EP

4
.
' $
2
V
EP #
2 ' m
'
#
2
# #+
Ns +$
$
Y
2^^
5L =
8'>
&
# I .
&
N
#
[qp

[Bq

[BB

X
EF
7
=
!
<<
#
2^^^
; $$
. |' 2t
K

THE EVENTS IN EAST PAKISTAN, 1971

' =

$ ! , | &@ 4

'*98 2[BB

# ! +

J* !'=

It must be remembered that these incidents occurred in the immediate aftermath of a most brutal civil war, and took place at a
time when no government had yet been established in Dacca, let alone been able to take action to restore law and order. As soon
as the new government was established and in particular after Sheikh Mujibur Rahman returned to Dacca early in January to
assume the office of Prime Minister, all the authority of the new Government was brought to bear to stop these revenge killings
and to leave the fate of collaborators to be determined by the courts after due process of law. In general this policy has been
successful, though feelings against the Biharis are such that explosions of mob violence against them may recur. One such
outburst occurred in Khulna in March 1972, when some 200 Biharis are believed to have been killed by a Bengali mob^
The Telegraph, India; March 19, 2006

. !' + N

# #+

7 ) Ig HG2

174

:& %

" %

%4

8T

EP
8
;% #
*
2 EL
56N #K* `
Ek
j EF a
EP
*I !; 0 =
$
Ek
8
% *
!K
9
<&
<
' #K*U
Z .
2
. .
s# j EL
8
!
!' + 2 ! f
l f N} '
2! f
$
&b
EP
*I
1
9
.
- $> !
0=
+
& 8$
a
7 .
! + !0 < !
! $
Z !'
! $*
D D
$
2 K @
!
K 0- 2 K -

:&

$ # |
*J
!
N !
v#
J
N *
. (N #
.
# '
x7[B? %c( 8
Ek 8
0 2 BpG?
# 0 [qqq
9 B]B?[qq ! $ $ (2
'
@' !8 !' 2 Y
' ' "
&
t

! + !0N s!' &

1 0C
EL
'
8 D 56'
EL g9 *
g &
2! f
* `
2
.
!
< N #EkN !<
2 & 8$
0*VP 0+ j
+
*$
' ! ;.
+
VP = 2 0
!
;$ a
0*VP !
$ .
J # J . <J 8
VkEP

56N
56N
.
! $
"

Bo v 5L
f
!
8`
@' # #
+ !
#
! 3
2
9 *
&
$ #;
!K !
2
[B]
7 2t

" X " X %1 O

BH v 5L BpGB2 w
&K <J.
1 0C '
!
VP = I + # ' .
1W !
Z` # <
'
' = !$ 8
#i # 8 0 < I
. O' # "O$
$ #
!
$ C
2[B_
?B v 5L BpGB
The Times + s The problems the Indian army has over caring for its prisoners of war pales
beside that of controlling Mr. Siddiqui, a castro-like former student, who is already known as the
Tiger of Tangail with 16,000 Mukti Bahini under his command... Saturdays bayoneting, when
the four bound prisoners were cold-bloodedly hacked to death by Mukti soldiers and Mr.
Siddiqui, has received world-wide publicity and clearly put the Indian army in a dilemma. The
army is concerned not to assume the responsibilities of an occupying army imposing law and
order. On the other hand, it is law and order that Bangladesh needs and the Indian army is the
only body strong enough to provide it.... But Mr. Siddiqui is a powerful figure. By moving
against him, the Army is risking incurring the hostility of a large sector of the Bangladesh
people.
%8
!j -N

0C
'
K#
'
/

.
>
Boqqq 1 0 C ^^^^
!
/
1
*I
$
0 2 8
'+

[B?
[B]
[B_

8 0
# j EL
9
GBN

'
'

!'

N
N m

!j J
2 &
'
/
& 1 -N 0
" /
$ #b N 0 ;
. 0C
Z4 K
4
: & J
E6$
; 8
#
I+
j
. . .

x7 5L
# #
. ) gI ]G ]H
E JN \ '> ) gI BpH

175

'

x7

5L

VkJ
' #
N '
$ 8

# '
' #
I+ j
^^^^ V .
/
. j
$
$#
K8

[B[

& .
1 z2
j

'
I3 =

-8
@C
2(

/
#

$ j
!<

Ns #

EA J
N BH v 5L BpGBN
! .
N . K
!
* N 8 "$
+ "$
2
I Y "$
2 V <
% 5e ?] !; >@
BpG?( 1
!
c$
<. !
$ & D
X ' ! v
1 $ Bpop
85L
' # v
j`
!
8*
N#
"N '
^^^ + 0 1 !
#
`2t[Bo
=
! + . EL j ` <& J

K*
. <J

'

# 0+ w
. &
*
# = [q .
c#
EA
N#
!'
EF ! ^^^2 #
N0 #

N +
"$
!0N
#
Z

s
BH v 5L
0i 56 *
& b .
< !; $
2
# $7 7 #
!$ !K ! g
c! $
c
w ! v
1
m
" $ "$ $2
w ! v
!
2 7
K
2
^ &
N#
K ' 2! + #
' =
. !
Q#
0i
& j
2#
# #
= !'+ 2 #
- !
&
2
K 'N =
1
2
s ^ &
N'
K ' r$ # J
2
1
2 ' ! W z '
# '
'
/
; *
2t
=
.
0
&
'
/
'
9*
2
^ &
N!
& J
!0N ! a
.
!
&
2
8 VkEk 2
K
=
2
K '2
s
N#
K '
#
#
!'
2t
# ! # EF 7
c
#

!0N =
.
= #
2 ;
!E v '
8
"IJ
4
2
= =8
2
#
!
'
$
2
'
$ 2 & 7
$ 2 +
'
& 7
$
2
'
!K
0*VP a ! 2 = < N ! "N #
N
& a !
T # O'
. 2t[BG

[B[

[Bo

.
=

' EL
j`
!;

<> J 0
. |' =

?_^q?^BpG?
' !
'

' =
+ <& J

;
9

http://www.sonarbangladesh.com/article.php?ID=956
[BG

!;

. |' =

' !

'

m
2
' EL
N# .
2

accessed on 19.05.2012
N# .

http://www.sonarbangladesh.com/article.php?ID=956 accessed on19.05.2012

176

2
w

#<
2

! +

'# '
$Q
+
8
'

s+ ; 8
2 7 +
# ..
+
8 *
2 !8
& C
#
# .z
=
# ' !
+4
$
h !;
2
73
=
8
Ek <
'
a
2
!',
K
< '
<&
.
8
&
< .
2
8
! $ J
!'
2
K
2
.
$7
+ !.
8 D . < !K
=
!< 2 .
' !< $
+
!'
2t[BH

*I

' EL
Yz
< !
jy J* # - !'

9 *

BpGB

& \

1
= .U

.
'
4 56 *
!
s .
'!
&
>C &' *
= `
Vk
@
#
N BpG_
'
2 '
! + . = Vk
EF
2 ! + . !0 @
BB$
@
EF
2
.
'
!' + ! + .
' . !'
. !' &
0 =
`
2
.
'
+ ' * 2
#
2
.
' ! + .
N#
# J
` =.
2
K T
#"
! + .
.
!
!.
'* !'
B? $ B
$
.
'
'

]? . . '
. ' Z
#

[BH
[Bp

;
.
GB

'
<
<J

*I !

'

*8

= !< O'
* 4

@
3$ $
#
! + #=
< !0 & J !
]B v 5L
B?$ B
$
.
' '
#
#
`
<J8
w
N
.
'
!
Z!
J
. c VP =
f
.
8
8
# j K $ $ 2
jJ 'h
'h
K
;
n VP
!'
! & vO$ #K
. !' &
K
EP
$ '
.
'
K
`
Z
.
'
[Bp
'
* 9
2

.
. &
' #b J

! ,J
#

0*

j
2 j
% I\ g pp BqB(2

$*

BH v 5L

'
8

' N '#
!<
#.

' 0- T @
= #=
'g
@C
2 #=
< ' $
' &
& j
2
jy J* # - !'
% I\ g pp (2
'N &K &
Bppq ) gI ?B
! + . N +O' # +

177

) Ig ]]

\ f =
<& J

?H # u

?qqo

'

4
#
2 ]q
$

$ turning day ?H # u
# u ?qqo Yz
j
EP VP
9 * *
# .
# ' # ' EF
'
<
h
;
J* !'=
.
v 2 # #=
<
*
<Z
l #
1 Y !'+
.
<U Z
v 2
J
4 "$
. #=
<! < BH ! 5L ?qqo
+
' !K
<} Z Z
#
#
.
*
' $
.
!0N '
?qqNqqq < U Z
$ # EF
0* 89
+
!$ ;
EF ! = . #
# 2G.
*
& oqq . .
* ' &
#=
< !
. =#

?qqp ?qBB

?H # u

?qqo

4 'I

2 ! ; !
! ,
' '
[?q
*
# 2
!K = !
2 `
' *
7 J !
.
'
&
*#
2.
2

4N a

[?B
= v*
! ,
#
#
!
1
a
2
"$
&
Vk !
7 !0
!
* * ! !
& D
..*
'
a
=
0 2 #=
" J
!
=
'3
= #=
a "$
m<D2
ay
"$ !0 + T

N BpGB
' . ' - <!
EL ! ,
a
* T @ 2 a
K ! + ;.
.
+
N
s#
: ! + ;.
<&@
!
' 2
&
#
2
EL ! ,
!
a @ z 56 *
=Z
!< + +
#
EF
!
.
Q $
+2 Bo v 5L # < # < Q $
" $2 EL ! ,
+ =
2 '
# !+h . = 0 2
!<
!;
2 !0
*
`
N
= BpG?
<
0 2 # '
J
.= ! +
[??
;.
<&@ 2 EL ! ,
+h .
j
=
*2t BpG? !K B_ # < BpG[
0*VP .
. ay
2 BpG]
o.
+ #
EL 3> Vk
' .
!0N <
[?]
!'
ay
+ ?q][ $
'EW
'
&J '
_p?[ . 2

w
v#

[?q

[?B
[??
[?]

http://www.bangladeshnews.com.bd/2006/10/21/200000-sticks-oars-ready-for-awami-league/ accessed on 23.08.2012

+ # '
! 2
.
# | EL. '
I
56 * J
'
EL
0C
# N
U'
Y; ) . GN BpG]

?qB?
#8
0 2
'
) Ig BG]

178

0Vk

' &

'

?qqp
*
j
#
!K
*89
a
& J
IC 2 & $ a
K
.
:
2# =
! O'>
# 0 ?qBq
.
!K <
0*VP %Bp^q_^?qB?( ?G
Bp '
!' Bqq 1 #
I+
[?_
#
J
Enforced Disappearence2 U'
#
!'
&
& ' Enforced Disappearence
+
B?? . 2[?[
#
!'
qB^qB^?qB?
+ & '
s 8 D
<Z
=
&
& ' # 0 <
%?qBB( T w !K ]q .
!
a
2
=
!<
- Bq . 2
+h .
2
?H v 5L
$.
}'
&
'
N .
_ 1 ?B '
+h .2
?q v 5L &
'
N <&
: '
- +h . =
C 2
BH v 5L &
'
N
'
+h .2
BH v 5L #
$.
}'
&
'
N#
J
Bo
2
' # x
'$ # =
N
.
=#
!K ?G .
# J
# I+
'
' 2
BB .
= !< =
Bo .
+h .2
Bo v 5L .
}' a
# =
$
' &
#
J
2
'$
N
; '
h .
+h .2 ' #
I+
' !
!
!+h .
2 Bo v 5L #
J
C
# =
$
' &
.
}' a
2
0
. & !
.
w
#
J
.
= !< 2
B[ v 5L .
}'
&
'
N 8 # S =
' ! 2
'
N
< ' x7 +h .2
B[ v 5L #
$ .
}'
&
' . 0 N !8
!
/ !K
' < 0' .
BB 85L w
G. 2= ' '
<
!K
' # J
2 7jJ
!
!'
' ? . 2 "$ Bq '
#T
!K
'
.
C
2
_. +
2
' # =
$
' N !EL
' !
' ?p 85L !K
+h .2
B_ 85L .
}' a
&
+
N
:
# = ]$
C 2
' #
$ IK
'
N a 'j J <
8 2
Bq v 5L
8 D.
}'
&
'# 0 w
!K #
I+
'
' ].
# J
2
'
<
: ' !K
'.
C
2
' $
!K # S ' -' !
2
?] ! 5L
$.
}'
&
'.
'
w
' <
!K ] @J
2t [?o

+
v#
!

' 'y
+
?qqp
* * '
@ C '>
N a
N $
= !v>
"$ 2 #
!
#=
N Vk
'
. ' N

'=
#
! +
[?_
[?[
[?o

}'
U'
ay

&K # N
+g ?q^q_^?qB?2
#
!' N
+g ?B^q_^?qB?
N
$> . vN #
!
N#

!' )

?[ = ?o !; >@
v# }
K
8 D'
[G . !
* * Gq .
1
I
8
!; !' N $ $N *JN # <D 0 <
& j 89
K
. 2 &
Vk
.
' ' N `
!
&

0 Vk
Q

+g qB^qB^?qB?

179

.
!

!'

'

'>
'
! @'4 !8 !'

#K*U

# O'

]q .
# \ 2! # \
' <Z

?qBq
+
- <#
h %[qq(
!0, 0*
!
& b !'+ 2

B}

+ B_BG %B_^q_^?qBq(

&

j
2

# VP.*
#
1'
BpGq

0C
#

VP
%$>

# O' !
.
'
N K K

!0, 1

N <J
=
#
. ?qqp
$>
+
2
EP
N
' <J
0 < ! + % 9 g ' ' ( !'
0 BpG]
# VP.*
#
%$>
(#
2 0<
0*VP 0C
N <J
=
#
#
N
J =
. 0C
N <J
=
#
<a
# =

9! %1 q <J
.
N *
#
8
j
D J*
!< \ '
' '
!< \ '
' '
W 8 ! !< \ '
'
0 ' W 8 !< \ . | J
. 9 * 0' T '
<&@ !K

[?G
[?H
[?p

&q

* 9 *
.N

@C#
( #

EF
!K ?qBB[?p
EF
2#
!'+ & . 2

.8;
# I
!
!
0*

D %[G( . >
- < !
;7 $. &
Vk
. !'=
<!
*'
@C!
EF !
2
'0
(
#' *
2 [G . <!
* !
!' +
c[?H

N
0iN ' z J
%
&
&q
. 'EP8
O' N 0 * N *J = #
#
.
* 4 0' !
!
<
J*N !< \ < N *
J
) 0 3> !' # m
#
i
!
569J*
B^
?^
]^
_^
[^

: '

+w
: '
* J# \
!0 U
=
&
N
8 v=
v
'
i .
2 U +
%+> 3
B
& !08
__ . - <D
O$
$!
'
-

EP

2[?G

*
K
$

EF

'

!
1
1 # !
#$ W
1'

&K # )
+g qo !; @>
&
#
.
* ?qB? 0*V2P

3>

?qBq
* *

N < \ = J*< #K
.
8

0*
. !' ) 0C O'
2

1 2

180

'
.U

N
N

K*

a @
0*
#
8 .

' 569J*
x
# <&@
EP VP
0C #

.U

"$

2
= &K

'
m
<
& . 0 101

N
.
=

#VP8*1
!' ) #K

*
. 5A '
Yz=
0i

56 Y
*
< N
N <&
0*
0N
1
)
.
* !' ) !
1 # !
. !' ) 0C O'
m
0*
#$ W
1'
)
!
0 101
=
Yz=
0i
2
<
2

!0
9 !0

#
!0, 1

2 0 C # = K&
8Q
2
0*
) '
<
. 5A '
56 Y
2
& .

"$

'

B^ BpGq
<\< }
'9*8
< '
.
0*
4
2 &
<& J
j .
.
'9*8
=
2 0 BpGB
0*VP
2 # VP.*
#
%$>
(#
<J
< # 0
'9*8
<
!< \
2 '
.U
K*
J
N
8 a @
W 8 .
"$

]^B

?^B

.U

?^?

J
EP
[]q
T @ 2

#+4

j
!

2# VP.*
#
C. N
' N * =
!< \
2 '
.U
W 8 .

EP
56 K
Ek
8

.
.

BpG?

#
%$>
* 0*VP 8

K*
2

"$

# |
J*
j EF a
N0
*
]^?
'
" !K
9
' ' "
&
Z
!
< N #EkN !<
@' #
& 8$
0*VP 0+ j
+
*$
' ! ;.
+ ! 3
VP = 2 0
!
&
;$ a
0*VP !
$ . !K !
J # J . <J 8
VkEP
7

#
[]q
[]B

[]?
[]]

!'

}'

'
#

#R
.

EL
0C
#
!' N
BG^q]^?qB?

0C
=!
8 D
<

9 * T @
N

#' *
:
< # 0
= <J

+ K

. #
$ ' N
.U
8
8 a @
0*
VP

N!
56N
# N#
BpG?
# 0 [qqq ! $
& BN]BN?[qq ! $ $ 2
<&
<
' #K*U
@' !8 !' 2
.
2 s EP
*I
1
.
#
9
.
- $>
!
0=
!
# +
& 8$
a
7 .
2
9 * ! + !0 < !
! $
Z !'
$ #;
! $*
D D
$
2 K @
2!
K 0- 2 K
2t[]B

( #

4#
N

Bo v 5L BpGB

< # 0
56 Y f

2
) IgBG]

181

56N
$
Y
2
+

Bo v 5L !K
2

5L ]? . . ' !
*
j
K
K* !'+ !'=
<& EL ! ,
[]?
* =a
2 ! '
K &'
s
. | # < #=
*
+ ! 2t[]]
1

) gI ]G ]H

'

BpGB
0C

0*

B_ # <3 BpG[ 0*VP .U

m
2 #=
2
a
j
#=
<
# '
& '
) ][
# <

# j EL

<J
W IO'N #
J
N

'

?[

K 8
. 9

_^B BpG? !K
*

8 8

'
( #
' !

%$>

Ek

# VP.*
BG

J !'=

=
<
K*

_B
_^?

=8

9 *

*
*

# VP.*
.U
[^B

#
' *
4 g O'

'
?qqo
Z

$
$* & \
v
.
2! + .
.
2
%$>
( #
<J
J ]? .
*
#
2
#

+
#
#
.

*#

`2#
K*
. ' ]? .
' (Time barred)
!0
2
'
BpG_
]B v 5L
B?$ B
[]_
'* !'
.U
& j
< # 0
0*

. Vk ' .
2

'

*
$
'
8 D
l

$ ."J '

'
.

?H # u ?qqo 2 # =
< ! - B] ! 5L
*
?H # u ?qqo
!
*
<} Z
1 Y !'+
.
<U Z
0 < !' 2 < U Z
#b J
G.
*
& oqq . .

[^? # =
!
.

0=

< ?qqp
*
#

j
- .U
.
2

# VP.*
#
%$>
' *
J . 'EP8
#
<J
< # 0

.U
J !.

'. !
( #
O' = 0 *
#
#

J !'
'

v4

EL K*
.
.U
#
. !K # '

& ]q .
"
#'
!K

< # 0
#

.U

o^B # =
< ?qqp
j
#
!K
*89
a
& J
IC
2
+
!
#
a
$ !'
8
!' 2 # =
! O'>
# 0 ?qBq
.
!K <
0*VP %Bp^q_^?qB?( ?G
Bp '
!' Bqq 1 #
I+
#
J
2[][ w
= v*
! , #
& $a
K
.
:
2 sa t
B_ * ?qB?
'
& D .
EL 3> Vk
+ 7
N# x
!'+ !< N # S
1' #
!
[]o
!
Vk <&@
'
& j <&@
# S
2
K
K
! 2 3>
Vk
' #
8
!' '9 !K Bqq .
a
& jJ !'
2[]GBpGB
!' '9 !K
.
& jJ !'
N
EL
0C
=
#
a
"$
International
"$ 2
#
a
< + ' .
!0 a
Criminal Court (ICC) 0
2 K& #
.
+
Ns $ 0
K K
2t[]H
o^?

?qqp
?[ = ?o !; @>
v#
&
Vk ! +
.
' ' N `
!
&

# ' 0 Vk
* * Gq .
1
I
8
Na
N
*JN # <D 0 <
#
"$
2

[]_
[][
[]o
[]G
[]H
[]p

GB
<J
#
!<
#.
! + . N +O' # + ) Ig ]]
}'
&K # N
+g ?q^q_^?qB?2
a c . N T8
N y
'
y )
+g ?o^q_^?qB?
!' '9
.
& jJ
2 EL
0C
=
#
'
#
a
$ TV Talk show
K
2
4 v#
}
$7 7 .
O' # 2
4
!K
!'+ 0 2

182

N
}

Vk

'
. ' N
[]p
' '
[G . !
= !v> !; !' N $ $N

a !
<

2
#Ek

; $.

o^] # O'
. J* ]q .
?qBq
+
.
* 9 *# \ 2! # \
h %[qq(
o^_ } + "$ %B_^q_^?qBq(
U +w
: '
- < !
* !0 U
=
&
0*
'

N
2

# VP.*
#
%$>
*J = #
.
* 4

(#

- <# .
!0, 0*
* J# \
2
#
#

183

# O' !
2

D %[G( .

< # 0 a N
) 0

N
#

>
0iN

: & % .8 ;

- J/ #
'

"#

/B

%4

/S[ 4

10 C

j 1 9
#
9 g ' $ 8 < 8<
2 &K g
%player(
m
g
%collaborators(2
# <& J
%player(
# <& J
EP 2
j
' ' "*
'
C 0C
2 '
#< J
J
'
1 0CN
'
2 Bo v 5L BpGB
EP
. # |
*J #R
7 !8,<
=
# EF I 3
28
!. 8
8
<
.
EP
p]qqq '
!' EF VP
2
%collaborators( #
' $ 9
812 &K g #8 VP J
%internal
collaborators(
m
g # VP.*
%International collaborators(2 #8 VP J
#
8 D 8 < 81) !0 g
B^

* =

?^ .U

]^ ! <

56&'
! ,C
N

VF =
. Vk

&

.
.

'

K
N
8 < % 569J*(
8< #
8<
%j'> (
% 569J*(

#8 VP J
' %internal collaborators ( * = .U
' '
VF =
.
' < _q
'
T EL
N 0C
X
2
* 56&' N .U
! <
'
'* #
0=
2 '
* #R
reconciliation and normalisation . # =
<
EL
0C
'
Q
VP 7 1
) EL
0C
v !
Q +
2 ! < 8
#8 V J
'
T
.
'
C #
#'
K
!
2 569J*
8< =
8 <
* *
*
' !0+
Z<
'
K ! +
N
'
* '
@C
2 % EP
9 *#
2(

C4 % /

vInternational collaboratorsw

EL

0C
' 8
EP
C K
2
'
#8 VP
#' * =
.U
K* N
6
'
: 9 g ' $ 8 < 8<
0 ) WARSAW
PACT 81 !'
9
' # NATO PACT 81 !'
9 =
: # ' # EF ! 2 # VP
.*
4
. .
IC
.
1 9
Z2 8
= .U
1

184

IC

j ! 8
Q BpGB
p # < J .
71
!K
! 8
EP 8
*
8
*
. = WARSAW PACT 81 !'
9
&8
EP
!
0*VP .
8
j
EP
j !8 $ j
& <
2
! @ # EF
89
EP
j
2
EP
#+4 j
.
!'
y ! ,
! & J
=!
m
2

71
2
0 < !'= .
"
Y
'
. $ !'
9

4 .8J n3
* 01 3> '
!
:
$ 1
3>
<J
# 2 &K
:0C
m
:0C #K
*
:
s Vk 0C K
@ C 0Ct (War against
Humanity)
7 !
!' $ 89
& J 0 < 2 BpGB
01 3>
EP
. VP
j
# EF <& J
2 US-Pakistan Mutual Defense Assistance Act 1949 and US-Pakistan Mutual Act
1951
=
EP NATO 8*9 SEATO = CENTO
'
! 8
j
Q
2 s
'
W* j # I
& W j `
.<
*
9 *
EP
$ .U
JK*
& .
j
2
Y
'
& D
#
<I
* # EF $
9 * Q %
' ( .J<
@ C2[_q
* 01 3> EL
0C
Ek
# VP.*
!;
EP
j
`
9 *
EP
0i
2
?H # < BpGB
+.
"
* 3>'9 ..*
%..*
*
! & vO$ (
`
K O$
Q j`
. N 9 *
EP
*
0
VL
.
* $ E
!; * <Z
2[_B
'
.
j 0*b #3 ! >J
. i
Z
Ns
'
10 C
#
EP
j2 &K ' #Ek
K* '
*
EP
2
. !'
'
*
8
# EF

J K * ' = # K*
'
2
Y ] v 5L
EP
Q8
0C T @
!K 01 3> & 8
=
EP !"h
# J
K 2 EL8
'
89
'
j0 2
01 3>
EP
K* 8
<
' y ! ,
Z 2
# VP.*
> b j
!
0*VP
! ! ,
. < 2
EP
.
+ 0C
" $ # ' 10C 8
=
.
" 9$U
& 3
01 3>2t

'
EL
0C
'
. Vk 8
M* ' # ' *
= . 89
2
*
! 8
!
EP
'9
89
EP
#+4 .
- .
&
Vk ! ,
!
*
EP 0 "$
EP

[_q
[_B

'

<& = 10C

56 '

EP
j8
Q+ +
2
& vO$
"

x7

' 2 ! 8
= M* '
'
j'
2 = '
. Vk
9
7
. Vk % = '( 89 .U
8
8
89
# '
Q 56 * <
2
* 56 * 7 - !
8 !'
2

O'> K - ' )

! &

Ig [Bq

www.liberation warmuseum.org August 28, 1971 accessed on 14.11.2011

185

EP

N
# : !' N 8

EP

=
EL

j .

= . <J
EP
[_?
<& 'I K* !' 2

= . <J

'

3>

* 8,

z=.

>$
# <& J
>$
v
) J >$ 8
' $ ; (result) !' + 2 sDivide and Rulet
>$
gEL
!
2 !
>$
'
EL
0C
= m + 89
2
EP
#+4
:
#
EP
+4
: 2 9 *
EP
&K <8J*
!;v
! v* . N
EP
.
EP
j
& .
2
#
N s#
:
!0N
EP
-@ # =
< &
&J !
'
K
'
1 b
J
2t [_]
I$
3> Vk
#
v<
8
'
& Q #
N
'
EF
56 * #
E
K !0 < 0 < j
2#
EP
. <J
*
9
$ .U
!K !
'
2[__

='
8

' !' !0 m +
'

/G

/
*

8/

- 89
.
'

BpGq GB
:
N
$
J
1
: &K EF # EF
2 #K*U
' ' =
# EF
'I 2
! W z
= 7 E
Regional Co-operation Development
(RCD) & \
: #K*U
D
#<&J 89
2
. + ' '
EP
* I `
3>
: #3 I Y !' 2
N
#
N #b +h
4 = .U
! W z & \ !'
5e
#
.U
! W z
}
) C IY ! W z
: #
2
$ !'
81
0
`
: !
.
'
! W z!
2
:
! W z
'
EL
0C 8
# <&
0Vk
<J
N K K
: ! W z 9J
b VP
!' + 2 ./ # \ ?? .
5A
EP
= 8,<
#+4
j & 3 &
9J* K* i
2
EP !8 < 0 =
3>a
$

)
&K 8
'
7 3> EL W ' !K
K 2
EF
J
: ! W IO' #R
+
. +
' !K
D
+
C VP ! )
*
j
. Vk
'
'
!'+ . OIC 8 1
l <& J
2 BpG_
! + .
OIC 5A
!0 <'
'
:
Q 56 * <
j
2
#
`
! & vO$ #
'
W z ! ,' #
' ;
N
# .
! & vO$
'
0<
EP =
'
'
' < <& J
2
# VP.*
#'
Bp[ . 0C
EP VP
8
j
E
<. - . !'
+ B[ v 5L BpG] !K BG ! BpG_ 0*VP *
= 0C
#
!
56I1 2
' !
' < ;
EP # VP.*
#'
!K
$ &
C VP ! 2 BpG]
B_ v 5L # VP.*
#'
.>
2

[_?
[_]
[__

:#
EP

www.liberation warmuseum.org /Today/April 11, 1971 accessed on 14.11.2011

www.liberationwarmuseum org/Today/August 5, 1971 accessed on 14.11.2011
www.liberationwarmuseum org/Today/May 15, 1971 accessed on 14.11.2011

186

EP

$#
' !' .
# '

C VP .
#
. 2
# '
# ' 5L ]p]

!K
B[ v 5L BpG]
!'
C VP ! 2
# EF #
< !
'
K!
9 * #
!; >@
EP
'
EL
= * 8, 3>
EL W
EL W !' 2 ?? !; >@
'
EP
EL W
8
5A
!0 <' # !
K
2 [_[

[_[

'<VP )

& ?qBq

187

$ # VP.*
! >j
O$
" J

#'
! $* # .
!K
'

# $ $ 8 BpG_
!' 2
'
= 7 E
'
# \
=#

??
'
*

C % / ~ / < b .8;
s0C
'
$ #' *
j ' $ #' * K

B^
?^
]^
_^
[^
o^
G^
H^

0 $ #
! =!
.
8 ! , 2 0C
2 # ' * m Om options a

&

.U
t2[_o .
0 ' .U

'

$ #' *
!

VF
VF
. Vk N *
j ' = O' ' 2
EP VF
8
VF
' VF 2
. N# ' N
1 0C2
mOm & J '%Conflict aggravationism)
mOm
' (Conflict resolutionism)
# #
# #
.
'9 ' *
` +
# '
BpGB !K
# '
.
#K # r < ;; ! ,
8
s @
! Q

w ! O'> .
&K '
7$
= 9
' ! $ 2 ' 8
! $c m
EW 8 c N
0<
K #
; %
;
+ # (
> 0
[_G
[_H
#
8 c
'
= EW
Y
c # =
K
O'> K[_pc !< EP EP [[q !K !<
! EP; c ' .
! c
< #b J
+
+ .c
. jJ
c ' .
c
EP c
T
2t[[B
.

sThe
2 Winston Churchill
longer you can look back, the farther you can look ahead. (!0 .
0 ! ' "* ! .
8 `
IC( 1 $ #
+
2 7 &. |
'
'
BpGB
!K T @
2
$
& !0
J
v GB !K T @
> 2 J$
%Assumption)
!0
_q% (
2
#
'
#
0
I
' aJ N
.
9 * !K T @
2 8
'
J %Assumption of Bengal History) .U
# ' * m Om %Politico
2
philosophical[[? conflict)

(/

Z 8/

/ C% i 0 & 4

8Y

-%

56 *

b 7 8

. Vk = *
j
' mOm # ' * %Philosophical)2
:
9
#
# EF ! +
. Vk !
I3 *
:
N

srelegion is the opium * # ; t2 #

*
j '
*= ! =
*= ! ) !0
!. $
j
NATO . $= !
WARSAW . $= ! 2
*
j '
*
0
. Vk
K* 2

[_o
[_G
[_H
[_p
[[q
[[B
[[?

# =

.<K
0 <N } ' !
N }' # '
) ]q^q[^?qBq
0
0
K
' 8 28
O'>
#
8 0
2
# =
=
#
- O' ! ,
&8
2
# <&VF2
O' K Z 7
'
0 N !5
< ' 2
!< EP EP
2 ! + ' % g( #
<&VF !< EP %Rose Garden) = EP (The Orchid)|
1
# <3 h Y N # ' < ;; ! , ) Ig Bop BGq
9 g .
' *
8Y <
Z <& 2 # ' * !K
.
.
!K # ' *
8.
0= $ !
!'
* #' *
j %#K* ` zero)
! 3
2

188

EP

VF

'

VF

.; K
: "
0 < 0 < !' !' }
2 # K* ! 8N
& !
.;
.
' !Z '
! 2
u> < $ 0 <
#
.
2#
'
.;
+
.;
'
+
! +
Y ! 28
!< O' EF RAW
'
.U
! W IO' 8
VF #
#
EP
& # 7 ' *
J
< 2 #=
<=
' a
VF
.
' '
a
.
X
EP VF 8 )
8
&
' #
.
.'
8
VF
X
2 '
5 &
8
%Indianisation)
0 $
'
=!
8
!'
2 V
$ K
EP VF 8
VF
' VF
2

'
'

#
;h '
'
EP VF
! .
8
J
* 9
'
!'

1 0C

# . "I J
r2 EL
0C
.
1
.
# ' T
VF =
.
' ' #VP8*9 1
=
+ & J ;
# . !<

2 m 81
'
N
m
10 C
2 . .
.
=
m
<J
1 0C .
+
2
N
N8
$ |
VP $ !
. N# '
z= .
m =
J!
&
0 C # <& J
= 1 0C
2 .
=
K # 0
1 0C
+
$ . 2 # . Vk N
'N
* *
* N
1 0C !
' #;7 VP 0 <
<& J .
1 0C
$* ; $ <&
Z
! < 2 1 0C
$* ; $ b = <&
!
.
#
Q z '
0 2 K = 89
$* ; $ <& 0
#K }
!
J0
$* ; $ <& !K
!K
.
# '
. <J
2

mOm

'

mOm &

'

J '

. N EW
N EL
0C #K !8 $0 C
. mOm
' Yz & <
K 2
#
. mOm }
' = mOm `
' Yz & <
`
! + .

. = !.
'
+ 2
8 $. 8
. '
!
#
'
!
. <J
5L
mOm #
#
.
8
!'
& $ ! u mOm
`
2
' N C. !K T @
>
*
EP . <J
< '
. <J
Q'
mO'
0*
0 2
EP
.
` 2
.
3> Inner conflict resolution
aggravation system
+
EP2
;
Z

#
EF
K
2 !.

189

!'
< '
3> ' * .U
#K*U

.
2
' EL
=
<
mOm
J j !" J
*
&

K*

5L
* ?qqH

N
' ' '
C. N
system # 0*

N
!
' #

.
8 <N
*
K* '
3>
.4

Inner conflict

'
9

.
&

!K
& 3
0
B^ # =
<
?^ # =
<
]^ 8
!8 $

?q
#

!'

!0N

4%

Hq #K*U
& Bq

.U
#

= EL 7 * # <& J2 !'
.
C.
' =#

&

Y !8 <

2 j

8*
3>
' '9 ' *
2 ` + #l' *
m
3>
D
5e
'
C. N
' N .
'N # N
#lL' *
Wy #
+
`;7 2
K
5A ' &
V
R
'9 ' *
'
` + VP
EP2
3>
` +
2 +
+ #
& J
.'
.
!'
* EL
D
Y2 0 !'
' #<&
.
8' 8 0 =
K
'
EP VF N EL
.
# ' 2

( % / \fh\

(% / C

' =
8
BpGB Bp[?
!K
`
& . 2
# ' . <\a
K QN 4> = !<,
8
# > 2
#
#
K&
!'
+
2
#
&
!<
~e "$ =
# > N '> N# 0*N Q N !
N
* .
9
.
8
2#
/ !
#
2 +I3 9 *
.
9 * !K
. ' # EP z K
=
C. #
'
. !' 2
J #.
&. |
#'
!.
#
# * C. ' #
!K
0 Bp[?
8 # O' N Bpoo
'; #
EL
0C

'
2 0 Bp[?
!K
'

+
2# 0 !
# # < !K
8 8 '$ I ` .
K
8
8
O'
+
EL Vk
# N !<, # N # | 0* ' # 2 ` O'> EL Vk
K
s Q #
;7$ !+
2t
. 0* ' I CN
8
<
8
'
=

2
J

8 9 t2t
!'

[[_

G&8

' .

l L

B
< +%

8
[[]

Hq
.

c D 8 A%
3>

2
`
! 2
.

& . .
* J*
*
! + *
3> Z }
2
Hq . 9
. 1
oq
K* #K ' $7
q[
'
B[

>$ #

2 G[q
N <& N
8
` *
.
'
2 K K
O' N BpGB
! 3
+
2
'
.

J 1
= #

<

s
7 3 C
"X
< M z ``p
t 2/ v ( % t / ) A
w
, <
K

' 8 28

O'>

190

EL K* # r < ;;
$
%
3% .

! ,

<P /
b
#%
% / :r% " X M
``g
%

CI $ #
&1
0 &1.89
"X M

/ %1 b / :r % ) &
:t M %
C%
M
%
C%
M @
# r < ;; ! ,
Y

8/

M
9%

0 ' m Om

b
W !
8/

7 3
A%

M
9 : 8: ```
9
A C M
C% -! / M
: M
j&8( @ Mo``a

Yz %Dialectic Theorem) 8 Y

7 !; >@
0
#
8
& D
VP
. 89 8
! $
' =
8 <& J
= ! & J .< 2 #
;
0< [[G 8 '
O'> K
K
0 . #+ '
2
' r
> 8
0
%0
8
0
( # + ' %# N ;
.N
*< .N ; N !E6 N ! $ N
EW
'8
8
>
8
IC
(
r8 4
IC 8
.*
#
'9
0 Vk #
! 0 2
[[H
#
O'> K !5
0 .
#
!<
! EP;
:
5A c #
+
/ ! 5A'
+
+ . . < *# 8
#
J !
&
! =
.
.
# j
c 0
5A' % g(
&
! + ' % g(
<
N
; !' . .
N
`.
!+
N
#
= #
!0
+
>
J
.
D
8
#
8 <
<&VF
# '
.
VP
2
# r < ;; ! , # '
m Om !;
)
C VP 9
& D
Y 0 !
* J
K
$) 0
:
N + &
* & ; "$
2 #
7
O')
7$
#
7$ O'
0 < ! 2 < ;; ! ,
K
0< ! 2 .
#VP
:
!0 !
N +
!0 !
* '
!0 !
%
7 !
D
#
(
. O'
:
!0 !
O'N + &
!0 !
O'
* &
!0 !
O' %! 'N < N
N 8
#
(2
8

1
3 2
*

8
.

#' *
Conflict) `

B^

=
+
X
?^
' !
9 *
7
!
#
!0
0
O'
2
O'
]^ # <&@ $
' #
0 EL
_^
$
+ 0 <
#
EP

[[[
[[o
[[G
[[H

!<

EP EP

1
* 0< !
!<
! EP; #

.U

mOm %Philosophical Conflict)

9 *
EP ! W z
$ <&@
.

' !
2
EP

!8 8
0 8

I IO'

EP

#+4

#Q .

!
.
'
0

= EW
.
<J
2
EP !K 8 <
!K
N
*
EF
& y 8 ` #x !' +
# 8
!8 $ '
;

2 ! + ' % g( #
<&VF !<
# <3 h Y N # ' < ;; ! , ) gI Bop BGq
2

#' *

mOm %Politico philosophical

8<

% g(2

191

0 Vk
' EL
9
!

K! N
y
'

!K

V 8

)
!

'

EP

VF

Q !0 < '
V
'
Q
7
>

!
!
8
=
!K
2
2 1 0C '
zT

EP %Rose Garden) = EP (The Orchid)|

)
)

'
EL
=
EP
#
N #
.
& j =
j
'
.
$ # ' BpG? &J
2
# V .*
#
%$>
( # BpG] &J
0C
'
. 2 V #
!
.
+ =
'h 2 s Bp[ .
@C +
'
2 J
Bp[
.
! +8
EP
Q . ' EL K*
.
2^^^^8
'
71
2t[[p
BpG?
!
0*
C. <J
!0N ' &K # !'
.
.
=
7$ $ # 2 EL
0C
'
@C.
"
J
' \`h < !'
Bq_ $ !' !8 $ &'
) : .
. # EF # 9 #
=
!'
x7 3>
!
8
'
3> 9
mOm #
Q Q #8 VP J m Om #
"$
2 3>
EF
N D = IC
# <& J

2 C. <J
' ! +
3>
! + .
$

1< 8 = 3< 8
* ' T @
2! + .

K*
!0 # '
' VF
2
s!
#
$ +=
8
$ +=
EP
$ +
+ #
. 2#
T
$ KN $ +=
[oq
# Y!
V '
EL K* b
2t
+ .
$ # ' #$ W '
* '
J j !" J
.U
C VP <& J
2
mOm
!' <Z
.
- .
#
' 0 #8 VP J
reconciliation
. $ 56 D
2

CN %

.U
BpGq

; '

& Sunnah

?qqp
D

/ R

&y
j j
EP .
= & '
#
&J

#=

< ?qqH
'
*
9 * &
#Q
2
! +
7
<

2[oB

*
*

9 * !0
0C

&

# sQuran
?p
'
$

.
!+
1
1 2 #
!'
.U
1 !+

[% h $( $ # =
<N
N.
N.
$*N # !
2
EP #
!K
#=
<N .
.U
'
# EP z j
# 2!
.
& \
=
z=
EP # !K
j
'+
& \ $
.U
-'
2
EP #
1
'
<%

<(N ! .
N
.
=
N
v N
%8
(N
% . ;; (N
$*N .
'
'
#
&K ' . '2
'
*
# EP z
$
2
<Z
<8
#
! $
' !K !
* ' !0 <'
2! .
N.
' #
< Z !+ ; # O'
j7'> j7'>
' a
.$ & \
!. $ C
# O'
< !
2
7
'
.U
! @ J #=
<
*
j '
. Vk
VF
' ' )

.
' ' N.
$*
'
.
' ' N.

9
' 2 BppB
!K
.
# + = +
9
!. $ 0
.U
# ' * mOm j
#=
<
Q2
' .
$*
! ,
ZN #
! , ;7 $
2

[[p
[oq
[oB

'
1

N
+^^^^^
# <3 h Y N # ' < ;; ! ,

) Ig ?H

www.albd.org/menifesto (English & Bangla)

192

.U

# ' * m Om # =
<=
0< ' a
$ $> v* 2
'
J 56 ' # r .
$ $> 56 v*
i
#8 = $
0) # r .
.= .
!K
!< 2 +
v* !+
' #
CIA-RAW-MOSSAD
(CRM)
*
$> v*
!K
K
2 '
'
R = y
3>
- '
2 *.
' !0N
.
.*
j
'
'
<
J

@ C # EF
2 '
* 4 #=
<
& D C=
J
#
!; 2
+ .
.U
.
2 '9
!'
< 8
h ' < x N O' < x N . < x N
EP
# N . ; # 8 N = ! . 8
' $ !'
N
a
!'
2
EL
!"
!.
.
1 0C
!K
! + .
X =
!
X
$ & D VP
' 2 # m $ 0C
'
.
!+ 2 ' $ .U
!+ 2
&
+ @
!0
'
s . '
K # K* ! '
t[o? # + '
N ' '
&b #
!0 &
!'
|
0*
J
2

*8Y ' a

.U

C VP

>$
T @
!K
*W z
)
. N
N jN
j-#
EP
2
' "* '
$ & D !j 8 '
.
) ! !j 8 = * #
' !
!K
J
.
8 D VF # 5L
2
!5 N 0
' 7
<Z # O'
!
'
&
!" J
!0N
'
7
'
a$ 8
<
2[o] #
EP ; 9

O'

&8

*
K
8
O' 3>
@ 9J*
J O'
O'
*' j
h A History
'

of Freedom Movement : Bengali Muslim Public Opinion as Reflected in the Bengali Press 190130 (p-125)
<& VF O' !
!'
Bp?[
$ !" J CI !' s#
0+
+ < \

1
5A' =

'

EL

' N

2t
j
8 N
+ 2

[o]
[o_
[o[

2
W +

!
`

'

&8I

#
<&VF
<
O' `
2 #
8

N
2
*

O' 8

! +
&8I 2 O'

'
Z
* J
sa @ ' jJ N #
N EL
O' N
0K N '
N'
&8I
W
! &
56 *
'
N
0
&8I 2t[o_
O' ' m
&
N 0*
gEL
2
.
K
O' ' m # b VP ) # EF < x VP
s#
!
O' !
O' ' EF m
0*
2#
VP #
1< # 8i !0N
& W
O' EL 8 8
8 @2 # N !0+
8 @
.
! +
'*

8
m

#
& \
!0N #
EL8 g 4
K
4 ' 2t[o[
7 EL
' !.
[o?

'

0C
Z

2
.

.z

s
2 K&

.
' -N
+g
Times of India, 25.07.1925
O'> K Z 7 =
!5 N 0
' 7 @ 9J*
J#
<l +
A. R. Mallick, British Policy and the Muslims in Bengal; p 156
The Indian Quarterly Register; p: 647

193

!'

< =
.

0 2

+
K
#
O' . '
.
' K 2. '
7
#
'
h
2
+ 0 <
'
2! '
+ #
$
'
2
7
#
#
@ C BH]q
G # <3
. >$
[oo
! $*
2 V . ' '
@C
.
7
2t
&
.
@
#
I+
Vk J .
8<
l
v* .*
4<
Bpq[
&K '
&
*
2
# EF
I Y
#
<Z
l <I
2 .*
&
*
l $8
>v
!
2 >v
l
7 &'
!' J* ! Q 4 # 2
8 <
"
& " j j
. . # VP Q
=
' !
& 3
2
8 <
' !0 &89
<
0
'
# &
2
0* .N '>
N \7 = O'
.
; 0 #
# D
[oG
9 *R = !8 <
.
8 <
l
' )
'
2
O' . ' <J #R
W
&. ' ! J
! ! J #K* !
' 2 &. '
j ' j N + EL O' = #K*U
0<
&
'
#
d' J 2 !
=
Y Y
D
+ #
J
2 &
EF =
-@ $ 9J*2 ' !8 < .
9 *R
+ !Z !'
2 '
#R
! , 0- '
56' . ' <J
* ' $
!0 0
&
!
EF
2
# 0* y = ' * 0 ;
.
*EP # .
= I+
.
2 &'
<J #R
' z
O' . ' '
# + 8
EP VP
2 '
>
!
! O'> 2 9 *R
j . !
#K* /
2 * <J 9 *R
8
2
9 *R
' =
* '4
2
7 &' # N Y = 9 * Q
<Z
N
#
BqoN[qq <*
) 0 '
W
2 Bpq[
?q .
7 & ' <Z
.T @
2 7 &'
&K <8J*
; ;7
(Sir Bampfylde Fuller, 0
w
: '
Fuller Road) &K '
w
>
EF
2
<J 7 <8J*
' #8 K* &'
= O'<J j 8
&' *
2 7 <8J*
&K # 0 # 8 O' i
O' #EL W . 2 b7 O'
.
.
K
#b J
2[oH
' # +
N s O'
8 < ;
<& 9 * J
2 $
O'
&K g .

& #"
#8
2# g
8
+ ' K 0K
' .U
# O'
! W z !'
EPN
'
&
j
z
#
$
*I z & \
#8
2
8 <
@C
O' # O' T @
!' 2 .
m 81
N
81
N >$
!' '>
'
#T8
[op
#
#
[oo
[oG
[oH
[op

&8I
. <J

V #

Y.
# <

1 m
}

& D

; ;7

5A

T @
8

<J &

< v* # #

O'
T @

.2

O'
!0N

}'
f N $7 $7 $7 $7 N
7
) ?H^BB^?qBq
Muslim Separatism in India , A. Hamid ; p51-52
Some Personal Experiences, Bampfylde Fuller; p-126
Honour Guards on the ground of Ahsan Manzil, Dhaka awaiting arrival of Lt. Governor Sir Bampfylde Fuller in 16 Oct 1905.
(photo: Fritz Kapp)

194

=
&
#"
2 <& O'
J &
1T @
2
# < 9J* = # EP & J
J
c
'
Z` #b J = # 8 1 T @
! c & W

!0 <8 <
EL K*
D=!
2 !0 +
;
<
O'<J 8
7 =. .
$ #
& \
! +
<8 < ;
3
!< 2 7
+ < \2
9 *R
<J O'
!K
1
'
#
R
!0
' EF
'
K
#
8<
2
! +
' # +
N 0
}
^^^
Z`
!0 !' &
# O'
T @
W89 #K 8
J
K
!
56 * ! 2 !0
&'
O'<J 63 + " ! +
' ! >J &
#j7 D +
# !
` /
[Gq
# O'
! 2t
8 < ' # O'
#
!
O'> K
.*
N <8 < !" J # EA
.>
2 !0 Bo # u
7
9
% 9 *
= # (N ! '
O'<J .
! '
2 '
.
N K 8EA + N
<

j8
<Q
2# X
. 8
<8 < '
[GB
K <& J
2
sBpqH
]q! ! !
0< VP O' '
&
'Y #
.
<
+4
' N K*
@ C . <J jy
!
2
Ns .
*
. VP '
.i
- ! E
'9
2
1
D EP
!
7
VP
2#
.
VP '
`
9.
2
E '
V 3
2
0 ' . & J ` <*
= ` ' = 0
2 !0 ' <& <&
8
9.
! ' 8
EL<*
1 = # * ' # 8 1 2t[G?
s
O'> K
.* <8 <
> O' i
'
81
O' '
#
= # 'EP
2 <8 < &
' 8
.
<& Bpqo
G # <3 EL '
# O'
T @
2
'> .*
#a <
2 E7
. = :'
j K* <J
j <J
<
2
<<
<8 <
@ C O' .
. <&
.
Z
. 8
O' ' .
#
& \ # .
2t[G]
E BG[G
EL
#EP
=
!K
'
* |
0*
!
# 2
!K
K 2 BGp]
EF
O' EP m
'
56 Y
O' '
EP VP
). '
0 &. # &. O'
0 . ' 2 7 . ' <J
.
+.
J
'
&. ' #K*U
@'4 !8 !' 2 . ' <J . '
.
7
7 & '}
)# ! & '
'
'
.
= K
'
C
2 8 D
& J
&. ' EF #EF
56 Y '+
N '
* EL
EP j
2 K
#
# '[G_
# | K ! +

[G[
' < @ !
!
2
J . ' '
;
8
C
2
'
[Go
%
&. ' ( VP ' # Y = >
+ T @
+
K x
!' #K
x
!'= .
- # 88
'
I3
2[GG

[Gq
[GB
[G?
[G]
[G_
[G[
[Go
[GG

India of Today/ Sarder Ali Khan, Time Press, Bombay 1908; p-62

# + ) Ig ]B[
) gI o G
'
N# '
) Ig ?q[ ?qo
# '
' N K
= .
.
' = The Daily Star
56 ' 2 . &
# 'N # | K ) Ig ?]
!K N
. ) Ig _[
# 'N # | K N Ig Bqp
O' '
"IJ = #
!
2

<8 <
#
#
#
EAI
#

'

N#

195

2
.
!0 The Daily Star
K

! R

'
#K*

;7.

2
)#

O'

'

Bpq[
<> =

Bo # u
8<
*
' = `
#
9 * Q <Z
2
O' C.
!
' 5 &
EL D !8 0 2 8
.
1 " $2 ; &@
Bpqo
w
& 3
>$
EL
# O'
'
<Z
<2 > $ 8
O' ' m
0*
= &
8
<J
8
8 ! J
#=
<
' a
8
EL K*
jJ
'
X
2
.U
8 8
'
!
* = EL
0C
8
b VP
<J
2

\fh\ /

C% (/

9 *
9 *
!< c
EF

<&EPN ` 1 2
C VP
N
8 C VP <&
#K*U
8 ' * N ! #K* '
# >
Nm m # > ! =
K
. x
0
x7
K
N0
>
'
# I 7 " $2
!8 $0 C
.
VF #
*
' . 8 W 9 *
+
'
j
#
VF ' .
VP x
' 2

!
=
K
.
#
' !K

#r
'+ 8
K
VP
' . R
R
&

2
#=
< !
v*
0
.
N ' =c
v* ! @ ! c
.
' 2
R
&
!0 8
N
-N

# #+

[Gp

[Hq

# =' .
8
K !0
<D
s.
N.
j !5 f # !
!
!5 .

! <
$ ! $
&
Bpop GB
Q x7t
<&
#
<D
x
'
2

J2
2
K* = 2
N # #'
K !Z

@C}

!' 2

.
'
!'+ !' 2
EP
2 8
&K !K
$ +4 -

# EF
VF #
!<

EF

Z
'

\ [Hq

# <
8

[GH

:Z

BpGq
$ 2 ?[
O'
.
'
AO

C% %

# #+
7
Ns '

' 8 < $2[GH O'> K

2s
# #
t
%
.> 4
! !
r
[Gp
8
!K (2
. ! + .

Z b 8/

.
!
7 <&
;7

<&
2
N EL

10C
# EF 0

&
N#
#v*

VP # b
8
. 2 # EF 0
'
0 2
"$
#=
< ! c

&

N !8 $ '

'

7 N Ig Gq
' ! <
2 # . EW
8

#Q

v ! < s.
N Q

N w E &

&'

N.
.z

N Bpp]N Ig H

196

O'N Q
N Q ! 80-N

t ' = `
!+ #

8
.

* & K*

x7

# EF
% =

AO

#
#

! 2
7jJ '
!K
#h
=
#
'(
2 #K 8
!
0 ! K c

; 0 2. .
#
7
2
m mOm
'
.
$ & D !
N
EP '
*
< = #=
< VF ' # > !'
2

R
2
#=

&

e `_\

C VP # 0 B . .
1 <&
VL
$ !" J
# % . . ; # '(N
'+ !
' #
+
#EF
&
Vk . / #
'
K
j`
EL
0C
VF ' # <& J & D $
#
2 } 0* =
89
K 1
=
# '
:
+
1
# '
* ' #VP8*91
#EL
2#
!0N ^^^ #
!
#=
< 56 '
!' = &
Vk
.
.
EL
<& !0
# <& J
0 < !' #
* 2
& Q.
. / # '
.
!0N
C VP # < !< O'
$* <&
2
# ' !< O' EF # EF
8*
8
!< O' EF
$*
2 ^^^ #
*
; # 2 !' ;
K.
#<
#
8
! O'> !< O' EF RAW # $
0
v
2 ! + #
' + 2^^^ '
#
& D
#
EP +
2
AO

p [H?

EP # b J + E VF !
&K
0 <
. <
2 BG
& < Z #EF
&
K* !" J
0 C # <& J & b T @
2 V
#=
< '
J*
J E VF '
0 C # <& J 8 !K
R K
N
EP !' '
K
2 ! 5L 0*VP !' '
#
K 2 !
EF
*
J "$
! 8
2 ! 8
&K !K
'
EL
0C
EP
#8 VP J
J*
#
2
EF
8
!
0*VP GB
p # <
?[
! ' 8
8
} - 7 1 EL j
!b
&K
'
EF
.
10 C
' +h .
?H ?p ! 5L &
Vk O' < x
E
;
! >. 8 # \ 8 EL
0C &
K* !" J
2! 8
8
*
* 8 8
#8 VP = `j J
&8 !;
2 j
v VF
;
*I z
!;
E VF $
v
'
E VF '
0< '
.
&
I3
K
!
J 9 g
N
$*N * # u !K #Ek
0C
# <& J
0< !
2[H]
g`_g
#<
. < !
!
! + @ N
AO

[HB
[H?
[H]
[H_

7!
$'
.

. ! EP; !
$ .$ ! +
!Z
# | j
<! 2
#

. .; #
'
j` N
;.
N BpH[N +4 B[N Ig ?qB ?q?2
]q
N y
- N w N BpHG2
9 *
EP
$*
^ !
N w #<
. < Nw N

N !'+
! 3
'
% 56 ^(N

'
'

197

Z+ $ #
Z ` EP
7!
5L
$' =
!
2 ! $ !' + #
Z
2 ^^^"$ $ !' + # ' @J
EL

0C '

$**
N BpH_N I _?2

<& J

-N +4 ?N w <J &. Vk
2

!0

'

2
8
# $ K
< N
!8 8 b VP
<
v8 $# '
8

!K !
<
!K
+ !
7
#K* ` % * (

! 3
N V
8
' "$ EF 0*VP !0 !0
0
2^^^
&8
! $ !; ! $* +
'
Vk J* . ;
!. Z 2

8 K
!<
# .

#=
< = E VF
$* !
*
.<
0
(/
Z b /
8
C% %
8
+
2 +
'
$ K s Q < h
# |
t2 !
C VP
VF
.
' <& J
2 ' # <
*# <
& D
!'
#<&
'

@C
EP
. VP
K*
2 '
J '
1 0CN 8
# !
9 *
EP # EF
EL
VF
J
'
!
2 Bo v 5L GB
9 *
VF ' #
. !' 2 0
&J
'
+ 0 < !
+ N ! , 8 ; ' # '2

EL

0C

!<

#0

B]^ B?^ ?qBB

+#
!<
# 0 !$ 8
j`
EL
J* ' <
N8
+
EP
# EP z !
!
N m
g
W
g
' 8
.
VP !K
EL
*I z
& D Y
.
9 @ #
I z
EL
0C
#
!<
#0
N s8
=
VF
8
$
!< 2 0 '=
Vk ' '
!'
. # VP j
N
&
'
2
' ! WEF
' =
# '
8
!0
0
'
j VP
= # 5e
2
'
!'+ !
!0N 1 0 C !<
#b J
>
.
<&
# >
!
K
!
!;

0C
' 8 m ! 3
2 EL
2

N#
!0 <& $ .z
' 2
Ek 1 0 C
!
Z
'
!
0 2 8 . <J
# EF
!< 2 8
=
VF
VP
$
= #
. <J
!0 < 9! 3
2 0 . <J
j
0
0
!K 0K
;
+ 0 2 VP
$ j !K
'
' VP
=#
!K ;
j 0 K3 ! 3
2 K Z !0N VP
$ 0
N '
8
2 '
! =
0
0<
# 8
8 D EL K* # '
2 [H[
'
10 C #
! =
J +
#
!<
#0
N sEL
' <J# O'
! W IO' 0 ' T
.U
= #K*U
#
#'
! <
7
N
*
j ' =
. Vk & 1 0 '
8
& j
0
0 ' # O'

[H[

' N <

#0 N #

&

N Bpp[N Ig ]p

198

[Ho

VF '

j # O'

\ 89

2t

<

= h7

EL

'
#
}

0C
. #
$
[HG
8 Ns
J
VF
10C
!'
#8 VP
8
<
!0+
* '
=.
.U
!
* ' .
9
'

'

K +

BpGB
'
`
! + .
=
# N#
2[Hp V
K & J
#=
' a
I Y
10 C # <&
'
#
#K # <& J
EL K*
!K
!
!"
@
.

'

89
<& J !j - '
EP
J
'
!
* '
VF ' = <&@
& 8
> J ' =
' 8
<
5e
2
8
$ !
'" $ 89
#=
<
J .U
& mOm
#
N ! + #=
< .U
8 < # 5e
<J 2

#=

[HH
[Hp
[pq

#
<
U'

J
#
=

O'

' .U
= 7h 2 #
<&

' #

2t[HH
< VF .U
= # ' * & mOm
J*

* # 0 < # O'
9 *=
*
! + .
# O'
3>
0<
<& J
2 BpGq
9 *
EP
a '
! I IO' . 8
I
EP
+
$j
EP VP
'
2 B * BpGB
+.
' #
! $ 9 *J #
' 5A
! + . '
EF
=
+
&'
# ! W I O'
K#
#
EL
EP
?[ * 0*VP 9 *
EP
# !
'
! W I O'
K#
= 0 2[pq
<
!
! + .
'
10 C 9 * !0
#R
#
EL K*
v
0<
N 10C T @
= ' $ # <&
J
0 < !'
EL < .
2#
J' < =
.U
.= # =
<
#
J EP
10 C # <& J
0<
0<
! !
0<
2

!
VF

I Y .
*
< \'
8
C VP

N
K

.U
' a
' a

Y =8

3> i N # VP.*
56 * =
Y
D
.
l
-@ }
<J
j
pq .
2 J
B^
'
89
_?_o g g
'
jJ .
?^ 8
J
.
.
!< O' `
N
N #U
# K*

[HG

.
<

< #

=#
!

[Ho

VF
8
j

- - .
!0 0 !
-@ !
2 !j $
&
3>
!' 2
'
Y . 8

&

_q[] g g 8 m
3 2
8 8
'
& 7 > N 1 = #K*
2
+
'
.
.U
N $9 U
N v
'
VkJ
2

' N <
#0 N #
&
N Bpp[N Ig ]H
' ) }'
<&
56 ' 2
h
# <=
N # # ') Ig ?][ ;$ $
<& N ? * BpGB
h
# <=
N # # ') Ig ?Bo ;7$ $

199

]^

v*
!' N

$ %Border Hut(
8
J T 1 b
! + .
#
8
K*
2
_^
'
K8
J. " $ ?qBq
?pBq
* v
[pB
IC 2
[^ Non-tariff barrier }
'
J 8
&
!'

o^ 8
#
# <&
'
0
.
'
0 2
# ' !'
1 #K # ' TV channel !
' !'
&' *
'
l
+ EF
G^ Illegal Border Trade ( IBT)
. + ' '
2
H^ 8 !'
' . 1 y
x
.
8 D# ,
2
$ # EF
. !'
EL K* 0 8
@C!
K
!
*N
' *N j
C.
'
. N#
' N
EP
'
K 2 ' < !.
! !0N . !'
j K
< !' &
.
2[p?

EL

0C

#.

BpGB

<
.

[^

[pB
[p?

/
.
! ; .

N <&
;N

B?

0
< H

9 @

'
K8
New Age 56 '

J. " $
9 @

TV channel

N8

VF

.U

i R,

]^
_^

2
'
2
'

_^\

W
?^

"$

0C
VP
$ ' N . N# ' N &
* #
8<
* * ' #
!8
16th
'
BpG? G[ 0*VP
#+
(
'
' ' % EP .
' = 9 *
EP
& '
'
J BpG?
' '
2 BpG]
*
'
EP
'
=
' '
K
#
#=
< !K
*
2
qH^qH^?qB?
+ pH
#=
< Vk '
N &
Vk !
j
'

: /

# 1 @
,
# T &@ ! , 9
. O'

N &

1 0C

'
EL
* *N
=
8 <
*
division %89
1 0C
'
!0 <'
2 [o . # =
<
' (
EP
'
! ; .
N /
. 2
T &@ ! , 9
= BpG]
0 2
!
W # \
6 *
2

B^

?qqq
GG_
TV Talk Show ! 8

GpNHoNpB # =
G] # =

200

<

<
N G[
<8J* N Ho . N HH

.
G] # =
po
$ $
& Vk
po

* v
'

<
*
'

#=
*

<
$

#=
Vk

<

2
*

* &
N

?qq[
Bp]]
9* <Z
K
2

* v

W
%4

/
/
o^
G^
H^
p^
Bq^
BB^
B?^
B]^

b
9,

!
;!
v^
@
vg #
!
! g!
/
J* ; @ +
<
v^
/ + # <
!<
! EP;
# 7

]
o

< B
h'

?qqp # =
?qqp # =
?qqp # =
?qqp # =
?qqp # =
?qqp # =
?qqp # =
?qqp # =

+ !0N # =
< 0
' EL
X
2 0 '= '
. vg
2 EL
' #
+
1 0C
th
2
Members of The 16 Division

VF =

< Vk
< & Vk
<
<
<
<
<
<

Vk 8
'
$* ; $ <&
<
7

' '

+
.
#
'.
VP
$ !
.
.U
= # *K*
.' W z.

EL

'

'
O'>
&8
2

'
EP

# EF

EL

0C T
VF
.
'
EP
#+4
.
j
9 N
VF
$ $*N ! ,C 5 &'
0C
EP
j 5L
2 8
8
s
'
$ #
< .
'
10 C
t2[p]
Bo v 5L BpGB
0'
VF
O'
=
'
EL
X
.
K K
C.
' ' !
89
2 E VF #
[p_
. '=# '
BpGB
${
#
*
PPP
& K*
! = +
.
# '
E VF
=
$ $* + - }'
'
# I 7 56 '
' z
2
10 C !
+
<
Ns '
. <J
10 C !
EP .U
' = <J Vk
1
'
0 '
9 J
2[p[
} '# ;!
N
. !
+ =# # '
.
.
VF !
* EL
0C
= .
X
2 # # ' BpG? G]
# . ' 7$
s# . '
t
<&
#
. 2[po
D 1
5 &' < 8
*
<&
% *
* .
9 + <
N Q $N
O'
(
. EL
0C
2
* 8
&
.
.
!'
D
0 C # J*
'
K
71
2 '
BpGB
89
.
! EL
0C
X
!' 8 0C
'
'
!
C.
'
D '
& #
* * %Attorney General) ' !
VP
!
E
= '
!" J '
2
.

8 < % Q8Q( '

[p]
[p_
[p[

[po

!0 & D Y !+ . . @ N 8
'
E VF
!
*
9 * < Vk $* !
2
Q x7 ! + .
"
7 "$ =
' N

EP 8Q '
N }' 0< VP )
+g [ v 5L ?qBq
< Vk $* 8
*
2 !
= .'

) Ig _]q

Bp_[ G[N # # 'N Ig [[_

201

ay # =

< !0 <'

Bpq[

>$ . &
EL K* 8 <
)# 0 <
#R
8
' # 9 2 O'I ' &
Vk
;
C VP
2!
8
EL
#

Q O'
"
0*
= #R
O'
! >J !' N 0 < .
' 2[pG # . '
!' ! &
X
2[pH
BpGB
9 * Q
EP
# 2 #R
8
%#
) O'
8
<
'# > !
10 C # <& J
2( ' EL K* EL
2
EP
"
0*
=
#R
! >J !'
0< .
' 2

v^ = .'

'

'

J i = &
Vk ! +
= . ' EL v^
= .'
% (
1 0C
2
. N# '
#
!
K=
. #
2
EP
. VP # <
0<
N
K
. '
2
! + .
G * BpGB
8 J
`
9 *
EP
!
&
0* g
#
# 2 H * !K
9 *
EP
w
<
# ; # ' N E7 N
.N
: ' N EL z
N # EL z
!
& \ N
+
9 EL g9 *8
x
!' 2[pp #K v^ = .'
. +
s# p
+
#; 0=
K<
! v=
Q x7 8 J $ 569J* T
t2oqq
v^ = .'
BpGB
?[ * !K Bo v 5L 0*VP
EP
#
!K
#;
2 !'
& $
0+
Y
8<
+
EP !
'
Y
2
8
s# ;
,
%[ # <( # ! . !
Q !; !0 < 0 < ! 3
2
!
h
*
* * > <v
=;
#
# ; !;
2 =;
#
oqB
7 '
.

EP
K
h # ; !K # '
> <v
' '
z
K .
#
> <v
' # ; !0 < 0 <
2toq? s
' %o # <3(
#;
> <v
' ';
!;
Q j`
#
! 2toq]
=
!' =
!
'
. # VP.*
+
56 D # 2oq_
1<
& .
EP !
.

K K
2#
oq[
J $>
Ns $
0C
= . 0 K3 ct
$ 0 ' 0C
=
. 0 K3 & J N
v^
= .'
% ( 0C
!" J '
JY
c

"'

[pG
[pH
[pp
oqq
oqB
oq?
oq]
oq_

oq[

= 0C

#. '
!'
#3 ! >J
.
Q x7 ! + .
Q x7 ! + .
= .'
Q x7 ! + .
Q x7 ! + .
sBpGB
!

! &
X
i
2
"
7 "$ =
"
7 "$ =
?o * BpGB
+
"
7 "$ =
"
7 "$ =
a @ z 9J* 1

'

' N
= .'
)
' N
= .'
)
' =
EL
' N
= .'
)
' N
= .'
)
2t 3>
= !'

202

2
Ig GH
Ig GH
9 *
EP
gI pG
Ig GBN po pGN pH
= !
'

<J

j # '+

1 VP

"
'
9*
$ 9 $ <*$
=
<Z 2
s# '
3>
* 0'
#
EP !K # '
!
2toqo EL
'
VF '
$ <*$ 2
!<
#0
! +
0C
'
& 2 !<
#0
O'
N
@
+
N Prof Ajoy Roy speaks at a view exchange meeting titled 'Compendium on
IP laws in Bangladesh' at the National Press Club in the city yesterday.
8 +
'
N h
On his left are Justice Gholam Rabbani and Ayesha Khanam and on his
+
N
!<
right are Dalim Chandra Barman and Raja Debashish Roy.Photo: STAR
oqG
0
2
EL

0C
9 @ # 2 H
EF
"'
!
!
!
oqH
#'
#

0 '
'

z
= 56 Y . y
'
. -'
# #
!<
#0
EF
. -'
0C
!
. !'
!'
#
#
' !Z ' 2

"'
!
#
x
.
.
0 2#
!'
=
K# J
. !0
' !'
K ; =
C
.
'
& 3
#VP ! 2
! #
#
# 0
@
IK
7
#
&'
* .EL
< #
' }
pq
!'=
! 3
2 #K
0
5A' % g( ! 0
#
!
!
'
: ' j
.
J
2
EL 8 8
&
!0N
"'
:

<

&K
B?

2
Q

oqo
oqG
oqH

0C
#

*
!' N
. '

In mid-June 1995 Jamaat-e Islami, a religious fundamentalist political party of Bangladesh

announced their decision to demolish the Complex of Ahmadya Muslim Jammat at Bakshi
Bazar in Dhaka. Nirmul Committee strongly condemned that announcement and declared
its pledge to resist the fanatic and terrorist act of Jamaat-e-Islami. According to the
declaration Nirmul Committee organised a protest rally at Central Shaheed Minar which is
near the Ahamadya Complex on 29 June 1995.
After holding the rally Nirmul Committee brought out a procession and marched towards
Ahmadya Complex. Leaders and workders of Nirmul Commttee then took position in
front of Ahmadya Complex to protect it from the attack of Jamaat-eIslami. (from right)

C
<lN ! O$ ;
+g BH^qB^?qB?
#'
!" J !'= .
J

' v.) Ig ?o ?G2

2

203

'

K !

j7'> I < \

2
EL W

'

Maulana Abdul Awal, Taher Ahmed, journalist Kamal Lohani, poet Shamsur Rahman,
Professor Kabir Chowdhury, journalist Faiz Ahmed, writer journalist Shahriar Kabir,
Barrister Shawkat Ali Khan, Justice K M Sobhan, Advocate Gaziul Haque and other
leaders are seen in front of the rally.
Ref:Try the war criminals of 71 at a special tribunal
Edited by Shahriar Kabir// pp-40

204

The state calls its own violence law,

but that of the individual crime
Max Stivner

.8;
EL

&

3- <

Y
! + . #
10 C
Jj
$ =
0C O'
1 ' ! #
'#
EL
0C

'
. ' $ #
J&
2
*
' 8
EP - j 7 1
Bp[ .
0C
y$
2! + .
!.
.
= !.
8 !
* 9 <> J
2
Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Orber 1972
.
# <& J
0 < !'
2 #=
<N
.
$*
Vk 8 <Z
EL
$
EF
J
2 V RAW
#K*
VF .
'N
C. N
' N
. ! W IO' T
0= j
#
. VP
2 vg
War Crimes Fact Finding Committee (WCFFC) <Z
< ?q
0 `
.
0 2 ?qqH
. #
BpGB
m 81 .U
0*
2
'
0C
#
# VP.*
#
%$>
( #
BpG]
2
!
! $ #
=
2 j VP N [
Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Orber 1972 EL b 8
@
2
# VP
.*
#
%$>
( # ?qqp # 0 0C
$>
<Z
N <Z
'VP
$
&
$ 2 # VP.*
#
& J # VP.*
# i
' ; T @
' #
' T @
2 BppH
oq $ !'
$ $ ! $;
International Criminal Court (ICC):
8 D !'
0C
'
2
'
;
01 3> 0C
5L v
$ .* Stephen J. Rapp
N
oqp
'
0C
:
.
$
.2
! &j $
'
'
# N
# VP.*
# N '
'9 &
&8 56 * E \
J#
&
2
<&
J 9 * & Q # N
N 'N 7 1N
&8I
$ &K
J
EF
2
C4 %
( b/
B^ 4 7 1 Bp_[ = 4
' Bp_[
?^
<*
Bp_[
]^ .
v
8
Bp_H
_^ #
# Bpoo
[^
$ $ BppH
o^
' 8
EP - j 7 1 BpG_
/
G^ EL
H^
p^
oqp

B]^ qB^ ?qBB

n
'
'

( b

& &

!" J - ) . < N
#EF

' ) Bq

'

Stephen J. Rapp

5A

205

& N BpGB

Bq^
BB^
B?^
B]^

0C
0C
.

&
&

'
'
' BpGB

&
BH ';

' # <

!" J # '

'*

Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Orber 1972

B_^ The Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) (Repeal) Ordinance, 1975

B[^ EL
j
*N 1 0CN * * *
'
W #
. ' 1 &'
oBq
Bo^ ?qqH
.
*
#=
<
BG^ # VP.*
#
%$>
( # BpG]
j ICT73
BH^ # VP.*
#
%$>
(%
( # ?qqp
j ICT09
Bp^ # VP.*
#
$>
0* &J
N ?qBq
?q^ 0C
!' !'

<* $>
!$ = $>

5L v $>
@ 4 $>

= $>

* $>
' ;7 $>

' $>
?B^ +
# . '
0C
56 * # VP.*
$>
&+ # . 8 !

>$ #
' Michael J Beloff QC
# VP.*
#
%$>
( # BpG] %
( ?qqp 56 * !. ' #
#
#8
# VP.*
#
%$>
( #
BpG] %
( ?qqp 56 * # VP.*

oBq
oBB

nR

%$>
.

(#

BpG] %
#8

( ?qqp 56 *

# VP.*
0C

Mr Soli J. Sorabjee, Former Attorney General for India

2
01 3> 0C
5L v
$ .* Stephen J. Rapp
Press Conference in
Dhaka
01 3> 0C
5L v
$ .* Stephen J. Rapp
01 3>
<& ' John Boozman
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH
Specific Recommendations
Nine Bedford Row International (9BRI)
Lord Eric Avebury
2

David Bergman
2
&
'
. 01 3> 3>'9
g !. ;
International Bar Association, War Crimes Committee

C4 %

& <3 ( 8

&

$ $

' 2

206

'

#
' #

oBB

O' 8 .

$*
2

??^ 0C

56 * # VP.*
7
9
0*

C4 %

( 0/ 0/

3#

i'

'

& b PJ

P J \fg`a\e b O /

\fg`a\p

E !" J Bp_]oB_ #
m
:0 C
.
#j 1 %. * N Q N
$ N
N
< ( &
& 0C
'
. H # < Bp_[ 01 3>N > $ ! 8
;
4
$ 7 1 EL j
2 &
& 0C
' #
'VPN
569J*
.
$ # ' 5L
4 7 1 EL j
2 71 # 0
$ # VP.*
$>
<Z N
0*
* J=
.
3>
' <
$ ' &J
2
' $ 4 $*
' Bp_[
4
'
+ 4 71 #
!" J
2 4
'
Bp_[ # 0
*
: &K
# \ 8
I Y
$ # VP.*
$>
.
#j 1 &
&
= !
0C
'
2
$>
01 3>N > $ N ! 8
& $ !' !K ' .
;
.
#VP8*1
2 8
0*b $ # VP.*
$>
0* ' 8
2
' # 'o #
=#
<
* J
#j 1 !'
9
!
10
D J* #
<Z
' !0 !
$

& \ $>
'
D J*
0*
2

L;
&
0 = #K # VP.*
EP
j !

% (
0*

%+( .8;
m

&

0*

<
56 Y

!
%<(
%
1<J
5 &'

oB?
oB]
oB_

0C #
N'

!
5A

&

'
= EP
#j 1 !'
9
EL
'
= EP'
j
#
<J
0 .

$ # <&
7 1N

= &K

Na

&

. 5A '

0C
)b '
J 0VkJ &'

'&
.
4 71 #
K* 1< 8 #K
<Z
K
2 $>
# j# 801 1 1< 8 '

9 0C
l N E
& N ' < <> J 0C T @
N# :
#Q
"
0C T @
l
0 Vk # <& J 2

N #K
&

0C

& .
9 *

0*
* !' N !
1 # !
0*
#$ W
1'
0 101
=
Yz=
0i
N

VP

@C#
!'

0C

0C
J*

#K*
1
. !' N 0C O'
N
2
"$
#

#K

3g B = ?
3g B = ?
The Moscow Declaration was signed during the Moscow Conference on October 30, 1943. The formal name of the declaration
was "Declaration of the Four Nations on General Security". It was signed by the foreign secretaries of the Governments of the
United States, the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union and China.

207

94

$>

\fg`

m
G ';

:0 C
&J

#j 1
>
8 Y $>

&

0C

'

0C

!0

.
<

<*

* J

%\
1 # VP.*
#
EP . !0 <

'

#=

#
2

%e
#8 VP
'

1 # VP.*
#
#
#=
.
#
!' 0

#=
#
'4 &'
0
2

!
#

# VP.*

.
#

"$

'

!'
#

%p
'
0

1 # VP.*
!
*

z J9 *
2

#=
= # VP.*

!
#

"$

3>

!'

%g
1
#

!' 0

C*
.

*I j # '
=

# VP.*

<
#

0 ' # VP.*
#
#
"$ #

#=
'

%`
#

1 # VP.*
K

#
2

#=

# VP.*

# 801

= "$

8Y

%a
#
^
B^

?^

L;
&
$ # <&
9 0C
# : 8Q
0C
J*
0*b EP

EP 0 < #

l N &E N 0C T @
j !

5A

<J
0C
l

0 = #K # VP.*

7 1N

0 Vk # <& J2

A^ .8; &
.8 ; ( b $
1 0 , &1 "48J
d
# I
!
1
0*
'
!
!
1 # !
. !' ) 0C O'
m
<
0*
#$ W
1'
2
& . 0 101
!
56 Y
*
< N
N <&
2

208

.
=

* !'
. 5A '
Yz=
0i

#K
2

0C #

= &K 8Q
1
!
. !' ) 0C O'
1'
)
2
9^

&
VP
@C#
N
* !'

0*
)

0*

)'

<

. 5A '

56 Y

& .

1<J
5 &'

!' ) !
0*
0 101
=

1 #
#$ W
Yz=
0i

&

0C

"$
# J

#K

Na
)b '
J 0VkJ &'
2

%h
#

o
<J

_^ .

J*
2

VPN 0C

@ C 0C

"$

0<

# VP.*

Bp_H

Bp_H
p v 5L
# \ .
"
J #
Resolution 260 (III) A # 0
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention
1948
) &J
8
# 'a
8 d R\
71 C '
9
# # 0

# V .*

$
!0N VP #K 0 C
$#
N 0 7 1 C !'
9
#

'

0+ <J
= EP '&

<Z !
!
#Q
C2

8 d Rp
1

0* ' EP 0 < #
<J

% ( <J
%+( <J
.
0Vk
%<(
= &
<J
&
%"( <J
"$ !0 !
& 3
%( <J
"$
0<
# <& J2

8 d Rg
0 1 m <J
EP & y
N#
2

"$

8 d R]
J* !0 !
z &y
N
*

#K
8 '

#
* #K

"$
!

N
1 !0

8 d R`
0*
J* #

7 1 C !' a
' . .
' .EL #
&J
"$ !j - 0* '4'

K
2

209

! + *
#
<J
2

8
"$

#K

8d R]

8 d Ra
0
%!0+ #

<J

"$

#K

8 d R]
01 $>

J* !0 !
#K

#
# 8 0 < # 801
'
7 1 C !' a
*I EL W # VP.*
$>

3>

2
8 d Rh
<J

#K
8d R]
J* #
#
<J
0
2
7 1 C !' a
* #Q
C !0
J #
' ' !K

0 2

# 801 '
'

!' !K

. ' !'

&

/
=

.U
#

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 1966

oB[

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

&b
#

2
' #
#
5 9J*
'
.
Q
3

EL j

*
0!

Article 14 0C

$ Bpoo
#
&J
=

&J
=

8 d R\g
%B( # '
= $>
$
1
2#
m <Z
01N EL
=
j $>
\7
j = &
T
!;,.' #
# 801 &
1
#
+2
}
N <J Vk
. <J I+ #K .
Y j K* #K ja
1.
EL K*
#K # '
0' !
J
!0N
.
&
x
& .
N
#' N .
J = <J
569J*
0*
#K
!
0*
0*b
& j J
+
2 V !;,.'
!0 !
#
&
0'
T
#
' EL K* j !j - #K }
56 * #K
T # 88
!

& b
"$ 2
%?( # m
& J
= 0*VP !;,.' #
# 801 &
1 '*
'
#
+ 2
%]( # 80 1
@ C !;,.' #
& J !j -N # 801
1
#
+
( # 801 1
@C#
#8 0 <
J= & W
56 * # Yz = ! < 8
#
2
+( # 801 1 # 8 0 < .
&'
&E
O' # .
K 0< 0 <
. & .
= 0<
&'
2
<(
0*b # 0, 1
j
0
2
"( # 80 1
EF
0*b
N 1< 8 # 801 1 # 8 0 <
.
&'
. #K # 80 1
O' #
&y #
'
2 0'
#
K #K !0
J #
=
K
!
K
. 0 ' # 801 1 .
$ & .
K
j
+
oB[

3g [

210

& .
0'
+
K* K
3>
J
&y
2
( # 801 1
j #K
j
j
j
.
EL j
j
EF
EL j
j
j
. !
j
j ' #
2
( 0' #'
8
K
# 801
+ # '
0
2
(
.
j #K !' EL
# 801
0
2
_2
# 80 1 !j - '
*
' $
! + #'
* C
* J
2
[2 ' & y &
#
#
m
'*3
$>
8
#
&y
2
o2 !;,.' #
9 VP8 ' #
'4 0 '
#K
.*
!'
J !0N
!j - "
8 #
N j - '4 & y 1 j 9 J =
' 0'
$ & J
!0N #.
K
= !j - '4 & y 1 #
#K
8 ' 2
G2 &
!'
'4
=# #
!
1 9 VP8 ' & y #K +
&y
#
1'
5A+
0
2

3 $ $ BppHoBo
' !
0C

3 $ $ EL j
!' 2
!
.
Bp_p #
N
#
N 0C O'
!
!
'
$
#VP8*91
2
# ' H !. 8
8
EP
+
2
3 $ $
[NoNGNH # ' VP
@C #
N
0C
#=
#
i '&
0
#
#'
I*
0*2
B^

$ !0 !
1
K 8Y
'VP
$*
!'
I* &
$
#
.
I* !0 !
#
. ! & J
&
EF
%# ' B_(2
?^
$ 0*
=
9 * "$ #
?_(2
]^ !0 !
1
8
#
<.
%# ' ?[(2
_^
3>
a @ z 9J* ' # \
1
!
' ' N. &
* *
*
[^
4
. C VP .
W #
=#
%# ' ?H(2
o^
*
*I j # '
J#
!
%# ' ]](2
G^ 8
#
'
#
!
'
2 ' j
#
j !0 !
oBo

&
'

3 Bp2 +

+ 0 <

!'=

211

'+
! & J
$

2 . 8
8
0*
# 0 0C

@C #
N <J
< Z # VP.*
#

%# ' B[(
!
EL j
.
"
Y

$* 8 Y
1 #'

# VP.*

#'

%# '

+ #
2 !0

!
EF }

'

"$
!0 <

3> & N
&
%# ' ?G(2
W #
.
1#
0*
& D

EF

N Vk N
!
'

#
2 ! j-

& D C
#'

# | j
+ < \ '

$ / )<

N
# '

8 '

BpG_

2 #'
C VP <& J # <& J
8Y
C VP 9 VP
%# ' _B(2

! 5L

W
<& J 0 <
#

!j ' !'
N #'

' 8

EP

&

j-

$ N !v $ &
$ N ! .
!v $ ! .
a @
"
!
#j
#
J
2
' W
8 Y EL j
!'
9
!<
$
#
J
0 %# ' _o = _G( 2
# j.*<Z
5L
!
# '
$
%# ' Bp( 2

- j

7 1oBG

' N8
=
EP
p
& N BpG_
+8
B]N B_ = B[ # 0
X Bp[ . 0C
2
EP
0C #
.
* j & K*
EP
K 7
56 * I 3

!
#=
8
'
VP 9J*
EF

j 0C #
2
G2 BpG_
- j } Z
!
N 8
& !K p
&
0C O' & D
!;
Z
&b

/ !

B^

?^

K*

'

EL j

- j 71
EP
$ EP VP
'
. <J '
j
J
2 & W j 1 71
$ 1 71

!; >@
EL W !'
' 71
& P
E
* 8,
8Y
'
!0 <'
0 < "$ 2 ' 0 N
'
3> Vk v^
3> Vk ' *
J
EP
& j =
3> Vk .
# .. # ' [
N BpG_ 0*VP } Z
' 71
J*
8 D & DN
Bp[ .
EP EF N
' EF
EP = 8
# EF
EP 0C O' ' EL EL !'
56 '
& D#
2

B]2 #
; .
- VP
&j
'
VP = } - EL K* .
Vk Bp[ .
EP 0C O'
& D#
2
'
3> Vk
!0N
O' !0

#
=
N .
"
J
' &EP N # VP.*
#
0C
@C #
= <J
:.
J U
!0N Bp[ .
EP 0C O'
#
#8 0 < #
1'
@ C # # 0
EF !
`2
EP
& j =
3> Vk
!0N
0' !
#
K
h ';
O'
<8 8
'g+ &
2
B_2
& Q
. Vk
+
!0N #
; = 6 Y . 'I8
.
0=
/
!'
'I
l
&j
$ j
2 Vk <J #
+
!0N EL W '
EP
&
Vk !" J
!0N
'
&
Vk # VkJ !
'
; 0
! , '* < !
/ #
87 !0
j
!' .
'
. <J
# ' .
2
8
'
&
Vk = BpGB
'
*
=
0i
!" J
!0N
. <J #
EAI
7
0- T @ @ 2
!0N
'
j
. 2

oBG

3g BH % 7 1 $

. 8 * (2

212

B[2
&
EP
&
'
' 71 #
0 2
-

P J b .8;

1 # EF #
Vk # '
*

56 '

8
&j
#<&

b$ j
!' .
'
. <J
'
3> Vk
!0N j
!'
0*b
C VP
2 EF
!0N Bp[ . 0C O'
&b #
0C O'
K
EP
!0 !'

&

' 89+ 4 " $

"$
!0 !
0C
N
#
VP
@C
#
56 * The International Crimes (Tribunals) Act, 1973 <I
2
+ !0N BpGB
' 89+ 4 " $
0C
56 * BpG_
' N 8
=
EP
8
' - j 7 1EL j
2 71 # 0
'
W*
X
EP
Bp[ . 0C
EP
7 !'
8
0C
'
56 *
$
2
'
!
#
!
* *
1 1
#VP8*1
2
W* The International Crimes (Tribunals) Act, 1973
The
2
# $
International Crimes (Tribunals) Act, 1973 (Amendment) 2009
+ 71
Q! , 8
" *
. <J
VF 2 BpG_
56 ' - j 7 1 #j7 D
! + # $ & < # VP.*
8
'
: # EF
2
N
'
!0 K $
!+
71$
' ratify
J !' +
;8
#
!
!" J '
E
Bp[ . 0C
&b T @
2

:& %

V X!

0/ & /

!" J -oBH ) . < N

EL

( / # ,

8
oBH
oBp
o?q

& N BpGBoBp

' ) Bq

EL
0C m
;
EL
!" J - 8 Y BG
& N BpGB . <
EL
0C
. > VP
0 2 EL
.4 = / C /8
t
$ 3>
'I8 !" J = C VP <& J
!0

$/B

!" J - 0 ?o * BpGB !K
0*
2o?q
'
#EF
<Z
)#
.U
!" J - # 0 s
'
. < J . / 1N
9
*
2 !" J - # 0

&J
=
0*VP Q x7 ! + .
&. Vk 3>
K
} '
. @
3>
K
N
3>
&. Vk
Ek
*
2
j '& * j
&
.
Vk
* =#
&J
j
& <
2
. &
Vk
<
& .
#
Vk
< j
#
2t
!" J - &K
t
$ 3>
* O$ !0,K

3g o
Bq
& N BpGB
!" J 9
. %
* ! . !.

g BG
= 3>

" $ 0+ 8
9
8
N s

& N BpGB
+
( .
*I EL

. <J .
N
0* ' =
*
2 O' < x o v 5L BpGB
+
' <JN #
!. +
!0N
'

2
!" J

213

'

&K

W <*
' EL W
+

<J VkN
!'

. Vk = *
j ' 3> # ' *
2
!0 # ' *a
3> # ' *
#
' !$
!'
to?B2

<& J
J

m
-

!0
$ a @ z 9J*
! + .
3>
!" J
*%
J&
=
0*VP Q x7 ! + .
&
Vk ' z <> J
2 #K
. < <Z
W 8 8Q
2
W

a @ z 9J*
!
.

+ !0N G?
#=
<

Bppo

'

!' EL
)

EL

<I

'

&

EL K*
3>

!" J - $
D
2

.
7

! +
BpG? .
! + .
# ' BpG?

'

EL
( 8Q
!" J - $

J j &' *
# *J
2
D

# ' BpG?

'
#EF
# ' BpG? .
*
'= 9 *
EP
& '
' ' '
o??
2 # '
`j J 8
' %Constituent Assembly) <Z
'
&K 3>
' z8 <> J
2
' I*
o?]
# 0
3>
' z <> J
2

BpGq

&@

' z8 <> J
&. Vk 3>
K
'
#EF

!" J - $

#EF
BpG?

3> \7
!" J -

8Y

BB .
EP .

.
3>
2 0 7
'
VF 2 #

'
+
&

z8

<> J
0*
Vk ' z <> J
J! + .

BB .
!
7

BpG?
&J
7

3>
8 <

# '
<J

0*

'
&J

+ #EF
B? .
< !'=
#EF
&K '
* 2

0
! +

# '
BpG?

'
BpGq
EP # \
*
j
EP
.
$
&J = <J Vk
EF & *
2 *
&{
EP
*I
< !; = * #v* %Legal Framework
2o?_ #v*
#=
'
EP
8 `
J&
!j Order) BpGq !" J
. ' * &

N
N !
= D # J
#VP8*1
9
2 # '
"$
# '
&'Y j
3>
'
2 #=
< BpGq
*
9 * !0
&
+
!0N
!
D
VF !
#
&J
2
9
8Y
EP
&J
' VP 9 *
EP
'
&
0 #

!'
EL
* 8, z j =
D
.
.
2 #=
<
!" J # EF &
'
!8 $ '
*
2

o?B

o??
o?]
o?_

'
y

N # 'N Ig [B
' %Constituent Assembly)
0 2

'0 !

&J

<Z

<I

Artcle:8 the Cabinet shall appoint as President a citizen of Bangladesh who will hold the office of President until another
President enters upon the office in accordance with the Constitution as framed by the Constituent Assembly.

3 ??

214

<J
' %Constituent Assembly)o?[
0<
<J
2 V
=
2 #EF
# ' _ # 0 BpGq
*
EP .
' = 9 *
EP
&
o?o
o?G
'
<Z
<J
'
*I
'
&J = #
'
+
0*
2
'
D
EF
$8 #
# ;
& ! $* !08 # ' '
8
0' !
! $*
!' !0N
EP
%Legal Framework Order) BpGq # 0
*
!
' BpG?
BpG?
N
7K
2o?H

EP
<J
#
# ' BpG?
' '
v 5L BpG?
N
*
!; = * #v*
N
/ &

.
<

&

?^

3>
#
0

]^

?G # '
#

2t

. |EF

J!

#
!;,.'

Yz= <J
. !
VF
o?[

o?o
o?G

o?H

.
Ek

2t

!" J

'
t

'

'
0 Bo
.
<
&J

G # ' ?
# '
+ # s. < J # 8 &
&
.
Vk
* # )
#
# 0'
#
#
0 $7 7 # 9J*N +
t
?o # ' ] $
# '
+ #
8 <
#
&
# 0 + # 9J*N
*
!
#
+
0
2
8 < !
# !
#
&J
# !
&J
8 < !
0 + # 9J* +
2
B_? # ' #
&J
!j # ' !
7 & 0.

B^

'

< { L%~ #!4 &

'

#8 1
N

5L
J

?H # ' B
#
<
&
3> }
][ # ' B
#
8Q
#
8 D '4 !' 0
][ # ' ?
! '* = ' 4
0
_G # ' ]
#
N
#
'
!
#
#
! #
<J

* j

<

'I 3

# >

'
+ # s!
*N !< \ N J*N
@ 8'
&' *
2t
# '
+ # s#
' 01 0* "$
"$
`! #
!0 '4 !' 0
N
2t
# '
+ # s
#
. !
1
2t
# '
+ # s
0
N
0C
# VP.*
#
# #
#
0C O'
# $ N !;,.'
! '*
'4'
!
#
+ =
! #
<J

<J
' %Constituent Assembly)
. <J *I # '
&'Y *I z

#=

< [o . N v ] . N .
B. N! .
' %Constituent Assembly)
'
2
!" J ' %Constituent Assembly)
'
* j
#
. <J *I # '
&'Y *I z
t
&; # ; . w
: '
#
8 < j N
8
' - 0*
# \
2

215

s#
j K*N

B. N
2
i

j K*N

.'
%=

VL

( B. =

s#
.'
VL
.U

'
0K 0K8

&
$ <J

<JN
' <Z

Vk H . ! $ Gq .

'
0K 0K8

2 B_^qo^?qBB

$ <J

&
+

<JN
' <Z

_p # ' s!
5LJ =

'4
.* N
K
2t
.8;

& /S[ 4%

/ &

BpG?
' #

# ' N $>
!0
'4

\ /

0C
56 *

# !
7;N EF <

W*

&'Y !0
j
3>

& \fhp

W* j

VP

@C #
J BpG]

2 !

N <J

.
B

# ' _G%](
s

0
# VP.*
'
#
! #

#
0C O'
<J

N
Yz= <J .
#
N
#
#
. !
Ek
# $ N ;,.'
! '*
'4'
!
#
+ =
! #

&

#
j

0C
VF N
<J

5L

2t

# ' _G %B(
s!0 1 !j _G # ' %]( ';
J* !
j]B # 'N ][ # ' %B( = %]( ';
#
9 & 0.
2t

#
& 0.
N!
__ # ' #

1
W

# ' _G %?(
s
!

0
J* !
#
& W
.

5A
1

+ .
K

&

pB

N }'

1 !j !
&

Y; )

0* # VP.*
#
%$>
_G %B( = %?( 0 .
'

# EF
X

2
0

# VP.*
'
'4'

Yz= 0
#

'
#<& J 0 <

' !8 $ '

#
! #
#

2t

jN ?q qG BpG]
+
# ' _G%](
89
j 0*
!'
2

o?p

& 0. N
1 K

]q . ?qBB
* # 2.
' <J
!'

N
Yz= <J .
#
#
. !
1
1 J0 1 J / n / 9*
5L
!
#
#
VF N
J
! #
<J
2t
#

+g q?^qG^?qBB

216

R'
2 }'

_G # ' %]( ';

& ! $* # '
(#

BpG]
B[ qG BpG]

- a
.
o?p
2
. $
' a
_G %]( # '
#

N
Ek
.8; 7
<J

# 9
# 0

#
0C
& j
< 0 ;,.'
!
!
+ =

'

'*

=#

9J*

% (

G%?( # ' # 0 s
&. Vk
* # )
#
# 0'
#
N
! #
0 $7 7 # 9J*N +
t #K
_G%]( # '
VF
0<
%
'>3 (
* 0* '
& D C
2 # VP.*
#
%$>
( # BpG]
0* '
0* '
EF !'
2
?o # ' # 0 # VP.*
#
%$>
( #
BpG]
!+ '
_G%](
# '
9J*
& . 2
%+(
?H %B( # ' # 0 !
*N !< \ N J*N
@ 8 ' . |EF
J!
<
&
3> }
&' *
2 V
K %
J
*( & J
!0N BpGB
VF
. Vk ' = C. N .
9 N ! ,C 5 &'
#=
<
+ !
*
EL
N .
K EL Yz=
!
VF 1 = ' a
EL
X
' &
<
}
I3
0
"
2 'g+. !0 = Q -'
$7
'
EP
#+4
: '
.V .
N
'
'
*
# 89
#" !
"
'4
?p[% ( = ?pH
#
)o]q # '
<
}
I3
. # EF
'4
B[]% (
#
2o]B

`
.
!0
%$>

%<(
'
EL
0C
$ # '
2 #
3>
! + .
!K
1 2
][%?( #
7
_p # ' j
( # BpG] # VP.*
#
][%?( # ' "
2
# VP.*
#
%$>
(#
+
Q
_G%]( #

<&;
0*b
_p # ' j
J j #=
' ' z !K #
!
O'
'# 0
#
' '
0< ! 2
9 VP C VP
N !
7 The # VP.*
#
%$>
( # ?qqp # 0
'
m
O'

N
< = $>
#=
2 j VP p . ?qqp
+
The
J*
< = $>
#=
+
Q
International Crimes (Tribunals) Act 2009
_G%]( # '
! 2
*
] . N ?qBB
+ R'
# VP.*
#
%$>
( # BpG]
?qqp
!0 # Q
'9
2
&b T @
7
#
$ #
<J
2
I+
' <J ! ,
#
56 *
&'Y !
0<
2!
I+
'
56 * !
I+ 9 #
!0 !
1 '
0K 0K *
1
I+ j
/
&J
#
!j _[ # ' # 0
! ,
#
b VP
!
7 & 0.
2
_G %]( # '
+ !
#
I+
' <J
]B # 'N ][ # ' %B( = %](
';
__ # ' #
W #
9 &
2
I+
' <J
<
]B # 'N ][ # ' %B( = %]( ';
__ # ' #
W #
9 &
= #'
&
.
$*
&
! $* # '
2
B
0 . # ' _G %]( !
!
1 !< \
*I
"$ #
! +
2
1'
]B # 'N ][ # ' %B( =
o]q

o]B

'4
?p[% (
#
g &
'4
?pH
#
g!
'I 3 <
! # <8 <
!
'4
B[]% (
#
g!

1
E EF
! >J

BpG]
'

g!
* # 89
2
-@

0C

J> !
#"
I3

*
/

217

#
> J

2
!

#K

%]( ';
__ # ' #
&'Y #
K ! ,
#
9 .
#'
&
. # '
2 ?qqp
# VP.*
#
%$>
(#
BpG]
*
R'
!0 !
!
1 !
!< \
C # ' _G
%](
#8 0< #
2!
!
1 !
!< \
C # ' _G %](
#8 0< #
!
1
]B # 'N ][ # ' %B( = %]( ';
__ # ' #
&'Y #
K ! ,
#
9
.
#'
&
.
# '
N
*!
#
2

.8;

$ /

$% /

?o * BpGB
' EL
8
.
* *
*
EP
!" J # ' '&
2 D J* # '
$
&
diplomatic representative

4 %4 R

'
$# <

89%1 V X!

. <
# <
#8 VP

'
<
K <& J

#8 VP

!.
&
'* !'

= &
& # <
= !. . .
2

Laws continuance enforcement order

Mujibnagar
Dated 10th of April, 1971
I, Syed Nazrul Islam, the VicePresident and acting President of Bangladesh, in exercise of the
powers conferred on me by the Proclamation of Independence dated tenth day of April, 1971 do
hereby order that all laws that were in force in Bangladesh on 25th March, 1971, shall subject to
the proclamation aforesaid continue to be so inforce with such consequential changes as may be
necessary on account of the creation of the sovereign independent state of Bangladesh formed by
the will of the people of Bangladesh and that all government officials civil, military, judicial
and diplomatic who take the oath of allegiance to Bangladesh shall continue in their offices on
terms and conditions of service so long enjoyed by them and that all district judges and district
magistrates, in the territory of Bangladesh and all diplomatic representatives elsewhere shall
arrange to adminster the oath of allegiance to all government officials within their jurisdiction.
This order shall be deemed to have come force into effect from 26th day of March 1971.
SYED NAZRUL ISLAM

Acting President

= & <# '

! " # $% &
'( ) $% &
'* +) & ,- ./
0 1
!
0 4 ,5
!
/ 64
2 & 7& '* +)
3 89
$% : $ ;<
= >3
! ,5
< + + 0 530 4 , # '?
)
'( &
&3 ; @ A
3 ,- ./
2
B
C0
0
0 ,
0
0 > 8 ) 0@DE &0 0 0
3 & #3 0 >3 ) 5F
! &
&G ! C ;/
0
&F
0
&F
'*'*
> 0H + !& 3 5 ) ,58 0 3 & 4
&F , 8
0 3 & C0
! 8@I J
0 ,
<,
G K%D
GL 0 3 & 0@DE &0 & + M: &F
<& +)
0 0 0
3 & #3 0 >3 )
&G
! C ;/ N
>
G '( 0
O
!
P >3 ,C 0 0 530 ; 4
/G ; O
2 &

'* Q
'( ) $% &

218

EP # EF
$ # <
K !
b
'

# '
'
#8 VP
* *
! '9 K !.
&
!. ..
`
EP
# # <
$ # <
K !
*
7 * *
0 C # <> J
2

representative

0C

EL

&
Bp

'

BH ';

& BpGB &

B^

?^ !

'
*
'* #
EP

'*

' # <
!
1 <*

!" J

#K
%'; B](2

.
EL

0C

BpGB .
.
EP

# ' !0 !
'* #
+ 4 !'

<& VF

2
#
+

'

.#
0
2

9 *

EP
#

0<

=_

# 0

2
# ' BpGB
B? %B( # 0
'
.
EP
j .
'
= '+ ' 9 *
EP &
!
.
#8 VP J VkJ .
EP
2
7
7 !j a @ z J9 *
!'
8

% C
%B( & '
56 *
%?( !0
#

o]?
o]]

3 Bq

B "#%

N &
*

& $

0
'

'*

EL

'

2 !0

'

-@

&

BH ';
!0 <'

'*
N

*
=

?H ! BpGB
+ 9 *
EP
.
# '
BB
# 0 #
#
Bp_H
< !
2# '
B# 0
<& 9 *
EP
!0
<
.
< '&

' & '

.
'
VkJ

+ ?qNqqq #

y#
* #
2 EL b 8
< W
#
. o]] 1
.
# j- # 0 !.
&
'
VkJ 0*
2 .

*
*
< '
<J

2
$

!
.

.
m

2
.O$ '

&

+ 0 <

'

&

' BpGBo]?

`
' .

K
0<
%'; B( 2

Laws continuance enforcement order m

!.
&
= !. . .
# <
K !
2
J
2
&
diplomatic
*
j <
. <

'*

BH ';

-@ j
.

& .
+
*W !< .$ ! $ ;
#VP8*1

]GNqqq 2

219

#Q 89 = #Q 89
!
* J
2
!
'
#

'

&

%B(

& '
&'
%?( & '

*I
2

W*

* 0

* 0

*I
'

&

<
EF

*I

VkJ

2
%](

%_(

*
* <J

'

*
*I

&'
.
< '&
2
'* # 0 H
& <
2

=j

W*
#=

* 0

& .

< W

& f
- % %
$ 1 4!
> '

W*
' # j-

W*

#
&

'

H%B( = Bq
j' z
< . &'

#
* *

!.

o][

. .
0C
!
0 < x s M $ K v 8 t I3
! !0 1 0 C # ! !0 '
*
Y & \
*
. @ ' z
?
E J o\ '>JN Ig BpG

<J

& Q #

.
!
.U
'
*
Ek
*
N
<> J
2
EP
j
10 C
j#
!j - 89
!
*. ' !0N !
7 .
!<
1 0C '
2 0C
!
7 .
Q < 0C
0 o]_ #
!' EL
# b
'
I* #
.
8* 8
2#
.
O'
.
0 '
#
EP &'
)#
#
J j #=
+
+ !0N EL
#
.
' VP
' K #=
#=
< !
*
.
%"$ $
!0N
.
; ' Nw
.
!0 <'
N EL
! ; ' <
.
1 0C
.
# ' # 0
1
j
&y #
* *N
'
. . # j<N
VkJN I+
jN
N
#Q 8
J
'
&
0*
2 # '
& < = 0*
!'+ 0
1
@C .
' ' z
.
.
#
!.
&
N # 1 !.
&
N
N v $ . >$N
n3<J ' 2
.
EP
Ek
<J
0
J `
=
<J 2

o]_

&

+
.
=8

! 2
b
!0
!

1 0C '

220

2
$
.
EF <& J EP

!
+

8 '
2
K
1
1
! & J
1 8
2
o][
<
<
!
!' (2
!.
&
J
* *

0*

'

J '

!0 s M $ K v 8
t! N
. zT @
!0N w
VkJ =
2 9
GBN '
N

EL

* BpGB
*
*I
EF EL 8
J
# <
EF
Order 1973 .
0C
*

*N 1 0CN
W

Bo v
!
.
<> J
2;
#

'

W #

'

5L BpGB 0*VP EL
j .U
!
* N 1 0 C N &. Vk
.
#
?H !; >@
BpG? 0*VP 10 C
#
I+
# EF #
9
.
@C!
#'
!
&
0
* Bangladesh National Liberation Struggle (Indemnity)
10C
EL
j
1 !< \ *I 0 !
#
* %
0*
! ( . ' 1 (Indemnity) &'
2

THE BANGLADESH NATIONAL LIBERATION STRUGGLE (INDEMNITY) ORDER, 1973

(PRESIDENTS ORDER NO. 16 OF 1973).

[28th February, 1973]

it is expedient to provide for indemnity to persons in the service of the Republic and to
other persons in respect of act done in connection with the national liberation struggle, the
maintenance or restoration of order;
NOW, THEREFORE, in pursuance of paragraph 3 of the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of the
Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, and in exercise of all powers enabling him in that behalf, the
President is pleased to make the following order:WHEREAS

1.

(1) This Order may be called the

(Indemnity) Order,1973.

Bangladesh National Liberation Struggle

(2) It shall come into force at once and shall be deemed to have taken effect on the 26th
day of the March, 1972.
2. No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lie in any Court against any person
for or on account of or in respect of any act done during the period from the 1st day of
March, 1971 to the 16th day of December, 1971, in connection with the struggle for
national liberation or for maintenance or restoration of order up to the 28th day of
February, 1972.
3. A public prosecutor shall, upon the Government certifying that a case against any person
in the service of the Republic or against any other person for or on account of or in
respect of any act done by him during the period from the 1st day of March, 1971, and
the 28th day of February, 1972, is an act done in connection with national liberation
struggle or for maintenance or restoration of order, apply to the court and upon
submission of such application the court shall not proceed further with the case, which
shall be deemed to be withdrawn, and the accused person shall forthwith be discharged.
4. The Government may make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Order.
&.

Vk

% $
*

&
=#

!0N

'

56I1
#
I+
j = g & \
.
'
v $ ' 1
& . 2
7
'
] # 0 N 3>
* V3
1# ' '
B^ %B( # ' .
EL
<& % v $( # ' N BpG]
#8
2
%?( BpG?
?o *
# '
0*
2
?^
'
EL
.
<&
. K
J BpG?
?H !; >@
0*VP !'
#
I+
EF
D = jJ j J !
.
@C!
# <
EF <& J
0
2
]^
#
0*
!j &
$
1 9 VP
2 #K* ` BpGB
B
*
?H !; >@
BpG?
0*VP I !
#
. !
1
EP &'
!j 1 <*

EL
.
_K* v

<&

221

&

$
.
2

_^

# '

& ,

0'
! j-

EP

8J b

C4 %

* & J
0N
1
@C!

&J

2(

'

EL

<&
Q.

& &

BpGB
9
.

qB
*
?[
*
0*VP EL
j
.U
!
* !
J
#
N 0 . BpG]
' 1 (Indemnity) &'
& .
!'+ !' c
$
$
E !0N `
9 *
EP
= #
# '
0
4
' 1 (Indemnity) &'
.
qB * BpGB !K Bangladesh National
Liberation Struggle (Indemnity) Order 1973 #
0* !'+
2
!.
v
8
Bp_HN !. 8
8
Bp_pN #
# Bpoo
!
$ $
BppH #
0C
8 j !
! W IO'
4
'
0C
N
#
N VP
@C #
J #
#8 0 <
)
j ' 1 (Indemnity) &'
!
0 < ! 2 0C
'
# VP.*
'4
D
=
9+
EL K* Bangladesh National Liberation Struggle (Indemnity) Order
#
#= # #
2
1973 # $
! + .
#8 0< K
' VP 3>
+O' !
# '
o]o
BpG[
#87
'
' 1 &'
2 #=
< Bppo
<Z
1 ' 1 &' 56 * # $
+ .
1
0*
2 10C
*
B * BpGB
?H !; >@
BpG?
0*VP 10 C
j
.U
!
*N
*
. &
N 1
N .
' N . <
Vk <J 0
N *JN $ $N # <D 0 < 0C
N
#
'

#
.
'* &'
! W z '
' =
#=
#
. 1' 1# '
VP & . 2

< v
EP

X <3 ( 81

\fheaph

j . EL
0C
' m
=
$
1<JN 0 '
'
X
$ #
&J
.
`
Vk
'
8 #
. BpG?
?_ .
3>
H # ' .
(Special Tribunals) Order 1972
'
$ %
#
0 '
0
89
E638
+

&

<
T'
N

o]o
o]G
o]H

#+4

1 .
'
'+
@C}
#
N r

BpG[
2
n R \g
B]^B?^BpGB

#87
. <

1< 8 #K !
EP
Ek
JN
'
!
EP
'

'

1 &'
Vk

government and Autonomous bodies

$<
2o]H

2 BpGB
!0 < .

0 The Bangladesh Collaborators

$>
( # ' BpG?2 #

<Z
'
& j
<J N
#
. < J 56' = 5A
Ek
#U '+ #

!0 #

EP
B] v 5L
'

Bppo ?qqq !

j8
"$ N
8
' #=

.
& \

1
@ =
0<
+ N

<

' 8 tTrial of Colleborator and Screening of Employees of Government, Semib VP C VP 2

222

K*
#K
& 5L
@ C 0C T @
!j 0
0< #
= Vk
. <J =
: EF VP #
'h
!0N
1 <*
EP &'
2
/
#'
& \
2

' . <J
"$
'
$#
j & .
l
$
EP
2
<Z

a
'4
EF <& J
!0
2

%
'
) V #
C VP !0
$ # '
$ # '
$>
+
BpG?
&
&
#'

!j 2
"$ 89
. <J
K* 8
l

#K

0C T @

+
& .

$ ' #
'4
BPC
(#
'
+
%massive) =
Z
& J

#
+
& Hoqqq .
O'
+
& _?qqq .
G] $
]q 85L BpG] & '
Bq

#
1 <*

9
&

5e

@C #
# EF
&
= 01
8 < 8<
#'
'
$>

?H_H .
2

Bo ! BpG] &K
J j #=
& _[qq .
]q 85L BpG]
+ m
j #=
& ?oqqq . #
. = !. !K !
# 20
.
O'
$EF
7
$ # |
J*
J j
0<
2 0 '
#= !
1 !'
'
@C
J #
#8 0<
B^ + N
?^
J*
]^ " = ! ,0 .z
_^ a =
j

'
'
'

]q? = ]q_
]Go
_]o = __H

'

_][

#K

J
'
J j

]q 85L BpG] m
';
Jj
$>
0*b EP
0
]B
v 5L BpG[
+ The Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order 1972
0*VP # !
2 ]q 85L BpG]
B_ # <3 0*VP #K* ` B[ # <3 BpG[ ! + .
=
9 *
0*b
!
2 EL 8 8
0 !0 ! + .
.
The Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order 1972 # =
#
2
o]p
#
' ! 5A'
#
The Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order 1972
=
9 * 0*VP I3 $>
# #
#
!0 2 #K $>
0*b x
&
#'
'
!0 ) V
! $ #
2
US Ambassador
at Large on War Crimes Issue, Mr Stephen J. Rapp B] .
?qBB
+
'
5A

It would have been possible, and it remains possible, for a national system to try people for
murder, for rape, for robbery, for pillage, for arson as ordinary crimes even those crimes are
committed on a massive scale o_q
o]p
o_q

+O'

'

3>

= &

Press conference of Stephen J Rapp , January 13, 2011,

&
2

223

U 2

% $
'

5e
&

+
C

5e ) + N

*JN v

! a

N $
5e 2(

.N

'<

<

The Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) (Repeal) Ordinance, 1975

' !'
.U
$
*
! + . !"
Jj
The Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order 1972 9 g # 0*
2.

=
j ! + . !"
Jj
9 VP '
. ]B v 5L BpG[ The Bangladesh
Collaborators (Special Tribunals) (Repeal) Ordinance, 1975 # '
2 EL
j
j 1
.
81
#
' ! 5A'
$ C= 1
.
< !
' <
<> J
2
.

B[ # < BpG[
=
7

+ ! + .
0<
2 BpG]

]q

85L

THE BANGLADESH COLLABORATORS (SPECIAL TRIBUNALS) (REPEAL) ORDINANCE, 1975

(ORDINANCE NO. LXIII OF 1975).

[31st December, 1975]

An Ordinance to repeal the Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order, 1972.

WHEREAS it is expedient to repeal the Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order,
1972 (P.O. No. 8 of 1972), and to provide for certain matters ancillary thereto;
NOW, THEREFORE, in pursuance of the Proclamations of the 20th August, 1975, and 8th
November, 1975, and in exercise of all powers enabling him in that behalf, the President is
pleased to make and promulgate the following Ordinance:-

Short title: 1. This Ordinance may be called the Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals)
(Repeal) Ordinance, 1975.
Repeal of PO No 8 of 1972: 2. (1) The Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order, 1972
(P.O. No. 8 of 1972), hereinafter referred to as the said Order, is hereby repealed.
(2) Upon the repeal of the said Order under sub-section (1), all trials or other proceedings there
under pending immediately before such repeal before any Tribunal, Magistrate or Court, and all
investigations or other proceedings by or before any Police Officer or other authority under that
Order, shall abate and shall not be proceeded with.
(3) Nothing in sub-section (2) shall be deemed to affect
(a) the continuance of any appeal against any conviction or sentence by any Tribunal,
Magistrate or Court under the said Order; or
(b) except to the extent provided in that sub-section, the operation of section 6 of the
General Clauses Act, 1897 (X of 1897).
% # ' $
$# '
B # ' # ' $
J

sThe Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) (Repeal)

Ordinance, 1975t

? # '
0
# EF
!K
] # '
' !j -

K 7
0 2
&K #

!
#

!
'

#
N

#
& 0.

# <0 '
#<&
g0
2

!0 !

1#

224

#'
'4

*I j
0*b !0+ !0 # EF
8 D 0*

#
#

0*b
!
N

] # ' m
#
' 4 ' !j - 1 #

# VP.*

+ !
J#

% $>

'

(#

g !.
0*

n.
2(

u o 5L !

1 #

BpG]

B[ qG BpG]
+
'
0*
2
#
EL
0C
'
. ?q qG BpG]
+
# V .*
#
%$>
( # BpG]
'# '
2 ?q qG BpG]
+ &J
# $
`j J 8
& 0.2 #
B%](
It shall come into force at once. % #
# 5L 0*
(2 V `j J 8
& 0.
=#
]%B(
$>
#=
+
+ #
A Tribunal shall have the power to try and punish any person irrespective of
his nationality who, being a member of any armed, defence or auxiliary forces commits
or has committed, in the territory of Bangladesh, whether before or after the
commencement of this Act, any of the following crimes. #K* ` 9 * #
# ' '
2
#
#=
#
@C #
(

# ' ]%?(
N
D J*
9
0 .
1< ' C = K
9 %<( <J
%"( 0C

* 9
N 0K g % (

' !

@C #

$ $>
9 %+(

VP

8d g,
RR
%B( 0+ ]
'*3 !
#
1m
"$
N +
' &
#
8 ' K
!0 #
$
m
"$
2
%?( ]
'*3 !
#
"$ !
Vk
'EF # ;
0 # ' N
#
N ! , 5A '
# <& J
#
"$
9 *
l =
0*b
56I1
I+ j ' z
VkJ
# EP
1'
Vk J #K # j J
K* #K
0 m 1<J #K # EF<J #K
'
! #
0
#
J & .
'j
K*
#
!'
2
8d `,
RR
%B( !0 !
. # 801 1 # \
'
' z
#
!
EP !
2
%?( & W "$ !0 . !' #
.
*
* * # ' # J
# 801 . $
' 1
N
'4
0'
$>
0 $ & . 2

j
J

89
# <!
.
EL
!. 8 EF # VP.*
#
#$ 8

o_B

' $

0C

'

# VP.*
#
% $>
( # BpG] 56 *
0C
'
j=
+ N s # 0C
'
!j - #
Ek
a @ z 9J* EF
8
N
!' <J N 0C
N
@C#
VP
@C#
569J* ,
#
&J
j
2t
# .
!0N # $ &J
.
#
i
!
#
v $ = # VP.*
#'
# i
o_B
$>;$
0< !
+ + +h $ !' + 2

j=

jN

) Ig BBp

225

C4 %

1 %
"$

3> .
K
# VP.*
= #
& .
2
'
EL
0 C & j8
' N8 =
EP
j8 01 3>N ! 8
N
#
!' .
2 0C 9 *N 0C
= 0 C Y & j # <& J
3> 9
N
!
1 <* =
.
K
!'
"$ #
9
. ! + .
BpG]
# VP.*
#
%$>
(#
&J
Z
C VP <& J
2
'
&J # VP.*
#
%$>
( #
BpG]
89
$
$ #
0 <J N 0C
=
# VP.*
# 0 # 8171 ' O'
N
! '*
= EP
2
'
# VP.*
#
%$>
( # BpG]
89
= <
# VP.*
# N 'N 7 1N
8
'
j .
& 0.
<J N 0C
=
#
5e 2
#
!
! 2!
j . & 0.
+
K
BpGB
?o *
!K
+ 0*VP
<J N 0C
=
#
!
! 2#
]%?(
@C #
N VP
j #
N <J N 0C
#
#
< !'=
2
p] .
EP 0C O' !K Bp[ .
1 0C
!< .$ i y &
'
.
* J
0 s0C
'
.
IK
0*VP 0 #
&J
!8
# $
56 D2to_? BpGB
?[ * !K Bo v 5L 0*VP
EP
N BpGB
# < !K Bo v 5L 0*VP 8
BpGB
Bo v 5L
!K BpG_
Bo v 5L 0*VP 8
=8
9 *R
4 #
'
1
N .
#
!0
' 0C
=
@C#
.
# VP.*
#
%$>
( # BpG] & 0 .
) J
B^
EP
BpGB
?[ * !K Bo v 5L 0*VP
' !
<
N 0*
2
?^ 8
= !< O' EF
' <J BpGB
# < !K BpG_
Bo
v 5L 0*VP
' !
1'
2
]^ . 8
8
# 0 0C
.
3> < < J .
Y
' z
.
1 K 8
=
'
1
N .
#
0 8
9 *R
4 #
EP
<
=
'
<
0
EP
$
.
'
. = 56 '
Y '
K* 2
_^ 8
'
' * = 8
8*
.
!'
Ek =
$
2
[^ # VP.*
b VP #
C.
8
= !< O'
EF
' <J .
2
!

.* N
'
!'
!0
&

o_?

0C

&

'

. !'
!
1 #
& . ! 2 EL
0C
. # VP.*
#
%$>
(#
# m
'
5e #
&
2 !'
# = ' '
.
'
[q $

j=

jN

BpG]
$ 5e

) gI Bp

226

&'

# VP.*
0 '
!

#
0C

7 #

!
! 2!

&J N
&
&J

' 2
!0

!
1

!0

'
'

@C!
#
m #

# VP.*

'
@C

% $>

# EF
0*

(#

!
2

!<

! !j - # VP.*

( ?qqpo_]

?qqH
*
#=
< 7 .
8
!"
0C
#<&
'
' $
.
2
B^ # VP.*
#
%$>
( #
BpG]
j ICT 1973 #
0C
!0
!< .$ #
&
EP
<
= Ek
' 2
EP = - 1
'
#<&
=
. #
'
Z< 'h
#Q
!K
'
# 2
?^ ' "* & _q
0 '
0C
#
'I 3
0C
N
!0 < .
N
'
The Bangladesh Collaborators
(Special Tribunals) Order 1972 # 0
2 j

BpG[

]B v 5L The Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals)

=
9 * BpG]
+ .
W*
J j !" J =
#
b VP ' 'EP . #8 2
0C
X
! 3
N '
0C
#
#
= ICT Act 1973
& . 2

Order 1972

?qqp
#

*
0 '
#=
0C
$>

b VP # VP.*
+

#
#=

%$>
(#
o__
g * J 2

BpG]

9 #

!0

sA tribunal shall have the power to try and punish any individual or group of
individuals, or any member of any armed forces, defence or auxiliary forces, irrespective of his
nationality, who commits or has committed, in the territory of Bangladesh, whether before or
after the commencement of this Act, any of the crimes mentioned in sub-section (2)

< # 0 !0 !
!
1 0 % EP (
Ek
0C
# 8012 ; 0C
'
+
EPW
2
' K! =
! #
?p .
?qqp
+
. $ 0C
'
$
'
'
# EF
C VP <> J
2 BpG]
9 #
< = $>
+
#= # 0
EP
Ek
* * 0C
2 V ?qqp
0C
b VP #
$>
+
#=
& ' jo_[ !
0C
X
0< I3
2 # The Bangladesh National Liberation Struggle (Indemnity)
Order, 1973
+ # !
j 2
0C
< = $>
+
* J
'
= # EP.*
#
9
! ,
!
K*
*
! 2
BpG]
# VP.*
#
%$>
(#
0C
< =
$>
+
# VP.*
#
9 ! ,
K*
2 #
T
!
'
0<
' '
0C !j #
.
J 0C
V ?qqp
# VP

o_]
o__

o_[

3 B[
The International Crimes (Tribunals) (Amendment)Act 1973 # 0
$>
+
sA Tribunal shall have the power
to try and punish any person irrespective of his nationality who, being a member of any armed, defence or auxiliary forces
commits or has committed, in the territory of Bangladesh, whether before or after the commencement of this Act, any of the
following crimes.t

p]qqq

EP

' N Hoqqq

0<

= !'

227

' #

=!

#VP8*12

.*

%$>
8
'

(%

(#

$*

J* 0C
< = $>
+
#=
N#
N!
1 ' . & 0. 2
0C
56 * # VP.*
#
% $>
(# %
( ?qqp BpGB
'
EL
0C
#+4
EP
j # 5L
!
&
&
0C
'
*
7
+
2
J
' 89+ 4 " $ EL
0C
j
j
0C
'
0<
2
EP
j 5L
' VP
EP
Ek
N
N .
!
&
' N
* *
*
!
1<J 0C
'VPb
0<
2
8
!. 8
8 N Bp_p # 0 BpGB
'
EL
0C
0C !
=
* qB
o_o
% (
'+ '
1
j
0<
2
'
0C
56 * #
# 0 EL
0C
j 1
N 8
#
!0 !
'
*I !
0C
"$
K
= *
#
#=
0< # 2 *
.
" O$
b
! $* %#
( # N ?qq? # 0
.
1 '+ '
1 0'
'
.EL 0C
'
.
"
8 $
#8 0 < 8Y
EL & J '

0C
'
= EP &'
0<
2
# i'
# VP.*
#
%$>
( #
BpG]
#
= !0
o_G
challenge !
N ! a
(i) the amendment of the jurisdiction after 38 years of the offences committedo_H
(ii) Res Judicatao_p and
(iii) the Amnesty of 1975 (actually in1973)o[q^

# VP.*

$>

# VP.*

0* &J

#
%$>
(%
N ?qBq
?[
?H # u ?qBq &K

0* &J
0* &J

N ?qBq
( #
*

?qqp
#
# VP.*
#
0* <J
?B .
?qBq .
2 a @ z 9J*
a

$>
2 &J

?
?B . ?qBq
+
%B( s# 801t
!0 1
@ C $>
%G( s
t #K* !
1 0
v8 $
%BB( s;
.*t #K* 'VP & ' & y
#
5 * $ #
$>
?H # u ?qBq
+

o_o
o_G
o_H

o_p
o[q

BpGB
8

EL
N

0C
'

8 D

'+ '
2

EP

.* ' +
'

&
$
I * # 80 1
' + W #8 0<

0C !

* qB %

)
81)
C#
)

'+ '

http://bangladeshonlinelawyers.com/law/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=55 date 29.07.2011

# VP.*
.8;
V

& V X!
C 1

Res Judicata

%$>

(#

BpG]

+ eyyf / ,
d
R
#
. m

.8; & / 9
8
/
/
b / .9
( / &
CN %
% 7
.8; & /
6/ C F +
N 0 !'
= # VP.*
#
C2 % EP

/ /1 &4 !
%
,
I\

! #

I\

! #

(2
BpG_

3>

*I ' '

J j !" J

(2

228

&y ' m

2 % EP

\f` C
$% -

%B( s# 801
2

!0

@C

?B .

?qBq
+
%?( ' VP
<>
0*
Yz
= '>@ #<><
'
&
'VP
* *
?H # u ?qBq
+
%?(
'VP E !
'
! # v* $
% ( EF
*
0*b '
. )
%+( !
'VP .
VkJ
'>@ #<><
%<( E 'j
j # !0

'VP T @

J
2

'VP

EF

j ' VP !0 !
<>;

0*
=

&'
jJ . )
0*' 5 ' . 2

p
?B .

?qBq
+
%B( 0* = \7 ' VP
1
<>;
<>
2
%?( 0 1
<>;
& <
EF 1 <>;
%](
%?(
#
#8 0 < #
?H # u ?qBq
+
%B( 0* = \7 ' VP
1
<>;
<>
2
%?( 0 1
<>;
& <
EF 1 <>;
%](
%?(
@C#
#8 0
%_(
#
#
K
$>
0'
' VP EL K* !
#$
3v #$ +
'*

: K*N 'VP
.
&

* $>

V 3

$>

1 !0
=
# 0

<>;

&'

3
1

@C

: K*N 'VP
.
&

* $>

V 3

$>

j ' VP !0 !
$
<>;

1 !0
!
=
2
# 0
<>;
=
#K
< #
&'
2
!
1 0'
# !
#
* V3
!0N
#
#
!
#
' !'=
& .
!
j - $>
>'
! &v
= .
2

0*
=

3
0*

3v
= 0K 0K
1 1

?q
?B . ?qBq
%B( ' + EP #
j< J
N
%?( 0 '
j $>
3
?H # u ?qBq
%B( ' + EP #
j< J
N

;
.* '
Z N
"$ EF
# 801 1 <>;
*I &
.
K*
& .
<.
+
;
.* '
Z N
"$ EF

+
"$

+
+=
K
Y ; &
$
'N '
' $>

+
"$

+
+=

229

# 801

2
# 80 1 E
& <j
&y
'+
2
I

# 801

1< J =

&

1< J =

%?( 0 '
j $>
3

# 801 1 <>;
K
*I &
.
Y ; &
K*
& .
<. 'N '
'

$
'>

' $>

# 80 1 E

& <j
&y
&
'+
2

oo
?B .

?qBq

#J9 * Q
$>
$>
0
?H # u ?qBq
+
\ 0*b
: K* & . = # 0*
* =
y#
2
&

C4 %

& <3 ( 81

# VP.*

$>

.
.*
b VP
N
'

* N
0C
&J N
<Z
& 0.
9 *

&

.4 $!

&

0*b
* =

: K* & . = # 0*
y#
2
$>

0 ey\y $! 0 /

%$>

0
& 0 $ 9,

C4 %

N
.4 $!

(%
( # ?qqp
??
j
# VP.*
#
0* &J
N ?qBq &J
2 . & .
$
N
* N
& <
j = $>
!'=
2
#
!0
!'
#'
<Z
! +
3 !'
9
'
0* &J
* N
* N
.*
' j
jJ
2
# VP.*
#
%$>
(%
( # ?qqp
#
' $ $>
& $ $>
EL 2 &K $>
*I &J
0* &J
$>
?
.
& D !'+ ' 2
J $>
? &K $>
*I &J
0* &J
<
T @
2

230

.8;
IK

)
#

#'

!K
0C
N0C!
1 .
"$ N
J 56' 3
+
$
2 V ?
:0 C ' '
#8 0 <
' 7$ b VPo[B
N > $ N ; ' ' -@ . * =
0< '
0C!
1
#8 0 <
EP &'
2 #
m
:0 C . *
- 1 .
!
j j
2 V International Military Tribunals for the Far East
.
2
0 < E 8 N 5L v N @ 4 N
= &8I ' 0C
'
2 &
$
$ jy J*
' $>
# EF !'
2

!
1

&b

94 <3
Aryan Theory

<

#
#.

.
N
0: C

<

&

Blue Blood Theory $

Vk J .

$7 7 mC

5 &
&
< J - !'+ 0 !0 $ Hollywood
:
2
. Aryan
J
$ Non-aryan !'
$
: Vk J
8
2 V &K
:0 C . *
.
Ja
$
mC
# 8 2
'
' !' '+
N
N!
. * !08
VP
!0N 7 * %Turkish)
*
8
'
'
2
. *
`
?[
N l >
[q
J
' K* '
8< =
] j '
' 2 $
:
N &K
' '
; 89
. * '
. #
J2
' '
. * ' 8 ` '
0 2
'
C VP
2 0 '= #
$
- !'+ 0 !0 $
' ' &
0i
0 9
J
o[?

. *

# Protocol of the learned elders zions # J

# J
'
: Vk J EL D
!' !'
. & .
$ 0 C 2 ' VF ' '
'
"$
$
:
89
! 3
; EP
:
2o[]
of the learned elders zions #
01 3>N 01 . =
&
EF
2
m
:0 C
. *
'
!0 # EF
I3
&
N > $ N ;
- 1<
7 2
#j 1 . * N Q N $ N
'9 & .
.
- 1. *
$ $7
'+
!
Bp_] #
m
:0 C
.
#j 1 &
& 0C
# < Bp_[ 01 3>N > $ ! 8
;
4
$ 7 1 EL j
\fg`
&J
0 8
94 %
\fg`
2
International Military Tribunal < Z
0 0C
N <J N
#
= # VP.*
$>
2 Bp_[
m
:0 C 0C
'
&K T
Bp_[
<* EF VP
*
<* $>
$>
m
:0 C & [ % h ( ! $ !
'
$
o[B

o[?
o[]
o[_

' '
2

#
' VF
l <& J
N
'
' ' Protocol
<* $>
. #
N
=
<
2o[_ E !" J
'
. H
N 0 O PJ
#
b VP &K
* 2 85L
8
2
4 N

Protocol of the Learned Elders Zion

'
' ' !<
l
: Vk J '< '* !' # 2
http://theweek.com/article/index/225754/hitlers-bizarre-plan-to-rule-the-world-from-hollywood accessed on 01.09.2012

. *

N >$ N#

= ;

231

! O'> ! N = Vk
# 8 0 < <Z
;
0
B[
?q
Bq
!
+

* $ pp .
@ C #8 0<
j & J 8Y
'

EF

?_ .

@C

&'

B?.
'4
].
'4 B.
'4 ? NN
'4 B NN
&y
].

!'
0C
. .
" # ' !
=
<* $>
!
$
2
- 1 &
& !' a
56 ' 7 1 8 Y
$ # VP.*
#
0* ' 8
2 Colonel Sir Geoffery Lawrence
W z >$
'. ) #
N! 8
'.
= ;
.
* *
9
<* $>
< !'
2

<Z
'

< b <3
.

> .
W IO'

&
01 3>
.
?pH .

0
0C

8Y . *
'
. !$
W IO' 0
J #
0 0C
0Vk
!
#
0
< ! >J 812
BB .
< Z !$ =
'.
v N 01 . N !
4
.
<
8 D ! ' . '&
2

0C
= $>

'
<Z

'
>J 812
! >J
'
+ ! J>
$>
8

8Y
2 m
:0C. *
-.
/ !$ = $>
T @ 2.
?H .
= .U
! 2
0
J # '
&
K*

! & vO$
# >
Sir William Webb2
N ; N N > $ 8 N ! '
4 N ; =
2 #'
G.
I 7 '4N Bo .
#.
'4

S k <3
5L v
$ . Vk
EF
3>2 '
Bp_B Gq 0*VP ' "* ' .
3> $
2 BpGq
*
01 3> VF ' ' ! ; $ O$
!.
! & !
= &
= K
N . '
j
7
#u
. Vk
y
&. Vk !" J
2 V BpG[
$ !+
@.
.
! +
. Vk & \
2
$ 3>
- '
!" J
'
. Vk & \
N V !'
+ <J Vk 56 2
BpGH
8
K & 4
VP 0C T @
9J* Q 8
# <&
! 2 8
5L v
.
'+
'
BpGp
H .
8
K*
<Z
K !" J
2 .
.
m E 8
< # > !
5L v
' 8*j !'+ !' 2
BpH]
Bq .
8

'>
@ C #b J T @
2
]B
.
$ m E
'+
]q . #
K
4 ' !Z !' 2
* 8
5L v K
4
VP
a
J #b J T @
2 !+
@. !<
'
. < N
VP # b
!
K K
'
K " * &
!' 2 8
BpHp
! 5L
&
5L v !K
&
! 2
5L v .
"
' < Bpp]
?H !
*
56 D =
' $ *EF
.U
'
7
&J
0*VP #VP * *
j
8<8 <
5A
2 ?B 5L .
'

232

. Vk

g & \
$
&J
2 ?_ ! 5L $ 0*
'
.
#
2
5L v
&
.
"
$ <J Vk % . Vk ( 56
*EF
!
'
0
BpG[
BG
& !K BpGp
o.
5L v '4 N # VP.*
#
= &K
# VP.*
9
| 8
"
'
# '
2
$ !+
@.
# VP.*
#
9
"
!0 #
0*
!
. Vk
5L v .
"
$# '
.
" BH v 5L ?qq?
+ [G??H
5L ! .
# ' ' 2
. ' $ ! 5L
B^

#'

<Z

#'

.
5L v
2 G .
4 Silvia Cartwright2 5L v
<
2
?^ #
#'
.
5L v
. # VP.*
2

.
<Z

# VP.*
.

#'
<& J

j
+

?^
]^
_^
[^

.
.
#'

*I
$>
; = # >

< &y ' .

! & vO$
.

"

*I

h.

! $

< &y
C VP

'VP 0*
(
< &y 2 #
`
!
&
# '
(
*EF
1'
. .
"
U
!'+ '
*h.
v C VP <& J
Rights
B_ = B[
#
5L v
B^

"
5L v

5L v
* *
. # VP.*
* * %.
"
$>
+ 0 < } 3
!0 'VP
* * <J
#
'
* <& J
2
!
<J Vk 56
%
$
@ C 'VP
2 'VP
* *
&
$ $ =
.
5L v
# VP.*
&
$
2 'VP
&
$
!
m
l
.
5L v
.
" *I
'.
* *
VL < Z
International Covenant or Civil and Political
2#
<J Bppo
0
#
&
2

<J

. [% h (.
@ C #8 0< #
N
g
vv
(Comrade Duck)
2
8 (Kaing Guek Eav) 0
!+
.
Y 8 < &
2 ][
!.
2#
#'
#.
' 2
9
%Nuon Chea)
$ Second-in-command
N 0
Brother
Number Two
2
!+
@.
&
Vk
N
2
+
56 (Khieu Samphan) 0 !+
@.
! & v
8
N
2
!
(Ieng Sary) !+
@.
&
Vk
2
@C
.
j
C VP <& J
2
K K (Ieng Thirith) 0 Ieng Sary Ek 0 #
Khien Thirith2
!+
@.
3> Vk
2
1 !'
&
#
2
a
@.

233

L O <3
&. Vk @ 4 9 * # ;
$ 89
3 %landlocked) ' 2
!'
. Vk
#
K
BHH_
*
5A
@4
!'
' z
. * 2 &K
0: C
.

@ 4 @ 4 3>
' z
! . 2
. *
! .
8 #
+ "\ $7$ (Tutsi) K
<&@
+ < \ $7 %Hutu)
K
<&@
&
!'
2
;
8 <&@
Y.
.
2 Bp[q
!K
Y.

K
Bp[p !K BpoB
'Q B j
0 2
Bp[p
! .
' # 9
'
*
$7 <&@
#
0< ' K 2
@ 4 Bpo?
@ 4 !K # '
. Vk
y
EL
& y 2 $7 <&@
!<&<
O'
%Gregoive Kayibanda) @ 4
&
' z <& J
2 BpG]
.8
(Juvenal
Habyarimana)
#8
O'
3> j
<& J
2
Bppq
$7$
&8
Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF) < 4
@ 4
Y
'+
2 8
! ' <I 0C T @ 2 Bpp]
$ = $7$ <&@

# @
0C
7 1 EL j
2 V Bpp_
o
&
<
O'
(Kigali Airport)
@4 = @ 4
! & vO$m
#i #
a
8
2 ! &j $ 8
j
8
0C
T @ 2 - Bqq %
( ' 0C 8
j [ !K Bq j
0 2
B.
Bpp_
]B v 5L Bpp_ 0*VP @ 4
" $ <J
=
#
:* * !'
9
@ 4
< ' m
"$
#
. .
" *I # VP
.*
$>
<Z
2 H 85L Bpp_ .
"
Y
' p][ 5L &EP # '
8 Y ?p . Bpp[ $>
= j #
&J
2
.
VL $>
h .
VL #
! 5L <Z
2 * $ ?B
.
< !'
2 @ 4 =
:* * !'
9 #
"$
@ 4 #
'
.
$>
<Z
2 $>
! 5L
'
.
" *I ' '
9
< !'
2
0 < E 8 # VP.*
#
! 5L
<J
@ 4 #
8 <
<
!'
2
0 < E 8
# VP.*
$>
0
&
$
@ 4 # VP.*
$>
&
$
< !'
2 &
$
'VP =
8 .
2
?[ .
_ % ( $ ! 5L < Z @ 4 $>
B N ? = ]
#
! 5L
! & vO$ 0K b Erik Mse, William Sekule, Khalida Rachid Khan, Patrick Robinson2
= B % & vO$(N ' < E ?N
?% .
& vO$ (N
N > N =< 4 N !
N " N
.v* N 'g
N
EP B% & vO$(N ! O$ $ 4 ! 8 N !
@ N
!; N 7 E N = !v
*
.
#
#'
!.
% & vO$(N 01 3> N $ N N 7 EN N
v
.
G% (.
<
2
fe C

L ; " .9
,
.
e\ C
g`
O y\ C
pyRgy
O
eyRef
O
\yR\f
O
y\Ryf
O
y\
A /
%
9
" . 9 $%1
1 1

&1

!4%

yp C
yf C
\y C
yp C
yp C
\y C
yf C
yp C
yp C
ye C
\` C

234

V X%

= $>
<J Vk

=
# ;
$
#
$ EL
3>2 BHqH
>$
BpoB
' $ EL
8
2 !' $ ! $
Bo $ K <&@
0 '
! 4 (Mende)
!$ (Temne)
2 ' $ <&@ ! $ . + oq
2 3>8

' lingua franca 2 *

"
+
2
.
= Krio 8
= + . 56 ' ICN
: &K ' $ v 4 ` '
!'
$2 !' $
&
.U
'
Sierra Leone Peoples Party (SLPP)
All Peoples Congress (APC)2
BpoB
?G
&
+ !' $ 0+ EL
+ SLPP !

< (Sir Milton Margai)

!' $ &K &
Vk
2 Bpo?
J
*
'
+ < \ #.*
N
&
Vk
*
2 Bpo_
I 7
`8
$*
< (Sir Albert Margai)
&
Vk 2 V
$* }EL Vk
8 !'+
@C
Mende . ' *
#8 0<

2
BpoG
* APC
8 (Siaka Stevens) . =
$* " 3 <& v
!.
!v 8
(Brigadier General David Lamsama) 1
#8 " $
8 <I O'
2 <& v !.
.M EAK %Brigadier Andrew Jukon Smith)
! W z ?]
* #
$ !
#8
!.
O'
#8
National
2 BpoH
!
#8 "$
.' !
Reformation Council (NRC) <Z
Anti Corroption Revolutionary Movement
!" J
2
! W z &'
<& v
.*
!.
. # v Q (Brigadier General John Amadu Bangura)2
8
&
Vk !" J
2 ! #8
"$
K
= K*
J
!
* *'
W '4 !'
2
EL
8
!K
!' $
K* 2 v 4 %Diamond)
# EF N ' * N j
#
J !' <I 0C T @ 2 National Patriotic Front of Liberia
(NPFL)
*
;7 v !
%Corporal Foday Saybama Samkoh)
7 z
0i 2
[q . !K ?^[ j
0
J
2
Bppo
]q 85L !K
= !0
#
"$
0
#
Q.
'
!'
#
.
"
Y
' B_ # < ?qqq
! .
5L B]B[?qqq #
= .
#'
<Z
2
#'
'
J 2
#'
= #
#' 2
#'
=
.
.
"
*I
. # VP.*
'.
2 #
#'
' .
=
. # VP.*
< & y2 + < \
<J 2 #
!
# & y E #
#
#
'
8 D ! ' '4 &'
2 #'

#
56' . y
2
Justice Jon M. Kamanda #
#'
& vO$
.
Justice Emmanuel Ayoola 8
& vO$
. 2 ' $ $>
! 5L
$
& vO$
v
Pierre G Boulet = # $
& vO$ < 4 Julia Sebulinde. .
"
*I # VP.*
&
$
< &y * *
'VP
= &
$
.
2
e\ C

%
L ; " .9
,
`e
O $I
\C
gyR`y
O $I
g C
\` R e`
O $I p C
/8 A / $ I
\C
/C "9
X
R gC
RgC
9
RgC

&1

235

" U

: $

.8 9

" <3

BpB_
B
:0 C
* N O$ <& N !b
N !E 8 N
N
.< 8
. a ! v o[[ .
Q 01
0 < E 8
3> & \
2 Bp_]
* $$ j
<& J
! '
. Vk
EF & \
2! 8
* $$
K*
2 !' $
8 D .
VL
& \
= s $ $ 't . < # EF
'9
K* 2 BpHq
$$ I 7
' #K*U
# EF
. < # EF
!' 2
BpHG
!E '
8
*
$* !
* N 8. 8 v N
8N
!b
# N
. <8
I '
8 ! v
I Y
*
. EL D !' + 2
# EF !E 8
!b
?[ . BppB
+ EL
!" J
2
* !E 8
}
! & J
$ VP .
+ .
& 3
K* 2
! EL ! v
EL
!" J
!
.* < 8 EL
j .
0
.
*
2
!
EL
8
'8
' . &. Vk ! & vO$
Bppo
0*VP
'
K
2
Bpp[
! >
!
.
* 8
2!
.
8 #
.
"
*
'
<J O'
'* !' 2 .
"
#
# VP.*
#
#'
'.
J* !.
5 '
@ C 8 D #8 0<

2
* Ek
*
&. Vk
Y
' 8
1< 8
# ' '
'. # * . <\
@ C # + 0C
. ' 2
'. #
9
* 4
#8 0< .
*
.
J !
< '
! # 8 EF VP
!. 8
8
"
@C
#
#
2
& 1 0 < 8 BppB
!K _% ( '; . 8
8 N <J N # VP.*
0C #
=
#
| 8
"
2 * . Bppp
o?qqq .
2 ?qq?
].
0*VP Bq][o .
8 #
2 [?q_] .
2
'; & 1 0 < 8 ! $ ]N[_Nqpp . % & (
0 2
& 1 0 < 8 0C
=
#
. .
"
Y
' ?[
Bo . EF
! Bpp]
+ H?G ! .
<& J
2.
" & 1 0 < 8 ICTY # '
B? . #EF
_% (
.
< !' 2 EF
'
N # > N
$N
! '
4 N<
N 7 *N
N! < N#
N . * N ; N 01 . N ! . N ' jJ # ; !K
%Patrik Lipton
.
2 ! & vO$
.
$>
$
Robinson)
8
! & vO$
' jJ !
O-Gon Kwon
#EF
v N.
N # > N Q N .
4N Q N
EP N
< N
v N = N !v
*=
!K
.
2
& 1 0 < 8 0C
=
#
. BoB .
@ C #8 0< #
2
B?o .
56 D
2
B] .
!
+
!'
N o_ .
8 D! '
EP !'
N ]o .
&
N
'
!' # '
EF VP
)].
!
9 *
0 2
'.
K # 801 '
* = 0 < 80 ! > vO$ !E '
8
%j
K
0C
# 801 * &K
1(N
* !
4
5 '
' K K
&. Vk &
Vk
b
%?G
'4 & y(N &. Vk ! & vO$
%B]
'4 & y(N
' # .

%BB
!. (N &. Vk
&
Vk
$* %][
!. (
!b $ !
!.
# O$ !< $ 8 %
(2 '
8 =
O' # EF
0 2 '
'.
__
O' 8 .
*0 ! <
# VP.*
#
#'
Z
. 2
o[[

$ <&

236

\a\ C

L ; " .9
.
py
)
eaRpy
e\Re`
\aRey
\\R\`
yaRR\y
yyRy`
/8 A /
9
" . 9 $%1

yg C
O
yh C
&1
O
yh C
&1
O
ya C
&1
O
ey C
&1
O
\_ C
&1
O ee C
&1
O yf C
\a C
\a C
\a C
ey C

&1

" U

: $

<3

BpGB
EL
0C
0C
N
#
N <J
' #
# 801 '
. The International Crimes (Tribunals) Act, 1973 &J
2 Bp[ .
EP
* *
!< .$ i y &
0C
!" J
2 V
.U
N #K*U
N # VP.*
N &
+
'
EP !K !; #
#
J
BpG_
' 8
EP
- j 71
0C
1 !'
2
.U
J #=
<N 8
VF = *
j ' ' = 1<J
!'
VF =
.
' 1 = '
@ C EL
0C
' & J
K 2 0 '=
'
EL
0C
j
VF
. Vk ' = 1N E VF . ;;
%a @ z 9J* 1<J
# '
N . . ; # 'N
. !
+ (N
. N ! ,C
5 &'
+ #=
<! =
* %[o .
' '
_[ I\ '>3 ( # <& J
2
BpG[
$
*
.
C
VF =
.
' '
| "$
:
EF
. Vk
. z
'
. Vk *
j ' i
#i
8
VF
K 2 K K
10 C !
#
!'+
K
!'
.U
0* =
. # EF
K 2
s0C
0 $ #
!
!
.U
t !" J '
' $>
T @ 2
#
The International Crimes (Tribunals) Act, 1973
3 '
s# VP
o[o
.*
t J= ! # :EF 2 # '
! .3
$
$
National trial, #
Vk
$ International Trial.
#
#
Vk $
$ National trial
2 # EF ! International Act m
.
0< K
2
' $>
<Z
/
An act of provide for the detention, prosecution and
punishment of persons for genoside, crimes against humanity , war crimes and other crimes under
international law.
#
# ' ?% v( ! 0 '
#=
#
EP Army
Act, 1952 (XXXIX of 1952), the Air Force Act, 1953 (VI of 1953), or the Navy Ordinance, 1961
(XXXV of 1961), and includes the rules and regulations made under any of them;
# '
?% ( ! 0 '
#=
#
EP
9
auxiliary forces includes
forces placed under the control of the Armed Forces for operational, administrative, static and
other purposes;

o[o

$>

<Z

$>

'

237

'

0C #

56 * $>
!
3> .
<Z

<Z
.
"
/ <

' .

"

# '
#K .
"!
<Z # VP.*
!

#K
'
#
#
0C
56 * $>
) #K *`
$>
' ! 2
?[ * ?qBq +> r International Crimes (Tribunals) Act, 1973 (Act No. XIX of 1973)
section 6
&'Y j
'
0C #
56 * # '

!' 2 # '
'
#

o[G
! g .
!
N $N N ;.
'
#
& y !. .. N! N N . # '
'
* ?qB? +> r International Crimes (Tribunals) Act, 1973 (Act No. XIX of 1973)
'& Y j
'
0C
56 * m
$>
<

??
section 6

!' )

#'

N $N N ;.
= '

!. ..
m

$>

<Z

! g .
#
@
& y !. ..
. Q !

o[G

o[H

Bpp_
'
$>
!K
2

&K

.
!

$>

'

! W z
$ .
01
3>
= 5e
2

v8

0 '= EL EF <
2

$>

&K

$>

g<Z
!

N! N

N.

'
'o[H
'
' % N! N N .

"
'
*9
2
$*
# ' 2 !0 7
' ! v#
vu

N! N N.
J
' <

'
'

$ # O'
#

$ j
#

' ?H^qH^?qB?
+ #'
V
i<J

238

' '

< Z <J 'VP

<
?qBq
<J 'VP

!0N

0*b

<

_q '
< Z # VP.*
'
!
K

m Om

0*

'

?[ 5L
#

<

'

2
<

# VP.*

%$>

(#

!'

' #

/ & ,

BpG] %

( ?qqp 56 *

i ' #8

C4 %

&

( eyyf
o[p

8 !
$
Z
.*
'*
.
3>a
71
#

# Z 0 !'
.
J
K! h
+2 <
. <J
$ 7 1N 0
8Y
!'
.
"
$ &
!0 '
'*
2.
"
'*
$ 3> 8 ` l
0<
!' 2
$ 3> ' "*EF
VP = I C .
<8 =
!0
EF
#
<Z # N '
!
2.
" @ #
$
@ #
!
$
VL
EF # N .
"
!
2
" !"
*.
'
2 3>a !0
!
N

< #
j =
$
2 # VP.*
N 8 D !'
>J
$ &8 #
a
j
2

#
2

= '

z
&J

&b
=
$ ;7 $
!j &J
'9 &
2 # VP
&J
!j - .
"
# v*
# 4
* <&@
j
EF j 2
EF !0
= #

BpG?
'
# '
3> #
!0+
<
EL
=

' T @ !0 &EP
N #
# = #Q
!0N
j
<J Vk
C
! J 1
. Vk
. & \
# !
N ! ,
#
.U
N #K*U
N =
.

2
G # '
=
EF !'
2 <J Vk =
j .
#Q
BB # '
+
# 2 <J Vk =
BB # '
N &. Vk
$ <J VkN !0+ ! ,
= EL

K
N
Yz
0* ' = 9
&
>C
&
0*
*
&
'
. <J
0* # <& J
2

o[p

9
.

In his early career he practiced both civil and criminal law, later becoming a criminal law specialist. Since 1997 when he was
appointed a QC, he has had a varied national criminal practice with cases ranging from: fraud, money laundering, drug
trafficking and murder. Listed in the UK Chambers Guide as a leader of the bar and expert in white collar crime in the UK
Legal Experts Directory.
Steven Kay QC, assigned defence counsel for Milosevic.

239

8 < ?G # ' #
'I 3
N
< #
'I 3
'#
N
8 <
!
#
+
0
8 < !
# 9J* !
#
8 < !
0 +

+
?o #
& *
%B( 3>
#
&J
0 2
%?( K BpG]
# j

'
Ns
# VP.*
'

<J
0C
N
2

#
$>

0
#
0C O'
!
2t

#
#$

0
!
$ 0.
Yz= !0 1 !j !
&
.
!'

ICCPR

<
0*VP

8
#

&J
#

B[ # '
%B( #
`!

9J*N

# !

9J*

<

'

_G # ' ] # '
Yz= <J .
#
N
#
. !
Ek
!;,.'
'*
'4'
# 9J*
VFN

0.

&

#
j

!
! #

'&
_G %?( # '
Ns
0
_G # ' %]( ';
J* !
#
& 0. N
& ! $* # '
!
#
!
1
2t
EP 1
'*
& J .
#'
+ )
@ C2
!0 ! ,

!'

0C

#'
2

!K
7 + !
#
!
!
& J
!
#8 0< +
'
7 8
0 . _G %B( # '
#

!'
N =!
!
'*3
7!
!j -2 #K
N
#
# >
8 #
#
j & &@ !'
2
0C
#
#8 0 < #$ N #$ W
1'
.i
<Z &8I !j - BpG]
# VP.*
#
#'
!0
'
&
EF
Q " * 2
&K
'
EF #
& *
2
' ?qBq
*
!
7 1 EL j
2
# VP.*
#
$ ' !'
J
' 2 # VP.*
#
#'
N
&b
j j & J
EF
!0
# VP.*
8 EL W 2 # VP.*
#
. !
#'
<Z
! !j -=
!
0
' #
. 2 <
= .U
#
j
# VP.*
71
' ?qqq
!
2
71 j
N ' !' a
. . !'
#
!j
!j - !0 # VP.*
'4
#
!
ICCPR
B_ # ' !
' #Q
2 B_ # '
#'
= $>
<
2
!;,.' #
# <
#
<J
0
2
!0 !

'
a
+
BpG]
j

BpG]

&K !0

#
&

#
# >
0 +

&K
BpG]

'

! ,

`
#
!0 '4 !' 0

8Q

!
#

240

1
!

'N # 8 0 <
# =
#'
#

!'
EP
8 D '4 !' 0

'

' !'
o ! 5L

EP

0
2

%B(

?o # '
@ N N<
#

N#
! +
#
# > 8 2 * J*N !< -N
N . |EF N 8 N EW N .U
K*
&8I
J
& }
0
U
'9

2
!0
*.
!" J !'
=
a
2
HNpNBqN= BB # ' #
8 Y < Z EL
=
j #'
& \
K
2
!+ +
!<&y
0
N !.
Z
*
!' 0
2
BpoH
.
" # VP.*
5A # \
2
< ' #
= 0* '
jJ
$ !" J - &
0 N
!' 5A
&'
2 !" J - 1 EL
.
"
' #
E63
+
2
' .
"
$ ' '
!" J #
2
# VP.*
#
#
& b BpG]
O$
b
# u
O$
b
# u ?qqp
2 <J N
@C #
N 0C
# VP.*
#
# 8 0 < # 801 1 !<&; N
= EP &'
j BpG]
!0
*
#
'
9
!
2
'
9
<
!0 0* ' &'
K= 0C
#
" * 2 # VP.*
8 D #
!j '
!0
& &@
K= $ " * 2
#U !" J
0< =
`
&
! $* 2

- %
# < "$ #
j
&'
$>
) ICCPR =
] " * 2
*.
!" J
N
K %ICT Act 2009 (
'
][ %B( # '
Ns#
' 01 0* "$
0#
`
# 8Q
#
!
1 !'
EP
0
#
"$
!0
#
`
!
# !
EP !'= 0
2t
_G%](
_G%?(
0.
0C
#

#
=!
!
2
0C
N
@C#
<J
.
' !0 # VP.*
#
#
&J
o%H( # ' # 0 $>
!
<
@ C # 801 1
# . !

2!
@ C= !

2 # 801 1
0'
N!
j '3
' N
j '3 # J
N =
# Y!
0
# Y#
! 0
2
'
][%]( # '
N
s ;,.' #
K j7 &
1#
m
& \ EL
=
j #'
$>
&
8 #
2t
*.
!" J Bq # '
ICCPR
# '
B_%B(
K
'
$
2 V
'
&J # VP.*
#
#'
#
jy
2
EL W !0
a # VP.*
#
#
j
N
.
&
!$*= 0 = 0
2 BpG]
_G%](
_G%?(
0.
! K x
2 # VP.*
#
#
o%_(N o%[(N
o%o(
# 0 $>
!
# EF K
EF # #
.
.
! 0 2
!
!<
EF
7
< '
.
0 2 $ E63 !0
$
.
!
# EF
0' # .
<
!'
j=
78
.
5e
2;
<&EP 2 # VP.*
#
#
Bq % (
s"$
'" $ $>
!0
j !0
!0
& D
2#
j # .
!
# Y
2t
j !.
N # VP
VP 9
& D
"$ 8 D + !
&8I
#
' j
# . '
!K # Y #
2 V !
0< +
#
2
.

# $ J&
" !"
!0

241

%F X %

H%[(
j
'VP * *
!0
& D
N
Y
j 0' & J
!0 !
.= .
= #
K =
j '
N > D Y '
2 Y
0= 0
2 j
j 0' & J
!
.=
= #
K.
! !j - j
#
. # 801
0
2 !<&;
=
0
2
;
. j
. . = K j '
!
2 # 801 1
K .! .
K
j '
# +
.
K#
2 !0 7 j #
& J
=
!
N
! K
7f
2 # VP.*
0 #
#
#'
#
K
$ " * 2
J
# VP.*
#
j
K
.
'*
& J
0 < !'
2 # VP.*
#
j

j &'
J 'VP
* * K !
. !. . ' EP
2
'
!0 .EL #
! + =
j
'* & J .
0< # 2 .
. !'
& J
!K
j
2 '! v#
b
&
$
BoB%?(
j &'
2 j #
# VP.*
#
#'
#
+
2!
BB%?(
#0
EP j
0 < &'
2
!
# 801 1 0 ' !
& D Y
!'
'
2 ICCPR 1966 !.
j #'
!0
#
+ 8Q
2
International Crime Tribunal Act 2009

& $ !
# VP.*
#'
1

!'
'
0'

# N

j #

%~
#
#'
[q
# 801 1
@ C #8 0< & J ' ' z
EP K
2 V $
2
!'
EP =
# < 0*VP # 801
EP
0
) '*
<J
# VP.*
EL W
j
0C
# 2 0K 0K ' VP
& W
'" $
' #'
0
& \
[q #
!
.#
2

# VP.*
#
#'
# !K
;,.'
0*
BHpH = j # BHG? Z !'
;
j '3
# \
#
!
< 2 # VP.*
#
#'
#
Bp
B
j #
!0 $
@ # #'
2
# 801 1
@ C #'
!0
v 7 O$ EF
#'
*I <& J
<I
!0
*
N
!j 2;
<. N
EP N
&
& ' N N
-N
$ ! v*
v 7 O$
8Y
#
# 801
0 2
2

242

, <

" .9

BpG]
3>
Bo 5L # '
BpG]
# VP.*
#
%$>
(#
K 1 0C ' #
!'
EP !
# 801 !
* * '
2 ?qqp
BpG]
#
!0 7 #
&J
#
!'
b VP 3>
Bo 5L # ' $ +
2
# VP.*
!0N $
$
j # 2 V #
a
j8
& <
!'
2

1
K
1
!'
!

!K
!

X
0C
!0

#
%
( #
?qqp
' *
j .
-!
2
& ! $* #
'
#
2
' &J W #
9
#
8
8 <2 0 C " $ a @ #
J #$ W
1 ' !j $
I3
N
O' ! 2 #K # 801 !' =
$
:
. |
2 0C
'
' "* 9 - .
EL K* j 0 1 ' *
!;
2
!' 0+
!<
+
& \
! ' !+
+
2
$
. !0 j
8 ` &. | .
$ j

'
<J
2 #
!0 7 I 7 ' 4
+
!j - #
!
# 5L
!
l ! 2
. = # 801 j !j - !08
# $U
9
;8
& <
0<
!
$ !< \
EL K*
K*
# VP.*
#
#
$+
.
2
* &. | # .
.
'N # . N
'
' & D
N $ x
. !
ooq
' !
c

ooq

K # VP.*
9 g

'

0C

243

2 }'

'<VPN BH ?qqB?qBqN

' 2

Full opinion of

the honourable Michael J Beloff QC

BANGLADESH INTERNATIONAL CRIMES (TRIBUNALS) ACT 1973 ADVICE

1.
1.1

INTRODUCTION

I am asked to advise the legal department of a political party called Bangladesh Jamaat-iIslami, represented by Mr. AHM Hamidur Rahman Azad MP, elected in 2008 from
Coxs Bazar-2 (National Constituency No 295)
(1)
On the compatibility of the Bangladesh statute, the International Crimes
(Tribunals) Act 1973 Act XIX of 1973 (the 1973 Act) (as amended on 9th July
2009, with:
(i)
The Constitution of Bangladesh (The Constitution)
(ii)
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Declaration)
(iii) The International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
(iv) The Statute establishing the International Criminal Court (the Rome
statute)
(2)
As to subsidiary questions arising out of
(i)
the Presidential Order No. 16 of 1973 (the Presidential Order);
(ii)
the Tripartite BangladeshIndia-Pakistan Agreement of April 1974 (The
Tripartite Agreement)
i.e. whether in any event Adders and Abetters of Pakistan forces can properly be tried
under the 1973 Act.

1.2

In my view for the reasons hereinafter set out.

(1)
The 1973 Act is incompatible in various ways which I detail below with:
(i)
The Constitution
(ii)
The Declaration
(iii) The ICCPR
(iv) The Rome Statute
However I am assuming the (ii), (iii) and (iv) are relevant as measuring rods only unless in some
way incorporated into the domestic law of Bangladesh. (ii) is not a binding legal instrument at all,
although it may be a source of customary international norms. (iii) is enforced by the Human
Rights Commission, (HCC:) an international body, unless, as is the case in Hong Kong,
specifically made part of the domestic law. The Rome Statute is enforced by the ICC. (i) naturally
stands on a different legal footing since it is the foundation of Bangladeshi domestic law.
I should add that I am not invited to address how any issues of such incompatibility of the 1973
Act could be tested in the Bangladeshi Courts; matters of procedure are quintessentially for
Bangladeshi lawyers.
(2) Assuming the validity of the 1973 Act, I see an argument as to why such aiders and abetters
should not be prosecuted if international law applies, but not otherwise.
2.

BACKGROUND
2.1 On 16th December 1971 Bangladesh became independent after a war of
independence from Pakistan.
2.2 On the same day 95,000 members of the Pakistan Army surrendered in Dhaka, out
of which 195 were identified as was criminals.
2.3 On 16th December 1972 the Constitution came into force.
2.4 On 17th April 1973 after an inquiry instigated by the Government of Bangladesh,
195 Prisoners of War (POWs), all being members of the Pakistan Armed forces
[and none of being of Bangladeshi origin] were identified as war criminals.

244

On 15th July 1973 the Constitution First Amendment Act 1973 (the Amendment
Act) was passed.
2.6 On 20th July 1973 the 1973 Act was passed primarily to enable trials of the
members of the Pakistan Armed Forces who committed war crimes in Bangladesh
to take place. The same Act provides that auxiliary forces might also be tried.
2.7 On 28th February 1973 the Presidential Order was enacted.
2.8 On 9th April 1974, after recognition of Bangladesh by Pakistan and an improvement
of relations between the two nations, the tripartite agreement was signed by which it
was provided that the 195 POWs be pardoned and repatriated to Pakistan.
2.9 Jamaat, as well as other political parties in what was the East Pakistan, supported
the cause of a united Pakistan; attempts are now being made by the present
Government of Bangladesh to try some of the leaders of Jammat as aiders and
abetters of the 195 POWs pardoned in 1974.
2.10 On 9th July 2009 the 1973 Act was amended. The amendments to the text are
italicised at para 4.1 below.
ISSUES
3.1 Whether notwithstanding the fact that the 1973 Act is protected under the
Constitution, those provisions of the Act which are inconsistent with the
Constitution itself, can be chal lenged by way of Judicial Review (the first issues).
3.2 How far the provisions of the 1973 Act are consistent with the various international
instruments: listed above i.e. (in chronological order the Declaration, the ICCPR
and the Rome Statute (the second issue).
3.3 Whether when principal offenders have been pardoned, aiders and abetters can be
prosecuted (the third issues).
3.4 Whether where was crimes have been perpetrated by both sides in armed conflict, it
is consistent with international law to try such perpetrators of one side only (the
fourth issue).
2.5

3.

4.
4.1
5.

THE 1973 ACT

I set out its text in its entiretyooB
THE CONSTITUTION

Basic Provisions
5.1 The Constitution is the supreme law of the Republic and any other law which is
inconsistent with the Constitution is void to the extent of the inconsistency. (Article
7)
5.2 Parliament (the Legislature) has the primary power of legislation. (Article 65 (1)
and 80)
5.3 When Parliament is not in session the President can legislate by means of
Ordinances (Article 93(1)). However, such Ordinances need to be placed before
Parliament it its first meeting for approval. (Article 93(2))
5.4 The State [the President or Parliament] has no power to make any law which is
Constitution and any law so made shall to the extent of such inconsistencies be
void (Article 26)(2) save that, by reason of the Constitution (Second Amendment
Act 1973 (Act No. XXIV of 1973 Section 2) Article 26 does not apply to any
amendment of the constitution made under Article 142.
5.5 Generally, the Constitution can be amended by a two-third majority of the votes of
the MPs (Article 142(1)(ii). However, for amendment of certain Articles 8

ooB

# VP.*

%$>

(#

BpG]

$ !'

3g B[ !

245

01 # 2

(fundamental principles) 48 (the President), 56 (Ministers) and 142 (Amendment of

the Constitution) or of the preamble, a referendum is necessary (Article 142[1A]).
The status of the superior judiciary:
5.6 There is in Bangladesh an integrated Supreme Court comprising of the Appellate
Division and the High Court Division (Article 94(1)).
5.7 The Chief Justice and the Judges of both the Divisions are appointed by the
President (Article 95(1)) and, subject to the provisions of the Constitution are
independent in the exercise of their judicial functions. (Article 94(4))
5.8 From the judgment of the subordinate Court, appeal lies to the High Court Division
Article 101(1) and thereafter to the Appellate Division by leave. (Article 103(3))
5.9 For the purposes of Judicial Review, the Court of first instance is the High Court
Division (Article 102). In particular the High Court may give directions or orders
as may be appropriate for the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights
conferred by Part III of the Constitution. (ditto)
5.10 Thereafter, appeal lies to the Appellate Division under Article 103, by leave of the
Appellate Division (Article 103(i)) the Appellate Division has also power to review
its own judgment under Article 105.
5.11 I am advised that unlike the equivalent bodies in India and Pakistan, the Appellate
Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh cannot entertain an application for
Judicial Review by-passing the High Court Division.
Material Amendments
5.12 Under the Constitution (First Amendment Act Section 2) a new Clause (3) was
added to the existing Article 47 of the Constitution, which provided for the saving
of certain laws. Clause 3 provides as follows:
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Constitution, no law nor any
provisions thereof providing for detention, prosecution and punishment of any
person, who is a member of any armed or auxiliary forces, or who is a prisoner of
war, for genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes, and other crimes under
international law shall be deemed void or un lawful, or ever to have be come void
or unlawful, on the ground that such law or provision of any such law, is
inconsistent with, or repugnant to, any provisions of this Constitution.
5.14 Further, a new clause, namely, Article 47A was incorporated in the Chapter of
Fundamental Rights of the Constitution.
5.15 The new Article 47A provides as follows:
(1) The rights guaranteed under article 31, clauses (1) and (3) of article 35 and
article 44 shall not apply to any person to whom a law specified in clause (3)
of article 47 applies.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Constitution, no person to whom a
law specified in clause (3) of article 47 applies shall have the right to move the
Supreme Court for any of the remedies under this Constitution.
Fundamental rights
5.16 The following fundamental rights should be noted
26. (2) The State shall not make any law inconsistent with any provisions of this
Part, and any law so made shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.
[(3) Nothing in this article shall apply to any amendment of this Constitution made
under article 142.]
27. All citizens are equal before law and are entitled to equal protection of law.

246

31. To enjoy the protection of the law, and to be treated in accordance with law,
and only in accordance with law, is the inalienable right of every citizen, wher
ever he may be, and of very other person for the time being within
Bangladesh, and in particular no action detrimental to the life, liberty, body,
reputation or property of any person shall be taken except in accordance with
law.
32. No person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty save in accordance with
law.
33. (1)

(2)

35. (1)

(2)
(3)

(4)
(5)

44. (1)

6.

No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being

informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest, nor shall he
be denied the right to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of
his choice.
Every person who is arrested and detained in custody shall be produced
before the nearest magistrate within a period of twenty-four hours of
such arrest, excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place
of arrest to the court of the magistrate, and no such person shall be
detained in custody beyond the said period without the authority of a
magistrate.
No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of law
in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence,
nor be subjected to a penalty greater than, or different from, that which
might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the
commission of the offence.
No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more
than once.
Every person accused of a criminal offence shall have the right to a
speedy and public trial by an independent and impartial court or tribunal
established by law.
No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness
against himself.
No person shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading
punishment or treatment.
The right to move the [High Court Division] in accordance with [clause
(1)] of article 102, for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part
is guaranteed.

First issue
6.1 I agree that the material amendments referred to (if themselves valid) prevent the
members of Jamaat, threatened with prosecution under the 1973 Act, from invoking
the remedy of judicial review to challenge the constitutionality of any of its
provisions. This is the clear purport of Article 47A(2) and indeed of Article 47A(1)
with its reference to the disapplication of Article 44 (enforcement of fundamental
rights).
6.2 Article 47(3) also achieves the same result indirectly; purporting to give laws which
deny fundamental rights to certain persons (including materially, some members of

247

Jamaat previously referred to) immunity from invalidation on constitutional grounds

is in substance, if not in form, also immunizing them from legal challenge.
6.3 I also agree that the 1973 Act would, without the protection of those amendments (if
valid) involve violation of those members fundamental rights; in particular, but not
only, those expressly referred to in Article 47A.
6.4 Therefore in order to mount a challenge to the 1973 Act as unconstitutional because
in breach of fundamental rights it will be necessary to disapply the material
amendments.
6.5 The material amendments all satisfy the formal requirements of the Constitution i.e.
were enacted in accordance with Article 142(I)(a), as I shall assume by the route
specified therein.
6.6 The issue then becomes whether the material amendments are ultra vires because
they are incapable by reason of their subject matter of engaging the power to
amend.
6.7 In the case of Anwar Hossain Chowdhury and others v Bangladesh 41 Dhaka Law
Report (Appellate Division) 165 (Hossain). in the Appellate Division of the
Supreme Court of Bangladesh, the issue revolved around an amendment to Article
100 of the Constitution resulting in the fragmentation of the High Court by the
creation of regional benches pursuant to which the President issued notifications
which gave the High Court and the regional benches mutually exclusive
jurisdiction, and the Chief Justice framed consequential rules. The Appellate
Division by a 3-1 majority ruled that the amendments to the Constitution were void
on the basis that the High Court with plenary jurisdiction over the Republic was a
part of the basic structure of the Constitution. The Court held that the Parliaments
power to amend the Constitution under Article 142 is subject to certain implied
limitations. See e.g. Chowdhury J. total Abrogation of the Constitution which is
meant by destruction of its basic structure cannot be comprehended by the
Constitution (para 193).
6.8 No judge in Hossain expressly stated that judicial review itself was an unamendable
part of the Constitution.
6.9 There is however guidance to be obtained from jurisprudence in other countries
whose legal roots lie in the common law.
6.10 In the celebrated Kesavananda Case (1973) Supreme Court Cases sup1] the Indian
Supreme Court recognized that the basic structure of the Constitution, was
impervious to legislative amendment but did not expressly decide that judicial
review formed part of the basic structure; [Khanna J. however considered obiter that
it did (751).]
6.11 Subsequently, the majority in the Indian Supreme Court in the case of Minerva
Mills Ltd. v Union of India (1981) 2 Supreme Court Cases 366] did not again
expressly hold that the concept of judicial review was, by itself, part of the basic
structure of the Constitution, but effectively so held. Chandraband CJ said It is the
function of Judges, nay their duty, to pronounce upon in the validity of laws (2612). If courts are to be totally deprived of that power, the fundamental rights
conferred upon the people will become a mere adornment because rights without
remedies are wit in water, 278-9 Bhagwati J said the power of judicial review is
an integral part of our constitution. (287F-H 288A-G)
6.12 The matter was, however, put beyond doubt, in the case of L. Chandra Kumar v
Union of India [(1997) SCJ 552] where it was held expressly that the power of
judicial review over legislative action vested in the High Courts is an integral part
of its basic structure. (para 55)

248

6.13 In the United Kingdom in R (on the application of Jackson) 2006 1 AC 262 Lord
Steyn at pp302-3 observed obiter:
In exceptional circumstances involving an attempt to abolish judicial review ...the
Appellate Committee of the House of Lords or a new Supreme Court may have to
consider whether is a constitutional fundamental which even a sovereign
Parliament acting at the behest of a complainant House of Commons cannot
abolish. (para 102)
The Courts will treat with particular suspicion (and might even reject) any attempt
to subvert the rule of law by removing governmental actions affecting individual
rights from all judicial scrutiny. Baroness Hale (para 159)
See also Lord Hope of Craighead (para 126)
Lord Walker of Gestingthorpe recognised that the Appellate Committee were
divided on the issue of any ultimate restrictions on Parliamentary sovereignty
para 141 but noted correctly that the issue did not arise in the case before the House.
6.14 It is nonetheless striking that the sovereignty of Parliament, a constitutional
fundamental in the United Kingdom paramount European community law apart
should be the subject of serious analysis by judges involved in actual dispute
resolution rather than musing extra judicially in lectures or articles; and suggests
that, even without the buttress of a written constitution embedding fundamental
rights, the notion of abrogating judicial review may be unlawful.
6.15 The same philosophy has been expressly extra-curially by distinguished judges. See
Lord Woolf Droit Publique English Style 1994 Public Law 57 at p.69 suggesting
that a Court could strike down a challenge to the reviewing power of the High
Court by Parliament and Sir John Laws Law and Democracy 72 at p.8. Sir Robin
Cooke, as he then was, has also opined judicially to the same effect.
[Fundamentals 1988 NZLJ 158]
6.16 In my view the same approach ought logically and as a matter of principle to apply
in Bangladesh. Indeed the statements of the majority of the Court in Hossain seem
to me to be entirely consistent with the proposition that judicial review cannot be
abolished by a purported constitutional amendment.
6.17 In Hossain Chowdhury J identified some basic features of the Constitution as being
unalterable and unamendable paras 254, 255 and 266, and stated that the
impugned amendment was invalid inasmuch as the basic structural pillar, that is
the judiciary, has been destroyed and plenary judicial power of the Republic vested
in the High Court Division has been taken away (para 257) since, as he had earlier
opined To deny the power of the Judiciary to preserve the Constitution is to
destroy the independence of the judiciary, thereby dismantling the Constitution
itself (para 246).
6.18 Ahmed J. also subscribed to the proposition that there is no dispute that the
Constitution stands on certain fundamental principles which are its essential pillars
and that if these pillars are demolished or damaged the whole constitutional edifice
will fall down [para 376]. He dismissed the argument that the doctrine of basic
structure is uncertain in nature; and instance its elements, including independence
of the judiciary noting that the judiciary cannot be abolished although there is no
express bar to the amending power given in the Constitution [para 377]; He also
ingeniously derived support from the very word amendment observing
Amendment is subject to the retention of the basic structure. The Court therefore
has power to undo an amendment if it transgresses its limit and alters a basic struc
true of the Constitution (para 388). (See too Chowdhury J (para 192) to the same
effect.

249

6.19 Rahman J added In this case we are concerned only with one basic feature the
rule of law, marked out as one of fundamental aims of our society in the preamble.
The validity of the impugned amendment may be examined with or without
resorting to the doctrine of basic feature, on the touchstone of the Preamble itself
(para 443).
6.20 Although no judgment in that case expressly identifies judicial review as part of the
basic structure of the Constitution, it is implicit in their reasoning that it must be.
Judicial review is the means for ensuring the rule of law. [See Chowdhury J. citing
Indian authority para 240.] As Rahman J later stated the doctrine of basic structure
is a new one and appears to be an extension of the principle of judicial review
(para 438). But absent judicial review, the doctrine of basic structure would lack
substance: since the Courts would be impotent to give effect to the doctrine. There
would be jus without remedium.
6.21 In so far as the material amendments purport to deny fundamental rights to inter
alia, member of auxiliary forces, I draw attention to the dictum of Ahmed J in
Hossain that ... fundamental rights are basic structures of the Constitution ... [para
377], and that if there is indeed a hierarchy of fundamental rights to the right not to
be prosecuted for a crime which does not exist at the time of its alleged
commission, and to make use of the remedy of judicial review to challenge the
constitutionality of such provision must rank at the summit of such hierarchy. The
Declaration Article 8 states: Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the
competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him
by the constitution or by law.
6.22 I therefore conclude that Article 47(3) and 47A are unconstitutional in so far as they
abrogate judicial review in the circumstances therein defined.
7.

THE SECOND ISSUE

7.1 The Declaration provides so far as material, as follows:
Article 7
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection
of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of
this Declaration.
Article 8
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts
violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
Article 10
Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and
impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations of any criminal charge
against him.
Article 11
(1)
Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until
proven guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the
guarantees necessary for his defence.
(2)
No one shall be held guily of any penal offence on account of any act or omission
which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the
time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one
that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.

250

(3)

The ICCPR (whose provisions were substantially reflected in the European

Convention on Human Rights, and then into the Human Right Act 1998 (HRA)
[which each accordingly supply a rich source of jurisprudence provide], so far as
material:

Article 3
The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to ensure the equal right of men and
women to the enjoyment of all civil and political rights set forth in the present Covenant.
Article 14
1.
All persons shall be equal before the courts and tribunals. In the determination of
any criminal charge against him, or of his rights and obligations in a suit at law,
everyone shall be entitled to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent
and impartial tribunal established by law. The press and the public may be excluded
from all or part of a trial for reasons of morals, public order (order public) or
national security in a democratic society, or when the interest of the private lives of
the parties so requires, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court
in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice; but
any judgment rendered in a criminal case or in a suit at law shall be made public
except where the interest of juvenile persons otherwise requires or the proceedings
concern matrimonial disputes or the guardianship of children.
2.
Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall have the right to be presumed
innocent until proved guilty according to law.
3.
In the determination of any criminal charge against him, everyone shall be entitled
to the following minimum guarantees, in full equality:
(a) To be informed promptly and in detail in a language which he understands of
the nature and cause of the charge against him;
(b) To have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence and to
communicate with counsel of his own choosing;
(c) To be tried without undue delay;
(d) To be tried in his presence, and to defend himself in person or through legal
assistance of his own choosing; to be informed, if he does not have legal
assistance, of his right; and to have legal assistance assigned to him, in any
case where the interests of justice so require, and without payment by him in
any such case if he does not have sufficient means to pay for it;
(e) To examine, or have examined, the witnesses against him and to obtain the
attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same
conditions as witnesses against him;
(f) To have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak
the language used in court;
(g) Not to be compelled to testify against himself or to confess guilt.
4.

Everyone convicted of a crime shall have the right to his conviction and sentence being
reviewed by a higher tribunal according to law.
Article 15
1.
No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or
omission which did not constitute a criminal offence, under national or international
law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than
the one that was applicable at the time when the criminal offence was committed. If,

251

2.

subsequent to the commission of the offence, provision is made by law for the
imposition of the lighter penalty, the offender shall benefit thereby.
Nothing in this article shall prejudice the trial and punishment of any person or any
act or omission which, at the time when it was committed, was criminal according
to the general principles of law recognised by the community of nations.

7.3

The Rome Statute provides so far as material:

Article 11
1.
Everyone shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty before the Court in
accordance with the applicable law.
2.
The onus in on the prosecutor to prove the guilt of the accused.
3.
In order to convict the accused the Court must be convinced of guilt of the ac cused
beyond reasonable doubt.
Article 64(7)
The trial shall be held in public. The Trial Chamber may, however, determine that special
circumstances require that certain proceedings be in closed session for the purposes set out
in Article 68 or to protect confidential or sensitive information to be given in evidence.
Article 67 (Right of the accused)
Is modelled on ICPR Article 14.3 and need not be set out in full.
However 1(g) of Article 67 adds to the privilege again self incrimination a rider without
such silence being a consideration in the determination of guilt or innocence.
7.4
7.5

7.6

7.7

Against the backcloth I come to consider the 1973 Act.

Section 3(1) offends the rule against retroactive criminal law (itself recognised in
Article 35 of the Constitution). It applies to acts committed before its coming into
effect. The rule is recognized in Article 11(2) of the Declaration; Article 15.1 of the
ICCPR and in Article 11 and 24 of the Rome Statute.
There is an issue, not finally resolved, as to whether international crimes of the kind
described in the 1973 Act i.e. genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes
were recognized as engaging individual responsibility even at the time of coming
into effect of the 1973 Act see e.g. Brownlie Principle of Public International law
7th ed pp595-7. The Rome Statute and the ICC ed Cassese and other (CAS) Ch 19.
The Genocide case ICJ reports 1996 617 para 34: Lord Browne-Wilkinson in
Pinochet No. 3 2001 1 AC 147 at p197.
On the hand
Article 15(2) is contains an apparent exception to article 15(1) in that it expressly
permits the trial and punishment of people on charges of violations of general
principles of international law regardless of the criminal status of such exceptions
in a States domestic law. Article 15(2) is clearly targeting those who have
committed gave breaches of international humanitarian law such as war crime or
crimes against humanity.

(The ICCPR- Joseph et al) 2nd ed (J)

On the other hand the HRC has described Article 15 was including a requirement that
criminal liability and punishment (be) limited to clear and precise provisions in the law

252

that was in place and applicable at the time the act or omission took place: General
Comment 29 para 7 cited J p.475.
7.8

In two cases the European Court of Human Rights has emphasised the need for
legal certainty when prosecutions were brought in domestic courts for war crimes
viewed through the lens of international law Konovov v Latvia Application No.
36376/04. Korbelev v Hungary Application No. 9174/02. See pras 70 and 73. The
equivalent provision to Article 15 in the ECHR (Article 7), there under
consideration, was targeted on laws which under the very exceptional circumstance
of World War II were passed to punish was crimes committed during the war.
Harris OBoyle and War-brick Law of the ECHR 2nd de p. 338-9. That criterion of
legal certainty was clearly not satisfied in Bangladesh in respect of genocide etc
prior to the 1973 Act.

7.9

I consider the better view is that, as those drafted 47A of the Constitution seem to
have recognized, the 1973 Act does indeed criminalize retroactively. [See further on
the general principle: Cassese International Criminal Laws 2nd ed p. 26-41.] In any
event Article 35 of the Constitution prima facie applies to domestic Bangladesh
law: there is absent any reference to crimes recognized in international law.

7.10 Section 6 arguably offends against the requirement that a tribunal be independent;
The Declaration Article 10. ICCPR Article 14. Independence means independent of
the executive CT11 1.460 J.404. Appointment by the executive is not per se
offensive to this principle Campbell v UK 1984 EHRR 165. But the Tribunal
members do not enjoy security of tenure guaranteed to mainstream members of the
judiciary [Article 96 of the Constitution]. To that extent it may fall short of
appropriate standards. Campbell ditto para 81. CT 11.462-3.
7.11 The provision in Section (2A) (the First Limb) that the Tribunal shall be
independent in the exercise of its functions does not entirely satisfy the
requirements of fairness. The existence of guarantees against outside pressure is a
fact favouring the conclusion that the body is independent (Findlay v UK 24 EHRR
221 at [73]) but how it exercises its functions it not the only issue. The lack of
security of tenure could still predispose (or be thought to predispose) the Tribunal to
be partial to the Government prosecutor (Section 7), even if the Tribunal would not
in law be subject to outside pressure in connection with its conduct of the hearing or
adjudication. Structural and functional independence are distinct: Section 6(2A)
does not touch upon the former.
7.12 Moreover the inability to challenge the constitution of the Tribunal (Section 6(8))
albeit shared by the prosecution as well as the defence could still result in a Tribunal
with the actuality or appearance of bias, (contrast e.g. The Rome Statute permitting
such a challenge: Article 41.1 and 2(b).
7.13 I do not, however, find the subsidiary provisions dealing with quorums etc
problematical.
7.14 Section 10(4) could, depending on its operation, offends against the fundamental
principle of open justice Declaration Article 10 ICCPR Article 14. Rome Statute
Article 64(7). The publicity of hearings is an important safeguard in the interest of
the individual and of society at large. (J p. 422) The coincidence of fair trials and

253

open justice is stressed in classic common law cases such as Scott v Scott 1913 AC
417 at p. 438 and The Leveller 1979 AC 440 at p.449H-450D. The right is not,
however, without limits; the test is whether the interest of justice itself requires
proceedings to be in camera. See CT 11.182 and 11.184. No such limit is apparent
on the face of Section 10(4); it gives too wide a discretion to the Tribunal.
7.15 The 1973 Act contains no articulated presumption of innocence compare The
Declaration Article 11.i ICCPR Article 14.2. Its importance is graphically described
in Rome Statute Article 11 R v Lambert 2002 AC 435 per Lord Steyn at para 34.
The common law presumes innocence the so-called golden thread Woolmington
v DPP 1935 AC 462 at p.481. It is possible that it would be implied into the 1973
Act; certainly there is nothing in the Act itself which purports to outlaw it or reverse
the burden of proof; but the absence of an express provision puts it out of alignment
with the instruments referred to.
7.16 There is no provision for bail in the 1973 Act; Section 11(5) indeed deals only with
powers of detention of an accused. Provisions as to bail are required expressly by
ICCPR Article 9.3 and-though imprecisely- by The Declaration Article 9. Freedom
pending trial is the presumptive position J p.328ff CT 10.82.
7.17 Section 20(2) permits but does not compel the death sentence for those convicted.
On the contrary it requires proportionate punishment. Whereas mandatory death
penalties may themselves constitute inhuman or degrading treatment. See R (on
the application of Wellingborough) v Home Office 2009 2 All ER 436 per Lord
Simon Brown pp457-8, otherwise the only limit on the death penalty in the ICCPR
is its restrictions to the over 18s and its prohibition in the case of pregnant women.
[CPR Article 6.5]
7.18 The extension of the (restricted) right of appeal to the Government against an
acquittal section 21(2). Palles/CB described as elementary and a broad principle
of common law that an acquittal made by a Court of competent jurisdiction and
made with its jurisdiction, although erroneous in point of fact cannot as a rule be
questioned and brought before any other court. R v Chairman and Justices of
County of Tyrone 1905 40 IR LT 181 at 182. The rationale for such a rule lies in the
double jeopardy principle Thompson v Master Touch TV Service Pty Ltd. No 3
1978 38 FLR 397 per Deane J at p.403. In Carroll v United States 34 US 394 (1957)
Brennan J said Appeals by the Government in criminals case are something
exceptional, unusual, not favoured. The rule can be overridden by statute but it
requires clear words to do so. Benson v NIRB 1942 AC 520 at p.526 and 528. Justis
Rahman Smith v R 2000 1 WLR 1644 and p.1653. Where such qualification to the
rule is made it is usually on a without prejudice basic i.e. does not affect the
actual acquittal. The purpose of allowing the prosecution to appeal is to clarity the
law see eg in England and Wales The Criminal Justice Act 1972. In England and
Wales where there has been a Attorney-Generals Reference on an over lenient
sentence (Criminal Justice Act 1988), the Court may often mitigate the increased
sentence by recognizing that the defendant has twice been placed in jeopardy e.g.
A-Gs reference No 22 of 2002(2002 All ER (D) 250. [See summary in English
Public Law (Oxford 2004) p.1205.] However, the bar on allowing prosecutors to
appeal with prejudice ie so as to reverse the acquittal is not universally
acknowledged see the comparative survey in Ireland Law Commission CP 19-2002.
Indeed prosecution appeals in continental (European) countries have been described

254

by one commentator as an everyday occurrence Pattenden 2000 Crime Law

Review 1971 at p.979. The international instruments speak with different voice. The
Declaration is silent. The ICCPR expressly provides for appeals by those convicted
person Article 14.5 but has no parallel provision allowing appeals by prosecutions;
and enshrines the principles of autrefois acquit and autrefois convict Article 14.7.
The European Convention on Human Rights leans against it [Article 4 of the 7th
Protocol]. The Rome Statute however allows prosecutors an appeal for errors of
law, fact or procedure. Article 81.4.
7.19 Section of the 1973 Act excludes the Code of Criminal Procedure 1898 (The
Code) and the Evidence Act 1872 (The 1872 Act). The obvious purpose is to
substitute for the provisions of those generally applicable laws, the provisions of the
1973 Act as a particular law. The issue arises as to whether in consequence the
accused may be deprived of significant protections which they would otherwise
enjoy.
7.20 The Code contains provisions for bail e.g. Section 86 recognises that burden of
proof lies upon the prosecution Section 265B, and has a number of detailed
provisions relating to criminal prosecutions which are absent from the 1973 Act.
7.21 I have not had may attention drawn to any provision present in the Code and absent
from the Act which adds to the analysis.
7.22 I make the same general comment about the 1872 Act. Obviously it contains the
very same technical rules of evidence which the 1973 Act Section 19(1) says are not to form part
of the adjectival law applied by the Tribunal; but mere departure from the norm does not of itself
involve human rights violations.
8.

THE THIRD ISSUE

8.1

The Tripartite Agreement provides, so far as material, as follows:

13.

The question of 195 Pakistani prisoners of war was discussed by the three Ministers
in the context of the earnest desire of the Governments for reconciliation, peace and
friendship in the sub-continent. The Foreign Minister of Bangladesh stated that the
excesses and manifold crimes committed by those prisoners of war constituted,
according to the relevant provisions of the UN General Assembly resolution and
international law, war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, and that there
was universal consensus that persons charged with such crimes as 195 Pakistani
prisons of war should be held to account and subjected to the due process of law.
The Minister of State for Defence and Foreign Affairs of the Government of
Pakistan said that his Government condemned and deeply regretted any crimes that
may have been committed.

14.

In this connection, the three Ministers noted that the matter should be viewed in the
context of the determination of the three countries to continue resolutely to work for
reconciliation. The Minister further noted that following recognition, the Prime
Minister of Pakistan had declared that he would visit Bangladesh in response to the
invitation of the Prime Minister of Bangladesh and appealed to the people of
Bangladesh to forgive and forget the mistakes of the past in order to promote
reconciliation. Similarly, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh had declared with

255

regard to the atrocities and destruction committed in Bangladesh in 1971, that he

wanted the people to forget the past and to make a fresh start, stating that the people
of Bangladesh knew how to forgive.

9.

15.

In the light of the foregoing and, in particular, having regard to the appeal of the
Prime Minister of Pakistan to the people of Bangladesh to forgive and forget the
mistakes of the past, the Foreign Minister of Bangladesh stated that the Government
of Bangladesh had decided not to proceed with the trials as an act of clemency. It
was agreed that the 195 prisoners of war might be repatriated to Pakistan along with
the other prisoners of war now in the process of repatriation under the Delhi
Agreement.

8.2

Accordingly, the principal offenders i.e. POWs have been pardoned by a The
President under (I shall assume) Article 49 (the prerogative of mercy) which allows,
inter alia, for the grant of pardons, reprieves and respites.

8.3

The effect of a pardon is to remove the criminal element of the offence named in the
pardon; it does not create any legal fiction or raise any inference that the person
pardoned had not in fact committed the offence for which the pardon had been
grated Phillips v DPP 1992 ACI 545, as per Lord Ackner at p.552 endorsed in AG
of Trinidad and Tobago 1995 1 AC 396 at p.411. Since the Phillips case referred to
an advance, not post conviction pardon, I take it to be applicable to the pardon here
in play (which I have not, however, myself seen).

8.4

A pardon can be raised as a plea in bar to an indictment (rather than as a defence see
Archbold 2009 4.161.

8.5

However in my view this distinction does not avail someone charged as aider and
abetter.

8.6

While there can be no conviction for aiding and abetting if the acus resus of the
substantive offence did not occur see Archbold ditto para 16.30, the pardon does not
expunge that acus reus. Further a secondary part may be convicted where the
principal has some defence not available to the secondary offender Archbold 1631. For these purpose the distinction between a plea in bar and a defence deems
immaterial; it is available to the principal but no to the secondary offender.

THE FOURTH ISSUE

9.1

The Presidents order provides, so far as material, as follows:

THE BANGLADESH NATIONAL LIBERATION STRUGGLE (INDEMNITY ORDER, 1973)

# ' $ '
9.2

oo?

# ' $

oo?

# 2]

Accordingly pursuant to the Order only war crimes committed by Pakistan Armed
Forces and their aiders and abetters can be tried under the 1973 Act, since the
Order itself has granted immunity from prosecution to members of the liberating
forces who have committed war crimes during the national war of independence. In
short, under the 1973 Act only war crimes committed by one side of the liberation
war can be prosecuted.
I\ 5L ??q '

# 2

256

9.3

Article 26 of the ICCPR provides (so far as material):

All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to
the equal protection of the law. In this respect the law shall prohibit any
discrimination and shall guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection
against any discrimination on any ground such as ... political or other opinion or ..
other status.
(See also Article 2(1).
(referred to in R (European Rome Rights) v Prague Immigration Officer 2005 2 AC
1 Per Lord Steyn at para 45.
Article 7 of the Declaration provides:
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal
protection of the law.
All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination violation of this ...
Declaration.

9.4

10.

The effect of the Presidential Order might plausibly be said to violate this
prohibition inasmuch as the sides taken by persons in the civil war would
necessarily be in consequence of their political belief (i.e. for or against a united
Pakistan): although I can find no exact paralled in the case.

ADDENDA
10.1 There may be scope for argument, even in the absence of any limitation provisions
in the Code, that the delay in prosecutions, now apparently contemplated more than
three decades on constitutes an abuse of the process of the Court: Ex p. Bennett
1994 1 AC at p. 61.
10.2 I have no further comments on the 9th July 2009 amendment to the 1973 Act in
addition to those under para 7 above other than to note that; Subsection (1) of
Section 3 enlarges the scope of persons who can be tried to the civilian community.
BLACKSTONE CHAMBERS
BLACKSTONE HOUSE
TEMPLE
LONDON
EC4Y 9BW

MICHAEL J. BELOFF, Q.C.

21ST DECEMBER 2009

257

# VP.*

%$>

(#
oo]

!. ' #

BpG] %
oo_

.
EP
' !'
N VP
$N . N # '
#
ooo
*JN <J *JN
N <J
' #
0C
!'
Q x7
EP
BpG?
?_ .

( ?qqp 56 *
#8

oo[

0<
<N .
N! .
@ C 10 C
N # <D 0 <N $N
.
+
' 1 D 0C
EP
3>
# ' %PO VIII of 1972 The
Bangladesh Collaborators Special Tribunals Order 1972) BpG?
$ # ' %
$>
(.
2
# ' o !; >@ N B . = ?p # <3N BpG?
2
$ # '
#
]G . = !
1 !<&;
G] $ $>
'
# 5e 2 . @ 8 Y !"
#
9J*8
>$ #
'4 N 0*
j #
!$
C
&J
2 <J N VP
3
#
N
@C #
N
0C
Bp_p
!. 8
8 N#
#
9 .
# 801 1
+
9J*8
#
2
B^ ;

10 C
$ 01 #
&J s<J &. Vk
1973) _G %]( #
0
# VP.*
#
'
#
#
! #

<Z
&J

+ # 8 0 < # 801 1 <* # $ =

+
56 D
& .
EL
'
&K .
' BpG?
B? 85L
'
t B[ .
BpG]
&K
% Act no- XV of
'
_G % ( 7 # '
0.
2 _G%]( # ' t
N
z= <J .
#
N
#
0C
#
#
#
. !
Ek
& j
0C O' # $ !;,.'
N ! '*
'4'
!
!
#
VF N
J
<J
2
+ =
! #
<J
t2

_G % ( # ' s%B( !0 1 !j _G # ' %]( ';

J* !
#
& 0. N
!
1 !j ]B # 'N ][ # '
%B( = %]( ';
__ # ' #
W #
9 & 0.
2 %?(
0
z= !0 1 !j _G # ' %]( ';
J* !
#
& 0.
# !
&
.
& ! $* # '
! j
!
1 K
t2
?^ # VP.*
+
56 D #
i ' #8
* .
"
3 !" J
! .
9 0C
# 8i
#
<*
$ $>
!$ = $>
# 8i
0C
'
# 8i
J
'
_G # ' ] '; ! ; . N Bp_H
*.
' !" J
jJ
BpGB
10C
#
N VP
@C#
N <J
#
N !. 8
8
= #
# VP.*
#
#
. BpG]
?q .
'
.
'#
Vk

# VP.*
#
%$>
( # BpG]- B.P. Bill
20
of 1973
<
t
' !0
0C #
"$
! .
0C
'
0'
EP !
!
0
8 .
#
#
# VP '0* . EF
2
# '
* 2
%BpG]
?q .
?q

'
J (t2 BpG]
?q .
'
oo]
oo_
oo[
ooo

# VP.*
#
$>
&
#
! 2
.
7 N 56 ' sGB
0C
T
VF '
!'

$ $
'

' 2
2

G]

# VP.*

258

%$>

(#

N ?qqpt2

' BpG]

Bp

% An Act XIX of 1973) International Crimes Act (

Tribunal) Act 1973

]^ BpG]
?q .
&J
# VP.*
#
9 %$>
( # BpG] % BpG]
Bp
# ( International Crimes Act ( Tribunal) Act 1973 % An Act XIX of 1973)
<J N VP 3
#
N
#
N 0C
Bp_p
!. 8
8
#
#VP.*
#
#
. # 801 1
1 <* # $ =
& .
&J
+
56 D # 2
+
56 D #
'<J
'
! ; . Universal Declaration of Human
Rights 1948j J International Military Tribunal for the trial of the Major
War Criminals of 1945, Universal declaration of Human Rights 1948,
Convention on the prevention and punishment of the Crimes of Genocide of
1948, Resolution on the Formulation of the Nuremberg Principles of 1950,
Convention on the International Rights of Correction 1952, United Nations
Declaration on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Descrimination 1963,
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966, International
Convention of Economics, Social and Cultural Rights 1966, Resolution on the
Human Rights in armed Conflict of 1970
9
#
$ # VP.*

_^ $>

<
.
'

#
9 $>
#
'
' Bp .
BpG]
+ # VP.*
#
%$>
( #
BpG] Act no.XIX of 1973
2 ?q .
BpG]
'
!< .$ ?o $
5L
#
&
2 ?q .
BpG]
!K # $ <&
'
0*
8
2
#
# j]
J* # !0N !0 !
1 !0 !
!'
!
!
Ek
& j
#K
!
%#K* ` BpGB
# '
#
<Z .
N# '
#
#
0<
(
'
3>
% (
@C#
%+( VP
@C#
%<( <J
%"( 0C
%( Bp_p
!. 8
8
'#
% ( # VP.*
#
# !
#
%Any other crimes under international
law)

% (

[^ $>
#
!
$#
o^ $>
#
01
G^ # VP.*
#
+ # !0N
p[ # ' # 0
.
!

BpG]

+ !0 !
#
#

#
+ #

' < <& J

9
"$

' 8 _
"$
' &
[
0 !
#;
2
$>
#
o
'
& ! $*
'
<

! $*
*
' #
!0 < 2 ! 8
!
'
# VP.*
#
$>

N !0 < .
K

J* # !0N #
]
1#
. '
'
'!
#
$>
#

<Z =

!0 <

0 Vk # <& J
' < <& J
1m
2
!

< b VP
56 D #K* `

!0 < 2
!0 <
& \
2

<

259

56 D # 8i 1<J $>
.
" #VP8*91 !

& \

H^

J*
'#
. $>
'
p^

# 0
#
VP
@C#
N# !
# VP.*
#
. # 8 0 < EF
; &
$

#
.

< '

#
N Bp_p
#
.

#
H
#
#
9
'VP & b
'VP
*I j
#
0
N
N # vN
#
!< O' EF = 'VP
I* j #VP8*91
!
&
$ 'VP
= 0*b
EL K*
<& J
2
j <&
2

Bq^ $>

#
qp
'VP
0*b # 5e .
EF
&
$ <J
y 9 * $>
. ' 2
$>
#
& J $>
EF
j & J

BB^ # VP.*
0*b
B?^

#
EPW

B]^ #
#
0*
B_^

$>

BB

+
$>

#
J

j
#

2
$>
Bq

.
j
j

& D
&'

?q^ j <& J
C
C
2

2
01
j

$ # 80 1
@C
+ * J
2 ;
9
3 '
-'
* 0* = # 1 j
j 0 ' j &'
2

0*

b VP

EA
& .
# 801 #
&

# j- J* # 2
#
B?
E638
# .
< j
j# .
<
'*

+ # !0N # 801
! j!0 !
2

adjournment is in the interest of justice

B_
b VP

'
#
J* #

Bo
2

Y '

B[

EL

1 9

$>

!0

Pardon of an Approver

#
+
#
K

# 801
+

# 80 1

#
# EF # 801 #
#
'
J* ! ,
<
EL I
2
!
j

'*3
#
G
<

BG^ .* <Z
' #
C <
'*

&

]
!. 8
8
9 .
$ <J
<

; &

$>

!j - $>
'*

Bo^ Pardon of an Approver j

!
0*
#
]
I
2

BH^ $>

$>

C
N v N
2
#
& . !0 !

'VP !

j # .
< $>
j 0'
j 5L
.
+ # 801 #
#
#

*I j

B[^ # 801 1
I
!' EL
#
.
O' Statement or Confession
v*

Bp^

1 # VP.*
<J N 0C
# 0 #

@ C # 8 0 < <Z

#
!

BG
*.
# | j

K*

#.

$>

b VP

' !" J
& .
BH

#
Bp
$>
# CK
2 0*b '>@
j & J ' !0 EP '

260

!
& .
' }'

j <& J !
$
0*
K # 5L
&
$*N

Non-technical

- - N ; | = !$
v*
#
'>
2 $>
j <& J 0*
. >$
j N 'VP
* *
*I
C j $>
EP
i
! =
$>
$>
i
2 .
"N
!
EF
#
<Z
2
?B^ <3 ( 81

j & J
$>
$ <& J 0 <
*I
C I N#
EL
1N !
j
<& J
2
J C !0
& J
'
2
1
0
#Q <Z 9
#
+
W
& J '
'EP .
! $ <& J

b O

$>

ee^

<&

?q

$>
$>

# 801

#- #

0*b

= '4 !" J

# 801 1
EP'
'
'
. ' KI

&

b O,

9 VP

1 #
$>
! I 7 '4

IK

# '

$ !08
&
!
#

&'Y '4

L; O%

&

C:

$>
#
Procedure $>
eg^ /8
$>
e`^

4n
0*
&-

$>

N #K
*I j
& j
! $* #
0*b

2
j

&'
D

0*

a @ z#

! 8

*K
+ 2
.

EP '
&'

!0N
!" J
2

BpG]
# VP.*
#
$>
#
?B
'4 & y
@C
oq '
& ! $* #
'
Bq] # ' &K ';
$* 8 <
@C#
T
+
#
8 < #
#
9
$* 8 < & Q !0
& 0. !
$>
!0N
'
o\ 8 < &K
' J*
& !
# EP # '
! 8
BpG]
# VP.*
#
$>
! 8
<Z
2
ep^ <3 ( 81

!
1 $>
*I
8 <#
2
!0 !
!;,.' '4 '
'
';
# '
!j -= & 0 . 2 & Q
+
$*
m
' J*
2
J .EL

.4 $!
??
.
( ,

#
?]
& < 0<

&J

$>
2

$ 9 <3 ( 8
2

# 0

0*

0*

Rules of

.4
!;,.'

0*

N BHpH

j #

N BHG? #- #

/
#
?_
- ?B
'4 ' !
# EF
& D 5A+
0
$ EF
0
2
#K* ` ' "* 9 .
- ?q
J*
'4 '
8 <
Bq] # ' # 0 #
@ C ! #'
& D
0

261

#
$>
!
# '
#K !
#'
#
5A !
!K $>
0*b
@ C ?B
oq '
&
'
*
# '
2

ea^

&
$>
$>
#- #

eh^ ,(
#
#

#
#
!
(
#
%$>

?[
3 !
#
& / :

1
'
(

BpG] # VP.*
#
:
W
*
@C!
1' !
' j <& J

$>
!'=
0

#
!;,.'
2

) &4

K 7
! BpG]
# VP.*
#
$>
# # VP.*
( # BpG] (An Act no. XIX of 1973)
9
3 #
9
* K
2 # VP.*
+
56 D #
' ' #8
# 0 Bp_H
*.
' !" J N Bp_p
!. 8
8
'N Bp_H
Convention on the
prevention and punishment of the crimes of genocide of 1948, Bp[q
Formulation of the Nuremberg Principles of International Military Tribunal for
the Major War Criminals of 1945 9
'
#
'
_G %](
_G% ( # ' ! ; .
' .
' &J BpG]
# VP.*
#
$>
#
BpGB
'
= ' !'
. N # ' #
0<
*
<J N VP
3
#
N
#
N 0C
Bp_p
!. 8
8
=#
#
. # 801 1
1 <*
0*b
#
5L T @
0*
= & . 2

262

# VP.*

(#

# VP.*
( ?qqp 0*
2

%
&'

Bg
$>

s0C
4 ' !j - & 0 .

]g $>
' #

'
1#

!
*#

[g $>
$>
& . 2
. #

$>
# '

og #
'VP

<Z

Gg # 801
# 801 1

Hg
1#

<Z

H%[(
* & D

%G(

1
@C!
Q

Bqg 1 #
j m

Bq

BH
3

j !'

# 801
Z

B_g

Bp%B(
$*

B[g

"$

0.
N

& J' j

N @ 4
.

EF K

J
!

#K

# VP.*
#
`

0*b

$>
#VP8*1
'>@

1 #K

!0 !

& . 2
1 j <&EP
<J
2

&'

`0

`2
# 801

j #

j
' !'
' '

$>
v*

$>

j # 801
1 j

!0
& . 2

263

BB%?(

# 80 1 #

& . 0
- !$ !

'

W IO' =

O' 8 .

I 7 '4 &'

<& J

i
_

0.

9J*

< &b
j

$T
6 Y

B_ # ' # 0

B]g
* #
#
$ ! $* #
1#
<.
&

Q
2

( #
BpG]
! $ BG $

'
&b

& . 20
* j '

BBg #
# Bpoo
0.
& . 2
B?g BpG]

T
#

& . 0

!K
Y '
C VP <& J

!08

0*

Y '

%$>
.

Bpp]

0'
o%[(

#
D

56 * i
& . 2 j-#

!
< '&
# '

& . 2

'
!0 !

1#

pg # 801

$>

* #VP8*1

'

( ?qqp 56 *

= # VP.*
# VP.*

# j- T & . 2

_g $>
& .
<Z

BpG] %

0 < E 8
0C
b VP $>
Bpp_
!
$ $ BppH
@C#
i$
& . 2

?g 0C
*$
& . 2

%$>
# VP.*

#
`2
. &y

j
'
0.

*I

!0
j <& J
& . 2

8 D
- N

Bog !
0.

$ $ BppH
& . 2

[_

# '# 0

BGg !

$ $ BppH
#
0.

[[

# ' # 0
`2

264

&
'VP

j
O' 8 .

*
1

BpG]
#

# VP.*

%$>
' # 801

(#

BpG] %

1' #

( ?qqp 56 *

. < J #8

*
'9 ; !.^
Bq B] .
?qBB
' ;
$>
3 1N
N.
.U
! W IO'N #
# 801 1< J # . < J
< 0C
# . <J * # VP.*
#
$>
BpG] = ?qqp
#=
&
9 * 0* (pre trial stage) $>
# '
!j * ' # 8i
J*
2
EL
= !j #
J 9
+
0 &
&
Ja
+

# VP.*
#
Vk N
3> Vk N
3>
2 # 801 '
j
j
.$
+ +
#8 VP J =

4 % / /1

B^
__ # ' # 0 !0 !
1
! ,
#
D
+ .
$*
&
. !0
2 V
B
_G %B( = _G %?( # ' m
# 801 '
#
J
2
9 * 0* (pre trial stage) $>
!
# '
8
!
0< !
EP
@C#
T
& ! $* #
8 < !0
2
8
$ * !.
^
!. !
. 0C
.
O' 8 .
1' ! ,
#
J
=#
9
#
Z = *
'
2
# # 0
$>
T
8
0 ! 8
&J
#K Rules
of Business # 0 !0 !
# ' j
- 3>
2
?^ $>
!0 !
# '
3> j # 801 1 *I

. #
#
. !
#
$>
+
2 $>
!0 !
#VP * *
# '
.v
8
0< +
$>
.
# '
$*; v
#
0< +
2
]^ _?
*
j ' # .
< #
K
EL z=

' # .
< !'
2 !'
!0 !
#'
' # .
<
!
# <
!
.$
7
&b
' # .
< #
!'
!j - & x
I3 2
_^
#
!'
j # BHG? ! & < 0 <
+
2;
3> j
# 801 1 j 0 !
j
j <& J
j <& J 0 <
$>
+
56 D
= $>
!EL
0<
2
[^ 'VP
'VP
EF !0 !
1 !0 !
& D Y '
2#
!
K
j '
#
! 2;
K
j
# 801 # 8
. &' 5e 2 #
! $ $ BppH
[[ # '
VF 2
o^ # 801 1 !
& D Y '
$>
.EL
# 0 # '
'
2 ; # 801 1 j &'
& D Y '
K
2
G^ BpG]
3>
Bo
# ' m T EP
Ek
N
=
'
" $ 0C
+
2
;
1
*I
"$
0C
' !K
1 !'
#K* `
.
j
.
j
G # '
ICCPR
?o # '
VF 2
$
?G # ' UDHR #
j
#
j
2
H^ # 801 j
&E
. +
!'
# '
3> j # 1
2 !0
# 801 j
y
!'
# '
3> j
o
'
V !
265

.* ' +
&

EL

p^ $>
! $*

N # VP.*
jo% (

* !
EP j

0*

!'+ 0 !0N 0 < E 8

# 801 j B?% (
!'
2
< !'
#
VkJ
*I 2 j - & ! $*
< !'
!0 !
*
2 !j EL
=
j8
2
< # 801 j j
z #8 0 <
* #'

Bq^ $>
2

$" %
#

B^

" 9

> 4 '

<

p^ <3 ( 81
#8
$>
# 8i

g^ <3 ( 81
<
{ '

!' =
&
$
+
<& J
K
8Y
j
. !;

"#

!/ #

. <J

:- q

&

&

$ # =

Vk

20
j EL 8

'

^ ;
= 0

!'
J $>

T @ =
.

& ;

#$
&8

9 * #$ W
1'
& 2
; $>

5e

j8
W

1'

0C

0C
<J

&

"% q $>

#
#'
# .
v
! < ! = # 8i
8Y
$ # 801 1 ' # . '

J
!0N O' 8 . '
@C
$>
#
o.
1 # ' #<&
#$ ! + 2
$#
5e
2

0 '
< !'

' 0C
.
!
# 8i ! 2 '
< !'
2
' # 8i
'
2
J#
BB%[( # '
9 *
#$
+
2 #K
$>
'
< '

" q#

. <J
+
!0N O' 8 . '
@C
W = O$ !; ` #
?B^p^?qBq
+ T
$>
8
VP
N s $
0 K3
!0N !0
.
'

01 #
J

10 C
t #K* ` 10 C
J 0C
!
J#
8*9 8 = O$ .
0 101
$>
2 # .
$>
j
'I3 VP
+
!0 ?B^qp^?qBq
+ #
!
'
@C !
K
#$
+ 0
2 ! j - $>
# ' -@ $
' # $
+
j
&8
# '
* !' 2 &
!
*!
??^qp^?qBq
+ ' + EP
0 $>
2 $ $>
j 8Q
2 ' .
.
&
4
!'
V
# '
T
5L
2
' .
# '
2 $>
8
J
$>
z 9 # '
! #
!
'j
@C &
= . #
$ 8 < #
<Z #
EF <& J ' . 2
^ ;

# 801< J #
$>

&8

e^

'
#=

5A

O' 8 .
!. !' 2
&J

1' # . '
'
.v
0< ! 2

266

0K K* #
# 0

= 9

Stephen J. Rapp
Ambassador-at-Large,
War Crimes Issues
Press Conference
January 13, 2O11

Ambassador Rapp: Thank you very much, and thank you everyone for being here today. I've been very
honored by the invitation of the government and by the welcome that Ive received here in Dhaka,
Bangladesh over the last few days. As a young law student I remember well following the events of 1971
specifically remembering that day in January when Sheikh Mujib Rahman was released from Pakistan and
flown through London and returned here to Dhaka to the tens of hundreds of thousands of people
welcoming him and welcoming the beginning of a new country, Bangladesh.
I was honored to visit the Liberation War Museum to learn more than I had before about the enormous
crimes committed here during nine months of 197l. It reminded me as well of the disappointment that I had
in my own government and in its highest leadership during that period, but also of my pride in the
leadership exercised by people like my late friend senator Kennedy in bringing to international and
American recognition the suffering of the people of Bangladesh and the role of the Consul General of the
United States here in Dhaka, Archer Blood, who provided accurate reports of the atrocities that were being
committed here in his famous Blood Telegrams that he sent back to Washington.
In that regard I was pleased to be able to bring here to Dhaka and to the Office of the Prosecutor of
the International Crimes Tribunal the records now declassified, hundreds of pages of records obtained
by the American government of information during the period of 1971, and delivered that yesterday
to the prosecutors for potential use in these cases.
I also want to underline my own commitment here, represented by the current position that I hold in
the Obama administration as Ambassador at Large for War Crimes Issues, the support of the United
States for accountability when grave atrocities are committed, the importance that justice be done
even if it takes 40 years to accomplish that justice. It needs to be done and seen to be done

267

Additionally, I want to honor the contribution of Bangladeshi citizens to the development of

international justice. When I was a senior prosecutor at the international Criminal Tribunal for
Rwanda in Arusha, Tanzania; I benefited from the assistance of a Bangladesh investigator who helped
in developing our case is against the media that was responsible for inciting the Rwanda genocide
I had an, opportunity during my visit here to see Judge T.H. Kahn who served for four years, prior to
my arrival, at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. All of this reminded me that in this
area we have a great, deal to learn from each other. Just as Bangladesh is asking for our assistance we
ask for Bangladesh's assistance in meeting the challenge of justice around the world.
I want to emphasize that I'm here at the invitation of the government, extended by the Foreign
Secretary when I visited in New York during the United Nations General Assembly in September. He
asked me to come here to observe what was occurring and potentially to provide advice or
suggestions based upon the lessons that I had learned and that others have learned during the course
of the prosecution of international crimes.
I do want to emphasize that what we're dealing with here in Bangladesh are international crimes. The
decision made by parliament in 1973 was to pass legislation, since amended in 2009, to allow for the
prosecution of certain crimes that are defined under international law; Crimes like genocide and
crimes against humanity and war crimes.
It would have been possible, and it remains possible, for a national system to try people for murder,
for rape, for robbery, for pillage, for arson as ordinary crimes even when those crimes are committed
on a massive scale. But the decision here was to prosecute for extraordinary crimes. For crimes that
have been recognized under international law and defined as such.
That's one of the reasons that the Foreign Secretary reached out to me and to others because what the
language means in that statute when you talk about genocide or crimes against humanity has been
defined and refined in the course of cases that have been now brought across the world regarding
atrocities in Yugoslavia or Rwanda or in Sierra Leone or in Cambodia. And that having decided to
pass an international crimes statute, basically Bangladesh is saying it's going to enforce international
law here, Of course that has to be done in compliance with international treaties of which Bangladesh
is member, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Of course it also, since
it's a national court, it has to be done in compliance with national law.
I have had an opportunity to meet with the judges of the tribunal, with the prosecutor and his staff,
with the investigators, with the registrar. An opportunity to meet with Her Excellency the Foreign
Minister, with his Excellency the Law Minister, and of course the Foreign Secretary, with defense
attorneys for all of the accused that are presently detained, with the leading members of the

268

opposition from BNP and Jamat, with defense attorneys, and with representatives of the Bar of the
Supreme Court. So I've sought the views of all in this process and I promised the Law Minister that
within the course of the next several days, and I should note that I'm leaving here to continue on a trip
that will take me to six other countries and won't have, me back in Washington until the 30th of
January, but I promised that I will during breaks in that travel, and I hope within the next week, send
a memorandum back to the Law Minister suggesting ideas that may meet some of the issues that have
been raised by defense attorneys or by international organizations like the International Bar
Association that may help assure the justice is done and seen to be done in the Process here.
Additionally, as I visited with judges and the prosecutor and others there was a great desire for
assistance, for training, for provision of materials and case histories. I well understood that and
welcome those requests.
I'll return to Washington and talk with the agencies government about what assistance might be
available.I had already had some preliminary discussions before I came. I also spoke to Members of
the Congress on this question and it was clear that since funds have not been specifically
appropriated, we will have to consult with the Congress about whatever kind of assistance that we
provide. Well see what results and we'll move as quickly as we can on that issue.
It is important to note, however, that our ability to get approval for assistance will be easier if it's
clear that provisions are there which ensure that the individuals who are tried will be tried in
compliance with international and domestic law, particularly the law set forth in Article 14 of the
International Covenant on Civil arid Political Rights which Bangladesh ratified more than a decade
ago.
I also want to emphasize that in all of these cases, and whether in Bangladesh or elsewhere, that these
trials involve individuals, individual- criminal conduct, that this cannot be and cannot be seen to
involve individuals who are charged because of associations past or present, but only based upon their
acts, individually proven, that they ordered or committed or instigated or had effective control over
forces that committed these horrendous acts.
It's important, as well, that the procedures that are developed ensure that each party has the
opportunity to raise legal issues and have them resolved. Many people have hit me with a lot of legal
issues that they think need to be resolved. It's not for me to decide those issues, but it's important that
there be a procedure for those issues to be heard and resolved. And that the defense in particular, as
guaranteed by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, has the time and facilities to
prepare their defense.

269

Additionally, as has been pointed out to me, the people of Bangladesh very much want to see justice
for these crimes. I've heard and certainly in the young people that I've spoken to, a great desire on the
part of young people that were not alive in 1971, to know the truth about what happened. What
happened to their parents, to their uncles, to their aunts, to their grandparents, to this country at that
time period. That's one of the reasons why I think people feel so strongly about the importance of
having a fair and just process here. But I think it also emphasizes the importance of making sure that
the process is open and transparent.
In the international courts in which I've participated, some have done that job well; some have not
done it so well. In Sierra Leone which is a country much less developed than this one, we had an
outreach program where we raised funds from private sources and from foundations, more than a
million dollars a year, To ensure that across the country people were shown videos, provided with
information about the trials. There were thousands of public meetings that provided people with information. In a society like this one the opportunity to have streaming video of each of the trial
sessions, to watch the witnesses -- people that are interested can do that is extremely important. And
to the extent that some will say this is fair or unfair, It's important that people be able to have access
to make a decision themselves.
So I certainly want to help in any way that this country decides to provide assistance, also ensuring
that this process is open and transparent and that the information is out there so people can learn and
make up their own minds.
Finally and importantly, why am I here? Why do I do this job? Before I was in this job, I was a
prosecutor in Africa. Why is it important to my government and to the people of the world what
happens here?
One, because of commitment to justice have suffered, to the individuals that for these crimes. To the
memory of people who have been brutally murdered and raped. That we owe it to them as human
being, as members of the human family to recognize their suffering, to hold responsible those people
that did it, that were responsible for those atrocities.
Secondly, because here we have an opportunity for a process to be a model. There are international
courts, to be sure, but international courts are distant from the scene of the crime. They can only try a
handful of cases. They're expensive and Iong and cumbersome, as I know well, having been in them.
It's important that these cases happen in national level, close to the communities that were affected.
Close to the victims.Close to the families of the people who are accused, who can visit and watch and
judge for themselves.

270

This is an opportunity for a process to be developed that wiII be a model. And to the extent that
processes like this happen, it creates an expectation and sends a message that crimes like this are not
going to be tolerated. That perhaps not in the weeks after the crime, but even 40 years after the crime.
That individuals that choose to target the innocent for their own political or whatever ends, who
choose to kiII and to maim innocent men, women and children, will face consequences. And to the
extent that message is sent here in Dhaka, to the extent its sent in The Hague or Arusha or Freetown
or Phnom Penh, that message resonates and can protect other people around the world from
experiencing the very horrors that people experienced here in Dhaka some 40 Years ago.
With that opening, let me go ahead and yield to your questions.
Media: [Protomolo (actually Prothom Alo)]. In your opening remark you have mentioned that
accused should not be treated due to ,their past or present association rather than focusing on the
evidence, that whether they're provocate [ph] or instructed for a model or such thing.so as I know you
have met with the leaders of the Jamat. Did you get any sort of indication from them that the
processes, are they politically motivated?
Anbassador Rapp: obviously people who are accused will raise issues and object to charging. Will
say that others have not been charged and they are, and that its unfair, and l hear and I heard those
arguments when I was a prosecutor. All I can say is that the answer to that is to make sure that the
process is a fair one, and that individuals are judged not by what association they were part of but
what they did.
Now do keep in mind that there are organizations like the Interahamwe, who is a group of organized
youth that were involved in the Rwanda genocide. There may have been militias here or peace
committees that were involved in killings in 1971. Those weren't political parties. They were smaller
groups. But even then, one's membership isn't enough to convict an individual. It has to be on what
that person did. Of course many of these crimes were done in concert with other individuals, So that
can be relevant evidence, but it's still individual criminal responsibility. I think the best guarantee that
this is not a political process is in ensuring that each of the individuals that are charged has the rights
that are guaranteed by the international covenant which has been ratified here in Bangladesh.
Media: [NTV]. Do you think that the process which has been initiated by the International Crimes
Tribunal here, it can ensure fullest credibility, transparency and it can be consistent with the
international standard? Or do you suggest any charges need to be taking place in the process in
the coming days?
Ambassador Rapp: As I indicated, I had promised the Law Minister, and as I discuss some of my
ideas I certainly sense some receptivity to some of those ideas, which l think can be accomplished

271

through potential changes in the rules, large incorporating in the rules language from other
international tribunals in which Bangladesh has been involved like the Rwanda Tribunal or the
ICC of which Bangladesh is now a ratified member. The incorporation of some specific rules
would, I think, help the process and give the defense greater assurance that their rights would be
protected.
As I said, its also important that people have an opportunity to raise issues in court. I had many
people who came up to me from the defense side who said this is wrong because this is
retroactive legislation. How can you pass a law in 73 to criminalize something that happened in
'71 ? How can you amend it in 2009?
I pointed out that as a matter of international law that can be done. It is okay to do that, to pass,
specifically under the International Covenant, you can have retroactive legislation, but only to
recognize crimes under international humanitarian law. Thats what was attempted here. But there
are also provisions of the constitution of Bangladesh of 1972 that deal with retroactive laws as a
matter of national legislation, and of the First Amendment that provides certain exceptions.
I heard lots of arguments on these issues. Counsel should be able to raise those issues by
preliminary motion the way they do at the tribunals, to have them decided by the tribunal. To
have even a right of interlocutory appeal to the Supreme Court. To have those issues resolved and
to make sure that they're decided in a public decision that people can read, and that's an important
part of that Process.
So a lot of this involves making sure that there's a procedure for everything to be done in a way
that meets international standards, according to the traditions and Process of this country. I think
that can be accomplished potentially by amendments to the rules.
Now Ive, heard people that say the statute itself, the 1973 law, needs to be revisited. There are
arguments for that. But I think to a large extent if done carefully, the problems, the significant
problems that have been pointed out by groups like the lnternational Bar Association or: by
defense attorneys and others, can be resolved with rule changes which can be relatively simply
approved by the judges of the tribunal and done in a way that's done before any real procedures
occur in court.
Media: [English Daily Dinostra]. You have just said that incorporation of provisions from
international law will ensure the fair [inaudible]. Will you be specific? What kind of provision we
should incorporate in our Law to ensure the fair and transparent trial?
Ambassador Rapp: I don't want to be exclusive in my list as I said, and understand these are
matters to be considered by the Law Minister, by the Law Commission potentially, by the court

272

itself , but as Ive indicated provisions that would allow preliminary questions about jurisdiction
and whether laws have been appropriately or legally enacted, there should be an opportunity for
that. There should be an opportunity as well for interlocutory appeals, not on every issue, but if
certified and if leave is granted because an interlocutory appeal could facilitate the process.
Rather than waiting until it's all over to change something that may have been in error, an issue
could go up on appeal, the trial could continue with other witnesses or other evidence, and then a
decision could come down and that could affect how the rest of the trial took place. That's
allowed in all of the international courts and was allowed where Judge T.H. Kahn served in the
Rwanda court. That's simply a matter of potentially taking the provisions of Rule 73 that's been
enacted in every one of the tribunals in which I've been involved, and putting that on the rules.
There are other provisions; I think importantly issues of for instance the rights of accused to be
questioned in the presence of counsel. There are rules in all of the tribunals that say that if an
accused person is questioned he has the right to have his counsel present during that questioning,
and he needs to be told that he has that right and that if he can't afford a counsel, that a counsel
will be appointed to represent him. But that he can, if he voluntarily waives that right, go ahead
and talk. That kind of rules l think is important and would assure the fundamental fairness.
Though many of the rules are already in there, I think that a Clear statement that the provisions of
Article 14 of the International covenant on civil and Political Rights, that deal with the rights of
an accused person to be tried in an appropriate way, to have time and facility for preparation, et
cetera. You can find the provisions of that article on the web or in some of the commentary that's
been presented by the International Bar Association. It would be appropriate to simply say,
because they do apply, they should apply. This country ratified that convention in 2000. Clearly
all of those provisions apply.

When it comes to the definition of the crimes and what elements have to be proven to prove
somebody guilty of crimes against humanity or war crimes, we have the benefit of the fact that in
the last 15 years in these international courts these words about what is a war crime, what is a
crime against humanity, what does that mean? How many people know what that means?
It's been clearly defined. A war crime that occurs in connection with an international or noninternational armed conflict in these particular ways, and is additionally a murder or a rape or
whatever.
There are elements that have been set out by the ICC which this Country is now a part of. It could
be provided that the Court could seek guidance in determining the specifics and the definition

273

from say those ICC definitions. It wouldn't be mandatory, but that would give them, the parties
would then know what those words mean. And its appropriate.
As I said earlier, this country has decided not to prosecute people for ordinary crimes on a
massive scale, but to prosecute people for international crimes. International crimes are not
defined by individual states, they're defined by all states and by international courts. One has to
seek a reference to those authorities in order to apply those laws. If you don't, you're not entitled
to Prosecute under a retroactive law. If Youre going to use a retroactive law you have to follow
international law as it's been established under international treaties that this country has adopted
Media: [Bangladesh News Agency]. Do you think the pre-trial process, I mean the arrest of the
accused, suspected accused, contradicts with international law?
My second question, we know that 195 Pakistani prisoner of war crimes were released, freed.
These people in Bangladesh, they actually committed crimes at their instruction. So to make the
trial complete, do you think those 195 Pakistani criminals should be brought to justice?
Ambassador Rapp: Would you repeat your first question? I just want to be clear on that.
Media: Pre-trial process. The arrest of the suspects, the accused, and before bringing judges
against them, is it okay?
Ambassador Rapp: Different countries follow different processes.
I heard a shout. I was asked a question about the pre-trial process and whether that was in
compliance with international Iaw.
Do keep in mind that different countries have different procedures and different courts have had
different procedures. The Cambodia court which follows a more continental law basis system has,
in fact, detained the four cabinet members of the Pol-Pot government for close to three years
before formal charging, during the investigative process. So it is permitted. It may not occur
generally here in Bangladesh in ordinary crimes. It is permitted to detain people, though the
conditions of their continued detention have to be subject to judicial review.
I know Ive heard the issue of whether decisions on bail should be subject to review. As I've said
earlier, I think it's important to have the right of interlocutory appeal, and I think by the same
token bail decisions are on an almost uniform basis always subject to an opportunity for an
immediate appeal. So I think it would be useful to have a provision that allows continued
detention to be reviewed by the judges of the tribunal and to be subject to appeal. But pre-trial
detention does not automatically, is not automatically, and pre-charging detention, isn't
automatically a violation of international standards.

274

In regard to the 195 individuals that were held back at the time of the initial exchange with
Pakistan but eventually. sent back to Pakistan, I don't want to -- I saw one of the accused had
raised a motion on this issue. I don't want to prejudge how these issues should be resolved. They
need to be resolved by the judges. I will say on the other hand, that in every trial that Ive ever
had, I've had people that have come in and said why are you charging me and you didnt charge
that person, et cetera. That's never a defense. One is responsible for their own conduct, and quite
often individuals that are responsible for offenses may never be arrested. In several of the trials
that I've been involved internationally some of the key accused are still at large, some have died
before the trials could begin. More junior people have ended up being prosecuted. It is not a
defense that others aren't before the court.
As I say, each of these trials needs to be determined individually based upon the conduct of the
accused.
Media: [The Independent] My question is very simple and specific. There are allegations from the
oppositions, particularly Jamat leaders, that international standard is not maintained and
international commitment is also violated by the government as they are holding the trial process
of, some of the people have already been put behind bars. Would you make a specific comment
on it Please?
Ambassador Rapp: Im not here to political allegations, I'm here to provide suggestions on how to
ensure that this process going forward will adhere to international standards. I hear a willingness
on the part of the government to listen to suggestions that I may have and then we can see going
forward.
As I say, we know there are political differences in this country and a very intense political
competition in each election. But this is about justice and justice that people will be reading about
in a hundred years when parties have different names and different leadership. It's important that
this be done in a way that will stand the test of time and to get away from the immediate political
situation and look at what proof is and make sure that the process is one that is just and not just,
as I say within its processes just, but can be seen by all fair-minded individuals as a just process.
So thank you very much.

275

Ambassador-at-Large Mr. Stephen J. Rapp

March 21, 2011

Hon. Dr. Dipu Moni
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Hon. Barrister Shafique Ahmed
Minister of Law, Justice, and Parliamentary Affairs
Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh
Dhaka, Bangladesh

Dear Honorable Ministers

Thank you for welcoming me to Bangladesh in January and for your invitation to share my
experiences and provide suggestions drawn from my offices extensive experience in promoting
accountability for serious violations of international law. These suggestions are not intended to
convey as official U.S. government position on the essential elements of a competent tribunal;
this paper is intended to serve as a resource/guide to further inform and promote dialogue within
the Government of Bangladesh concerning an array of potential avenues for strengthening the
ICT.
The United States is interested in seeing that the trials of the ICT are conducted in a manner that
is just, equitable, consistent with international law and that has the maximum benefit for the
people of Bangladesh. The effective enforcement of international criminal law is very important
to establishing lasting peace and reconciliation and many will look to the ICT as a model as to
how a purely domestic court can successfully prosecute and hold accountable perpetrators of
atrocities and human rights violations that are prohibited by international law.
Preliminary Issues
The main challenge facing the ICT is that the statutory language which established it and outlined
its jurisdiction were adopted in 1973, before the creation of the International Criminal Court
which have greatly expanded and further defined and interpreted international humanitarian law.
However, from my discussions with representatives of the Bangladesh government and the ICT,
it was understood that it would be difficult to amend the Act which created the Tribunal. The ICT
was first conceived by the International Crimes {Tribunal} Act which was adopted by the
Parliament in 1973 (hereafter referred to as the 1973 Act) and marginally amended in 2009. At
that time, the Bangladeshi Constitution (which was adopted in 1971) was amended to ensure that
there would be no constitutional challenges to the Tribunal. It was not until the current
governments election in 2008, which brought back democracy after a period of military rule that
the political will and capacity was there to create the Tribunal. However, operating a tribunal in
2011 using a law created forty years ago creates problems. The 1973 Act was written based on
the Nuremburg Code. Since that time, however, international jurisprudence on humanitarian law
has more fully developed thanks to the Tribunals for Rwanda and Yugoslavia, the Special Court
for Siena Leone and the creation of the International Criminal Court. Even if it is not possible to

276

alter the statutory language of the 1973 Act, the Tribunal could use the ICCs Elements of
Crimes to interpret the crimes, which while enumerated by the 1973 Act, were never defined.
While it would be difficult to amend the 1973 Act, the Bangladeshi officials I met with welcomed
suggestions for amendments to their rules of Procedure, which were promulgated by the Tribunal
itself and there fore are much easier to amend. Chapter X of the Rules of Procedure acknowledge
that the rules enumerated are not exhaustive and could be amended, altered, added or repealed as
the Tribunal thinks necessary. I have therefore sought to identify ways to ensure a fair process by
amending the Rules of Procedure and related practices.
We hope that by using contemporary international law to interpret the crimes cnumerated within
the 1973 Act and by amending the Rules of Procedure, the ICT will be able to uphold current
international legal standards while bringing perpetrators of atrocities committed forty years ago to
justice. However, if you conclude that adopting these measures will not be sufficient, I would
respectfully urge you to consider appropriate statutory amendments so that each of the proposed
rules and practices could be given force and effect in the proceedings of the international Crimes
Tribunal.
The suggestions herein are based upon the fact that through its actions, the Bangladeshi
government has already evinced a commitment to upholding international standards for justice
and to the pursuit of accountability for those responsible for atrocities and gross violations of
human rights. As a member of the United Nations, Bangladesh has contributed resources to the
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), which together achieved justice in over 200
cases of individuals charged with genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. As a
member of the United Nations, Bangladesh has also been part of the process by which the UN
entered into agreements with national governments to form bybrid courts, such as the Special
Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) and the Extrordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
(ECCC). Citizens of Bangladesh have figured prominently among the ranks of judges, lawyers,
and investigators at the international tribunals and hybrid courts. Bangladesh is also State Party to
the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and has therefore accepted
application of the provisions of the Rome Statute, the ICC Elements of Crimes, and ICC Rules of
Procedure and Evidence in future cases before the ICC involving Bangladesh citizens.
Bangladesh has also ratified several international human rights treaties and conventions,
invluding the international Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which is particularly
applicable to this paper for its provisions and standards for a fair judicial process. Accordingly,
we suggest that the Government of Bangladesh incorporate the provisions of the ICCPR relating
to fair judicial process and the statutes, elements of crimes and rules of procedure of the ICC and
international tribunals among the rules and practices applicable to proceedings before the ICT.
Finally, as a caveat, the suggestions within touch primarily on the issues that were raised in the
course of my meetings in Bangladesh and are therefore not an exhaustive list of everything the
Tribunal could or should do to uphold the highest international standards for justice in its
proceedings. Nor are the suggestions to convey an official U.S. government position on the
essential elements of a competent tribunal. Rather, my hope is that this paper will further inform
the ICT on current international judicial standards and promote dialogue within the Bangladeshi
government concerning an array of potential avenues for strengthening the ICT to ensure that its
proceedings are independent, fair and uphold international standards so justice can be done, and
seen to be done, for the people of Bangladesh.

277

Retroactivity
The creation of a tribunal in 2010 with jurisdiction to try certain specified crimes committed in
1971 based on a law passed in 1973 does raise a number of questions as to the permissibility of
retroactive application of the law, Under Article 15(1) of the KCPR, a person cannot be held
guilty of any criminal offense on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal
offense under national or international law, at the time when it was committed." Article 15(2) goes
on, however, to allow for the trial and punishment of conduct that was criminal at the time of
commission according to the general principles of law recognized by the community of nations,
Bangladeshi officials should assess the 1973 Act to ensure that the ICTs jurisdiction is consistent
with Bangladesh's international obligations and should assess whether its rules and procedures help
to maintain the fine line drawn by 1 and 2 of Article 15.
Additionally, as the ICT is a domestic court, and not an international or hybrid court, the question
of whether a retroactive statute may be given effect must also be determined under the
constitutional law of Bangladesh. During my visit, I heard many arguments about whether
provisions of the 1973 Act, and the 2009 amendments, were enforceable under the Bangladesh
Constitution, as amended. It is important that there be a procedure for the parties to have these
issues legally resolved before trial. In each of the international tribunals and hybrid courts, which
share with the ICT the attribute of being temporary judicial institutions established after the fact to
try those responsible for mass atrocities, there are provisions in the rules of procedure for parties
to raise preliminary motions regarding jurisdiction, and in the event of an adverse ruling to have
recourse to an interlocutory appeal, as a matter of right. A party to a proceeding before the ICT
should be able to raise questions as to whether provisions of the 1973 Act and the 2009
amendments violate international or domestic law as to retroactivity as well other jurisdictional
matters.
However, unlike international and hybrid tribunals and courts, there is no separate appeals
chamber within the Bangladesh ICT . The 1973 Act provides for appeal of final judgments to be
heard by the Appellate Division of the Bangladesh Supreme Court. Therefore, it is possible that
the processing of new and unique appeals from the ICT would need to be integrated into the
Supreme Courts rules or practices should also allow for the processing of interlocutory appeals
on issues of jurisdiction, as a matter or right and, similarly, if discretionary interlocutory appeals
are allowed as to other issues.
Consideration should be given to adoption of rule(s) allowing parties to file preliminary motions
in the ICT raising issues of jurisdiction and for the right to interlocutory appeal from adverse
decisions on these issues as provided, for example, in Rule 72 of the ICTR Rules of Procedure and
Evidence.
Defining the Crimes
As noted above, consistent with ICCPR Article 15, the substantive provisions of the 1973 Act
could allow for prosecution of criminal offenses Bangladesh recognized as crimes under
applicable treaty law or customary international law at the time of their commission, which for
crimes allegedly committed during the liberation war, is 1971. For crimes that existed in 1971, it
is appropriate for the ICT to look for guidance from courts that have defined these crimes in the
more recent past. Terms such as crimes against humanity or genocide have been given more
precise meaning by these courts and the meanings are most clearly set out in the Elements of
Crimes created by the International Criminal Court. To the extent that these elements do not
expand criminal responsibility, the Tribunal could seek guidance from their provisions.

278

Consideration should be given the adoption of a rule that would provide that in determining guilt
for those crimes that are also included in the Statute of the International Criminal Court, the
judges of the ICT would be guided by the ICC Elements of crimes.
Protecting the Rights of the Accused
Generally
No matter how great the alleged crimes, the rights of persons who are under investigation or a
formal change must be protected. If the verdicts of the Tribunal could later be called into question
because the accused was not given the right to due process of law and/or other important
protections, as defined by international standards, perpetrators could be held unaccountable and
victims would not have the justice or a respected historical record of the atrocities they
experienced or witnessed. These rights and protections owed to all accused are set forth in the
ICCPR, to which Bangladesh is a State Party. Ensuring these rights are protected in the
proceedings of the ICT is necessary for its verdicts and decisions to be respected, justified and
upheld by the people of Bangladesh and the international community.
Consideration should be given to the adoption of a rule that would provide that Without
prejudice to the enforcement of greater protections provided specifically by the Constitution of
Bangladesh, the International Crimes Act of 1973, as amended, and the ICT Rules of Procedure,
all persons under investigation and under formal charge shall be entitled to those rights set forth
in Part III of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Detention during investigation
Within Article 9 of the ICCPR are the obligations that Bangladesh and other States Party must
assume regarding the arrest and detention of individuals. It provides that no person shall be
subject o arbitrary arrest or detention or deprived of liberty except on such grounds and in
accordance with such procedures as established by law. Individuals arrested or detained have the
rights to be informed, at the time of arrest, of the reasons for the arrest and to be brought
promptly before a judge or other appropriate official and tried within a reasonable time or
released. All individuals who are arrested or detained also have the right to initiate proceedings
before a court so that the court may decide on the lawfulness of the detention. Individuals found
to be the victim of unlawful arrest or detention have an enforceable right to compensation.
The ICTs Rules of Procedure permit the Tribunal to arrest individuals during the investigative
phase and before the filling of formal charges. Each individual receives a single hearing to contest
their detention and to seek bail, but are afforded no recourse to appeal an adverse decision. These
that have been detained and given an adverse ruling at the hearing have remained in detention
(and will for an unlimited period of time) without formal charges being filed and without an
opportunity for a further hearing.
In contrast, the rules of ICTR and ICTY only permit the detention of a person for up to thirty days
before filing an indictment, during which a prosecutor lays out their potential case and a judge
determines whether there is a reliable and consistent body of material which tends to show that
the suspect may have committed a crime over which the Tribunal has jurisdiction and if
provisional detention is a necessary measure to prevent the escape of the suspect, physical or
mental injury to or intimidation of a victim or witness, the destruction of evidence or otherwise
necessary for the conducting of the investigation. Under both the ICTY and ICTR rules, this

279

preliminary detention may be extended for two additional periods of thirty days following an in
parts hearing, but can be extended for a period of no longer than ninety days.
Another approach has been taken by the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
(ECCC), whose Internal Rules follow the procedures found in civil law systems, which allow
for the lengthy detention during the period of judicial investigation. This is permitted if the
investigative judges make findings similar to those required at the ICTY and ICTR, but may be
extended for the most serious crimes for two additional one year periods. However, the detained
individual must be brought before the investigative judges every four months to discuss treatment
and conditions of detention. Moreover, the accused has the right to appeal the initial order for
detention and each extension.
Consideration should be given to the adoption of a rule that would regulate detention during the
investigative phase with perfections similar to those provided in either Rule 40bis of the ICTR or
the ICTY Rules or Rule 63 of the ECCC Internal Rules.
Questioning of suspects or accused persons
Sections 8, 11, and 14, the 1973 Act includes provisions regulating the questioning of individuals
acquainted with the facts and circumstances of the case, for the taking confessions of an
accused person any time in the course of investigation or at any time before the commencement
of the trial, and for the Tribunals questioning of an accused person about any circumstances
appearing in the evidence against him. Each of these provisions include language consistent with
the right against self incrimination set forth in Article 14(3)(g) of the ICCPR. However, there is no
procedure for informing the questioned individual as to their privileges and rights, which means
there is little assurance that the answers of the questioned individual are given voluntary and not
obtained by coercive methods. The rules of the international and hybrid courts and tribunals
provide additional provisions and safeguards for questions individuals, including 1) a specific
notice of rights to be given to a suspect or accused before questioning, in a language the person
speaks or understands; 2) for the assistance of counsel, unless waived; 3) for the electronic
recording of the questions and answers; 4) for use immunity of testimony compelled at trial; 5)
and for the exclusion of evidence obtained by methods which cast substantial doubt on its
reliability or if its reliability or if its admission is antithetical to, and would seriously damage, the
integrity of the proceedings. (ICTR Rule 95)
Consideration should be give to the adoption of rules that would regulate questioning of suspects
and accused persons with protections similar to those provided in Rule 42, 43, 63, 90(e), and 95
of the ICTR Rules.
Detention and release after charging
Section 11(5) of the 1973 Act authorizes any member of the Tribunal to issue a warrant for the
arrest of and to commit to custody, and to authorise the continued detention in custody of, any
person charged with any crime specified in Section 3. While none of the persons arrested by the
ICC, ICTR, SCSL, or ECCC have been released on bail or other conditions during the pendency of
proceedings, the ICTY has released some individuals under conditions which did ensure their
presence when required at hearings, trials, or for imposition of sentence. All of these international
or hybrid courts or tribunals have included a rule allowing accused persons to move for
provisional release and for a trial chamber to allow such release only if it is satisfied that the
accused will appear for trial and, if released, will not pose a danger to any victim, witness or other

280

person. An order denying release is appealable, as matter of right, by the accused, and an order
granting release is appealable, as a matter of right, by the prosecutor.
Consideration should given the adoptions of a rule that would regulate consideration of
applications by accused person for release during the pendency of proceedings in a manner
similar to that provided in either Rule 65 of the ICTY Rules or ICTR Rules.
Pre-trial and Trial Procedures
Disclosure
Section 9(3) of the 1973 Act provides that the Chief Prosecutor shall, at least three weeks before
the commencement of the trial, furnish to the Tribunal a list of witnesses intended to be produced
along with the recorded statement of such witnesses or copies thereof and copies of documents
which the prosecution intends to rely upon in support of such charges. It is to be presumed,
though it is not stated explicitly in the 1973 Act, that material would also be provided to accused
persons and their counsel at this time.
Article 14(3)(b) of the ICCPR guarantees accused persons the time and facilities for the
preparation of a defense. This has been construed at every international and hybrid court and
tribunal to provide pre-trial disclosure of relevant documents and tangible objects to an accused
person and his or her counsel in time to make effective use of it in his or her defense.
Accordingly, the prosecution is strictly required to turn over any exculpatory evidence and all
prior statements of prosecution witnesses, but may provide for disclosure of other items that are
material to the preparation of the defense by furnishing an opportunity for the defense to
inspect and copy. The exercise of this right of inspection by the defense can give rise to a
reciprocal obligation on the part of the defense to make available for inspection by the
prosecution of items the defense intends to offer at trial. The relevant rules also provide a
procedure for the prosecutor to withhold some documents or other items if so authorized by the
judges, on a showing that the disclosure may prejudice further or ongoing investigations, may
create a risk to the safety of the witnesses or for any other reasons may be contrary to the public
interest or affect the security interests of any State.
The disclosure rules of several of the international tribunals and courts include provisions for
disciosure on dates that are a fixed number of days before or after certain events in the
proceedings. The ICC Rules are more flexible requiring disclosure to be made sufficiently in
advance to enable the adequate preparation of the defense (ICC Rules of Procedure, Rule 76(1)).
Consideration should be given to the adoption of a rule that would regulate the disclosure of
relevant documents and other material in a manner similar to that provided in Rules 77, 78, 79,
80 and 84 of the ICC Rules.
Motions and discretionary interlocutory appeals
All of the international and hybrid tribunals and courts permit either party to file appeal motions
to the judges during the course of the trial (interlocutory appeals) whose resolution cannot wait
until the entire trial is finished and a verdict reached. Several have adopted rules that provide the
expeditious consideration of such motions, such as in ICTR Rule 73(A), which allows
interlocutory appeals to be decided by a trial chamber or a single designated judge on written
briefs only, and without oral argument in open court. All of the tribunals and courts provide for
the decisions on motions to be appealed on an interlocutory basis if leave is granted. This leave

281

requires a showing that, for example, the decision involves an issue that would significantly
affect the fair and expeditious conduct of the proceedings or the outcome of the trial, and for
which an...immediate resolution...may materially advance the proceedings. (ICTR Rule 73(B).
Given the complexity of international crimes and the time pressure as witnesses and victims die
(as the alleged crimes occurred forty years ago), it is important that there be an opportunity for
interlocutory appeals to avoid the situation that would occur when the appellate court decides on
final appeal that a significant legal error was made at trial and the only fair remedy is a re-trial.
Consideration should be given so the adoption of a rule that would provide for parties to be able
to file motions for appropriate rulings and relief, and to seek interlocutory appeal of adverse
decisions, by leave or certification, in a manner similar to that provided in ICTR Rule 73.
Presumption of Innocence and Burden of Proof
Article 14(2) of the ICCPR provides that everyone charged with a criminal offence shall have
the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law. Neither the 1973 Act nor
the present ICT Rules of Procedure explicitly mention the presumption of innocence. While the
existence of this right in criminal proceedings exists in Bangladesh by their ratification of the
ICCPR, it would be useful to explicitly set forth this right in the ICT Rules. By was of
comparison, the ECCC included the presumption of innocence among its list of Fundamental
Principles in Rule 21 of the BCCC Internal Rules.
A fundamental component of criminal proceedings is that the prosecution has the burden to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the alleged crimes. The ICTs Rules of
Procedure. Rule 50(1) provides that the burden of proving the charge shall lie upon the
prosecution, but does not explicitly require that the charges be proved beyond a reasonable
doubt as do the rules of procedure of other tribunals. If Rule 50(1) were amended with language
like that in ICTR Rule 87(a), it would be clearer that requiring proof beyond a reasonable doubt is
a fundamental component of the criminal procedure of the ICT. Additionally, the present Rule
50(2) reverses the burden of proof on certain issues. The onus of proof as to the plea of alibi or
to any particular fact or information which is in the possession of knowledge of the defence shall
be upon the defence. The international and hybrid courts and tribunals have dealt with the issue
of alibis not by shifting the burden to the defense, but by requiring the defense to give notice of
an alibi and listing its witnesses and evidence on this issue in time to permit the prosecution to
prepare a response. A model for how this can be accomplished is set forth in ICC Rule 79.
Consideration should be given to the adoption of rules that would explicitly ensure the
presumption of innocence and the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt in a manner
similar that of ECCC Internal Rule 21(d), ICTR Rule 87(A), and ICC Rule 79.
Admission of Evidence
Section 23 of the 1973 Act provides that the Bangladesh Evidence Act and the Code of Criminal
Procedure, both apply to criminal prosecutions in other courts, do not apply to the proceedings
brought under the 1973 Act. Section 19(1) of the 1973 Act provides that the Tribunal shall not
be bound by technical rules of evidence; and may admit any evidence, including reports and
photographs published in newspapers, periodicals and magazines, films and tape-recordings and
other materials may be tendered before it, which it deems to have probative value.
This is not too different from the provisions of the rules of international and hybrid courts and
tribunals. For instance, ICTR Rule 89 provides that its judges shall not be bound by national

282

rules of evidence and ...shall apply rules of evidence which will best favour a fair determination
of the matter before it and are consonant with the spirit of the Statute and the general principles of
Law and....may admit any relevant evidence which it deems to have probative value.
The judges of these international and hybrid courts and tribunals have given meaning to these
words in hundreds of decisions which have prevented the admission of unreliable evidence or
determined that certain types of evidence are entitled to greater or lesser weight. Without any
change in the rules, the judges of the ICT could look to the decisions of these courts that have
resolved evidentiary issues regarding similar crimes sometimes many years after commission.
However, the absence of set evidentiary rules may create a more robust need for the explicit
incorporation of the presumption of innocence and burden of proof discussed above.
Witness Protection
The 1973 Act does not provide for protection of witnesses whose testimony may be needed in the
trials of the ICT. It has been the experience at international and hybrid courts and tribunals that
some witnesses have legitimate concerns that their testifying or in retaliation for their testimony.
The need to protect witnesses is sometimes in tension with the right of the parties to have access
to information about the witnesses to prepare for effective cross-examination when the witnesses
appear in court.
The international and hybrid courts and tribunals have provided protection for witnesses under
rules that allow public disclosure of witness identity to be prohibited, and that have restricted full
disclosure of witness identities to adverse parties until shortly before the testimony. ICC Rule 87
and 88 provide a flexible model of how this protection can be accomplished.
Consideration should be given to the adoption of rules that would allow for the protection of
witnesses in a manner similar that of ICC Rules 87 and 88.
Other Matters
The Participation of Foreign Counsel
The field of international crimes is highly specialized, and the participation of foreign counsel,
particularly those who have litigated cases in the international and hybrid courts and tribunals, is
very important to ensure that uniform or generally agreed standards are observed in practice. ICT
Rule 42 already permits the appearance of foreign counsel for either party, but the Bar Council
must approve each submission, so if the Government of Bangladesh wants to ensure this right,
they should ask the Bar Council to approve this measure. In the case of the defense, this could be
limited to situations where foreign counsel associates with qualified Bangladesh counsel, and
where the accused has retained the foreign counsel and the Bangladesh counsel declares that the
appearance of foreign counsel is sought in the interest of the effective representation of the
accused. This kind of practice has been followed in Rwanda which has tried large numbers of
cases arising from the Rwanda genocide in its domestic courts. The administration of the Rwanda
Bar has made it a practice to expeditiously grant these requests. A similar practice could be
followed if the Chief Prosecutor seeks to have foreign counsel appear before the ICT on behalf of
the prosecution. Of course, foreign counsel who will be appearing in the ICT, as well as those of
good standing whose advice is sought by accused persons or the prosecution should be granted
visas by the Government for the period during which their services and advice will be needed.

283

Death Penalty
Section 20(2) of the 1973 Act allows punishments, including the death penalty, for individuals
found guilty by the ICT implementation of the death penalty would be consistent with
Bangladeshs obligations under the ICCPR, provided that the death penalty is imposed only for
the most serious crimes and is carried out pursuant to a final judgment rendered by a competent
court. Legitimate exercise notwithstanding, however, it may be useful to explore whether the ICT
could lose assistance from United Nations programs and from the development agencies of the
European Union or from states that promote the abolition of capital punishment, Bangladesh may
wish to consider the example of Rwanda, which experienced a genocide in 1994, consisting of the
murder of an estimated 800,000 men, women and children in a period of 100 days, In trials in
trials in its national system for those allegedly responsible, the Rwandan courts initially provided
for the imposition of the death penalty. Its courts sentenced hundreds of individuals to death. A
few executions were carried out in 1998, but none thereafter, In 2006, it abolished the death
penalty and reprieved those who were sentenced to death. It has thereafter benefited from
substantial international assistance to its judicial system, and proceedings are pending before the
ICTR to transfer international cases from the ICTR to Rwandan domestic courts.
Prosecution Strategy
Several of the international and hybrid courts and tribunals have operated under mandates that
were intended to restrict prosecutions to the most serious cases. The SCSL was mandated only to
prosecute those bearing the greatest responsibility The ECCC is limited to prosecuting the
leaders of Democratic Kampuchea and those most responsible for atrocities committed during
the Khmer Rouge Regime. The Rome statute limits the ICCs jurisdiction to the most serious
crimes of international concern and requires cases to be of sufficient gravity to justify action
by the Court (Articles 1 and 7). Accordingly, the ICC Prosecutor has adopted a policy of focused
investigations and prosecutions, meaning it will investigate and prosecute those who bear the
greatest responsibility for the most serious crimes. The ICTY and ICTR were not initially so
restricted, but in 2003 the UN Security council in Resolution 1503 directed them to develop
completion strategies that would focus their efforts on cases involving persons at the senior
level. Even in national courts trying similar cases, strategies have been developed to focus on the
more serious offenders. An example of a domestic courts prosecutorial strategy for crimes of this
nature is the War Crimes Chamber of the state Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which follows a
nationally established war crimes strategy. Another example is the legislation that the
Government of the DR Congo has proposed to establish a system of specialized chambers for
violators of international humanitarian law that sits within the national system and allows the
president or prosecutor of the chambers to exclude cases because of non-severity.
The Chief Prosecutor of the ICT will face a challenging task. Without question many individuals
responsible for the atrocities of 1971 have died in the intervening 40 years. Moreover, the reach
of the ICTs jurisdiction is strictly limited. Alleged perpetrators living in Pakistan or any other
country cannot be tried by the ICT. furthermore, unlike the Prosecutors of the ICTY, SCSI, and
ICC, who have prosecuted individual perpetrators from all sides of an armed conflict, the ICT
Prosecutor will not be able to consider opening a case, even if one were warranted, against a
person who benefited from Presidential Order No. 16, which provided immunity to persons who
were in the service of Bangladesh or other persons who struggled for national independence or
order in the aftermath of the conflict, Of course, it is not a defense for an individual charged with
a crime that some other alleged offender has escaped prosecution and punishment; the nature of
post-conflict accountability measures must to some extent be limited as during conflict the
number of low-level perpetrators is too overwhelming for a single tribunal to handle. From the

284

time of Nuremberg, prosecutors of international crimes have not been able to bring all of the most
serious offenders to trial, but have nonetheless made historic contributions to justice and, by
holding accountable the senior leaders and those most responsible for atrocities; they have also
made historic contributions to lasting peace and reconciliation.
In any system where not all offenders can be prosecuted, the criteria for deciding which living
persons are investigated and prosecuted is a matter of vital public interest and must be carefully
considered as it will form the basis of a prosecutors strategy. Each prosecutor of international
crimes has developed and followed strategies for case selection and has publicly explained these
strategies at times when it was appropriate. The Chief Prosecutor of the International Crimes
Tribunal of Bangladesh should be prepared to do the same.
Outreach and Public Information
During my visit in Bangladesh, I saw that the process by which persons, would be judged by the
ICT was a matter of enormous public interest and therefore it is of utmost importance to ensure
maximum public access to the proceedings. The ICT will need to take steps to make up-to-date
information readily accessible throughout Bangladesh. unfortunately the record of international
and hybrid courts and tribunals have had mixed success in engaging the public, which is
instrumental to using the tribunal as a vehicle for national reconciliation and healing, Courts that
have been successful in engaging the public, and not just in the capital or the seat of the court,
include the SCSL and the ECCC. The former employed local persons as outreach officers in
every district of sierra Leone who conducted hundreds of public meetings to describe the courts
procedures and proceedings, to screen videos of trials and to present court officials to answer the
publics questions. At ECCC, more than 73,000 Cambodians have made visits to the courtroom
gallery, and the most important trial is yet to begin. The ECCC has also made video coverage of
the trials widely available, Polling data in Sierra Leone and in Cambodia prove that they have
been successful in their outreach campaigns; a large majority of the populations believe that the
trials have contributed to social peace and reconciliation.
Some forty years after the atrocities of 1971, Bangladesh has undertaken a process for achieving
justice for the victims of unspeakable atrocities during its was for independence. This process can
honour the multitude of victims and their families and loved ones who so painfully suffered their
loss. It can create a historical record and narrative that contributes to social peace and
reconciliation. While the Tribunal faces many challenges, it has the opportunity to accomplish
great ends as long as the process is seen as independent, impartial and fair by all of the people of
Bangladesh.
Thank you again for welcoming me to Bangladesh and for the opportunity to share ideas about
the historic process of achieving justice for victims for horrible crimes committed in Bangladesh.
I hope that this letter sparks dialogue on how the International Crimes Tribunal can be shaped and
molded to serve as a shining example of how a purely domestic tribunal can successfully
prosecute those guilty of international crimes while maintaining the highest international
standards of judicial process and procedure.

Best regards,
Stephen J. Rapp
US Ambassador at Large
War Crimes Issues

285

Soli J. Sorabjee
SENIOR ADVOCATE, SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

FORMER ATTORNEY GENERAL FOR INDIA

OPINION
Cox's Bazar-2 M.P---QUERIST

I have gone through the instructions in the case for opinion. I have perused the documents and
papers enclosed therewith. The Querist is a Member of Parliament, elected in 2009 from Cox's
Bazar-2 (National Constituency No.295).
My opinion is sought mainly on the vires of certain provisions of the International Crimes
(Tribunals) Act 1973 [hereinafter the impugned Act] and whether the impugned Act can be
challenged by way of judicial review.
For the purpose of answering the queries certain provisions of the Constitution of the People's
Republic of Bangladesh need to be noticed. The Constitution was framed by the Constituent
Assembly on 4th November 1972 and it came into force on l6th December 1972.
The Constitution is the supreme law of the republic. The Preamble to the Constitution proclaims
inter alia "that it shall be a fundamental aim of the State to realise through the democratic process
a socialist society, free from exploitation a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human
rights and freedom, equality an justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all
citizens" [emphasis added]. Certain fundamental rights are guaranteed to citizens by, Part III of
the Constitution. Article 26(l) provides that laws inconsistent with fundamental rights will be
void. However Article 26(3) states that the said provision will not apply to any amendment of the
Constitution made under Article 142.
Judicial review for enforcement of fundamental right is expressly provided by Article 44 read
with Article 102(l). Article 47 provides that no law in respect of the matters mentioned therein
"shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges,
any of the rights guaranteed by this Part". Article 47(2) further provides that no provision of any
law specified in the First Schedule "shall be deemed void or unlawful on the ground of
inconsistency with, or repugnance to, any provision of this Constitution".
The Constitution (First Amendment Act 1973) (Act XV of 1973) [hereinafter the said Act]
enacted with effect from 15th July 1973. The Statement of Objects and Reasons in the Bill for
amending the Constitution read as follows:
"The Bill seeks to amend the Constitution so as to enable the State to make laws to provide for
trial of persons accused of committing genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and other
crimes under national law,
Two draconian provisions in the Constitution were introduced, viz. Article 47(3) and Article 47A
which are extracted below in full:
*47(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Constitution, no law nor any provision thereof
providing for detention, prosecution or punishment of any person, who is a member of any armed
or defence or auxiliary forces or who is a prisoner of war, for genocide, crimes against humanity
or war crimes and other crimes under international law shall be deemed void or unlawful, or even
to have become void or unlawful, on the ground that such law or provision of any such law is
inconsistent with, or repugnant to, any of the provisions of this constitution".

286

"47A (1) The rights guaranteed under article 31, clauses (l) and (3) of article 35 and article 44
shall not apply to any person to whom a law specified in clause (3) of article 47 applies.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Constitution, no person to whom a law specified
in clause (3) of article 47 applies shall have the right to move the Supreme Court for any of the
remedies under this Constitution".
At this stage it will be useful to notice the nature and content of the fundamental rights whose
protection and guarantee have been taken away by Article 47 A.
Article 31 reads as follows
"3l ' To enjoy the protection of law, and to be treated in accordance with law, and only in
accordance with law, is the inalienable of every citizen, wherever he may be, and of every other
person for the time being within Bangladesh, and in particular no action detrimental to the life,
liberty, body, reputation or of any person shall be taken except in accordance with law.
Article 35(l) and (3) are as under:
*35(l) No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the
time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater
than, or different from, that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of
the commission of the offence.
(3) Every person accused of a criminal offence shall have the right to a speedy and public trial by
an independent and impartial court or tribunal established by law".
Article 44 guarantees as a fundamental right the right to move the High Court Division for
enforcement of fundamental rights.
I shall now turn to the provisions of the impugned Act. The preamble of the impugned Act is as
follows:
Whereas it is expedient to provide for the detention, prosecution and punishment of persons for
genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and other crimes under international law and other
connected therewith.
Under Section 3(l) a Tribunal is set up to "try and punish any individual or group of individuals,
or any member of any armed, defence or auxiliary forces, irrespective of his nationality, who
commits or has committed, in the territory of Bangladesh, whether before or after the
commencement of this Act, any of the crimes mentioned in sub section (2) [emphasis added].
Section 3(2) specifies certain acts or crimes within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal.
Broadly they are in the category of (a) crimes against humanity; (b) crimes against peace (c)
genocide (d) war crimes (e) violation of any humanitarian rules applicable in armed conflicts laid
down in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 (f) any other crimes under international law. Under
Section 3(2) attempt, abetment or conspiracy to commit any such crimes is also regarded as
crimes within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal.
Section 6 provides for the composition of the tribunal. Section 6(2) reads as follows:
"Any person who is a judge, or is qualified to be a Judge, or has been a Judge, of the Supreme
Court of Bangladesh, may be appointed as a Chairman or member of a Tribunal"
Section 6(2A) stipulates that "the Tribunal shall be independent in the exercise of its Judicial
functions and shall ensure fair trial
Section 6(7) provides that in case of "a difference of opinion among members, the opinion of the
majority shall prevail".
Section 6(8) is as follows:

287

Neither the constitution of a Tribunal nor the appointment of its Chairman or members shall be
challenged by the prosecution or by the accused persons or their counsel".
Section 8(5) states that any person who has been examined by an investigation officer "shall be
bound to answer all questions put to him by an Investigation Officer and shall not be excused
from answering any question on the ground that the answer to such question will criminate, or
may tend directly or indirectly to criminate, such Person".
Section l0 prescribes the procedure to be followed at a trial before a Tribunal.
Section 10(4) requires that the proceedings of the Tribunal shall be in public except when the
Tribunal thinks fit that the proceedings should be in camera.
Section 11 empowers the Tribunal to summon witnesses, administer oath to witnesses, require
production of documents and other evidentiary material.
Section 11(5) empowers any member of the Tribunal to direct, or issue a warrant for, the arrest
of, and to commit to custody, and to authorise the continued detention in custody of, any person
charged with any crime specified in section 3.
Section 17 confers the right on the accused person to give any explanation relevant to the charges
made against him. Section 17(2) further provides the accused "shall have the right to conduct his
own defence before the Tribunal or to have the assistance of counsel."
Section 19 deals with the rules of evidence to be followed by the Tribunal. It states that the
Tribunal shall not be bound by technical rules of evidence and it may admit "any evidence,
including reports and photographs published in newspapers, periodicals and magazines, films and
tape-recordings and other materials as may be tendered before it, which it deems to have
probative value.
Section 2l (l) confers upon a person convicted for any crime and sentenced by a Tribunal "the
right of appeal to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh against such
conviction and sentence". Likewise 2l(2) confers a similar right on the government to appeal
against, an order of acquittal.
Section 23 expressly states that "the provisions of the Criminal procedure code, 1898 (v of 1898),
and the Evidence Act 1872 (1 of 1872), shall not apply in any proceedings under this Act".
Section 24 of the impugned Act provides for bar of jurisdiction and states that "no order,
judgment or sentence of a Tribunal shall be called in question in any manner whatsoever in or
before any Court or other authority in any legal proceedings whatsoever except by way of appeal
under Section 21".
Under section 26 of the impugned Act, the provisions of the impugned Act "shall have effect
notwithstanding anything inconsistent therewith contained in any other law for the time being in
force".
I shall consider the vires of the impugned Act de hors the Constitution (First Amendment Act
1973 ) [hereinafter the said Act ] to which I shall refer later. It is true that under the impugned Act
the Tribunal and the procedures for trial cannot be equated with a secret trial by a military
tribunal as in the case of Guantanamo Bay detainees. The composition of the Tribunal is
exclusively of judicial members. Section 6(2) and Section 6(3) stipulates that the Tribunal shall
be independent in the exercise of its judicial functions and shall ensure fair trial". The accused is
guaranteed a hearing along with representation by counsel and he also has a right of appeal on
facts and law in the event of his conviction by the Tribunal to the High Court. At first blush these
provisions superficially give a semblance of fairness to the trial. But on deeper analysis and in
view of other provisions the overall impact of the impugned Act it falls far short of providing a

288

fair trial in a criminal case where conviction may result in imposition of death sentence. For
example, the exclusion of salutary safeguards of the Criminal procedure Code and the Evidence
Act [see Section 23] coupled with the power to act on hearsay and normally inadmissible
evidence [see Section l9] and the provision for testimonial compulsion [see Section 8(5) and
Section l8] render the trial under the impugned Act unfair. To my mind the most serious infirmity
in the impugned Act is that it enables the Tribunal to try persons for any of the crimes mentioned
in Section 3(2) whether before or after the commencement of the Act. This provision is clearly in
contravention of Article 35 of the Bangladesh Constitution whose thrust is directed against
retrospective application of criminal laws. Article 11(2) of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights 1948 also prohibits retrospective operation of criminal laws.
It bears emphasis that in the appeal to the High Court under Section 21 the accused cannot take
the plea or defence that any provision of the impugned Act including Section 3(l) is
unconstitutional because it violates Article 35 of the Constitution' The plea or defence of
unconstitutionality cannot be urged before nor decided by the Tribunal because it is settled law
that a Tribunal which is the creature of the statute cannot pronounce upon the validity of the
statute by which it is created and under which it is functioning. See Venkataraman, & Co. vs.
State of Madras [AIR 1966 SC 1089 at 1100 Para 24] where the Supreme Court of India has
observed that "an authority created by a statute cannot question the vires of that statute or any of
the provisions thereof where under it functions". This legal position was reaffirmed in the
subsequent decision of die Supreme Court of India in Dbulababi vs. State of M.P [AIR 1969 SC:
78 at 89 Para 32(3)] in these terms:
"Challenge to the provisions of the particular Act as ultra vires cannot be brought before
Tribunals constituted under that Act. Even the High Court cannot go into that on a revision or
reference from the decision of the Tribunals [emphasis added].
Hence the accused cannot question the vires of the impugned Act before the Tribunal nor in
appeal to the High Court under Section 21. In short, the accused person has no opportunity to
urge the unconstitutionality of Section 3 or any other provisions of the impugned Act before the
Tribunal or before the high Court in appeal' To my mind this renders the trial and proceedings
under I lie impugned Act manifestly unfair.
In my opinion but for the protection and immunity sought to be given to the impugned Act in
respect of violation of human right by the said Act, the provisions of the impugned Act are
patently inconsistent with part Ill of the Constitution of Bangladesh, Thoroughly unconstitutional,
and hence are void.
The critical question which arises is whether a constitutional amendment can be challenged, and
if so, on what grounds. More specifically can the aforesaid provisions of the said 1973 Act be
successfully challenged in the Bangladesh High Court or the Supreme Court.
Fortunately the question is no longer res Integra. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh in its historic
judgment in the case of Anwar Hossain chowdhury vs. Bangladesh [1989 BLD (Spl) 1]
authoritatively ruled that a constitutional amendment is not beyond judicial challenge and it can
be struck down if it damage, the basic structure of the Constitution. See observations of B. H.
Chowdhury, J [Para 259(2), page,121]; of M.H Rahman, J [para 483, .page 179]; and of ATM
Afzal, J [Para 562, page 212-3). It is noteworthy that the basic structure doctrine has been
unanimously accepted by all the judges including Justice Afzal who only dissented on the
application of the doctrine to the amendment in question before the Court.
It is true that judicial review is not expressly mentioned in the said Supreme Court judgment as an
essential or basic feature of the Constitution. However to my mind reading the conclusions of all
the learned judges in this case it is clear that judicial review is considered an essential feature of
the Constitution. In this regard attention is particularly invited to the apposite and significant

289

observations of Justice Afzal, namely "For example, if the Supreme Court or a Superior Court by
any name is retained but the power of judicial review as under article 102 is taken away, the
result will be that the form will be there but the soul of the judiciary wilt be gone and the
Constitution will be rendered unworkable". [See Anwar Hossain, op.cit.. at 212-3].
The question may be considered on first principles. It is undeniable that the Constitution of
Bangladesh envisages a democratic system. It guarantees certain fundamental rights. Rule of Law
is the foundational basis of every. Democracy and must exist in a democratic society. See
observations of Lord Hoffman in the House of Lords: "There is however another relevant
principle which must exist in a democratic Society. That is the rule of law" [R (Alconbury
Developments Ltd.) vs. Secretary of state the Environment, Transport and the Regions,l00l
UKHL 23;2003 (2) AC295; 2001 UKHL 23,para 73].
The Bangladesh Constitution rightly accords a high pedestal to the Rule of Law [see Preamble to
the Constitution]. It is noteworthy that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 in its
third preamble recognises the vital importance of the Rule of Law. The Supreme Court of India
has regarded the Rule of Law as an essential feature of the Indian Constitution [see I. R. Coelho
vs. State of Tamil Nadu,(2007 2 SEC 1 at para 129, page 105]..
Rule of Law mandates and an essential requirement of the Rule of law is the availability of
judicial remedies and the enforceability of human rights by an independent judiciary. Thus there
is an intimate inseparable link between the Rule of law and Judicial Review. 'The said Act
deprives and denudes citizens inter alia of their basic right to life and liberty without which
human life loses all meaning and exercise of all other fundamental rights is rendered impossible.
The real vice of the said Act is that by section 47A it expressly makes the fundamental right of
seeking judicial remedies under Article 44 inapplicable and aggravates the position by depriving
an aggrieved persons of his right to move supreme court for any of the remedies under the
Constitution [see Article 47 A(2)].
The net result and practical effect of the said Act is to prevent judicial enforcement of citizens'
fundamental rights. Exclusion of judicial review obliterates the essence of Rule of Law which
undoubtedly is an essential feature of the Constitution. The provisions of the said Act are utterly
incompatible with a life of human dignity. One of the non-negotiable essentials of human dignity
is the Rule of Law. The said Act by subverting the Rule of Law, an essential feature of the
Constitution, thereby damages the basic structure of the constitution and hence in my opinion the
said Act is unconstitutional.
Apart from first principles judicial dicta also support the conclusion that tile said Act is
unconstitutional because of its incompatibility with the Rule of Law.
Attention is invited to the observations of Justice MH Rahman who struck down the
constitutional amendment which was before the court on the ground of the amendments
irreconcilably with the law envisaged in preamble". and in furtherance of which article 27, 31, 32,
44, 94 to 116A were particularly incorporated in the constitution [see Anwar Hossain, op. cit.
para 483, page 179][emphasis added].
The position in India
The supreme court of India in the case of Minerva Mills [1980(3) sec 625] has taken the view that
the consequences of exclusion of judicial review would undoubtedly damage the 'basic structure
of the constitution, because there arc two essential features of the basic structure which would be
violated, namely, the limited amending power of Parliament and the power of judicial review
with a view to examining whether any authority under the constitution has exceeded the limits of
its powers" [see page 676]. The supreme court of India reiterated this view in the case of L
Chandra Kumar vs Union of India [1997 (3) sec 261] wherein it ruled that the power of judicial

290

review is an integral and essential feature of the constitution constituting part of its basic
structure[see page 301, pant 78].
In its subsequent 9 judge bench judgment, the Supreme Court of India in I.R. Coelho vs State of
Tanir Nude [2007 (2) sec 1] observed as follows:
"Articles 14,19,2l represent the foundational values which form the basis of the rule of law" [see
Para48 page 79]. Articles 14, 19 and 21 mentioned in the said judgment are found in
corresponding provisions, of the Constitution of Bangladesh. The Court in Coelho's case also
observed as follows:
"Equality, rule of law, judicial review and separation of powers form parts of basic structure of
the constitution. Each of these concepts are intimately connected. There can be no rule of law, if,
there is no equality before the law. These would be meaningless if the violation was not subject to
the judicial review" [see para 129, page 105].
The Court further observed that:
"Realising that it is necessary to secure the enforcement of the fundamental rights, power for such
enforcement has been vested by the constitution in the Supreme Court and the High courts.
Judicial review is an essential feature of the constitution. It gives Practical content to the
objectives of the Constitution embodied in para 111 & other parts of the Constitution" [see para
130 page 105] [emphasis supplied]
Attention is particularly invited to the following significant observations: "The power to grant
immunity, at will, on fictional basis, without full judicial review, will nullify the entire basic
structure doctrine. The golden triangle referred to above is the basic feather of the Constitution as
it stands for equality and rule of law" [see Para 149, page 110]
In my opinion the reasoning and conclusions of the Supreme Court of India in Coelho's case
appropriately apply in adjudging the constitutionally of the said Act.
A supplementary query has been posed regarding the validity of section 6 of the impugned Act
where under a person who is a judge or is qualified to be a judge, or has been a judge of the
Supreme Court of Bangladesh may be appointed as Chairman or member of a Tribunal. Section 6
to my mind merely provides for qualifications of the members of the Tribunal and seeks to ensure
that a Tribunal is independent and is not comprised of military personnel or bureaucrat but only
judges. However it is highly arguable that appointment of a judge of the Supreme Court as a
member of the Tribunal affects the institutional independence of the Court. Reference may be
made to the judgment of the Court in the Secretary, Ministry of Finance, Government of
Bangladesh vs Mr. Md. Masdar Hossain [20 BLD (AD) 104] and in particular to the observations
of Chief Justice Mustafa Kamal at page 126, relying upon a judgment of the Supreme Court of
Canada, to the following effect:
"Independence reflects of embodies the traditional constitutional value of judicial independence
connotes not only a state of mind but also a status or relationship to others particularly to the
executive branch of government that rests on objective conditions or guarantees. Judicial
independence involves both individual and institutional relationships the individual independence
of a judge as reflected in such matters as security of tenure and the institutional independence of
the court as reflected in its institutional or administrative relationships to the executive and
legislative branches of government. We fully subscribe to this view which has been restated by
the Supreme Court of Canada in later cases as late as in 1997".
Reference may further be made to Para 54 of the said judgment where in Chief justice Mustafa
Kamal ruled that the independence of the judiciary "is one of the basic pillars of the Constitution
and cannot be demolished. Whittled down, curtailed or diminished in any manner whatsoever,

291

except under the existing provisions of the Constitution" [see page 133] [emphasis added]. In this
connection reference may usefully be made to the observations of the Supreme Court of India in
T. Fen water vs. Union of India [20A2 (6) see I 84] in Para I 6 at pages l92-193 .
Another query posed for my opinion is whether the impugned Act of 1973 can be challenged
because of its inconsistency with (a) the Rome statute of the International Criminal Court; (b)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948; and (c) International Covenant of Civil and
Political Rights, 1966.ln my opinion there cannot be a substantive challenge to the impugned Act
on the basis of the above international legal instruments. Constitutionality and the validity of the
impugned Act have to be judged in light of the provisions of the Constitution of Bangladesh
[Article 26], and the judgments of the Supreme Court. The international legal instruments will be
relevant in urging an argument about the unconstitutionality of the impugned Act.
However in my opinion the impugned Act cannot be struck down on the ground of its
inconsistency with the said international legal instruments. As far as I am aware these legal
instruments have not been adopted or incorporated into domestic law.

To sum up:
(a)The provisions of the international Crimes (Tribunals) Act1973 are unconstitutional. The
Constitution (First Amendment) Act 1973 damages the basic structure of the Constitution and is
hence void for the reasons stated in the opinion.
(b)Exclusion of judicial review and the immunity given for violation of fundamental rights under
the impugn ed 1973 Act is unconstitutional and is of on avail as discussed in the opinion'
(c) It is arguable that section 6 of the impugned 1973 Act is invalid for the reasons stated in the
opinion.
(d)Constitutionality of the impugned Act of 1973 has to be adjudged in light of the provisions of
the constitution of Bangladesh and not by reference to the international legal instruments which
have not been incorporated into domestic law.
I have nothing further to add.
New Delhi
19th May 2010

Soli J. Sorabjee
Senior Advocate
E.mail: solisorabJee@hathway.com

292

01 3>

ooG

<&

'

g.

ooG

Mr. John Boozman is a Republican Senator.

293

294

HUMAN RIGHTS WATCHooH

ooH

HRW

EF 2

295

296

297

298

299

300

9. Interlocutory Appeals

301

302

NINE BEDFORD ROW INTERNATIONAL

303

304

Lord Aveburyoop confronts Law Minister over

Bangladesh War Crimes TribunaloGq

July 28th, 2011 by Deirdre Montgomery

The Minister and Lord Eric Avebury also discussed the war crimes trials, and agreed that it was
right and proper to bring alleged perpetrators of crimes committed during the liberation war to
justice. Lord Avebury handed over a list of points he suggested might be addressed to ensure that
the conduct of the trials would be fully in accordance with modern international norms,
developed in the Rome Statute and connected procedures. The Minister said that the Bangladesh
government had responded fully to the points raised by US War Crimes Ambassador Rapp in his
letter of March 21, 2011. He said it was not necessary for the defendants to be represented by
counsel of their choice, and that any lack of relevant experience on the part of Bangladesh
counsel could be made up by training.
Matters of concern regarding the war crimes tribunal
(1)The refusal to allow foreign counsel to appear before the Tribunal. The decision maker, the
Chairman of the Bar Council, is the Attorney General, a government appointee and a member of
the prosecution team in the Chowdhury case at least. Further, the Attorney General and the Bar
Council had commented that they would refuse the request before it was submitted, showing that
it was predetermined;
(2) A number of members of the Tribunal participated in the Peoples Inquiry Commission (or
Peoples Court) that prejudged these cases in the early 1990s. Trials were held in which real
suspects were convicted and effigies burnt to show the sentences of death passed. Some of those
convicted then are now accused before the Tribunal a copy is extant of the report naming the
Chairman of the Tribunal as a member of the Commission;
(3) The failure to implement any of Ambassador Rapps recommendations. Despite what may be
said as to their effect, the Rules of Procedure are now worse than they were before. The Law
Minister holds regular strategy meetings with the judges and prosecutors, which is
inappropriate;
(4) The failure to amend the Act and the Constitution. The Law Minister represented to
Ambassador Rapp that the Constitution couldnt be amended. This was untrue as the First
Constitutional Amendment, the most egregious piece of legislation, was amended to the further
detriment of accused. This was a misrepresentation to the US Government. Further, the
Bangladesh Chief Justice misleadingly stated that interlocutory appeal lies with the Supreme
Court, when there is no appeal except against conviction and sentence. There is no scope for
challenging the judges, the Act, the Tribunal or any decision it issues. The Tribunal has adopted a
rule that allows for review of its own decisions, the same judges being involved;

oop

oGq

Lord Eric Avebury, Chairman of the International Bangladesh Foundation and Co-Chair of the Chittagong Hill
Tracts Commission. On 27 July 2011, he received the Law Minister of Bangladesh, Mr Shafiq Ahmed at Flodden
Road.
http://www.internationallawbureau.com/blog/?p=3073 date: 31.07.2011

305

(5) Despite strong representations to act

impartially and transparently, the Tribunal at
the last hearing refused to give copies of
written orders to the defence;
(6) At the last hearing the Tribunal in
summing up the positions of the parties,
made argument on behalf of the defence that
were never made. This was clearly an attempt
to bolster weak arguments by the
prosecution;
(7) To date the prosecution has failed to
disclose a single piece of paper. The Tribunal
considers that the investigation
Lord Eric Avebury with Law Minister,
Shafique Ahmed, 27 July 2011

is secret and therefore this is acceptable. This runs counter to the International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights to which Bangladesh is a State Party;
(8) The Tribunal has shown a complete disregard for complying with domestic and international
law. If it considers itself a domestic criminal judicial organ then it should be required to comply
with domestic law. If it considers itself to be an international body then it should comply with
international law. At present it complies with neither;
(9) It has failed to properly define the crimes enumerated in section 3 of the Act;
(10) The authorities have taken 17 months since the Tribunals formation and the accused have
been in custody for almost a year. However, once charged, it is likely the defence will be granted
3 weeks to prepare;
(11) The Tribunal judges, prosecutors and investigators lack experience and training in a very
complex field of law. If it is suggested that they have been trained by the ICC this is untrue, as
has been verified this with the ICC itself;
(12) The rules still fail to safeguard fundamental rights. The inclusion of a number of rights into
the Rules will not change this. The fact that the First Constitutional Amendment removes any
rights guaranteed under the Constitution is of primary concern. This point was raised by Brad
Adams of Human Rights Watch. The Law Ministers response was that these men committed
murder;
(13) The Tribunal is only targeting members of the opposition parties;
(14) The legislation is discriminatory in intent as it explicitly only allows prosecution on one side
of the conflict;
(15) The Tribunal does not have the appearance of impartiality as the judges meet frequently with
members of the Government and victims groups;
(16) The censoring of the media prevents any proper public debate. Any criticism of the Tribunal
or the Government results in the threat of contempt proceedings;

306

(17) There appears to be little desire to do this openly, fairly, transparently and in accordance
with international norms. There is a total reluctance to have any international scrutiny of the
preparations or the proceedings. The only way to ensure the process is fair is to (a) allow foreign
counsel: (b) allow international monitors; and (c) amend the legislative framework in accordance
with international standards with full respect for fundamental rights and due process.
(18) The allegations by S K Chowdhury that he was tortured by the RAB, on each of the three
occasions when he has been brought to the Tribunal, have not been investigated.
(19) The statements made by the accused during their interrogations cannot be used in court and
therefore the interrogations appear to have been pointless.
(20) As far as known, there has been no response by the Foreign Minister or the Law Minister to
the letter from Ambassador Rapp of March 21, 2011.

Eric Avebury
July 27, 2011
Posted by Eric Avebury at 10:11 AM

307

War crime trial: a question of standardsoGB

Jun 15, 2011
David BergmanoG?
WHAT kind of rights should those accused of having committed international crimes during
Bangladeshs war of Independence be entitled to?
Should the seven men now detained by the International Crimes Tribunal have fewer rights than
those available to the men and woman accused of crimes prosecuted in the ordinary courts or the
same rights as them?
Or should the rights afforded to the seven meet a higher standard, more similar to those given to
the accused in international tribunals?
With the tribunal soon to publish amendment to its rules of procedure are shortly to be published,
these are crucial questions.
In the last two months, the Bangladesh government has received much advice on what changes it
should make.
The International Centre for Transitional Justice, Human Rights Watch and, most significantly,
the US state departments ambassador for war crimes-at-large, Stephen Rapp, have all written to
the government arguing that, to ensure a fair process, substantial changes need to be made in the
way the tribunal is run.
The state departments ten-page letter suggested that the tribunal should make changes to its own
rules of procedure incorporating basic rights for the accusedinvolving detention, bail,
questioning of suspects, release after charging, evidence disclosureas well as clarifications on
offence definitions and rules on evidence.
The ICTJ and Human Rights Watch, however, argued that changes to the International Crimes
(Tribunals) Act 1973 itself were also necessary, with HRW suggesting that the government
should repeal Article 47A of the constitution which prevents the accused from seeking any
remedy from the Supreme Court of Bangladesh.
So what will be the governments and the tribunals response to this advice?
It is clear that the government has rejected any thought of change to the constitution and the 1973
act.
The law ministers response to Human Rights Watchs suggestion of repealing Article 47A was
blunt. He told New Age, Why should we agree with this? These men have committed murder
throughout the country (Repeal 1st amendment to constitution for fair ICT trials: HRW, New
Age, May 2010).
And the only reason why the US state department did not suggest changes to the 1973 act was
because the law minister had previously made it clear that the government was not willing to
make any legislative changes (the authors interview with Rapp, May 4, 2010).
So that just leaves changes to the tribunals rules of procedure, which can be made without
requiring parliamentary action.
oGB
oG?

http://www.sacw.net/article2152.html accessed on 20.06.2011

An expert panel of international lawyers, including a former war crimes prosecutor

308

On this front, the government has taken a more positive view, though we will have to wait to see
the extent to which the tribunal has taken on board the proposed rule changes set out in the three
letters.
But amendments to the rules alone will not be sufficient to deal with some of the most serious
concerns.
One issue is the current prohibition on appealing pre-trial and trial decisions made by the tribunal.
Section 24 of the 1973 act, when read together with section 21, states that other than the order of
conviction, No order, judgment or sentence of a Tribunal shall be called in question in any
manner whatsoever in or before any Court or other authority in any legal proceedings
whatsoever
This section is supported by Article 47A(2) of the constitution that states that no one detained or
prosecuted under the constitution shall have the right to move the Supreme Court for any of the
remedies under this Constitution.
As a result, other than the order of conviction, no tribunal decision can be challenged, however
incorrect, unfair or inappropriate it may be.
The prohibition has meant that six out of the seven accusedmost of whom have been detained
without charge for over ten monthshave not been able to appeal any of the tribunals repeated
decisions to refuse them bail.
Defence lawyers have also been unable to challenge the tribunals earlier decisions to issue arrest
warrants against their clients prior to pressing charges, which the lawyers claim was unlawful as
it contradicted section 11(5) of the 1973 act.
An amendment to the tribunals rules of procedure alone will not be sufficient to allow these
interlocuting appeals; it will also require revision of section 24 of the 1973 act and, unless an
appeal mechanism could be created without recourse to the Supreme Court, repeal of Article 47A
of the constitution.
Since such legislative action is off the cards, the tribunal, it seems, will continue operating
without interlocutory appeals providing the accused not just fewer rights than those similarly
detained by the UN-sanctioned international tribunals, but, significantly, fewer rights than those
prosecuted in the ordinary courts of Bangladesh.
Any person accused of a penal code offence in Bangladesh can appeal against a decision rejecting
bail first to the sessions court, then the High Court, and then, if leave is granted, to the Appellate
Division. They can also seek various remedies from the High court regarding adequacy of the
charging and trial process.
Those supporting the status quo have to explain why it is justified that these accused before the
ICT should have fewer rights than their compatriots.
In a recent paper, the International Crimes Strategy Foruma coalition of activists supporting the
ICTtried its best to do just that.
It argued: the 1948 Nuremberg trial law did not allow appeals against conviction yet alone
interlocutory appeals; there is no evidence that the absence of appeals will automatically result in
an unfair trial or the denial of justice; the requirement in the 1973 act that the tribunal shall
ensure a fair trial renders baseless any need for interlocutory appeals; whatever disadvantage to
the defence from the lack of judicial review rights applies equally to the prosecution; absence of
interlocutory appeals do not automatically rule out remedial interventions by the tribunal; appeals
are unnecessary as the three tribunal members are senior judges; and allowing interlocutory
appeals would result in endless motions and applications that will result in inexorable delay.
Yet, these arguments are inadequate to justify the lack of judicial review rights.

309

First, legislation used for trials over sixty years earlier cannot be used as the benchmark for
judging the adequacy of currently applied laws.
Second, although the absence of interlocutory hearings may not automatically result in an unfair
trial, it is likely that they will. There are already, as noted above, at least two ICT issues where
appeal hearings are justified and where their absence has, arguably, created injustice.
Third, had the tribunals obligation to ensure a fair trial been meaningful to this issue, it would
have resulted in the accused being given the right to seek interlocutory appeals.
Fourth, while the denial of this legal right affects both parties, it disproportionately affects the
accused.
Fifth, the tribunals power to reverse its decisions cannot be relied upon as an alternative to a
right to appeal. The tribunal has already ruled, for example, that it will not re-consider its
previous decision concerning the issuing of warrants of arrest, and said it will only consider new
factors in any new bail application.
Sixth, the purported seniority of the tribunal judges does not take away the fact that they are
acting as trial judges. Moreover, the tribunals failure to provide proper reasons for decisions
suggests that a supervisory appellate court is very much in need.
Finally, interlocutory appeals would not result in delay if the government created a special
appellate court to deal with the tribunals interlocutory appeals. And, in any case, no delay could
ever be caused simply by allowing reviews of bail denials.
However, it is one thing to argue that the ICT accused should have the same rights as ordinary
defendants, but quite another to argue that the ICT should look to the UN-sponsored international
tribunals, and particularly the International Criminal Court, which the Bangladesh government
has ratified, as a template for setting standards.
There certainly is no legal obligation on the government to hold trials that meet the standards of
the international court.
It may seem odd for the Bangladesh government to have ratified the ICC, and then subsequently
hold trials that are below the standards that the convention establishes, but because the alleged
offences took place before the convention came into being, the government is allowed to do so.
Nonetheless, Bangladesh does have legal obligations to comply with standards in the
International Convention on Civil and Political Rights which it has also ratified.
This is relevant as, for example, neither the 1973 act nor the ICTs rules of procedure has any
system for the disclosure of evidence to the defence.
Section 9(3) of the act states that at least three weeks before the commencement of the trial the
prosecution should furnish to the tribunal copies of statements and documents which the
prosecution intends to rely on. The section is silent on when the accused will receive the material.
In its letter to government ministers, the US state department suggests that this does not match the
standards of Article 14(3)(b) of the ICCPR which guarantees accused persons the time and
facilities for the preparation of a defence.
The letter states that the ICCPR article has been construed at every international and hybrid court
and tribunal to provide pre trial disclosure of relevant documents and tangible objects to an
accused person and his or her counsel in time to make effective use of it in his or her defence.
Accordingly, the prosecution is strictly required to turn over any exculpatory evidence and all
prior statements of prosecution witnesses but may provide for disclosure of other items that are
material for the preparation of the defence by furnishing an opportunity for the defence to
inspect and copy.
Human Rights Watch adds in its advice that in the international tribunals the defence typically
receives several months to prepare.

310

So, for the government to be compliant with its international obligations, arguably it should at
least amend this part of the tribunals procedures, and ensure that it is compliant with other
ICCPR obligations.
However, since Bangladesh has no legal obligation to incorporate into its legal system most of the
standards which have been set out in statutes setting up the various international tribunals, the
question becomes whether the government should voluntarily incorporate them.
There are a number of arguments made against doing this.
It is argued that the ICT, despite its name, is a national tribunal, prosecuting Bangladesh citizens
under Bangladesh law in a Bangladesh court. There is, therefore, no need for it to look outside of
its own legal norms to prosecute these offences and should be treated no differently to other
courts in Bangladesh.
In response to this, the US war crimes ambassador-at-large has argued that though the tribunal
may well be a national tribunal, the offences it is prosecuting are international offences that only
exist in the context of case law decided on by International Tribunals. As such, he argues, this
creates an obligation to incorporate the standards of these international tribunals (see Interview
with Stephen Rapp, New Age Xtra, January 2010).
This answer is, however, only partially convincing. It is difficult to see why the prosecution of
international offences should oblige the introduction of wholesale international standards.
Yet, it does remain a strong argument for the tribunal, at the very least, to apply the International
Criminal Court document that sets out agreed elements of the different international offences as
well as the international tribunal case law on the meanings of these offences. These would be
important changes as, at present, it remains totally unclear how the tribunal will define the
offences set out in the 1973 act.
Another argument against the need for the introduction of new rights is that no change is required
to the current legal architecture since the 1973 act, and its procedures, are already of international
standard.
This argument comes in two forms. It is claimed (see for example, War Crimes Act does not
need reform, The Daily Star, March 1, 2010) that the appropriate measurement of whether the
1973 act meets international standards is the 1948 Nuremberg Tribunal and jurists opinions in
1973.
The problem with this argument is that international standards have changed significantly since
1948 and 1973, and one has to judge the 1973 legislation by current, not historical, standards.
The other form the argument takes is that the current 1973 legislation, in fact, does meet modern
international standards. The ICT prosecutors have said this in open court on a number of
occasions.
The differences between the International Criminal Court statute and the 1973 act are, however,
evident.
Apart from the lack of interlocutory appeals and disclosure provisions, the 1973 Act/ICT
procedures reverses the burden of proof in relation to alibi evidence, contains no system for the
regulation of bail, no grounds for excluding criminal responsibility (i.e. mental capacity, selfdefence, and duress), and do not contain normal protections relating to questioning of suspects.
Another argument made against the introduction of new standards is that these internationally
recognised protections are not relevant in the context of Bangladesh law.
The tribunal members have, for example, said that the right of an accused to have a lawyer
present during his interrogation, along with other associated rights, are not relevant to Bangladesh
since any comment made by an accused to the tribunals investigation officers cannotunlike in
other jurisdictionsbe used as evidence in a trial.

311

There may be some justification in this argument, but the right to have lawyers present during
interrogation is also to prevent unlawful intimidation and abuse, something which the defence
lawyers allege is taking place.
And even if one accepts that Bangladesh law precludes the need for the presence of lawyers, the
same argument does not apply to any of the other international norms.
It has also been argued by the International Crimes Strategy Forum that it would be difficult to
import into Bangladesh law new international standards. How can there possibly be two separate
distinct and competing standards in a legal system? it asks.
Well, there is already a competing standard of law in the country involving the trials of the
soldiers of the Bangladesh Rifles, since renamed Border Guard Bangladesh, accused of the
February 25-26, 2009 rebellion and, of course, the ICT trials are right now operating without the
application of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1898 and the Evidence Act 1872, with the tribunal
deciding its own procedures. These competing systems in their current forms do not seem to be
causing any problem.
Another argument used against the introduction of international norms is the hypocrisy of the US
state department advising Bangladesh on these issues when it has blanket reservations relating to
the application of the ICCPR and has not ratified the ICC.
There may well be contradictions in the USs position, but the state departments criticisms of the
current law are shared by all independent international human rights organisations and lawyers.
There is, of course, another side to this discussionthe significant advantages that, arguably, the
tribunal will gain through incorporation.
To start with, the government and its ministers, who over a period of nearly two years have
repeatedly committed the government to holding international standard trials, would gain the
obvious satisfaction that comes from keeping their personal commitments. That must surely count
for something.
Second, there is no question that unless significant changes are made, the tribunal will be
criticised by all respectable independent organisations and lawyers outside Bangladesh. Having
waited 40 years to hold these tribunals, does the government really want that to happen?
Third, improving the tribunals standards would help prevent the tribunal from being part of the
partisan political controversies within Bangladesh.
The tribunal has become highly politicisedwith the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Jamaat-eIslami opposing the process of trials in their current form on the basis of not conforming to
international standardsthough many see this as simply a way for the opposition to legitimise its
opposition to the idea of accountability for the 1971 crimes.
By improving standards, the government could defuse this argument, forcing the opposition
parties to either support the tribunal process or be exposed for opposing the tribunal on simple
political grounds. The government and the tribunal members right now have important decisions
to make.
It may seem inappropriate that whilst so little media and political attention is given to the
unfairness of the day-to-day prosecutions in Bangladesh, so much attention is now focused on
making the trials involving 1971 offenders fair. This is a fair comment.
Yet, these trials, involving international crimes that allegedly took place 40 years ago in a war in
which the international community took much interest, and which only involve opposition
politicians, were always going to be seen differently. Otherwise, why did the countrys foreign
and law ministers repeatedly promise its own citizens and diplomats that the tribunal will meet
international standards?

312

oG]

K
Z
'
0C
&b 2
N
/
2 ?qqp
Z
`
3>'9 !. ;
$*
*
$ Z# 2
$*
Z
*
N 0C
.U
/

' .
.
' !K
.
T @
2
$*
N
.
m 81
2
$*
+
N BpG]
O$
b
$>
#
# 0 !0
&b
N # VP.*
.
+
2 0'
# VP.*
.
+
&b
Q.
" 56I1 '
2# .
" .
$
.
J
0 2
j! u
4
!;
&
+O'
1
7
2 !0+
&b
<& J 0 <
. .
" 56I1 '
2
K ;
3>'9
'
N &
Vk ! +
1< 8
0C
2 < # <3
'
* !<
* &
2
$*
*
N
'
7
+ '>@ BpGB
EL
0C
"$
0C
C VP
2 < ?p .
'
&EP !
2
J 0C
$>
& \
2
'
#
N 0C
.
.U
' !K
'
2
* E63
N $
'
$ # VP E6 *
N 0 # .
J
2
#R
= # VP.*
5 &'
#x
+
2
$*
*
N#
'
N BpG?
71
' +
0C
}
1
2
*
N 0C
.
'
BpG]
.
O$
b
$>
# u
2 Ek
N & j
=
0<
!
'
0
N <J
= 0C
Q. N '
.
# $ }
2 BpG[
0*VP
#
#
]G .
#$
2 #=
<
#
=
J & ?o .
j
!' 2 BB .
N *J
#8 0< #
2
G[q .
@ C #'
#8 0< & J
2
# =
N
BpG[
#=
< ! & vO$ ! + .
0=
$ # u
#
0 !.
' j
!'
2
*
N! u
4
!;
!
#8 0<
N 0C
]q +
!< N ? +
*
N
! $
<I
2
N
EP
Q
#
.
2
!EL
# ' N#
VP
$2
EP
&
j .
2
# =
N ?qqG ?qqH
!
$
! u
4
#=
<
Q ' " \ !0 < 0 <
$ &
2 7
<Z
$ &
2
.U
!<

oG]

!' N

+g BG^qp^?BqBB

313

N .
&
.
5 &
$*
'
8
K
+
N .U
C VP $
8
EP 5A
2 V #
!
#
Q 01
2
*
N! u
4 !;
= '
K* '
j $>
& \
'
O$
b
$>
# u # 2 +
' & . # VP.*
5 &'
56I1 %
.
"(N 0
& b EL = .
1 2 ! u
4
!;
&
+O'
N 0'
&b
.
" 56I1
$
*<& J 0 < 2 # 0 ' .
"
& b 01 N
8
!
.U
' j
=
x
2 V
Y "
'
9*
$ # VP.*
5 &'
56I1
&EP
& +
N 0C
&b
' 2
O$
= b # u# 0
2
.
"
&b
$
.
0* j
Z
2.
N
&b T @
# VP. *
5 &'
56I1
' .
2
$*
* VP
N #=
<
' 8 ?q?B EP
.
<
0 2 V
BpGB
0C
; 0 2
*
N
'
0C
'
. # .
9J* 2
.
$* #
*
N
EP
0C
v
&
56I1
& D!
2 ; 3>'9 =
N ;
N
56I1
EP
. # 1
I3
2
*
N
EP
# <
Bq !
* 3>'9
0C
.
" 56I1
# V 3 K . 2
N
v
&
! $
Q j
.U
.
N
v
0C
'
* ' 2
#
= \7
.
0
2
BB ! ;
3>'9
* !
$
*
3>'9
N 0C
&b
.
"
56I1
EP
'
m< K .
2 ;
N
.
"
56I1
EP
. # 1
I3
2
$*
+
N
'
*
& b '>@ !
.
J
0 2;
3>'9
N &
Vk ! +
1< 8 < 0C
2
J
# <[
2
3>'9
$*
* !
VP
N#
0C
&b
'
#8 VP J
.
2# '
N BpG]
O$
b
$>
# 0 !0
&b
N # VP.*
.
+
K*
2 0'
!j - # VP.*
.
+
&b
Q.
" 56I1
& . 2 0'
N
$
.
J
0 2

314

0C

56 * # VP.*
'
# N

N
7

The International Crimes (Tribunals) Act, 1973

(Tribunals) Act, 2009 .
2 ?qBq
$>
<Z

N
9

'N 7 1
0*

The International Crimes

$ = 'VP'
<
2
*
#
!
j ?qB?
m
$>
<Z
2 International
# VP.*
#
%$>
( 0* &J
?qBq
Crimes (Tribunals) Act, 2009 .
.
2 !'
'
i< J ! , 7 N
' Rule of law
# EF N
#
.U
N
Vk =
'
!
VP ' - VP
0*
#
2 # VP.*
'
jJ

$
a @ z J9 * & D
& 8
2 ! . 0C
#
56 *
'
= # VP.*
#
%$>
(#
8 D
K
Q # VP.*
# N
N 7 1N
'=
i< J
' !0
7
9
J#
B^ 89
j8 #
' # (Law with retrospective effect)
(Equality before court)
?^ #
'I 3
]^
jJ %Protection of Human Rights)
_^ #
& J
= 0*VP
<J %Innocent until proved guilty)
[^ !'
' # .
< #
%Local and Foreign pleader appointment)
o^ K & y #
%Right to Information)
G^ O'
+ %Arrest and Custody)
H^ j = j (Evidence and Witnesses)
(Compelled to Confess)
p^ !' EL
.
& <
Bq^
$>
0= #
%Right to appear before Higher Tribunal)
BB^
#
%Res Judicata)
%Jurisdiction of International Crimes Tribunal)
B?^ # VP.*
#
$>
+
B]^ #VP *
#
(Interlocutory Appeals )
B_^
.
. 8 1 0C
%Trial of both parties)
B[^
> D
&b
j %Question on Bench and Judicial Process)
Bo^
#=
#
%Jurisdiction of Court)

89

j8

89
j8
EL
0 C _q
= # VP*.
# N

' #

&

(Law with Retrospective effect )

' #
m !
#
!'
= # VP*.
8 EL W
2
0C
#
E6 *
!j - !'
'N
#
*
Q
J
#<&
= & . 2
ICCPR 1966
# ' B[%B(
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
# ' BB %?(
N
1 !;,.' !
#
. !'
# VP.*
!
#
# = !'
EP
0
0' K #
"$
#
`
0*
K N #K N #
"$
#
&J
W #
.
"$
EP - !
!
EP &'
0
2 !j - #
" '4 '&
0 < &'
2

315

$ $ BppH
# ' ?_ %B(
!0
"$
"$
!
1
"$ #
<J
1 "$ . !
1 !
# EF
#=
#'
#
<J
2
?q .
BpG] #
'
'
0C
#
K # VP.*
#
%$>
(#
BpG]
# ' B%](
sIt shall come into force at once. [20TH July, 1973] t
# VP.*
#
%$>
( # BpG] = ?qqp
# ' ] %B(
,
$>
.
*
!
1N ' #K
Ek
!
' #K
0<
0 < EF
'
EP &'
0
' #
'
"Z
2 # VP.*
#
# BpG]
=
9 *=
#
. =
#
#=
0 2
'
B
_G%]( = _G% ( 0 .
)
B[ . BpG] !K
0* 2
ICCPR 1966
B[ %B( # ' # 0 !
"$
. !0
"$
!
.
# VP*.
# # 0
1 "$
. ;,.' #
<J
1 "$
.
.
;,.' # ! # 8 0 < #
EP
0
2 #K* ` !0
#
"$
!
!0 #
`
#
#=
"$ #
2 j VP
'
_G%]( = _G %B( # ' # 0 #
"$ !
#
&J W #
#=
0 2
BpGB
EL
0C
" $ 0C
=
#
. # VP.*
#
%$>
( # BpG]
'
B
m #
' # 2
?qqq
o ! 5L
' ICCPR 1966 = ?qBq
*
$ $ BppH EL j
1
9 # 0
=#
&J N
N
* N
.*
& .
& <
'
.
9 2
?q .
BpG]
# VP.*
#
%$>
( # BpG] 0* 2
B
#
0 *'
# '
EF !'
2
?q . BpG]
+ # VP.*
#
%$>
( #
BpG] 0*
=
K*
2 EL 8 8
$ !
89
j8
0* #
#
&J
9 * !
#
.
0*
K*
2

'I 3
s#
'I 3
Q
' =
3> = # VP.*

'

ICCPR 1966

1
j

@ C !;,.'
EL
#'

%Equality before court)

EF
#
#

#
j =
. ` YN 56'N .
# J x
2
ICCPR 1966

&
=
#

t $
:
= :
EF # " J 2 I K
: 2
J#
!
# 0C
#
'4
DL +
2
' B_ %B(
N $>
= #'
'I 3
2
# 8 0 < %charge) <Z
!j -N # 801 1 #
m <Z
&
T
# <& J #
2
' ?o
N#
! +
!
K*
#
2 . N J*N QN 8 N *N .U
#
#8 N .
| # !
0* ' 8 Y
K*
0

'4

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948

316

# 'G
#
2

N#
!" J

!
!
01N

j
! +

(Declaration)

;
#

! +!

I3

& 0.
&'

Human Rights Watch

' j . # ; EF
B^ ?G # '
s
#
2t
?^ ?H # ' B
J!
<

&

# '
3> }

#K

2
!0N
0< I3
<
#
+ #
&' *

'
$>
'
2
'I 3
s!

&
'

'
'

*N !< \ N J*N
2t

]^ # ' _G %B( # '

+ # s!0 1 !j J* !
#
& 0. N !
1 j= %]( ';
__ # ' #
W #
9
_^ # ' _G %?( # '
+ # s
!j _G # ' %]( ';
!
&
.
& ! $* # '

j .
# >

@ 8'

. |EF

_G # ' %]( ';

]B # 'N ][ # ' %B(
& 0.
2t

J* !
#
! #

J '

& 0.
!

Yz= 0

1 K

2t

?o # 'N Bpoo The Universal

?G = ?H # 'N ICCPR 1966
# 'G
3 # i< J # 8 # 0
#
'I 3
J*N *N . N .U
:
'
J#
= & }
&
0<
j '
2
'
_G%]( = _G %B(
# ' # 0 BpGB
'
EL
0C
.
j
*I
" $ 0C
=
#
#8 0<
!j - # 801 1 '
# VP.*
# =
9
#<&
# 801 ' ! ,
#
#
J
2
'
_[ = _G %B( # ' # 0
& j
=
' '
! ,
#
9
2
!
1 !< \ ! ,
#
]BN ][ =
__ # ' j '
2 # ' ?qBB
R'
0C
56 *
_G # ' s # !
1N 1
3
<Z t #VP8*91
!
1
!< \ ! ,
#
9
J
0
]BN ][ = __ # '
Q " * 2
7
0.
0 < #K
0<2 # K N
' # VP.*
# =
9 8Q
'
71
8Q
X
# 801 1
8
R
2
'

Declaration of Human Rights 1948

jJ %Protection of Human Rights)

0C <&
# @
Q "
& j

$ #'
&
2

2
56'

# +
= 0*
2
7
5A+
2 m
$ # EF N
:
!" J
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, 0 # ' ?
N
(Declaration) # =
#
= EL
=
'
. N J*N QN 8 N *N
#
#8 N .
. ` YN 56 YN . | #K # !
0* ' 8 Y
0
2
V 1 .U
N # < #
(Jurisdiction) #K !
!'
# EF #K
8Y
K*
0
0 '=
$ EL N $> 3N EL
#K
!0 !
C #=
2

317

&

:0 C
The

!" J
.U
}
# VP.*
* 8, z

&'

David Bergman

B^ #
# 801

!0N

. !0N #
1 ! ,
#

?^ # #
3 $ $ #

$ 0 ' # VP.*
#
0K 0K8
j

#
< Z # VP.*

#
#'

K
# 5e

< ! +
'h
2

& .
$ #.*

N
*

. 0
2

]^ International Criminal Tribunal 2009 #

?B%?(
I 7 '4 '&
0<
# VP.*
!;,.' # ' N # VP.*
!;,.' $>
@ 4
&1 0 < 8
.*
#
$>
#
# 801
* 0
'4 &'
I 7 '4
j
! + ?qqG
v 5L
.
"
J
I 7 '4 EF < +
$ C VP <& J
2
Human Rights Watch
'
# ' _G% (
& <
VP 2
# ' _G%](
& < ;
0
# !
&
.
1
C
.
! $* # '
!
#
!
1 K
2 ICT #
# 80 1 !0
#
j
EF
N #EL
!0
]] #
#
!<&;
= v$
!j -) ][ # ' #
= EP !j -N # ' __
!
#
J !j $*
# '
=#
& j &y . # '
#
2
! ,
#
a
= # VP.*
#
EL W N !0 !
!;,.'
!j - # 801 1 #
j
EF & y
' 2 #8 VP J
#
!j - # 801
#
9
!' !
01 Q
JK
2
EF N ICT #
#
j
EF
K
EF $
!0
N 7
#
# 801
#8 0< #
9 5e
2

0C
# ' _G%](
#
0C

!
2
# VP
2
'

&
'
'
,
j

q] . ?qBB
+ R'
9 *
'
s
0
N
Yz= <J .
#
N
# VP.*
#
# #
#
. !
Ek
& j
'
0C O' # $ N ;,.'
! '*
'4'
5L
!
#
#
!
#
VF N
J
! #
<J
+ =
! #
<J
2t
q] .
?qBB
+ R'
'
# ' _G%](
s
0
N
Yz= <J .
#
N
#
0C
# V .*
#
# #
#
. !
Ek
& j
'
# !
1N 1
3
<Z
0C O' # $ N ;,.'
! '*
'4'
5L
! #
#
!
#
VF N
J
! #
<J
+ =
! #
<J
2t
# ' _G %B(
s!0 1 !j _G # ' %]( ';
J* !
#
& 0.
N!
1
j]B # 'N ][ # ' %B( = %]( ';
__
# ' #
W #
9 & 0.
2t
# ' _G %?(
s
0
N
Yz= 0 1 !j _G # ' %]( ';
J* !
#
& 0. N
# !
&
.
& ! $* # '
! #
!
1 K
2t
*
: #'9 #
!0 !
!
!
! 2
j J K*
J
. Vk
: EF !8
2!
!'
$
" + #
!'
#8 VP J
K
N
# VP.*
X
2 !0 !
'4
EF 0

318

. !'
J' . #
'

N# N
V
# =

1
N 0C

# VP.*
J0

$7 7

Attorney General for India, Soli J. Sorabjee

47(A)

# '!

.
?qqp

$
<

& J
.

& .
# VP.*

EP
j J K*

'4
J

Former
'
unconstitutionality of Article
# ' 0 ' unconstitutional
3> 0 '

N
#

+
J=.
0*
2
#
# ' constitutional 2
#
%$>
( # BpG]
q] .
?qBB R'
_G%]( # '
#
2 V
#
!0
$
N!
1'
_G%]( # ' #VP8*91
=
!j - ' . =
& 0.
2 EL 8 8
'
+2

0*VP

#'
W* ! 0C

<J %Innocent until proved guilty)

EP
EP
=
<J
2 # VP.*
# ' B_ %?(

#'
0*VP

2
2

& <

. !'
' ' !0 ! ,
_G%]( # ' #

&J

W* !

0*VP

!
!

#
#

K
N
! )

0C
# N 7 1N
$ EL I 2
ICCPR 1966
N #
<8 # 8 0 < & J
=
0*VP
!;,.' #
# 801
= #
+ 2
!
$ $ BppH
# ' oo %B(
N
& < 0< #
!
#
& J
= 0*VP &
2
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
# ' BB%B(
^ '4 0 <
#
# 801 1
0 jJ 0*VP #
! + !0 !
EL W # '
# 801
#'
# 801
& #
&
0<
2
BpGB
EL
0 C 0C
N
#
$
!
0< ! 2 0 C
#
. Bp[ .
EP
'
X
2 C.
4
Q Bq %' ( .
'
= X
2 V
?qq %' ( .
0C
!
0<
2
#
8
'
# 801 0C
0< 2
?qqp
# VP.*
#
%$>
(#
BpG]
0 '
7 8 # 801
#VP89*1
N '
0C
&
# VP.*
= # 801 1 '
"
2

!'

' #

< #

0*VP

%Local and Foreign pleader appointment)

<
!'

.
# .
< #
K 2 # VP.*
!
.
' # .
<
0< =
! ,
#
a
#
2
# V .*
# N 7 1N
$ EL
2
ICCPR 1966
# ' B_ %](% (
! $ $ BppH
# ' oG % (
N
# 801 1
.
O' 0 # .
<
&E
. 0 K3
= 0<
&'
2
ICCPR 1966
# ' B_ %](% v(
N # 801
.
EF
1< 8 # 8 0 < . !' #K
.
O' # .
< #
'
2

319

Lord Avebury $>

'

.
<
!0N
*I
< W
$ * !.
0
#
%$>
( # BpG]
# VP.*
$>
# 801 '
j ' # .
# 80 1 j '
# .
!0N ! # 801 1 0 ' ' # .
&
!0N
# 801 j
' # .

56 *
&'
!
N
# VP.*
# 0 # VP.*
#
/
' ! ,
# V
!" J
&
2
2
# VP.*
#
%$>
1< 8 #K # .

(#
# ' BG %?(
$>
Tribunal Rules of Procedure, 2010 # ' _?
N 0'
%# VP.*
#
( $>
#
'&
N
$>
.
2

#EL W
'

#
%$>
(
?qBq
< # ' !' 2
< # '

2
< # '
<
0 < &'
N

&'

. # 801

2 International Crimes
!
' # .

Press release of the Government of Bangladesh on war crimes trial (17April 1973)oG_

# 801 '
<

j #8 0 < .
&'
.
'
O'
' # .
!0
2
vg
s# 801
.' h
.
J ! 3
2 $
EL 8 2
E
Q x7 # <
.
;h ' !
2#
# &J ! 3
h
2
4 !K # .
2 + IK
#
.
2
h
.
' !K # .
#
!
2#
#
!'
2 $
!
N
# VP.*
2toG[
' ICCPR 1966
! $ $ BppH EL j
$ !' 2 BpG]
0+ # VP.*
#
%$>
( # $ &J
+ 0
K =
j
.
+ . !'
' # .
< #
&'
2 V *
0
j
.
+
* .U
/
K*
. !'
' # .
< #
@C

8
"
O' ! + # 80 1
J
2#
.
&J
'
# ' 2 #K *` *
.U
#
!0
# \

#'
"
O' ! +oGo '
/
2
J vg
0
&J 0<2
K
& b # VP.*
! ,
T K*
$#
. #
. | ' 2

&y #
K &y
J #8 0<

'

%Right to Information)

#
2 0+ !
1 !
# 801
+
N
!0, 1
.
* ) $.
,
#
2
ICCPR 1966
# ' B_ %](
N
@C!
!;,.' #
#8 0<
!j .
569J*
2
# 801 1
@ C # 8 0 < <Z
&K
* !0N
# 8 0 < & W = # 8 0 < <Z
JN
! < 8
'

!
<Z
.

<

&'

Human Rights Watch

' j

oG_
oG[
oGo

'

2 # VP.*

N #8 0 < .
'&
%$>
( # BpG] #

&E

.
0* y
!j - ] y

=
&'

The weaknesses in the international protection of minority rights / Javaid Rehman/ Kluwer Law
International/Appendix-F/ p-261
!

#Ek 7

' #'

320

K
2

8 D # VP.*

$>

!j -

' j

&E

EL 8

!'

# VP.*
#
$>
!j 8Q
# 801 1 !j!
K &'
# Z 0< '
- (Documents)
$>
. # 801 2
/
'
! ,
@ C #8 0<
$>
;8
# 8 0 < <Z
2 #8 0<
<Z
/
' ! ,
!0
!
+ #8 0<
2oGG !' =
!
'
@ C # 8 0 < b VP # Z 0 < '
- (Documents)
2

O'

+ %Arrest and Custody)

+ #
!.
+
K 2P
. + N
'
;. +
+
2 !;,.'
O'
.
+ N
!'=
=
Public Demand Recovery (PDR) Act # 0
Civil Jail
2#
!'
O'
. ! & J
' $ '
2
'
The Universal
Declaration of Human Rights 1948
# ' p
No one shall be subjected to
arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. + + 8 #K !
'*3
J
!<&; N # $
+ #K !. 9 *
*
Z 0
2
# VP.*
#
%$>
(#
# ' BB %[(
N $>
!0 !
' !
]
#
# 801 !0 !
1 #$
+ #K !<&;
j
&'
= O$
2
?B .
?qBq
+ . W # VP.*
#
$>
0* &J
N ?qBq
5L ? %B(
l ".8Jo
% . 1J
L ; <3 ( 81
t
C4 A ( %
8 ( )
p %B(
N s 0* = \7 ' VP : K*N 'VP
* * $>
V 3
j ' VP !0 !
0*
1
<>;
.
&
$
$>
$
<>;
=
<>
2t
V $>
. &J
0* &J
N ?qBq T
.U
EL K* 8Q
? # < ?qBq
+ $>
.
. !
O' %Shown arrest) !'+
'
s# 801t !" J
2
?H # u
?qBq
+ $>
. &J
0* &J
N ?qBq
8 N ".8J
% . 1J
L ; ,( (
&
& % j L (
%
8 ( 2
'

O'
# !. +

# VP.*
#
$>
$
&K
*
2 &K g # VP.*
# 0 0C
b VP $>
. !0 0* &J
(Procedure) &J
!'
' (Parliament)
K )
!
& .
=
' *I
2 V
'
$>
.
&J =
j
!'0 2 $>
&J
#
;
.* ' +
9 *!
# 801 1
@ C !<&;
.
O'
0
2
p %B(
#
\7 ' VP : K* 'VP
* * $>
$
<>;
=
<>
2
V ?B^qG^?qBq
+ =
. N =
!' = !
' = #
#
5A' . ' #
$
O'
q?^qH^?qBq
+ # VP.*
#
#'
.
'
Shown arrest !'+
2 #K *` $>
<J . ' &J
. 8Q
2
oGG
oGH

}'

0< VP N

+g q[^q_^?qB?

321

*
?qBq

?H # u
?qBq
#
# VP.*

+ $>

<J # VP.*

0* &J

VF arbitrary arrest = detention

0< I3

j = j (Evidence and Witnesses)

#
EF
= Vk J
> K*
& J .
j
j &' a @ z 9J*
2#
.<
=
a @ z#
2 #'
&' N 7 1N
%
g
'
(

56 * I 3
$#
0 *2 j <& J 0 <
Z
j
8*
2#
i
j
-N
N EF N
# EF N &8 N
N N 56 *
'
a
a @ z
2
& j j #
j j
j <& J 0 < #
; `2 a @ z ' '
! ,+
j
%Oral evidence)
'
j (Documentary evidence)
;` J
2
!j = &@
j (hearsay evidence) <& J 0 < #
2
# VP.*
#
%$>
( #
#
0C
=
. !;,.'
0*
%Code of Criminal Procedure 1898)
j #
BHG? 0*
+
2 #
??
#
0* &J
&J
j
$>
&'
2
#
$>
?B . ?qBq
+ # VP.*
#
$>
0* &J
N ?qBq .
oo
#
'
;
j
<& J
2 ?H # u ?qBq
+ $>
<J # VP.*
#
0* &J
?qBq
# 2 m
$>
<Z
$>
7 !
0* &J
&J
&K $>
0* &J
' .
0*
2
V !

$ $ BppH

B^

' =
+ < \

?^

&J

'

8Y

0* &J
#(

# ' [B
!0

3>
0* J&

<

= j
' =

'
#( + < \
( #8 0<

'

= j
.

!0

3>

&EP
<

3> 9
&J =

08
.

0*

'

= !.
0*
#'

W
0 2

3> 9

!0 !

3>

I O'

8 Y #K
(Proscutor) # '
! &j

0* &J
= j
!0 C
&J
3>
+ < \
8Y
&EP <I
2
# VP.*
#
%$>
( 0* &J
N ?qBq # ' [o %B(
=
+ 56 * !
"$ #EL 8
= # EF '
$>
& j =
"$
5 * # EF <
j
&
& .
a @ z &'
' [o %?(
N s$>
. :
&@
j
# &@
j
N
# &@
j
: 0< = j< 9
!
IK 8
2t
ICCPR 1966
# ' 14 %3)(e( !
N # 801 1
j j
!0 C
C
;
j . N j &' = !. # \
9 BRI
&'
N %!0 7( $ !'
#'
%!
7(
= j #
<& J
0 2
Human Rights Watch
&'
N#
8
&
EF j <&EP 1
j
*
j !0
Y N 0* ' N !<

"$
j
#

'

322

' '
N s"$ EF N
=
4
2t
<> J
=

&
#

. N j &'
2
. !;,.'
.

EP Yz EL O' j
2
0 ! $ $= '*
j j <&EP 1
.
8
& 0.
2
j
j
$
. a @ z 9J*2 & j j
#8 0<
j ! = #VP
2#
#8 0<
N & 8 N
&'
j
j &8 !;
2 #8 0<
!0
!
=
5e
2
*
a !'
#'

. !;,.'
i<J
'
2

!' EL

#'
!'
!' EL
+ #l .

& <

0=

N !' EL

# ' 14 (3)(g)

#'

0*

N
-

j #

(Compelled to Confess)

# VP.*
#
%$>
(#
B[
EL
. !
# 801 1
%$>
(#
B[
# 0 !
# 801 1 0 '
accused) @ C j '
j
& J !'
!; 2

$>

jN

j j
. &@
#K # 801 j
7
! !j -

;,.' # '
#
#
!' EL
2 9 g
EL
K
;,.'
0*
Bo_
# 0 +
2#
J# y
+
+ #
!' EL
! # EF &
! ! #
!' EL
2

ICCPR 1966

#
. > $
N !' EL

#
$

N ;,.' !
#
J !'
I3
0
2 V # VP.*
#
. !' EL
# # 801 1 %co. # 801 1
K
j

%Right to appear before Higher Tribunal)

#'
%Cognizance Court)N
#'
%Trial
#
#'
%Appellate Court)2 # 8 $>
=
EP
#
$>
Court)
%Pre-trial stage)N
$>
%Trial stage)
#
$>
(Appeal stage)2
'
(Administrative tribunal)
#
$>
&
$>
' $ EP
&
$>
%Appellate tribunal)2 V # VP.*
.
+ #Q 81 # VP.*
#
$>
$
2
j7 D
&
K @C2
= EL

! 5L %Chamber)
!j - & D C = EL 8 2
ICCPR 1966
# ' B_ %[(
N
#
. & y !0 !
1
EP
@C

$>
8
# '
#
& y2 !j - 9 BRI
&'
N &
$*
$*
v8
.v
8
EF
& . 2
Lord Avebury
= # VP.*
#
%$>
(#
K*
&'
2
N #
Vk #
v
.
!0N
0
2
0
#
Vk
$
2
&K
$
#
9
*
# 801 ' . # j
2
$
*
$
oGp
0K 0K8
EF
N
&
8
K
!0N & ! $*
oGp

EP

32 #

Lord Avebury
N Further, the Bangladesh Chief Justice misleadingly stated that interlocutory appeal lies with the Supreme
Court, when there is no appeal except against conviction and sentenc. '
&
0' 8 K
N

! !'

*=

EF ! K

<

! ,

323

#V

#
0<
N 9 g
!'=
!
#
2# $
8
&J =
!0+
N # N $>
$>
*I ! # '
@C# Y
!
!
0 < ! 2 $>
&J
# 0
. # ' !
8
2
$>
@C
#
$>
%Appellate tribunal) <Z
7
! $* #
$>
%Appellate tribunal) 0* ' '
$ <& J 0 <
7
2
#
0< #
' 2
EF
sJustice hurried justice buriedt2 Interlocutory Appeal
!
0< ! N
!" J
oq
'
& ! $* #
0< =
- ]q '
#
! !'=
2!
#
0' #
* N
EL W

# 801
1
j0 N!
'4
!
.U
&K
2

#
! 2!
!K #
!

%Res Judicata)

# VP.*
#
!
1
# 801 1
$
!< 89
&'
2
ICCPR 1966
# ' B_ %G(
1 1 & y #K
EP !
K
#

@C

m
^ &

Statute of International Court of Justice

EP
!

56 *
j - 8 !'
9

$
EL W

EF

!
#

#
!'

&

38 (1)(c)

# VP.*
2

# 801

# = '4
#= # 0
N #' N 0
# 0
.

'

!
2
. !0
#'

$ $ BppH
# ' ?q
B^
$ $
'*38
N 0 ' '*3
#
.
9 * !
1
K N
1
@C
#
# J
0
N
?^ 0 ' !
1
! #'
. &'
+
' K
# '[
#
. 8 D ! #'
1 !
2
'
][%?( # '
+ # s
#
. !
1
!;,.'
! '* = ' 4
0
2t
BpGB
'
EL
j #K
EP
#+4
j !'
8<
0 2
EP
#+4
j
'
EL
j !K
.
J
2
! 0 !0
EL
j K
EP
#+4
j !K
EP
2
BpG?
Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order #
'
5A+
) #
EP !8 <
#
#
!
+
&y 2
!0 < .
_p
# ' j
3>
Jj
&y 2

#
?qqp
# VP.*
#
#
'
!
0< !
#
<J
2

# VP.*

$>

%Jurisdiction of International Crimes

Tribunal)
# VP.*
#
2 # $ < 8*

%$>

!0

(#
EP

BpG] -

324

o %B( # ' j
=
0<
'

' 0C

$>

<Z
#8 0 <

# 801 '
* * # 801
9 g '
& <
' <
0 ' < Z $>
m

=
(
+(
<(

&K

0*

2oHq 0C
.
V *
VF 2

.
# $ J&
!< .$ &
2 `
.
# $ &J
0
=}
# VP.*
# m
2 #'
#
$ $N #

#8 0 <
EP
'N C. <J 8
#
.U

N
'

0*
& 0. = & < 0< 71
# VP.*
b VP # VP.*
# =
& <
2
J* j - !
C !'+ ' N
:
8 D
!0 EP #
$ $
K " *
K " *
N
EP # =
& <

0* &J
#

EF
# VP.*
2

Bp[ .
.

# VP.*

56 D

& <

=
3>a
.
8 EL W

Ek
#

0*
=

!
$ $ BppH
# ' ?B%](
N 1 # ' & < = +
# V .*
#
K < 9J*
# ' G%]( # 0
N . N J*N 8
: N .U
#
' *N . N !< - #K
. ` YN #K* #K . |<
K*
!
}
9
2
!
$ $ BppH
# ' ??%?)
N #
E63 i K
! 8
#
'I
i
0
2 0' !
#E63 !'+ !' !
'VP
N # 801 #K
EP & y 1
j#
i
* J
2
Steven J. Rapp
&'
!0N 0 7 $
$ !' # ' N
$ !' #
oHB
Q 9J*
2 Lord Avebury
&'
!0N s$>
' = # VP.*
#
&
2 $>
0'
$ '
#8 VP J
$ !;,.' # '
!'
!
2 0 ' $ . # VP.*
#'
# VP.*
#
!
2 *
$! $
2t
BpG_
' 8
EP
- j
7 1 9 - # 801
EP
Bp[ .
0C
= Bq .
C.
!
!'=
]H
'
.U
."
& 9 2
(National Court) " J
+ # VP.*
#
m
g $ 0+ ' # '
!
+
#'
K
2

#VP *

#'
# '
# N
= 71
BpG] = # VP.*
#
%$>

oHq

oHB

N *
.
!j Q
#
#
X
m

(Interlocutory Appeals )

Interlocutory Appeals #K* ` #VP *

!0
$

+
(%

#
#K*
. !0 #
)
b T
'
( # ?qqp2

0*
!
2 $ !' N
# VP.*
#

# '
jC
' = # V .*
%$>
(#

International Crimes (Tribunel) Act 19732 %aa( # ' (d) Service law means the Army Act, 1952 (XXXIX of 1952),
the Air Force Act, 1953 (VI of 1953), or the Navy Ordinance, 1961 (XXXV of 1961), and includes the rules and regulations
made under any of them;
+
EP
' ' . # $ & 0.
<J
2
Of course it also, since it's a national court, it has to be done in compliance with national law--- Steven J. Rapp

325

ICCPR 1966

$>

EP = #

# ' B_ %[(
8
0< K

$ $ BppH # ' H?
B^
1 C VP
% (
%+( 0
@C
%<( [o%]( #
%"(
!
. #
?^

&j

]^

0*

= j
EL b 8 EF <

_^

0*
& W

#K
j <&EP

# '

&

z J9 *
&

&<
3> j
2
#

'

!'

8Y

EP &

' =

'

<& J 0 <
0*b
!

+
!'
C VP
EL
= '>@
=
#'
. #
#'
*I

&

J
!
N 0' N #

#'
$ #

# '

& D.
#K
!
#
2
N

@ C % &<
!j - #

D #'
# ' &'

8 Y # ' G[
#
j <&EP 1 (victim) #
< &
@C#
2

j#
'

C VP

#'

(
T
0*b
2

#'
# ' 0'
N '
1 #K 56 Y

' # VP.*
#
$>
!
# '
j7C
j
! .
& ! $*
$* 8 < ' z !' !0
2
Human Rights Watch
&'
!0N
!
T - ' & y
j <&EP 1 #
& ! $* #
8 <#
'
2
EL K*
! a @ z 9J* C VP
' = # j
#
#
!'
`2
# VP.*
#
%$>
( # BpG]
# ' ?_
N
?B
J*
# J
$>
!
# ' N
#K ' 56 * !
#'
#
*I j
!
& D

0
2 #
# ' ?B
N 0' !
1
]
J* !
#
.
$>
*I '
'
1 ' '
@ C & ! $* #
8 <#
#
2
#
' '
&'
oq '
2
'
Civil Rules of Procedure (CPC)
ppN Bq[N BqG # '
Criminal Rules
of Procedure (CrPC)
[?qN [?oN[?o % (N [?HN [[o
#
#VP *
#
#K* `
Interlocutory Appeals
K EL z=
'
# VP.*
#
%$>
( #
BpG] =
?qqp
#
# EL z=
! + # VP.*
1=
8Q
Uncivilized Nation
.
J
#
VP
2
9 BRI

#VP

. = .
0C
1

&'

0*

+
=#
'VP #K
' #
C VP 0 a @
0 .
0*b #<&<

# ' [G%](% v(
#'
#
b
'>@
K 56 D

N#
`2

1 0C

=
N . N 0*
'
#
!j - !'+ 0
1
j
.
1

%Trial of both parties)

0<
I 7
0C
J 0C
* J
2 0C
.
1 0C
#
.
1
&

326

* J
K
!'

.
2 0

!
7

1 T
K*

K
+
2

Genocide Convention 1948

# j# '

* & . #
J* #
9
"$

&J

# '[
0
8
J # 801 1 & .

s 7 1 56 '
&8
9
' !
2t

j 9

'
!.

Bangladesh National Liberation Struggle (Indemnity) Order 1973 .

EL
j
*N 1 0CN * * *
'
W #
. '
BpGB
Bo v 5L BpGB 0*VP EL
j .U
!
*N 1 0CN
*I W !
. #
?H !; >@
BpG? 0*VP 10 C
#
I+
. # EF #
9
.
@C!
#'
!
&
<> J
0
* # ' .
2
# '
?# '
Ns
'
EL
.
<&
B *
+
BpG?
?H !; >@
0*VP .
1 !'
#
jJ!
.
. K
@C!
# ! # <

1 &'
&. Vk
EF

'*3
v

2B
* *

*
EL 8
# <

*
J
EF

. K
J BpGB
I+
EF
D =
EF <& J
0
2t

#
;
@C
7 ! = . # '
]
# '
N sBpGB
B *
?H !; >@
BpG?
0*VP I !
#
. !
1
EP &'
!j &
$
0'
3 1
'
.
EL
<&
.
N
* & J
! j3 1
@C!
0
Q Q .
>y
2t BpGB
qB
*
?[
* 0*VP EL
j .U
!
* ' 0#
9
. . BpG]
' 1 (Indemnity) &'
`
9 *
EP
'
4
' 2
!.
BppH #
'

v
8
Bp_HN !. 8
8
Bp_pN #
0C
8 j
!
! W OI ' !
#
N VP
@C #
J #
1 (Indemnity) &'
!
0< ! 2

! + .
BpG[
#87
'
' 1 &'
1 ' 1 &'
56 * # $
0*
2 10C
`
0*VP 10 C
j
.U
!
*N
*
' N . <
Vk <J 0
N
'

#
.
'*
0C
'
# VP.*
'4

#8 0< K

Liberation Struggle (Indemnity) Order 1973 #

# VP.*
8 <J N 0C
N
EP '&
2
0 < E 8 $>
.
b $ ?p . N #
p. N
p. N
= 0
#8 0< &
2
#
8 D

J* '
8
j
5A+

j '3 0 T 0 C
j
@C
.

oH?

4
#8 0 <

'g

327

' VP
2 #=

Bpoo
'

$ $
0C
N
)

3>
+O' !
# '
< Bppo
<Z
.
1
*
B * BpGB
?H !; >@
BpG?
. &
N 1
N .
$ $N # <D 0 < 0C
N
#
! W z '
' =
#=
#
=
EL K* Bangladesh National
$
#
2
#
.
8 j
5A+
BoB .
# 801
N0
* p_ . N
v
? . = O$ <& ? . )
' . <
' 0C
.
. = . 8 1
2 EL 8 8
#
. 0 ' # 801
2 V Lord Avebury
# $
0< I3
20 ! 8
2
oH?

*JN
&'

&b

%Nutrality of Bench and Judicial Process)

!j N &i =
j
89
+2
> D '+ '
[?H
# 0 #'
*
2!
0' !
"$
Q
.
K
#K & j
. !
0*b !K
K
2
> D
K K
& b = $>
j # VP a @ z 9J*
2T
j
j
)
&b
j
2
Commitment, &
$ N 'VP
' = v
j2 !0
!' 0C
"$
&
J
&b
j #8
2
# VP.*
4
&b
j
a @ z !'
2
EL
0 C _q
0C
#
E6 *
!j '
& b = $>
j
> D '+ !' $ !0 EL 8
!
, &
$ N 'VP
' = v
*
Q #<&
2
0C
#
!j N
& b = $>
j
> D b VP
!' = # VP.*
# N 'N
= i. '
EF
2
CrPC [?o

$ $ BppH
# ' _B %?(
( ) !
!
0*b # <& J
0'
j
56
0 1018 !
O' #
K 2 .
0*b # 0 < & J
0'
.
0* !0 !
#'
!0 !
0* '
9 *
1
@C
# <& J
K
0*
= j
8Y !
=# !
J
0*b # 0 <
2
(+) &
$ #K
'VP %Investigated( 1 #K # 801 %Prosecuted) 1
#
# 0
# 0<
56 * #
.
2
(<)
+ < \
8Y
# 0<
56 * C VP <I
& D C
j
56 * h 0 1 EF
V C VP <& J !j #
<& J
2
&

&
#

.
&

!
$ $ BppH
# ' _o%B(
.
$ N ! .3> #K !v $ ! .3>
#;
# '?
#
( ) 0'
| # ' J #K
$ $
0*
#K
#
K
#K
(+)
$ $
# 0 ' z
#j
2
!

$ $ BppH
$ N !v $ &
$ '
' z !K #
!'=
%#(

!j -

%# ( &

% ( &

&

# ' _o%?(
3 !'
9
.
C VP <& J
0
3 !'

!j -

9
3 !'

.
9

'
9

$ $ BppH
# ' _o%](
$>
'
+ < \
C VP & .
$ N !v $ &
$ N ! .>
!v $ ! .>
328

2
'
2

$ N
. !v $
0'
' z

# ' _o%B( # 0
' !<
!8 $
' '

3 !'

N &
J
j

<Z
J*

!8 $
+ < \ !8 $
'

+ < \ !8 $

!v $

! .>
!v $ ! .>
#
J
2 # ' _o%_(
N
N
'
#
0 # J #K

# * ' z
& J 8Y
!
0*b # <& J

56 * 0 '
& D
2 0 56 * & D
2

N
!0

#
& D

&

j
!

$ $ BppH
# ' o_%?(
#'
\7N
j =
'>@
K
$
2 #'
#

!0N # 801 1 '

& #
jJ
81 8 < = j '
Y
2
ICCPR 1966
# ' B_ %B(
#'
= $>
$
1
2
#
m <Z
01N EL
=
j $>
\7N
j= &
T
!;,.' #
# 801 &
1
#
+2 }
N <J Vk
. <J I+ #K .
Y j K* #K
ja
1.
EL K* #K # '
0' !
J
!0N
.
&
x
& .
N #' N .
J = <J
569J*
0*
#K
!
0*
0*b & j J
+
2 V !;,.'
!0 !
#
&
0'
T
#
' EL K* j !j - #K }
56 * #K
T
# 88
!
& b
"$ 2
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
# ' Bq
N!
1
@ C !;,.' #
# 8 0 < %charge) <Z !j -N # 801 1 #
m <Z
01N
j
EL
#'
&
T
# <& J #
2
Human Rights Watch
&'
N!0N
0' !
j
& D
!'+ !' N
!
0* # <& J
2 # VP.*
#
%$>
(#
BpG]
# ' o %H(
#
$>
<Z #K
'
< b VP !
& D

0
!0
#

$
m<D2 #
$ ICCPR 1966
# ' B_ %B( 0K 0K &
K*
& . ) !0+
N 0 !
1
01N
j
EL
#'
#
2 ! $ $ BppH
# ' _B%?#
' =
' 8 j
# 0<
& D
2
Steven J. Rapp
&'
!0N #
N &
$ =#
'
Q j`
N '
0 < N & jJN # Q
<& =
b VP
&'
#
. 2#
'
# EF # 8
= ' #
EL < . 2
#
&'
!0N #
&b $ &
= EL
!. !'
J
0 K3 O'
2
! $ $ BppH
# ' _ %B(
#'
# VP.*
# iK
2
#'
#
!0 < K
0 #'
0K 0K8 #
9 J j
2
Lord Avebury
&'
!0N $>
+
' Bppq
< Z <J # '
K
3
N 0
9 *
a
' *
0* 56 '
2 *
# 801
1 ! <J # '
'
' 7 Y
'
I 7 ' !'
2
' '
. $>
# 8012 $>
*
1 <J # '
.
'
! v*'I 3 &
2
#
N
N &
$
8 3 <$ I O'
3 . $ #
56 * # 8i =
& j J #8
2 0 '=
#
!K
& jJ & yN
K $
!
#
0
$
K
& J
2
Lord Avebury #
N $>
IO'
j
!
&
! . =
J* #
!
'
K
K 2
# VP.*
#
%$>
( # BpG]
# ' o %H(
$>
<Z #K
'
< b VP !
& D 'N
'
' 7
' !

329

!;,.'
0* N BHpH [[o
..
. >$
#'
*
#'
#
N !0
. . j
1< 8
3N !
..
. >$
. &'Y !
# '
@C#
> J
2oH]
8 D !' 0C
#
#'
< !j - # VP*.
!K .
" i. '
< !' 2 V
'
$>
!
'
< !'
2

#
4

> D
!

$ $ BppH
# ' _B %?(
!0N
.
' !K
jN
& J
2
#
& J
!0N
9 *!
8
J
.
2 '
' j !0 !
# Y 7
2
# VP.*
#
%$>
( # BpG] (
( ?qqp
o%H(
# 0 #
' !
j $>
'
l '
}
# !
!
&
& D
0< !
* !0
&J
Human Rights Watch
2 E
ICCPR 1966
VF 2
$
'
+2
$ ! $ $ BppH
Lord Avebury
'
#
Vk
E63
'
# VP.*
#
$>
&
.
"
'
*9
$ *I Bppq
< Z <J # '
56I1 1 '
.
#
!<
#0
I 7 ' &'
!0
!'
Q
! J
2
v^
j`
Ns0
&
# N
!
7 .
2
# V .*
#
#
56 * ' !
# 8i
! 2!
# VP.*
#'
!' + 2
!
&
!8
0 2
J #
N &
$ '
* !0 < =
!
#8
2
!0 < = !
#8
J
a !08
.
'
! 8
.
K*
2
& Dg 0 ' 7
.
&
$

8 c
v^
j`
N s
N
J #'
'
' 2 V
a
.
N
+ .
'
2toH_

"9
#
#
&
J

oH]

oH_

$ U
'
>$ ' } #'
#
# BH_q %Contempt to Court Act 1840) + <
2 + !K
8<
& D
$#
9
.2
#
# '
!
0 < ! 2 j7C
#'
#
0 2 >$
' EL K* #K #
>C
+ .
#
&J = & <
2
8 <
# J=
* # '
8<
& D
0< I3
2
8<
9
C

No judge or Magistrate shall, except with the permission of the Court to which an appeal lies from this Court, try any case to or
in which he is a party, or personally interested, and no Judge or Magistrate shall hear an appeal from any judgment or order
passed or made by himself.
Explanation. A Judge or Magistrate shall not be deemed a party, or personally interested, within the meaning of this section,
to or in any case by reason only that he is a Municipal Commissioner or otherwise concerned therein in a public capacity, or by
reason only that he has viewed the place in which an offence is alleged to have been committed, or any other place in which any
other transaction material to the case is alleged to have occurred, and made an inquiry in connection with the case.

'

N ?] !; >@

?qB?) Ig ]q ]?

330

0* ' '
9

K*
$ - 7

8< '

'
' * <&EP $#
K*

_^B
h
%
(
po^G_

& D

?^

8<

8<

B^

8<

(
]^?o

$*

8 <N
K*

H?^[_

BG^_o

fN
?o^B?^?qBq

' *
$#

N ?o^B?^?qBq

c
]^

' *
$#

8 <2

pq^qq

H^qq

_^

$#
'
! +
8<
' * <&EP2 #
c
#
& Vk
N
8 < ' *
.
$#
0C
'
' j
2
1 !0, 1
c
$#
!
N !'
#
! 2
#"
;
'2 #
Q

p?^]]

G^]o

BB^p[

HH^q[

[^

o^

.
c
.

Y; N ?o^B?^?qBq
# '
N
?o^B?^?qBq

fN
?o^B?^?qBq
GB^H]

H^[q
0< VP N ]q^B?^?qBq

G^

#
!
#
V

! K=
! . ;;
Q #
8 <
&

H^

} Z

Q#

p^

' *
V
#

'

1 '
c
Vk

p?^][

G^o[

c
# EF

p?^p?

o^[p

K& # N
]q^B?^?qBq

$*

G^[p

pB^HH

# '
N
?H^B?^?qBq

'
@C
K*

B^q[

pH^?[

' & ' N

?H^B?^?qBq

@C

B?^?

Ho^B

. N
?H^B?^?qBq

Q #

8 < =
$#
= #'

&

$#

'
c

Bq^

' *

&
&

# '
N
]q^B?^?qBq

c
BB^

$#

*
'

* *'
K* 0 < c

331

& D
B?^
B]^

8<
$#
56 * Vk ' # 8 0 <
c
!
+
8 < ' * =

& '
!0, 1
!'

$#
c

B_^

''
' *

&

'

%
(
B_^HB

%
(
H]^H?

p_^G_

_^HG

N '
EP
- $#
$* ! = 8
2 #

&K # N
?G^B?^?qBq
K& # N
?o^B?^?qBq

K*

p?^B_

G^[B

B^?_

pH^?p

' & ' N

?o^B?^?qBq

B^]]

pG^Bo

' & ' N

?G^B?^?qBq

pq^q_

p^G[

0< VP N qB^qo^?qB?

p]^BB

o^]H

K& # N
B]^qo^?qB?

0< VP N ?o^B?^?qBq

B[^

#
$#

&

Bo^

Vk

&

'

Vk
K

0Vk 9

N ' *
2#

; # '
8<
$#
VP 2 #

BG^

BH^

E6
N #'
0 ' . <J j7C N
' #'
= @ + 'h
2
8 < EL
V

Q#

8<
!0

#=
'
. !
1'

0C
#

; 7

1
c

# EF
!

#
#

!K

. #
# EF K
2

0 N .U

%Jurisdiction of Court)

# 801
2 # VP.*
#
' '
X

%$>
N

= #VP89*1
2
! $ $ BppH
# ' ?G%B(
#;
' 0* ' ! & j
& <
#K
* O$ ' N *
&
#K
'
$ $# 0 #
' 0
#K
& \
0
2
!
$ $ BppH
# ' ?G %?(
' 1 &y !
1 'y
.
0*

332

$ a @ z 9J* ' 2 !
(#
BpG]
V ?qqp
#

'

0C
!

$ $
.
8
& 0.
2
'*38
!<
& N
* * !
# EF
!;,.' #
' 0* '
' '
01
#

N '
J

# VP.*

#
=N !

 $ $# 0
0 2

#
% (
*I z

@C!

<

EF <& J

$ $ BppH
# ' ?H
#
!j - ! $* # j .

1 0
K* .
%#(
#K
1 .
#
#K #
0* !
%# (
#K
1
#
EF <& J K*
#K 0K 0K
EF
K*
2
'

#K

'h

#K* `

' =

= $ $# 0

0* 8

<Z
2 !0+
!0N !
# EF
, 2
j- 1#
&
*I j
$

#K

!;,.'

Vk J

#K

&j

& . #K 0 101
'VP #K # x
.

%+( 'EF = 'EF # ; ' 56 *

0
# ' % (
'EF
# ; <J ! $* # j - 8
W
'EF # ;
#
. ' K
N 0
'EF
#;
*I z = Vk J K
0
'EF # ;
Z 8
Vk J K*
!0+
%i( 'EF # ; .
#K
'EF # ;
W #
56 * .
=
8
#<&
2
%ii(
3 #
$ 'EF # ;
VkJ = # j - 8
"$
2
%iii( 'EF # ; 0 1 < 8
3 #
"$ #
56 * 0K 0K *I j .
#
K*
2
!

$ $ BppH
#
I* j # '
$* # j - 8
#
. '
#
%#( 1 $ #
#K
%# ( 1 $ .
!0 # '
% (#
'I 3 # ' $ 0 ' #U

' ]]
!
0'
C*
$ #U

*I

N
"$

#K
#

N
!j -

*I j # '
2
&
2

C*
1

Genocide convention 1948

# ' _
Persons committing genocide or
oH[
any of the other acts enumerated in Article 3
shall be punished, whether they are
constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials or private individuals.

<J

# ' ] # 0
8
N
'
0C
$>
# $
] #
$>
T # $ j
9
j # 801

"$
#K

oH[

'
0C
#
!0 !
1 #K
#
#K
"$

<Z
!
1 #
* * #K !
1 !0 !
!
0*b 0*
Lord Avebury
& W
i &'
K*
2
'
' ' $ <*$
2
8 U
0
2
# ' ] %B(
'
!0 !
' #K
EP &'
j
$>
#
%?(

Article 3: The following acts shall be punishable:

(c) Direct and public incitement to commit genocide;

333

N !

!' !0N
&

'
EkN &

J*

EP !

j #K
0
#
2

$
"$

0*

!0 !
=

*I
# <

# VP.*
#
# 80 1 !
#;
2
#=
2toHo BpGB
0< '
1 '
2 # VP.*
EF N 1 x N
J j !" J
2
?qqH
#
oHH
.
'
' '
+
Ns Bppq
+ 2( '
Z<
'h
BpGB
0
#
.
1
&
9
0*b
B^
+
&. |
'h
?^
]^

_^

5.

oHo
oHG
oHH

y
&
&
v^
!; >@

%$>
0* '
EL
#

( #
BpG] (
J # 801
1
#
0C

( ?qqp # ' [ %B(

' #K '
K
& D2

'
8
71
Bp[ . 0C
1< 56 *
J
2
& b $ BpG?

.
EP
2 V 8
!
'
EP
.
T @

N s.

.
'
'
# '
p]qqq 0C O'
2 .U
+ N
.
0< '
x
BpG[
]B v 5L
y

BpGB
EL
0C
.
EP
' 0C
'
' #=
<
8
2 V #i
JoHG p[ #
K
- [ #
K.
'
0
.U
8 a @ z 9J*
%# '
0*VP !' = !
' a @ z 9J* 1
N
@C
9 *
. # VP.*
#
%$>
( # BpG]
2
.
BpG[
*
?B % 7 (
.
1
28
J
N
!
#
! 2 #. 0
! 4
M +
9'
$
8
N s &. | !K
&. | 0*VP 0C
'
2t 0C
&. | !K
2
#K* 0 '
$ N0 '
# . 0C
.
Z<
'
' *
0C
N

" J
@ C b7 v !" J
2
EL
0C
#=
<
%0 + ' !K .
* '
+ !
! (N 0 '
! +
1 = " \ # |
) $
*
' = 0C
Z<
'h
2
!<
N 0 EL
0C
8
0
.
2 !
`
! $
. 2 #
!'
" " C. N
# N
N
' N # . %# VP.*
#
$>
; &
$ !<
# ; $ =
(N ! .
#
# 2 $
*
' = 0C
Z<
'h
5e
!' + !' 2
+
@.
5L v
j
<& J
!0
J
4
N
'
j
=
J
4
2 # VP.*
#
b VP
# N
N 71
'
# VP.*
#
$>
#
BpG] =
?qqp
#
.U
4 =
4 <J <J
=
#
#
'
Z<
'h
!0, 1
I3 2
BpGB
B * !K BpG?
?H !; >@
0*VP 1 0 C ' . !0 Bangladesh
National Liberation Struggle (Indemnity) Order 1973 #
&J
2
!.
v
8
Bp_HN !. 8
8
Bp_pN #
# Bpoo
! $ $
BppH #
0C
8 j !
! W IO' !
4
'
'

y N
+g ?] !; >@
?qB?
EP !< O' EF ISI K ?[q ! $ @ " !
! =
EP
3>'9 !" J !' !0N 0C
'
EP
' <J p[ #
?qB?

334

EP
$
K .

' 0C
'
'
#8 VP J
2
2 9-g y
'
y N

'
+g ?]

0C

#
N VP
@C#
J #
#8 0 <
) ' 1 (Indemnity) &'
!
0 < ! 2 EL 8 8
BpGB
B * !K BpGB
?[ * 0*VP
Bo v 5L BpGB !K ?H !; >@
BpG?
0*VP
4 . !0+ 0 & 0 .
8
j '
Bangladesh
National Liberation Struggle (Indemnity) Order 1973 # $
8
j ' '
Z<
'h
5e
2

335

C4 %
C4 %
,

& <3 ( 81
"9

BpGB
0 ! >

0
EP
#+4
:
N '
0
VF =
.
'
! ,
7 N 89
& 0 ' # < #
!
& J
N!
.U
J 0C
'
@C
T @
2 0C
'
!
#
Vk ; # ' !" J '
s0C
'
N
'
2t
&
Vk
#
#
&
$
0C
'
&
#
Vk #
1
<& J 0 <
< 2
#
Vk $>
<Z
$ # VP.*
$>
2 +
%# g(
!<
s EP 0C
' =
N
0 ' = <
'
# <
2 V # VP.*
$>
<Z
&b
+ #
Vk
s $ !
# V .*
#'
N $ !'
# ' 2t
#'
s# VP.*
'4 %International
+
2t # VP.*
'4 .
+ . & .
standard) .
%B( # VP.*
%?( # VP.*
%]( # VP.*
%_( # VP.*
%[( # VP.*
%o( # VP.*

# VP.*

'N 7 1 =
BpGB

8 D !'
'
# VP.*
1
2
'4
BppH

'

<
Z

<

$ $N #

EL

9J* #

'VP
$
<
0<
= &i

9J* #

(#

EF
<

0C

"$
. N #K* N
#
0* &J
0< = '
#
J&
= &

&J
'

#
9 )

& 0 . j - # VP.*
71 =
# VP.*
#
2
%<( 0 '
1' $ ! $
=
# N &K = ' 4
Q " *
N 0 !'
0 2
! $ $ BppH # ' ?B%](
EL W
jJ
!0 !
' *N .
N !< \ <
N 56'N
#
2
b VP

!0 EP
.
K
EL 8 8
#
J&
!
2 ?qqp
#
# =
'N 7 1 =
Q <
+ &
J
! $ $ BppH
J #
.
. <& J
2

# VP.*
#
%$>
# ' ?B%B(
% ( !

'N 7 1 =
' 4 #'
56 D # .U
56 D # .
56 D # .U
56 D .U

0* &J

%+(

%
0 N
#'
&

<
. |

336

J
j

b VP( # VP.*

$ $=
Jj
#=

+ !0N 0
#
QN
N . N J*N 8 N
# !
0 *' !
&

# VP.*
#
2
. N !' #
&J
<J
<
$ # VP.*
a

$ $

&K
#

b VP # VP.*
<J
#
&J

# VP.*
*
: N .
!8' 8' }

0C
&J

$ $ BppH
# ' ??%?(
N #
E63 i K
! 8
#
'I m
i
0
2 0' !
#E63 !'+ !' ! !j 'V
N # 801 #K
EP & y 1
j#
i
* J
2 # ' ?[ %?(
N
1 0' #
! .
1< 8 ! '
2
BpG]
&J # VP.*
#
%$>
( # ! $ $ BppH # J
0<
2
?qqp
# $
! $ $ EL j
!'
# J
0<
.
9
2 # VP.*
#
%$>
( #
BpG] =
?qqp
# V .*
#
%$>
(
?qBq
'
N &
#
9
# V .*
N ' = 71 # J
.U
1
& j'
"
. #
=
&J N
& <
2
+ !0N `
9 *
EP
EP
!v b $
$* % v (N
<N ! .
1
'
2 v =
< *
y# ! .
*
. $ # O'
2 `
.
!
!
1
=
' .
' ' %
( 1 & j =
'
@ CoHp # & = #
# & <
2
'
# VP.*
#
%$>
(#
0 * !0 !0
J # VP.*
#.*
K*
EL
VF =
.
' '
X
) 0
*
: }
.
&K -@ <J
0 .U
}
#
=
'
!'+
.
# '
' $7
'
0C
X
* = 0 *' }
#
2
# VP.*
#
%$>
(#
BpG] 0C
#
E63 !0
<
$>
+
0
?qqp
# 801 1 ' # 9
& 9 !
2

1< #
3 #
X
<Z
#
Z< '
$ & 3
2

C4 %

$ $ BppH

# ' ]_( )
#'
An Appeals Division, a Trial
2 # ' ]p%?(
8 < %#
8 <N
8< = &
8 <( 569J* # ' 8
0*
2
8 <
#
#'
<Z
%ii(
8 < ].
#'
. 56 D
%iii( ! $ $N
= j
#
8 < ] % ( . #K B % ( .
0*
0*b

Division and a Pre-Trial Division K

% ( & $
56 D
%+( %i( #
&
2
!
8 <

oHp

' .
$*

$ $ BppH
' z

& 7

' ' %
2

# ' ]p%_(
2 \

BpGB

N#
K

EF

EP

337

#+4

8 <

<J !
8< = &

#=

-#
8 <

<=

'

'
8<
*
0 )
0 !
&
#'
0*b
N
! 8

#'
2
# # ' ]o%G(
N # VP.*
#'
<Z
!'
' .
#'
2 0' !
1
3>
<
!0 !'
<
=
.U
#
%#
8 ( !8 <
N
!'
<
<J
2
$ $ #
$>
<Z
# VP.*
' 4 #'
Z <Z 2
Z
#
8 D EP 8 < 0*b
# VP.*
#'
9
&
#'
%Pre-trial stage)
#'
!K # ' 8
< Z ) #K *` EP
#'
# '
# '2
EP
<J 8 D !'
.
" I*
.
2
$ R

: vPre-trial stage)

;,.'
stage)2 EP

#'

0*b

g
!0

$ 8 < 81 0
&K $
.a
g

B^ # 8 0 < #
!
!
?^ 'VP
. # '
]^
N !<&;
.
_^ .
&'
. ! & J
[^
= !b
.
o^ 'VP & ' <& J #<&
G^
#'
K=#

'

&

EP %Pre-trial

! & J2

: vTrial stage)
# VP.*
#'
0*b
D g

EP

8 D !' !K

"

EP

'

B^ # 8 0 < <Z
T
* J2
?^ # 8 0 < <Z
j = !.
0*b 2
]^ #VP * *
#
%Interlocutory appeal)
#'
'*
#
* 0*b T @
%!0 !
(2
_^ 0 1 * > J2
[^
&' N EP &' #K !
+
# ' 2

<

0*b
0*

EF <

: (Appeal stage)

"

' m

B^ #VP *
#
T
?^
#'
]^ 9 VP
&'
EP
'

2 m
g
0<

#
#'
&
j = !.
0 * %#
2
vg

#'

=# '
@C#
+ #K

&'

EP

0*

EP !
(#

338

<Z

<& J = #
'
EP

j !
!0N # '

K2 #

#'

0*b
N+
&
'

&'
1' m

0<
0<

0*b

2
'2
<Z
'

!j -

C4 %

2 W
!EL

/S[ U

g #VP

#
&

CN % %

<

0<

%Interlocutory appeal)

1 :Z

0*b 9 T @
'VP 0*b ' 2 'VP
* *'
j
K& !
2 'VP
* * .!
#
#K
*N J*N . |N
'
j8
'VP 0*b
2 'VP
* * # 8
0= N 8 D !
56 .
'
'< '*
!'= N 8 D
.U
&8
EP
7 EL
j 'VP . #VP 2
0C
#
$ a @ #
=
.
1 m
j
.
" 'VP
* *
< &'
2 V
.*
#
$>
<Z
'VP
' <J .U
j
< Z 2 'VP
$
&
&1 # 1
#r
-.
- "
#8 0 <
<
2 # 8 #
' 0
- <N '
<=
& .
2
!
.U
'VP
# VP.*
.
+ !0 '

Z
&
2

C4 %

/S[ U

# V .*
#
= BpG]
`

( C

%$>

# VP.*

\7 =
'
0<

j
"$

'VP
' !0 # VP
1' m
Q.
K
!
*
'
<

9 /8 . 9
(#

# .
BpG]
BG %?(
#

*
.

' #
0* &J

Press release

2 # VP.*

!'

$>

' # .
<
?qBq

= !'

<
0<
5L _?

2
+

lThe Tribunal may allow appearance of any foreign counsel for either party provided that the
Bangladesh Bar Council permits such counsel to appear.o
&
# .
K $J*

!.
#
0C
2 opq

'

j ' #
i v^ ^ ^

<
&

'

E63

'

" J

# VP.*

. <J= #
0K 0K & <
K
=
' Performance
2 '
@C
" J
1<J 1 '
&
$ } '
' #
opB
'
0'
O' K
7 &
$
< ' 2t
= ' # .
'
j \7 #
. 2
$ $ BppH
# ' oG % (
N #'
# VP.*
# iK
2
#'
#
!0 < K
0 0K 0K8 #
9 J j
2
$ $ EL j
'
N
&
7
0+
#
'
'
# .
<
'
) + # VP.*
8Q
$ E63
0 2

8< !
< #
$ REF
2
# VP.*
8Q
3>
:
8
N0 m .
} 3
+
2
!

+
N s#
<
!

C4 %

/S[ U

CN % b $

opq
opB

}'

0< VP N

+g

339

0C
9
K

J
'

#K

#'

#K <J
.
#
.
0*VP 0 !'
.
" # ' b =
.
' m
#'
2
.U
&8 1 =
j
2 .
" 8 D !' !K
b VP & i
$ 8 < K Pre-trial Division, Trial Division, Appeal Division
<

s .
.U
&8 1 + =
j
2 V
' # VP.*
!
'
#
2top]
=#
Vk
'
$ ' & jJ
0<

. '
.
+
2#

'

top? K
.
"
EF
. !
$ $ #
<
EF
<
EF
2
.U
8
. '
j
j
'
#
s.
# 8i !
EL
Stephen J. Rapp
2

$>
Q &
VF 2
'
#'
# VP.*
#
2 &K
! $ + $>
!
#
=
8Q
8 D # ' #'
&
#
# 8i
56 D 2
<J=
J
& .
# 8
2op_ Lord Avebury
* * I O'
3 . $ #
56 * # 8i =
& jJ & y
N
K $
!
#
#
K
$>
!0 # VP.*
E 2

#'

#'

0 !

$ $

# VP.*

<
D C

<

'
*2

2 #
0*b
!' !0N $>
& j J #8
.
$0
'4 EL W

K
Vk
Q

#'

'

<

<J
= & jJ
N &
$
'VP
2 0 '=
#
!K
K $ K
& J
2
!0 # VP.*
' 4 Y J*
K

56 D .U
BpGB

'
EL
0C
EP
!
#8 VP J "$
2
$
:
!'
' $ I ` 1 # > ' j ' ' 0C !" J
2 !0 7
$ # VP.*
!0 7
#
. # VP.*
#
$>
#
BpG] &J
!0 7 # '
# VP.*
#
$>
!0 7
!j - # VP.*
'4 .
+
!" J !'
)!
7 !'
.U
=
` 0
jN v N Civil Society
!
0*
1 = 89
!0
$>
'VP
' N &
$ =
<J !
8
2 $ .U
< # VP.*
'42
V
'
" J
C. ' #
8N !
N 56 .
1
a
v
&
&
$>
0*
* *'
I3
2
' =
#Q <Z a
$ = ' "* %B_
$ (
x
'VP
* *N &
$ =
'
'
j!
3
y
2

op?
op]

op_

y
}'

'
y N
+g ?] !; >@
!' N
+ g qp^q_^?qB?
Stephen J. Rapp
press conference2

?qB?

+g B]^qB^?qBB2

340

!
9 *
0C
2 &
!" J

# VP.*

Bp[ . 0C
'
Vk
#
=
0*

$>
!" J

BpG] =
#
?qqp #
$>
<Z =
!0N $
$ # VP.*
$>
) +
EP
2 ?qqp
# $
EP
$
$
'
'
< '
EF !
Vk <JN
#
Vk = & Vk
#'
# VP.*
#'
#
Vk EL
!0N $
$ National Court
0C
'
2 #K *`
& J # > <& J
2

'

%B( Bp[ .

EP

0C
0 '

(Special Tribunals) Order, 1972 #

# 0
'=

Jj
8Q

&y

1.
#

0
.

'

<

'

'

Z<

* Bangladesh Collaborators
#K
B_p # '
N !' # N # VP.*
'
2

%?( # VP.*
#'
!' # '
*
Bp[ .
EP
0C
'
$
EF
2 !'
#'
# # VP.*
#'
!'
!
0<
K
) 0 '=
#
Vk = # =
" J
C. <J '
!0N
* Bp[ .
EP
0C
'
2
$ ! >; & J 9
& J .

i<J
&
2
%](
!0N BpG?
# $ -@ $
J BpG]
# VP.*
#
$>
#
&J
0
8
s #
0C
'
!j - #
Ek
a @ z 9J* EF
8
N
J
# <!
!' <J N 0C
N
@C#
VP
@C#
.
EL 569J* ,
#
&J
j
2t !j &K

$
BpG]

& D

BpG]
$ # $
# VP.*
#

# VP.*

$>

$>

&J

Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order, 1972 $

&J

BpG?

BpG?

$ Bangladesh
K
#

. .
! '
c
B_ # < BpG[ 0*VP Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order, 1972
#
0 '

'
BpG]
# VP.*
#
$>
#
&
$
c
8
BpG]
# VP.*
#
$>
# $ 0C
'
!j - #
Ek
a @ z 9J* EF
8
N
J
# < !
!'
<J N 0C
N
@C #
VP
@C #
.
EL 569J* ,
#
?qqp
#
& .
!
!'+ '
EL K*
c
BpG]
# VP.*
#
$>
#
&J
EP
#+4
:
8 !
@ C BpG[
B_ # < 0*VP !
! c

8<
#

. !
?? # ' #
EP # '

! h

$ Zh
8<

&
K*

341

!K
2

# '
#K*N 0* ' N '

; 7
0K K*

z *
Ns

opo
2top[
!
/ ! ,
. Q
!
#'
8Q
< *
.
'#
2
<J # J
' ' <J $ j7C & b
1
!0N
po # ' g.
'
#8
. E6
' K
2 '
1< = !< \ <
#'
j
.
'
0
=
' ' <J2 ' #
# J
&
' z
#K &
!
&
D
# <& 2
opH
Yz
' <
#'
<J
*
2
!K
.
' *I
*
.
' =
' ' ' j
= #
<
8 < 56 * po^G_
opp
# EF 8 .
<J #
K*
2
# VP.*
#
$>
<J BpGB
#
<
N# N
N 'N 7 1
' 8Q
8 < 8Q
7
2
$7
Gqq
Z 8
.
#
*
8<
$ 'g+.
#
9B^ # VP.*
#
$>
# BpG] =
?qqp #
BHG?
j
#
# J
0 2 BpG]
0+
# $ &J
+
$ # VP.*
#
$>
0* ' '
2
# VP.*
# J
K2
*
# VP.*
#
$>
0* '

sNational Courtt
) # National Court
<
&
#8 VP J
# a
# J 0<2
?^ 'VP
EF j '
j <& J
!;,.'
0*
%Code of criminal
#
2 ! !
Case Diary (CD) }
2
procedure 1898) BoB
.
W
! >J j
& y Magistrate
Judicial Magistrate !0+
.
!0
#
<I
j !
9 ! 2
'V
EF
W* CrPC BoB
Magistrate
Judicial Magistrate
j &' =
' j # .
!.
5A+
j <& J %Deposition and Cross)2 # VP.*
#
#
<I
j
#'
j
$>
<J CrPC BoB
<& J
)0
$ . .
X
28
! CrPC BoB
#
<I
j #'
j
<& J
.
N 3>N # . N
'
& <
2
8<
#
O' z J
K}
2

8 < EL

opG

op[
opo

opG
opH
opp
Gqq

&K #
#

0
w

N B?^qo^?qB?
#=
<

8 <

. .
< 2

' " $
$= ." $ =
'
8<
' * <&EP $#
.
?o^B?^?qBq
. &@
!0N
# ' BpG?

=w

!.
' $
K
*

!.

='

+ + # EF
K*
!;

342

..

<

2
c po^G_
.

*
2 }'

VP

'

$*
fN
2

+g

Religion is fundamental glue for the political order itself,

because it helps establish and nurture the nations of self and collectively.
Thus, religion is a primary element in the development of nationalism
and
has been a crucial factor in political life throughout the world during the
last two centuries.
John Armstrong
Nations
Before
Nationalism

3> (State)
.
3> (Nation-state)
K*
$ &J 0<
2 9 * Q
8 8 ' . Yz 7
<
< 8
< O' EF a
#R
#.
# # :
I3
2 .
3> %State of Bangali) <Z
<
'
* &J
'
!0 #
N!
# " !'
#
K
N+
N }. N
N
N
+N 7 8 8 =
* . <\ 2 .
. <\ 8 8Y .
!
8
# <>
2
'>
2 BpG?
'
!0
*
+
7
GqB

// / C

G&8 % ^ Bo[
]( }
& DN .
!0N
h '
.
EL W !'
! $
Q h ' = $ .
EL W !'
$.
EL W
=
#
0 *' .
c

#
EA

*
*

CN
EL

<&
*
<&
#R
EL Y

<&

/ /1 3
#"

C
s

so2

89

&EP !

'

<

z#

01 EA
N#

'

'

'

2
' .

'

'

@ 2

"#( % ^ ^ BB[ g w B?(

E6
o# '
*
D1 # '$ D

'

>
O'>
J
N h = # . EL 2
$ .
EL W
=

' .
> C Q x7
' . <J Vk
K
K
2.

&'

$ IK EL Y
#

E6
2#
2

Vk

89

Vk

!
)

N#

&EP

!0N

'

<

<J

2t
C
so2
3

GqB

:[
*
2t
7 3

' 5A + .
D1 # '$ D
'

&EP

BpG? BpG[

<
!

z#

# '

% ^ ^ ?pp *
<& B(
!0N
'
< <J
$'

N v^ '

&

N &

343

&EP

!0N s
)

'

<

E6

o# '
<J
N.

2
g . ?qq_ ) Ig B]] B]H

# '

89

E6
N
#
1
N
# Ns
'
<
*
=
Vk
t)
Q E63
'
< <J

. # ' 89
&EP #
$7 # Y # !0N
'
<
z !0
8 8
0 0 K 018 <& J
`
2
# !0 #R !K
N !
*
<&
#
0< 0<
'
'
8
'
Q #
! +
+ # 2
'
Q #
. 2
'
! $ ! $ . <J
Q #
= ! & 8 . 2
' '
0 <
# 2 V #
.
2 #
N ' ' ! ,/ @
2
>
'

O'>
J

.'

0 N
# '
'

#
>

E6
#

O'>
J
% ^ ^ ?pp *
o 5L # '
#
<I
.
' } Z .*
2
%# g

.
.

8
8
'

Gq?
Gq]
Gq_
Gq[
Gqo

'

N # '<
.
+ =
2 #. 0'
EL
* 8,
'
.
# EP z !
!
0 2#
:
2 V
2
<& B(
2#
'

' j

&

E6
#
'.
<

' #

z#

m
.

iN

# 2
= ! & 8
#
Q
N #
2#

!
.

'

&

569J*
'EL #

<

+ *
# '*3

0 2(

' "* ' 0 `

O' * N
. = EW
K*
<J
# 2
9 * ` O'>
+
s E7
Z #
-'
;7$
t2 5 &
$
! , 8 <Q
$8 # \
& D
s
'
!
&K !
Gq?
c
Y g 7 9 . t
' 1m
#
O'
=
Yz
X
2 ` O'>
*
O'
& x
Ns O'
$ < 8 rN 0 < 0 <
#
< 8
~e
N V < 8
# 1! #
.#
2t
.
' .
!<
- 0
.U
5A
l 7 8
+o
.
' EL
< .
s .
'

) V Q &' '<* 9. . .2 Q &' !.z

# \ T @
' 2 '<* 9.
` Gq]
I !'
K 2 $

.
' #
!
2tGq_ #
J
.
z ' '

. 2 V # =
<
'
J

5A'
:
<
2 '
J 56 ' } ' # ;7
#
O'= #
Gq[
z .* '
2
pq
'
#' * 8Y
# VP.*
' #
=
& . 2 B[q ! $
x
!
'
?[ ]q ! $
Q
Gqo
x # C
E
2 !0+
vN #
4N E$ 4 # #
.
Civilization
8
=
=!
N#
N E $
#
!
#
2 V
!K
+> ) +> # VP.*
' # 2

N'' < )
+g Bo^Bq^?qBq
'<* 9. = O'> K EL DN
N }' . f N ?q^Bq^?qq_ 2
3g ?] '>3
.
' EL # VL N .
)# '
56 '
' .
') Ig ?GB
}' #
!' )
v .$
'
56 $
8
0
RAM 0
.
2 B[q ! $
! $
connectivity
K 2 B[q ! $
RAM # ?[]q ! $
RAM
*.

344

connectivity #

?[]q

8 8Y

3>
*
$ .
3> (Nation-state) <Z
'
#<&J 89
2 Bp?]
Bengal Pact
O'
' !0,K
Magna Carta
= O' ! W OI ' <&
W <
5A
71
!' 2
!
Bp_q
&EP
>$ 8
EP N8 N
$ EL
.
3> & \
+ &'
2 <xN !
@
$ !
&EP & +
$.
3> (Nation-state) Y J & b
`
!' 2 Jaswant Singh
NsHow do you
divide a geographic (also geographical) unity? Simply by drawing lines on maps? Through a
surgical operation, Mountbatten had said and tragically Nehru and Petel and the Congress party
had assented, Jinnah, in any event having demanded adopting to just such a recourse.tGqG
#
+
NsGandhi no longer spoke so vehemently against it (partition) and began to repeat
GqH
the arguments which Sardar Patel had already used.t
EP
I3 = . D
I 7
$
$.
3> (Nation-state)
&b
'

}EL
$
$

8
8
!< O' EF
7
# b J 9 ` 2 BpGB
' I3
0* '+ !' 2 BpG[
.
3> " J
*8
3> (Language-state) " J & K
*
'
$ 8
3> (Language-state) K .
3> (Nation-state)
'
2
.
3> (Nation-state) <Z
.
& . reconciliation (
(2 !+ O'
# '
'
Ns
3>
K
<&@ N
<&@ N
. <&@ K
V . Y
Gqp
.
8 ' * !
> !K
D K
2t
'
K
<&@ N
<&@ N
. <&@
)
'
EL K*
" 2 V pq
8
!'
K
<&@
.
<&@
9
5A
2# 8
8
0
K
'
#
8
&
>C
2
!'
.
3> <Z
. & . # a reconciliation
B^
!'
<J + < \
=
+
O'
2
+>3 = ! ,C2
H%B( # ' #
!0+
<
! +
zN O'
O' z # +>3 ! ,C EL EL
* ! ,
z <
*
j
*
* #
#"
2
?^
!'
N+
N }. N
N
N
+N 7 8 8 = * . <\

< ! + .

0 2

.
! W IO'2 '

! 3
'
! 3
2
]^ BpGB
`
9 *
EP
. < \ .U
C VP m 81
2
'
E
!8 EL
'
j#
'
EP
#+4
j .
2
. <\ #
*
:
: N
8
K
N
#
# J #8 EP2
= T .U
C VP
81
#
-@
J
2 Bo v 5L BpGB
.'
'
2
J BpG]
]q 85L !'
EF
! + .
m
Jj
reconciliation
K! ! 2
_^
+
'*9 8
0
N
8
8 D EF !K
5L
#
9 * Q #
= .U
C VP 81
8 8 ' -@
J
2
.
3> (Nation-state) <Z
.
& .
' = !'
<
0 < !'
9
56I1 2
[^
*
burning issue
#
J 0 '
5A+
N
reconciliation
EL K*
0*b x
& . 2

GqG
GqH
Gqp

Jinnah India Partition Independence, Jaswant Singh; p Introduction 5

Jinnah India Partition Independence, Jaswant Singh; p 458
' .
'N !+ O' # '
') # '
56 '
' .

345

'N) Ig ?H

&
8 8
8
0 *' N * 5 &'
* 0 *'
J*
*!
N#
* 4
3>
* J # <& J
!
& x
5A+
) +
$
.
3> (Nation-state)2
0+ !
3> 8 D *N J*N 8 = VP !
' 9 * !
* 4
J # ' . !K
# '
N
#
!K
R
N
8
#x
!'
) + 3> # .
3> (Nation-state)
2! +
!'+ !'
<I 0C2 Reconciliation 3>
3>
&b x
)
N
'
# <I 0C x
.
3> (Nation-state) <Z # '
+2
* !.
9
EL
0C
# '
* 3> <Z
& 3
Yz= T !8, <
jJ
.
'
Q #=
<
#
71
2 ! #R
#
9
jJ
& $
89
=

*
!" J
)# $
Reconciliation2GBq
'
<J . '
# 5 &'
8
5 &'
5 &
56 D GBB
& J
2 Bp_o
'
=
'
!
#R
O' '
!
.
2 Bp_G
#R
EP
Bpo[
8 0C
EL
O' 8
. 2.
7
' !<
$'
9
b
b '
'N
.
'
' 7
8
. 2
=# 3
O' '
+ !
#b J
'
j
.
.
. <
'
2
.
3>
5 &'
! O' !
N
! ! 8
/ !K
5 &'
y
# 5 &'
$ . <
2 # #
5 &'
D ! +
5 &'
5 &
56 * EF
# EF
2
K*
N
+ # N8
=K
2
j r$ + IK
# )#
! & vO$
Ns #
j
#
j #K* ` -@ j2t
. Vk
3>
EF
y
I K NATO . $ # WARSAW
NATO !. $81
#
WARSAW !. $81
!. $
j
.$ ! 2 #
# O' (Non-Alignment Movement-NAM) ' !
2 *
j
'
$ NonReligion Movement
Null-Religion Movement; #
O' :
#K #
* :
N
$ # EF #
*
j) #
K # 5 &' 2GB?
'
* & J) * .
:
. 2 !
GB]
. ' * B !K pq 0*VP #
! 3
) O'
=# 8
*
0*
GB_
# <& J
)#
* :
=0 0
*
: 2

.8;

&

(/18q & 4

# 1 &0 / :r % ,

& 4

10 C
$> . v %Tragedy) EL
! < $8 ; u %Negative factor(
X
2t
#
.
*
: Conceptually Conflicting
'8* < .
!0N EL
0 C ! W z'
' I '
. Vk
!8 < ' *
j
' :
2
GBq

GBB

?B^Bq^?qBq

GB?
GB]
GB_

0
.

.
.

*
2

8
8 D &
j

!" J 2 ! +
*

j
x
K

2
J Bqq #
= . .

/& ( #

0C =

-1

s
$
. Vk #K
J non-factor
X
2
' *< 8
N
E VF
>$ 8
m
0*
= '
@C
!" J !'=

* # ) # 5 '&
J !
0< !
: 2
* & # EF N V m +
-

346

*
VF

2
N

5 &'
J

5 &
*

56 D

# O'
<& J

# <& J
2

j
.

EL

9
'N

z=

. Vk
2

. !
VF
:

EP

.U

j
J
#
9
. Vk #
.
8 D * !< \
=
J
10 C ! W 'z

C VP
8

' !

2
EP #
EP
*
:
8 8
=
= *
:
J 8 D
!K
j <& J
)#
' *< m Om #
'
'
0 2
* & 1 ! & vO$ Bush Jr.
McCane
*a @ Mr Rod Parsley
!;n v
'> Mr Terry Jones 9/11 (BB ! 5L
!" J
2
#
# ;< EP =
'+
' EL
# O'
'
+ .
+> 3 '
EL
+
O'
!K
'
2 EL
!' '
. &
!<&;
.
2!
' jJ '
: .Q ' % Vk
K K
X
!'
' N
N O'
N 7 EN
0 2
EP
* 01 3> . #
'
* J
2
'
Z
a

B^

?^
]^ > $
_^ m
[^
o^

Yz

9
*I 8

j 0*b
* 2
* &. |
j 0*b
7 #
'
J
2

8
8 D
mOm I 3
#
'
mOm I 3
2
j #
' .
3> (NationState) 8 .

@ C b7 v (Crusade) " J
2<
*
Mr
#
.
2 qp^qp^?qBq
+
( ! # !
' (Burn A Koran Day)
*

'
2 ; EP =
= 8
0
N
9 *
D
2
.
+> 3 '

! & v O$
@ C # VP.*
#'
+> 3 3>
& \
2
!'=
.Q '( 9
<
l <& J
2 # ;< EP N
: 9 g
8 m
l
EP
8

8* !

Christian Charity Fund

.( 0*b 2
&
&
2

3
*

K
.
<

+
>

&

!Z

.
2

. '

347

& \

K K
a

'

EP
D

%NGO;

7 .
& |
D 2
0*b N
EF
'

9
&

& \

'

# 5 &'
!<&;

X
K&
!

!0N BpGB
.
D
'
8.
K
.
3> <Z . !'
J Conflict 8
C
= ! +
/ 2
0C
# VP.*
#
' 0C
Bp_H &

$
7

$
& |
.

reconciliation

! + 2 &K g
m
g !'
2 W
g
$
!
$

#
= <J
# VP.*
#
EL W 2 m
:0C
#
&J
8Y & \
2
#
N VP
@C#
= <J
! >J 81 #
X
2 9
<*
Bp_[ = !.
v
8
instruments 0 # VP.*
#
<
* J=
J* ' 2
' $ # VP.*
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948N ! $ $ BppH N International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 1966N International Criminal Court (ICC) 2002
'
'N
# VP.*
#
&b =
' a
'< '*
' 2
International Court of Justice = International Criminal Court # VP.*
#
. ' $
qB .
!K
0*b T @
#'
<Z
:"$
EF
& \ 2 ICC ?qq?
"$
EF <& J
2
.
" # ' b
8 D !' # VP.*
#'
#
# \
N !0
5L v $> N @ 4 $> N
= $> N 0 < 8 $> 2 89
j8
0* #
J
<* $>
#U
=#
g8*9
#
# i<J
'
2
.
3> 9
' m
.# \ =
j
= & D
2
J
<* $>
$ = $> =
* 2 5L v $>
!' = '
N &
$ N 'VP
N
' j 7
'
-' z
$ # VP.*
56 D
2
#'
j = <& J 0 < C
$
: 0<
8
2
#'
&E W '
- 'N '* = * C
jN <& J 0 < = : <
K !'+ 2
BpGq
.
*
+ < \
8
#=
<
$ j
EP VP
*
BpGB
?[ *
EP
!' j !'
' OPERATION SEARCHLIGHT
!0
operation !' j
'
* #b J
<& J 0 <
2
operation
# '
$ 3> <Z
mC
2
?G * BpGB
+ ! . . EL
!" J
*
9 .
0 C h
! & J
!0 < 2 0 C 0 C
]q j
<
!0 & J
!
T
!'
'
<& J 0 <
8
2
0
<
'
!
j
.
=!
$#
y !K 0 2
?[ * BpGB
+
EP
*I Operation Searchlight
Q Q
. /
#=
< #
!
w !
# !
<& R
<
8
!
.
N ! & D Y ! ;
# '
N s Y
*
# <= Q x9
&
8
Z
2 *
Z v1 # !
2 & '
#
8 '
.<
!K 2 # # < 0 <
# ' . # >
EF
2!
10 C
<
#
8
Z2
Y
0C
# <
$!
2tGB[ # =
<8
EP 8 <
l ' "* ' 2
VF N
.
'N
VF
. Vk N
! ,C * 5L N
. N8
!+
'*98 N
'
O' ' m
0*
N
EP
GB[

'

EL

J
$ 7

0C

'

Ig Bo_

348

8
Q
# EF !
#+4
$ <Z

+
EP

# 5L

EP

EP

j .
EP
& Hoqqq .
BpG]
BG ! !
]q 85L
1 2 0
+
#
#
.
EP
BpG] .
2 BpG_

#=

< !

Vk 8
#
#
< !

!0 <'
2

* 8

<

#+4

N '
EP
.
# ' .
#
' N #

EP

j
0 N

VP

$
= . '

EP

2
@C
+ .

0<'

2
&K ';
m ';

!<&;

'

2
=
8 D
' 8

J
EP

. BpG?
$ #
&J
& _?qqq .
O'
5e
N
J j !" J
N
& _[qq . 1 8
J j !"
N
& ?oqqq .
O' .
$EF
7
$ # |
*J
!;
' '
Bp[ .
0C
- j 71

# VP.*
X

K 2
2
!K
.

%$>
( #
!< .$ i y .

Prime Minister of Bangladesh

had declared with regard to the atrocities and destruction committed in Bangladesh in 1971 that
he wanted the people to forget the past and to make a fresh start, stating that the people or
Bangladesh knew how to forgive <J
'
1 !'
2

sp[

a .
p[ #

<& 8 VP
&

2tGBo #
[ #
#

EP
2 ' "* _q
#
'

'*

!0N BpG_

[ #
K0 .
& \

Q
'
vg

EP

2
!

EP
- j 71
'
.
9
2
# ' '
N! .
J j !" J
.

' *I #
'
(not ratified)
71
1
!0N ! + .
5A
71
= 1
5A !'+
& . 2 EL 8 8
! + . ' '
!0 K x
' !< N
= 5A &' *
`2
BpGB
& $
.U
2
EP !8
'
EL
0C
j
#K
0
EP
#+4
:
'
EL
0C
)
C VP
.U
8 <I 2 .U
J!
!
N
56 Y !K
'

#
2 .U
J ' "* _q
[ #
K0 .
'
VF =
.
' '
!' !K
9
# 3=
#
2 + #
$ - 01 N
*
J
VF =
.
' '
. y = 2
EL
_q
.
8 . !0 K ! !
.
1
*
' *
2
j <&EP
'
8
N . * N 5 & J ' !< \
= 3>2 #
EP 0+ No division, Integretion Integretion v*
+ #
.
EF
reconciliation
.*
8.
! <& J
! <
2
!

'
!
71
8'

' 8

B^

8.
K
reconciliation
<& J
Integretion Integretion
?^ 0C
0'
p[
E
' ' N 0 ' '*3
N
!0
2

GBo

'

+g ?]^q?^?qB?

349

2 ! <
Bp[ .

` No division,
#

K .
EF

]^

0'
0
# VP.*
! .
&K g .
"
# ' ! N m
g # VP.*
N &
$ = 'VP
'
< # VP.*
'4 #
.U
.
+ 2 !j - # VP.*
#
%$>
(#
BpG] !0
#
?qqp
0 K3 )
#
* #
2
_^ 0 C & W !
j
.
<
T
2
[^ 0C
N
#
. Bangladesh National Liberation
Struggle (Indemnity) Order 1973
)
'
Y 3
j
#Ek
Ek $
< !0 #
EF
2
o^
0< #
0 ' . VP
'
$ !K #
.
Z
9 #
'
#
#
! N .
& D
.
EP
Bp[ .
'
EF
!0
2
G^
0 ' BpG?
$ #
J j !" J 0
1
'
m
Z<
Z
# VP.*
# =
VF )
$ '
j +
2
H^
# VP.*
' <& J
connectivity
& . 2 .
'
$
.
K # !' # VP.*
'
VF 0 #
.* 2
[
EL b 8
*
(Special Tribunals) Order, 1972,
J j !" J N # VP.*
?qqp # 0 0C
'
& b = BpG_
' N8
' 71
=p
#=
+ EP W
* *< J
8
& . 2
&b
!0 < .
N EL
$ 6 Y
! $ #.
2
' I3
!; . !'
EF
! + .
!0 ' j <& J
! + .
= .
*I <I
'j
!0, 1
!
.
= # VP.*
EF
'
9
$
+
' 2 # K !' .
=
EL
= 0C
'
! O'>
!' # VPP = # EF
2

350

W Bangladesh Collaborators
#
%$>
(#
=
EP
EL j
- j
'
56 * .
0*
* *
*
= 0C
'
<D !0 8 1 ! + #
0K K* =
0<
2
& b <& J # !
0<
#
& \
* !0 < .
N
I3 =
9 #

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

361

362

Principle I
Any person who commits an act which constitutes a crime under international law is responsible
therefore and liable to punishment.
Principle II
The fact that internal law does not impose a penalty for an act which constitutes a crime under
international law does not relieve the person who committed the act from responsibility under
international law.
Principle III
The fact that a person who committed an act which constitutes a crime under international law acted as
Head of State or responsible Government official does not relieve him from responsibility under
international law.
Principle IV
The fact that a person acted pursuant to order of his Government or of a superior does not relieve him
from responsibility under international law, provided a moral choice was in fact possible to him.
Principle V
Any person charged with a crime under international law has the right to a fair trial on the facts and
law.
Principle Vl
The crimes hereinafter set out are punishable as crimes under; international law:
a. Crimes against peace:
i.
Planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a war of aggression or a war in violation
of international treaties, agreements or assurances;
ii.
Participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the
acts mentioned under (i).
b. War crimes:
Violations of the laws or customs of war which include, but are not limited to, murder, illtreatment or deportation to slave-labor or for any other purpose of civilian population of or in
occupied territory, murder or illtreatment of prisoners of war, of persons on the seas, killing of
hostages, plunder of public or private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns, or
villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity.
c. Crimes against humanity:
Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation and other inhuman acts done against any
civilian population, or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds, when such acts are
done or such persecutions are carried on in execution of or in connection with any crime
against peace or any war crime.
Principle VII
Complicity in the commission of a crime against peace, a war crime, or a crime against humanity as
set forth in Principles VI is a crime under international law.

363

Genocide Convention 1948

Resolution 260 (III) A
!"
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention 1948

$ ) % " & '

()*+ ,

Article 1
The Contracting Parties confirm that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war,
is a crime under international law which they undertake to prevent and to punish.
Article 3
The following acts shall be punishable:

(a) Genocide;
(b) Conspiracy to commit genocide;
(c) Direct and public incitement to commit genocide;
(d) Attempt to commit genocide;
(e) Complicity in genocide.

Article 4
Persons committing genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in Article 3 shall be punished,
whether they are constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials or private individuals.
Article 5
The Contracting Parties undertake to enact, in accordance with their respective Constitutions, the
necessary legislation to give effect to the provisions of the present Convention and, in particular, to
provide effective penalties for persons guilty of genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in
Article 3.
Article 6
Persons charged with genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in Article 3 shall be tried by a
competent tribunal of the State in the territory of which the act was committed, or by such
international penal tribunal as may have jurisdiction with respect to those Contracting Parties which
shall have accepted its jurisdiction.
Article 7
Genocide and the other acts enumerated in Article 3 shall not be considered as political crimes for the
purpose of extradition.
The Contracting Parties pledge themselves in such cases to grant extradition in accordance with their
laws and treaties in force.

364

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 1966

,"

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

! " ##
$%&
'&(
)*
) +, -. /
0 1 ,*
!
23
) * $%&
$ 4& 5 6%
7 8 !8 !
& 0( ,
! )9
2: !
! ) !
;
< ++
Article 14

1. All persons shall be equal before the courts and tribunals. In the determination of any criminal
charge against him, or of his rights and obligations in a suit at law, everyone shall be entitled to a fair
and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law. The press
and the public may be excluded from all or part of a trial for reasons of morals, public order (ordre
public) or national security in a democratic society, or when the interest of the private lives of the
parties so requires, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special
circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice; but any judgement rendered in
a criminal case or in a suit at law shall be made public except where the interest of juvenile persons
otherwise requires or the proceedings concern matrimonial disputes or the guardianship of children.
2. Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall have the right to be presumed innocent until proved
guilty according to law.
3. In the determination of any criminal charge against him, everyone shall be entitled to the following
minimum guarantees, in full equality: (a) To be informed promptly and in detail in a language which
he understands of the nature and cause of the charge against him;
(b) To have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence and to communicate with
counsel of his own choosing;
(c) To be tried without undue delay;
(d) To be tried in his presence, and to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own
choosing; to be informed, if he does not have legal assistance, of this right; and to have legal
assistance assigned to him, in any case where the interests of justice so require, and without payment
by him in any such case if he does not have sufficient means to pay for it;
(e) To examine, or have examined, the witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and
examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him;
(f) To have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak the language used in
court;
(g) Not to be compelled to testify against himself or to confess guilt.
4. In the case of juvenile persons, the procedure shall be such as will take account of their age and the
desirability of promoting their rehabilitation.

365

5. Everyone convicted of a crime shall have the right to his conviction and sentence being reviewed by
a higher tribunal according to law.
6. When a person has by a final decision been convicted of a criminal offence and when subsequently
his conviction has been reversed or he has been pardoned on the ground that a new or newly
discovered fact shows conclusively that there has been a miscarriage of justice, the person who has
suffered punishment as a result of such conviction shall be compensated according to law, unless it is
proved that the non-disclosure of the unknown fact in time is wholly or partly attributable to him.
7. No one shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an offence for which he has already been
finally convicted or acquitted in accordance with the law and penal procedure of each country.

366

-. !

3=

>
-

# 4 2& 5
, *

% !

67 8
#!/

9$

9$

30

. / , *
01 2 %,/ 3

31

#1

! "

9:;

2
# 4 21

9$

# 4
-, #
# 4 21

, *

<

2
, 1! #! >

% ! 67 8=
8 #? & /
#@

A*B ' =C() $ "

# 4 &C;
& E9 F
H&
CD ! 2& 5 8 !

# *
I

%
&

# 4 21 K
I
& -@,& $
=-> #, *
.
> Q & ! H H' C "
=
, *
. & 6* S #?
# 4 2& 5 9
CP . 6
# 4 &C;
&
, *
%
.
U &
4 , )/

J
#"

$,
9

2& 5 8 !
F 2& T

- 8
.

! -" ,". *,"! <3

9$

. &

&
3

9$ &

/
- $9

>

2
= 1 "'
*9 & ,
8 CD . & #!/
2
%G
F
92
, *
%
.
#
,$
8#
-@,& J = A & /
2
%F
, *
L
=& 5 - A
* =
M N4
O !:P
1 .
&
%
, F8 3
<= - $9
A
%* &
2
, *
- 9* %
>R
F
8
/
2
8 &C; " & 9E F/ 8 8 - 8/ , *
= - &/
. # 8
>8
5 & ) 2 2>
& )/
2
J $ 1! *! / . # 8 & ! 2
8 8 *- -@,& & 9&, - 8 #1! 2& 5
% !
2
*
8 2& 5 &
%
&
2
# & /

# 4 , *
.
# * " V/
W " 67
- 8- , *
'@> R 6
# *
& 9& & 9E V %
& )/
# 4 , *
9$ %
. / , *
9 ($ F& " . & 9E& - * & %*S
& 9E V - F H9/
* -: ! H H' 2& 5 .
* .X & , -/
2
CY & , $ & , -/
2
,*
.
8 -8/ - & - 9 * /
- & $
Z & H9/
9 '[- .
:P K
, *=
%
= A & ,- 2
\
M N4 = > #- & 9E& 1 @ 9
= A C " *E]'
-H9
- * & , -/
2

367

2 \
^

*E]'
H&

= A
J :; .%# & ) = /
% " # !
9:; M N4 = > #%
:P
2 _ !*
G, 1 , - %
:P 6 B ^
H& /
2
^
% : 2 &, CP # "
9 !& #1 ` F- %* 9 F- # %
:P &, 9 #"
1
% !
F% !. &
` 2&
% -:P" ! . 2
#
$ ! % ! "! 8 8 -:P" ! . F& " #1 ` &
H9 8! F& " #1 ` .
A*
#?
-, "& F& " #1 `
2
,*
. & 2& 5 !- :P&
8! . &
%* &
2 2 , F8 % ! "! 8 8 &, & 9
Y* &
`

H&
!

, *
. 2
9$
^
# & 9' .%# &
&, F- 6 B ^
6
2

# `
8

%
.
-H9 # !
8 C; # 2

J :; .%# & ) = /
-R,"
* =- $, % %G
J :; .%# &

9$

)= /C "

* 8 #
- *
= A

J :; .%# & ) = / =& &

^
# F% !. &
-H9 # ,/ ^
6
^
-*! F- / & 9 8 * ! V , & `
- *. 6

= *! * ! V

C;

)`
3

<=- - $9

> & 9& # ! )

J :; .%# & ) = / 21 * ,, & 9& & , F8 2

^
6 B
8 & 16 a ," =& - * H H F- % b %
! . & , -`

8 & 16 a ,"
, *
.
A * F,
* " H H' F- % b %
`

368

,. 8&
H

$,

?
PROVISIONAL CONSTITUTION OF BANGLADESH ORDER, 1972
WHEREAS by the Proclamation of Independence order, dated the 10th April, 1971 provisional
arrangements were made for the governance of the People's Republic of Bangladesh;
And WHEREAS by the said Proclamation the President is invested with all executive and legislative
authority and the power to appoint a Prime Minister;
And WHEREAS the unjust and treacherous war as referred to in the said Proclamation has now ended;
And WHEREAS it is the manifest aspiration of the people of Bangladesh that a parliamentary
democracy shall function in Bangladesh;
And WHEREAS in pursuance of the said objective it is necessary immediately to make certain
provisions in that behalf.
NOW THEREFORE in pursuance of the proclamation of Independent Order, dated the 10th April, 1971
and all other powers enabling him in that behalf the President is pleased to make and promulgate the
following Order;
1.
2.
3.
4.

This order may be called the Provisional Constitution of Bangladesh Order, 1972.
It extends to the whole of Bangladesh,
It shall come into force at once.
Definition:

"Constituent assembly" referred to all this Orders means the body comprising of the elected
representative of the People of Bangladesh return to the N.A. and P.A. seats in the elections held in
December, 1970, January, 1971 and March, 1971 not otherwise disqualified by or under any law.
5. There shall be a Cabinet of Ministers, with the Prime Minister at the head.
6. The President shall in exercise of all his functions act in accordance with the advice of the Prime
Minister.
7. The President shall commission as Prime Minister a member of the Constituent Assembly, who
commands the confidence of the majority of the member of the Constituent Assembly. All other
Ministers, Ministers of state and Deputy Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of
the Prime Minister.
8. In the event of a vacancy occurring in the Office of the president at any time prior to the framing
of the Constitution by the Constituents Assembly, the Cabinet shall appoint as President a citizen of
Bangladesh who hold the office of President until another President enters upon the office in
accordance with the constitution as framed by the Constituent Assembly.
9. There shall be a high Court of Bangladesh, consisting of Chief Justice and so many other judges
as may be appointed from time to time.
10. The Chief Justice of the High Court of Bangladesh shall administer an oath of office to the
President and the President and the President shall administer an oath of office to the Prime Minister,
other Ministers, and Ministers of State and Deputy Ministers. The form of the oath shall be as
prescribed by the Cabinet.
Dated this eleventh day of January, One thousand nine hundred and seventy-two, being the twentysixth day of Poush, One thousand three hundred and seventy -eight.
SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN
President of the People's Republic of Bangladesh

DACCA
The 11th January, 1972

369

370

371

372

'
'2

!
!

.
4

" #
$ %"
&'
/ ! 0' 12
3
#6! , & 7 ,
, %*

( ) " %*+
4
5
8 9: ; 4

$,
/

/
<,

!=
% !%
!A
) "
B
#$

8 $ ,!
& ! 4 % '
12
2$: $ # 6>
3 / , ?@
! 3(
,3
0 !A
B 2>=
( , ) %C , 1 8 %>6:
) ) @
4
/ /
% ! %> D 3
&:
7!
& ! A #B ) 7 E 4
/ %F:
0 8 G H,: ) I :
(> ! / ) & #G
( ! A # $ 3 2 %J
) " %K L I
) *
4
#
2> : K 8 /

/
& N$

4
2

:
>!

# %>

3 #

4
-

&

/M 4

@ $

4 $ /8

O )@ &

D>

(
%

!
3 ,-

*
%_ %
4

$
Q !

#F

&

&2[ B /

> A XI &
7= \,
8 &
#% /`>
S 2>
4a

4
b > c V 42
# ! 4
> %/ d Z:
/M $ :
#
&
&
gX /%
4 U
&h $

NB %K
E

6>

2 , @
) Q% K
>
0
/

4%
X %: L
E
ef )
9
) *
%

4Q
&

& # !/

B %R /

) % @
V
6 %
# !
& >
(
B
N < % 4
! 0@
( W: N < %
:
? ,=
: %Y%
8
& ! 5 Z 2 2
,3
Q %?
# M
,
>
)%
) %

%> 3 2

D , 4P: N& ) *

8 # ! ! + 2 32 (
4
#6 *
,)
= /
$> T
> >T %U / B

!
)Z

& S
= 4

( & 2=
) X N 6:
&
#
4+
/

UL %

!
% ] 2 ?^ " X! %
& ! 4
#6 *
% ] % %! ) *

373

> #*

Q !
2
3 M 3,
Q !
: Q ! % / 4
7
i :

7E 4
j

3@

>K 4

&N #$

! %@

48

l 48
L

#%> : 4

& ! !

: :2 (
4

#$32

#B

4 <

# k
r

/%

%F
: )
8 )@ ( , X

6! ) % 2

>

4 (

%q

s@ ?@ 2

)*

/
)

12

/ 7

48

& :

l 4
$ ,! %t 4
&
& ) *
%
4
? ,=
)
+
& !

#6

>

B %6 =
: :2

X N 6:
3 ?@

? ,=
4

:
/

%* ! 2> >

4
%

(
/%

%@

) *
7

& :
/ L

#$ ; &

>32

: /8 %F
=
4
= F 2= \ > c
# + # u
>
/8 % B % B 2= _
r ( >
Q # ! ! +
4
D> ) q
4

'

,= )Z
& ! 4
*
*
25
%K L
) *
%>
$
% B 3>A /8
=

( W:

%q

7 $@

c>
/
m : /;>
,
Z: 4 6 ! 8
%>
B
nf %
" &k
4
B
4
o % $ @ 6!
j # ! !
%(
%K L S/=
A %K L # > R /8 4
%* ! 2> >

&

) #% L , 4

N k %

W: ) %/& % 4
/ /
4

l 4

4$!L := !

v qv % % . / % , ( 3, & /: Q !
ev '
w / ^, %
\:
_:,
%
,
, @!
xv )
: , /% $ 2 6 , Q !
ov qv : X .
>
,
k $ 2 6 ,Q !
fv qv &: :
/y , q
*
$ 2, Q !
zv > >
, @! , %
( ,4
$ 2, Q !

374

Z 6

V
M
!=

v &> X
4 :, 8)% q, * ) q :
{v 4/% / ,
v
4
/ , (E (
#$
8 %F:
(
nv / & 2 | / } /~ 2
v 4
, @! , %
( ,Q !
ev X
% ,2
xv 4> 4 : , }: 2
ov 4 }> / %>X
, (E ( , 3 & ,
,@ $
fv ) ) ( (I6> :, (
3& ,
,@ $
zv qv / 4 :, q
/ % $ 2, Q !
v > : (I6> :, *
$ 2 6 ,Q !
{v qv 4 X % i :, *
[
q, v ;
X > 4/ , 2
env % 4 > / :, 2
e v : / ,2
eev ) ) / , 2
exv
4&> ;
>, 2
eov %> /> (I6> :, (:X X
# X% , 4 q % | & : %*%
efv
i 4/ , 9:
ezv %
% ,2
e v X I%: / , 2
e{v
X &
4 %:, 2
e v %
&
i: , @ 29
xnv %
> & 4 :,
,% (
xv
/% , & > ) q :
xev / 4 :, @ 29 , %
) q :
xxv
4 %> % < , %t , / 8
xov X > : , @! , %> $ & , q8
|\~
xfv
X > 4/ , q #
X !'
xzv %t
4 %> % ,
# & $
x v %t
)% &
>i , *
&
x{v %t
4 >
%> i ,
x v X / / :, (E ( , # $ , % q N=
R
onv /
/% ,
, A %t , ) , q8
| ~
ov ) / ,
,oev &> > / % , @! , q8
| ~
oxv 4
i: ,
, SW , oov 4
/% ,
,375

ofv ))X) 4> / ,

, A
( ,
ozv #6!7 )
) 4
i , 7
o v 4 : %> , @! 9:
o{v &: 4X% i: 4/ ,
o v % } / > :,
fnv %> / ,
8
fv %
X& >
,
fev
. ,
fxv X
: |% 7 X
: ~,
fov X8 &
,2
ffv
X (I6> : 2

'

376

, % %!

% $%

A
6
B

-B
6

3-.C0
-B

'
7

Fb
-/ "- 2 , c&
d e
8 * 5
- #1
@ 9 &C;
d e -.% @ 9 &C; 21 1 , c #1
d e 1#
, & &
9 #1 `
. d e A!
% .
:D" =& &)4
d&e $ ,& , 21 1
B 2
d>e
9
, 21 8 *
"

&

! . gB
! . %* &

# " .X

21

&C;
=
1 `

h % F
CP i &
CP i & #1 `
<
3

&

* !SV

,
# "
&
d e % * & ,
Y&
A! *
d e= -!
8
1 \
!:P

D
)!8

&

g % =* &
!

1
&

&

&

! % "
*9

*! V

F-

# " ,

9 ," @

& j9&

&

& ,

# &

! .&j
% !. &

# " f1 `
&

& * & % F
`

* & M"'@ &

# "
&,
&
% ! "! >8&
&
M"'@
M"'@
=-! *
% * & & & j9& =. 5 = 5 a &
- 89 & #1 `
& * & ,
# "
:;'9k & #1 = 1 - ! # * &
81 ,
& #1 `

&
# "
$ ,&
d e % * & & & 9E& 9
9 !" 6k
&
#1 `
d e % * & & & j9&
9
9 !"
&
#1 `
d e $ ,& & # * !S ,
#!
%*
&-9& 9 2 &-9$ " ! . %* & #1 `
d e & & 9E&
J6 !
*9
!"
&-9& 9 . & 9 8 ,
F% !. & `
F-

=C()

. & 21

J6

8 *

H & , 21 8 *
!
&
$ ,& f 1
% "
\
9
f1 `

8 *

&

EF 8 $
?

&
*
8
B

& 9E&

&

& 8 CD

& & j9&

# "

$ ,&

! . %*

$ ,& & 9E&

!:P &

9
!

9
! .&j

!" % !
$ ,& 2

% 8 9
^ * & & & j9& 21 1
d e
0 2 &, F& F$ ,& & j9& - " 2
#
F *! V , &
2- &-9& 9 &
= ,
# *
FT - 8 %! .
8 %* &
`

% ! Fd e 21 1 6 7 8 ,"
d e
' 6k
-l

9
9

8 % * & &
% ! &
&, & 9 ," = =& & 9 Y *

377

"!

>8&
8 8

$ ,& &
% &. &

`
8 ^ ! & #1 g

d&e
& *
! ./ % F 2 & 9 8 ,
d>e
& *
.X
$,
Em>, F
d.e
& * $ &4 "
,"
9
d e ,
# " $ &4 " @ 9& ," :;'9k& ,
& * =
dne $ ,&/ 8 8 &-9& 9 2 &-9$ " * $ &4 "
9 ,"
d$e $ ,& 2
8 8 &-9& 9. F- 2 & 9 8 9
d)e
& *
$,
8 % ! "! 8 8 A! *
# &

2 \

8 8

9 ,"

# & #1 , `

d e
1
,b &
=& * ,b #1 ,
* "
9 #1 , 6k * "
21
8 *
! .X
&
# "
% * & & & j9&
9
6 ! 2&1
*
- 9 !
* ! . %* & #1 `
d e * 21 8 *
! .X
.X 6
d e 2 6 ,W > 8 k & 2&1
- 9 !
*
H& C S
! . %* & #1 , # *8- =&
1 /
$4 k
A9& #1 ,
* ,b
* "
9
&
6k 8 k $ & $8
5 `
d e *6
B
!" =& 8 k $ &4 "$48
5 # #1 , # $ &4 " !!"
.% $41 5 =
%* & #1 `
* 6k 8 k
G =&
% 8
H &
% * &
& 6k 8 k .% $41 5 =
% * & &
9 &
`
2

Y*/ # , 1 8 *
* ! 21 8 * & 9& # !

= =-

1
> #1

21

2
8 *

"

.X
.X 5 CD
" .X
.X

378

*
o.
# &
FT

/ CD
YS # ,
&4 , #C; :; #1 `

5p >
, = / .' 9 / @ 9 &C;
* q2-r 2r # *
6 $ / @ 9 &C;
&

8 k=&

&

BENGALS ELITE DEAD IN A DITCH

By Nicholas Tomalin
From Dacca
BEFORE THEY surrendered at Dacca on Thursday, the Pakistani Army arrested and then
shot more than 50 of the citys surviving intellectuals, scientists and businessmen. It was a
closely planned elimination of elite Bengali citizens, carried out as a sudden military
operation. It must therefore have been done with the full knowledge of the Pakistan high
command, including the commanding officer, General Niazi.
The discovery of the bodies can only increases tension in Dacca, make revenge killings and
riots more likely, and possibly even cause friction between the Mukti Bahini guerrillas and the
Indian Army.
If the occupying forces have to clamp down on the liberated Bengalis, they could come to
resent even Indian occupation; and there are small signs of this ominous development already
in Dacca.
The murdered intellectuals were discovered in some isolated clay pits on the outskirts of the
town, at a place called Rayar Bazar. I actually saw 35 bodies there, in a decomposed condition
which indicates they were killed four or five days ago. There are probably many more and
from kidnap reports, some in Dacca are putting the number of killed as high as 150.
UPI reports that among the victims were Dr. F. Rabbi, chief cardiologist of Dacca Medical
College, and Dr. Munier Chowdhury, head of the Department of Bengali Language at Dacca
University.
The killing ground is a brick-filed beyond the middle-class Dacca district of Danmondi. It is
an oddly desolate place, despite the water hyacinths which float on the bluey-white clay
pools.
Hundreds of Dacca citizens came here today, waling along the mud dykes to view the bodies,
many of them looking for their own relatives.
The kidnapping was apparently done early in the morning last Tuesday, when squads of
Punjabi soldiers drove to selected addresses, and took away men and women under armed
guard. Probably they were taken to the Rayar Bazar brickfields and immediately shot, lined
up along the mud dykes so as to fall into the pools.
There they still lie, with clay dust on them, beginning to decompose. There is one skeleton on
a dyke picked dramatically bare by the Dacca dogs.
The Bengali crowds are circulating among these pools it a strange, gentle fashion. They dont
seem angry here. Else-where they are wild. But here they were walking, talking in a gentle
murmur, like tourists in a cathedral.

379

At one pool there was a particular large crowd, and the biggest pile of corpses. Here a
Moslem, his mouth wrapped in his wool scarf, was howling and keening. It sounded like the
muezzin call to prayer.
We asked the man his name. He said he was Abdul Malik, a Dacca businessman. In the water
before him he had recognised the bodies of his three brothers, Badruzzaman, Shahjahan, and
Mulluk Jahan. They lay side by side. They too were Dacca businessmen. It was a family firm.
He had no other brothers.
The Pak army came for them at seven oclock in the morning on Tuesday, he said. Just by
chance, I had gone out early.
At this moment my companion began to cry. He was a Dacca student, named Najiur Rahman,
who brought me to the brick-fields. He was looking for his brother-in-law.
Dr. Aminuddin is head of the Bengal Research Laboratories, with an Oxford Ph. D, and he
was last seen at 7 oclock on Tuesday morning when the Pakistan army took him away.
Im sorry, I must leave you, and look, said Rahman. His woollen scarf was now also around
his face.
I was in Dacca for only three hours yesterday and during that time the news had scarcely
spread. The crows were excited but quite good-natured, still waving to Indian troops and
racing up and down in cars.
But there has been a great deal of shooting, particularly at night. Correspondents at the
Intercontinental Hotel confirm that the atmosphere is explosive. The Bengalis allege that the
hated Biharis, those foreigners from across the border who long ago came to settle here
because they were Muslims, have been helping the Pakistani troops to murder Bengalis.
This was precisely what led to a riot and massacre of Bihari civilians in Jessore when I was
there eight months ago.
This murder of Dacca intellectuals is infinitely worse than anything that happened at Jessore.
Therefore some kind of retribution is almost inevitable.
Apart from swiftly gathered hearsay in Dacca, and the evidence of other journalists in Dacca
that such killings have been taking place, I can offer only the evidence of the two boys who
drove me back to Dacca airport.
Both were Mukti Bahini. One, Pervez Mamasalek, told me proudly he had been Biharihunting the day before.
We heard shooting, h said. We knew it was those Bihari bastards killing our boys. We
closed in on them in a circle. Two of us with stens rushed into their house. The Biharis had

380

climbed a tree in the garden. They shot them down like crows from a branch. Of course, we
kill them, they killed us.

BANGLADESH GENOCIDE and WORLD PRESS

Compiled and edited by
FAZLUL QUADER QUADERI
Published by:
Amatul Quader
132/1, Jahanara Garden
Green Road, Dhaka-1205
Page No: 511-513

381

382

383

Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order, 1972*

(*no.58. Pub : 24th January, 1972- The above order made by the president on the advise
of the Prime Minister of the People's Republic Of Bangladesh on the 24th January, 1972
is hereby published for general information)

Presidents Order
No.8 of 1972
Whereas certain persons, individually or as members of organizations, directly or indirectly,
have been collaborators of the Pakistan Armed Forces, which had illegally occupied
Bangladesh by brute force and have aided or abetted the Pakistan Armed Forces of occupation
in committing genocide and crimes against humanity and in committing atrocities against
men, women and children and against the person, property and honor of the civilian
population of Bangladesh and have otherwise aided or co-operated with or acted in the
interest of Pakistan Armed Forces of occupation or contributed by any act, word or sign
towards maintaining, sustaining, strengthening, supporting or furthering the
illegal
occupation of Bangladesh by the Pakistan Armed Forces or have waged war or aided or
abetted in waging war against People's Republic of Bangladesh.
And whereas such collaboration contributed towards the perpetration of a reign of terror and
the commission of crimes against humanity on a scale which has horrified the moral
consciences of the people of Bangladesh and of right thinking people throughout the world;
And whereas it is imperative that such persons should be dealt with effectively and be
adequately punished in accordance with the due process of law; And whereas it is expedient
to provide for the setting up of Special Tribunals for expeditious and fair trial of the offences
committed by such persons; Now therefore, in pursuance of the proclamation of Independence
of Bangladesh Order, 1972 in exercise of all powers enabling him in that behalf, the President
is pleased to make the following Order :
1. 1) This Order may be called the Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order,
1972
2) It extends to the whole of Bangladesh.
3) It shall come into force at once and shall be deemed to have taken effect on the
26th day of March, 1971.
In this Order, a) 'Code' means Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V of 1898)
b) 'Collaborator' means a person who has(i) Participated with or aided or abetted the occupation army in maintaining,
sustaining, strengthening, supporting or furthering the illegal occupation of
Bangladesh by such army;
(ii) rendered material assistance in anyway whatsoever to the occupation army by
any
act, whether by words, signs or conduct;
(iii) Waged war or abetted in waging war against the People's Republic Of
384

Bangladesh;
(iv) Actively resisted or sabotaged the efforts of the people and the liberation forces
of
Bangladesh in their liberation struggle against the occupation army;
(v) by a public statement or by voluntary participation in propaganda within or
outside
Bangladesh on or by association in any delegation or committee or by
participation in purported by-elections attempted to aid or aided the occupation
army in furthering its design of perpetrating its forcible occupation in Bangladesh.
Explanation- a person who has performed in good faith functions which he was required by any
purported law in force at the material time to do shall not be deemed to be a collaborator;
Provided that a person who has performed functions as direct object or result of which was the
killing of any member of the civil population or the liberation forces of Bangladesh or the
destruction of their property or the rape of or the criminal assault on their womenfolk, even if
done under purported law passed by the occupation army, shall be deemed to be a collaborator.
c) "Government" means the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh:
d) "Liberation Forces" includes all forces of the People's Republic of Bangladesh engaged in
the liberation of Bangladesh;
e) "Occupation Army" means the Pakistan Armed Forces engaged in the occupation of
Bangladesh.
f) "Special Tribunal" means a Tribunal under this order.
3(1) Any Police Officer or any person empowered by the Government in that behalf may,
without a warrant, arrest any person who may reasonably be suspected of having been a
collaborator.
(2) Any Police Officer on any person making an arrest under clause (1) shall forthwith report
such arrest to the Government together with a precise of the information or materials on the
basis of which the arrest has been made, and, pending receipt of the order of the Government,
may, by order in writing, commit any person so arrested to such custody as the Government may
by general or special order specify.
(3) On receipt of a report under clause (2), the Government may by order in writing, direct such
person to be detained for an initial period of six months for the purpose of inquiry into the case.
(4) The Government may extend the period of detention if, in the opinion of the Government,
further time is required for completion of the inquiry.
(5) Any person arrested or detained before the commencement of this Order who is alleged to be
a collaborator, shall be deemed to be arrested and detained under this Order and an order in
writing authorizing such detention shall be made by the Government:
Provided that the initial period of detention of six months in the case of such person shall be
computed from the date of this arrest.
4. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code or in any other law for the time being in
force, any collaborator who has committed any offence specified in the Schedule shall be tried
and punished by a Special Tribunal set up under this Order and no other Court shall have any
jurisdiction to take cognizance of any such offence.

385

5. (1) The Government may set up as many Special Tribunals as it may deem necessary to try
and punish offences under this Order for each district or for such area as may be determined by
it.
(2) A Special Tribunal shall consist of one member.
(3) No person shall be qualified to be appointed a member of a Special Tribunal unless he
is or has been a Sessions Judge or an Additional Sessions Judge or an Assistant Sessions
Judge.
6. (1) A Special Tribunal consisting of a Sessions Judge or an Additional Session Judge
shall try and punish offences enumerated in parts I and II of the Schedule.
(2) A Special Tribunal consisting of a Sessions Judge or an Additional Session Judge
shall try and punish offences enumerated in parts III and IV of the Schedule.
7. A Special Tribunal shall not take cognizance of any offence punishable under this
Order except upon a report in writing by an officer-in-charge of a police station.
8. (1) the provisions of the Code insofar as they are not inconsistent with the provisions
of this Order, shall apply to all matters connected with, arising from or consequent upon a
trial by a Special Tribunal.
9. (1) A Special Tribunal shall not be bound to adjourn a trial for any purpose unless such
an adjournment is, in its opinion, necessary in the interests of justice.
(2) No trial shall be adjourned by reason of the absence of any accused person if such
accused person is represented by counsel, or if the absence of the accused person or his
counsel has been brought about by the accused person himself, and the Special Tribunal
shall
proceed with the trial after taking necessary steps to appoint as advocate to defend an
accused person who is not represented by counsel.
10. A Special Tribunal may, with a view to obtaining the evidence of any person
supposed to have been directly or indirectly concerned in, or privy to the offence, tender
a pardon to such person on condition of his making a full and true disclosure of the whole
circumstances within his knowledge relative to the offence and to every other person
concerned, whether as principal or abettor, in the commission thereof and any pardon so
tendered shall, for the purpose of section 339 and 339A of the Code, be deemed to have
been tendered under section 338 of the Code.
11. Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force,
(a) any collaborator who is convicted for any of the offences specified in part I of the
Schedule shall be punished with the death or transportation for life and shall also be liable to a
fine;
(b) any collaborator who is convicted for any of the offences specified in part II of the
Schedule shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten
years and shall also be liable to a fine;
(c) any collaborator who is convicted for any of the offences specified in part III of the
Schedule shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term not exceeding five
years and shall also be liable to a fine;

386

(d) any collaborator who is convicted for any of the offences specified in part IV of the
Schedule shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term not exceeding two
years and shall also be liable to a fine;
12. Without prejudice to any sentence passed by Special Tribunal, the property
immovable, movable, or any portion thereof, of a collaborator may, on his conviction, be
forfeited to the Government, upon an order in writing made in this behalf by the
Government.
13. If any accused in convicted of and sentenced for more then one offence, the sentences
of imprisonment shall run concurrently or consecutively, as determined by the Special
Tribunal.
14. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code no person who is in custody,
accused or convicted of any offence punishable under this order shall be released on bail.
15. The provisions of Chapter XXVII of the Code shall apply to a sentence of death
passed by a Special Tribunal.
16. (1) A person convicted of any offence by a Special Tribunal may appeal to the High
Court.
(2) The Government may direct a Public Prosecutor to present an appeal to the High
Court from an order of acquittal passed by a Special Tribunal, upon intimation to the
Special Tribunal by the Public Prosecutor that such an appeal is being filed, the person in
respect of whom the order of acquittal was passed shall continue to remain in custody.
(3) The period of limitation for an appeal under clause (1) shall be 30 days from the date
of sentence and for an appeal under clause (2) shall be 30 days from the date of the order
of acquittal.
(4)
The
appeal
may
lie
on
matters
of
fact
as
well
as
law.
17. (1) If the Government has reasons to believe that a person, who, in the opinion of the
Government, is required for the purpose of any investigation, enquiry or other
proceedings connected with an offence punishable under this Order, is absconding or is
otherwise concealing himself or remaining abroad to avoid appearance, the Government,
may, by a written proclamation published in the official Gazette or in such other manner
as
may
be
considered
suitable
to
make
it
widely
known:
(a) direct the person named in the proclaimed to appear at a specified place at a specific
time;
(b) direct attachment of any property, moveable and immoveable or both, belonging to
the proclaimed person.
Explanation-"Property belonging to the proclaimed person shall include property, movable
and immovable, standing in the name of his wife, children, parents, minor brothers, sisters or
dependents or any demander."
(2) If the property ordered to be attached is a debt or other movable property the
attachment shall be made,(a) by seizure; or
(b) by the appointment of an administrator; or
(c) by an order in writing prohibiting the delivery or such property to the proclaimed
person or to anyone on his behalf; or

387

(d) by all or any two of the methods mentioned in sub-clauses(a), (b) and (c) as the
Government may direct.
(3) If the property ordered to be attached is immovable, the attachment shall be made in
the case of land paying revenue to Government, by the Deputy Commissioner of the
district in which the land is situate, and in all other case,(a) by taking possession of the property; or
(b) by the appointment of an administrator; or
(c) by an order in writing prohibiting the payment of rent or delivery of the property to
the proclaimed person or to anyone on his behalf; or
(d) by all or any two of this methods mentioned in sub-clauses (a), (b) and (c) as the
government may direct.
(4) If the property ordered to be attached consists of livestock or is of a perishable nature,
the Government may, if it thinks if expedient, order immediate sale thereof, and in such
case the sale shall abide by the order of the Government.
(5) The powers, duties and liabilities of an administrator appointed under this Article
shall be the same as those of a receiver appointed under Chapter XXXVI of the Code of
Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act V of 1908).
(6) If any claim is preferred to, or objection made to the attachment of, any property
attached under this Article, within seven days from the date of such attachment, by any
person other than the proclaimed person, on the ground that the claimant or objector has
an interest in such property, and that such interest is not liable to attachment under this
Article, the claim or objection shall be inquired into, and may be allowed or disallowed in
whole or in part:
Provided that any claim preferred or objection made within the period allowed by this
clause may, in the event of the death of the claimant or objector, be continued by his legal
representative.
(7) Acclaim or an objection under clause (6) may be preferred or made before such
person or authority as is appointed by the Government.
(8) Any person whose claim or objecting has been disallowed in whole or in part by an
order under clause (6) may, within a period of one month from the date of such order,
appeal against such order to an appellate authority, constituted by the Government, for
such purpose, but subject to the order of such appellate authority, the order shall be
conclusive.
(9) If the proclaimed person appears within the time specified in the proclamation, the
Government may make an order releasing the property from the attachment.
(10) If the proclaimed person does not appear within the time specified in the
proclamation, the Government may pass an order forfeiting to the Government the
property under attachment.
(11) When any property has been forfeited to the Government under clause (10), it may
be disposed of in such manner as the Government directs.

388

18. Notwithstanding the provisions of the Code or of any other law for the time being in
force, no action or proceeding taken or purporting to be taken under this Order shall be
called in question by any Court, and there shall be no appeal from any order or sentence
of a Special Tribunal save as provided in section 16.
SCHEDULE
PART I
Offences under sections 121, 121-A, 302, 304, 307, 376, 396 of the Penal Code and
attempts to commit or the abetment of the commission of any of such offences.
PART II
Offences under sections 308, 325, 326, 328, 329, 330, 331, 333, 354, 363, 364, 365, 367,
368, 369, 380, 382, 386, 388, 389, 392, 393, 394, 395, 397, 435, 436, 437, 438, 449 and
450 of the Penal Code and attempts to commit or the abetment of the commission of any
such offences.
PART III
Offences under sections 324, 332, 338, 343, 346, 348, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431 and 440 of
the penal code and attempts to commit or the abetment of the commission of any of the
offences.
PART IV
(a) Offences under sections 336, 337, 341, 342, 352, 357, 374, 426, 447 and 448 of the penal
code and attempts to commit or the abetment of the commission of any of the offences.
(b) Any act which is mentioned is clause (b) of Article 2 of this order but which is not covered
by any of the parts in this schedule.

389

THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMES (TRIBUNALS) ACT, 1973

ACT NO. XIX OF 1973
[20TH July, 1973]
with THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMES (TRIBUNALS)( AMENDMENT) ACT, 2009

An Act of provide for the detention, prosecution and punishment of persons for
genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and other crimes under international
law.
WHEREAS it is expedient to provide for the detention, prosecution and punishment of
persons for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and other crimes under
international law, and for matters connected therewith;
It is hereby enacted as follows:1. Short title, extent and commencement
(1) This Act may be called the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act, 1973.
(2) It extends to the whole of Bangladesh.
(3) It shall come into force at once.
2. In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,(a) auxiliary forces includes forces placed under the control of the Armed Forces for
operational, administrative, static and other purposes;
[Inserted new article in 2009]
(aa) armed forces includes the forces raised and maintained under Army Act, 1952
(XXXIX of 1952), the Air Force Act, 1953 (VI of 1953), or the Navy Ordinance, 1961
(XXXV of 1961).
(b) Government means the Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh;
(c) Republic means the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh;
[Repealed in 2009](d) Service law means the Army Act, 1952 (XXXIX of 1952), the Air Force Act,
1953 (VI of 1953), or the Navy Ordinance, 1961 (XXXV of 1961), and includes the rules and regulations
made under any of them;

(e) territory of Bangladesh means the territory of the Republic as defined in article 2 of
the Constitution of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh;
(f) Tribunal means a Tribunal set up under this Act.
Jurisdiction of Tribunal and crimes
3. (1) A Tribunal shall have the power to try and punish any person irrespective of his nationality who,
being a member of any armed, defence or auxiliary forces commits or has committed, in the territory of
Bangladesh, whether before or after the commencement of this Act, any of the following crimes. 3. (1) A
390

[Changed in 2009]
3 (1) Tribunal shall have the power to try and punish any individual or group of
individuals, or any member of any armed, defence or auxiliary forces, irrespective
of his nationality, who commits or has committed, in the territory of Bangladesh,
whether before or after the commencement of this Act, any of the crimes mentioned
in sub-section (2).
(2) The following acts or any them are crimes within the jurisdiction of a Tribunal for
which there shall be individual responsibility, namely:(a) Crimes against Humanity: namely murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation,
imprisonment, abduction, confinement, torture, rape or other inhumane acts committed
against any civilian population or persecutions on political, racial, ethnic or religious
grounds, whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the country where
perpetrated;
(b) Crimes against Peace: namely, planning, preparation, initiation of waging of a war of
aggression or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances;
(c) Genocide: meaning and including any of the following acts committed with intent to
destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, religious or political group, such as:
(i) Killing members of the group;
(ii) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(iii) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its
physical destruction in whole or in part;
(iv) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(v) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group;
(d) War Crimes: namely, violation of laws or customs of war which include but are
not limited to murder, ill-treatment or deportation to slave labour or for any other
purpose of civilian population in the territory of Bangladesh; murder or Illtreatment of prisoners of war or persons on the seas, killing of hostages and
detunes, plunder if public or private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns
or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity;
(e) Violation of any humanitarian rules applicable in armed conflicts laid down in the
Geneva Conventions of 1949;
(f) Any other crimes under international law;
(g) Attempt, abetment or conspiracy to commit any such crimes;
(h) Complicity in or failure to prevent commission of any such crimes.
4. (1) When any crime as specified in section 3 is committed by several persons, each
of such person is liable for that crime in the same manner as if it were done by him alone.

391

Liability for Crimes

(2) Any commander or superior officer who orders, permits, acquiesces or participates
in the commission of any of the crimes specified in section 3 or is connected with any
plans and activities involving the commission of such crimes or who fails or omits to
discharge his duty to maintain discipline, or to control or supervise the actions of the
persons under his command or his subordinates, whereby such persons or subordinates or
any of them commit any such crimes, or who fails to take necessary measures to prevent
the commission of such crimes, is guilty of such crimes.
5. (1) The official position, at any time, of an accused shall not be considered freeing
him from responsibility or mitigating punishment.
Official position, etc. not to free an accused from responsibility for any crime
(2) The fact that the accused acted pursuant to his domestic law or to order of his
Government or of a superior shall not free him from responsibility, but may be
considered in mitigation of punishment if the Tribunal deems that justice so requires.
6. (1) For the purpose of section 3, the Government may, by notification in the official
Gazette, set up one or more Tribunals, each consisting of a Chairman and not less than
two and not more than four other members.
(2) Any person who is or is qualified to be a Judge of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh or has been a
Judge of any High Court or Supreme Court which at any time was in existence in the territory of
Bangladesh or who is qualified to be a member of General Court Martial under any service law of
Bangladesh may be appointed as a Chairman or member of a Tribunal.

[Changed in 2009]
(2) Any person who is a Judge or is qualified to be a Judge or has been a Judge of
the Supreme Court may be appointed as a Chairman or member of a Tribunal.
[Inserted new article in 2009]
(2A) The Tribunal shall be independent in the exercise of its judicial functions
and ensure fair trial.
(3) The permanent seat of a Tribunal shall be in Dacca:
Provided that a Tribunal may hold its sittings at such other place or places as it deems
fit.
[Changed in 2009]
(3) The permanent seat of a Tribunal shall be in Dhaka:
Provided that a Tribunal may hold its sittings at such other place or places as it
deems fit.
(4) If any member of a Tribunal dies or is, due to illness or any other reason, unable to
continue to perform his functions, the Government may, by notification in the official
Gazette, declare the office of such member to be vacant and appoint there to another
person qualified to hold the office.

392

(5) If, in the course of a trial, any one of the members of a Tribunal is, for any reason,
unable to attend any sitting thereof, the trial may continue before the other members.
(6) A Tribunal shall not, merely by reason of any change in its membership or the
absence of any member thereof from any sitting, be bound to recall and re-hear any
witness who has already given any evidence and may act on the evidence already given
or produced before it.
(7) If, upon any matter requiring the decision of a Tribunal, there is a difference of
opinion among its members, the opinion of the majority shall prevail and the decision of
the Tribunal shall be expressed in terms of the views of the majority.
(8) Neither the constitution of a Tribunal nor the appointment of its Chairman or
members shall be challenged by the prosecution or by accused persons or their counsel.
7. (1) The Government may appoint one or more persons to conduct the prosecution
before a Tribunal on such terms and conditions as may be determined by the
Government; and every such person shall be deemed to be a Prosecutor for the purposes
of this Act.
(2) The Government may designate one of such persons as the Chief Prosecutor.
8. (1) The Government may establish an Agency for the purposes of investigation into
crimes specified in section 3; and any officer belonging to the Agency shall have the right
to assist the prosecution during the trial.
(2) Any person appointed as a Prosecutor is competent to act as an Investigation
Officer and the provisions relating to investigation shall apply to such Prosecutor.
(3) Any Investigation Officer making an investigation under this Act may, be order in
writing, require the attendance before himself of any person who appears to be
acquainted with the circumstances of the case; and such person shall attend as so
required.
(4) Any Investigation Officer making an investigation under this Act may examine
orally any person who appears to be acquainted with the fact and circumstances of the
case.
(5) Such person shall be bound to answer all questions put to him by an Investigation
Officer and shall not be excused from answering any question on the ground that the
answer to such question will criminate, or may tend directly or indirectly to criminate,
such persons:
Provided that no such answer, which a person shall be compelled to give, shall subject
him to any arrest or prosecution, or be proved against him in any criminal proceeding.
(6) The Investigation Officer may reduce into writing any statement made to him in
the course of examination under this section.
(7) Any person who fails to appear before an Investigation Officer for the purpose of
examination or refuses to answer the questions put to him by such Investigation Officer
shall be punished with simple imprisonment which may extend to six months, or with
fine which may extend to Taka two thousand, or with both.

393

(8) Any Magistrate of the first class may take cognizance of an offence punishable
under sub-section (70 upon a complaint in writing by an Investigation Officer.
(9) Any investigation done into the crimes specified in section 3 shall be deemed to
have been done under the provisions of this Act.
9. (1) The proceedings before a Tribunal shall commence upon the submission by the
Chief Prosecutor, or a Prosecutor authorised by the Chief Prosecutor in this behalf, of
formal charges of crimes alleged to have been committed by each of the accused persons.
(2) The Tribunal shall thereafter fix a date for the trial of such accused person.
(3) The Chief Prosecutor shall, at least three weeks before the commencement of the
trial, furnish to the Tribunal a list of witnesses intended to be produced along with the
recorded statement of such witnesses or copies thereof and copies of documents which
the prosecution intends to rely upon in support of such charges.
(4) The submission of a list of witnesses and documents under sub-section (3) shall
not preclude the prosecution from calling, with the permission of the Tribunal, additional
witnesses or tendering any further evidence at any stage of the trial:
Provided that notice shall be given to the defence of the additional witnesses intended
to be called or additional evidence sought to be tendered by the prosecution.
(5) A list of witnesses for the defence, if any, along with the documents or copies
thereof, which the defence intends to rely upon, shall be furnished to the Tribunal and the
prosecution at the time of the commencement of the trial.
10. (1) The following procedure shall be followed at a trial before a Tribunal, namely:(a) the charge shall be read out;
(b) the Tribunal shall ask each accused person whether he pleads guilty or notguilty;
(c) if the accused person pleads guilty, the Tribunal shall record the plea, and may,
in its discretion, convict him thereon;
(d) the prosecution shall make an opening statement;
(e) the witnesses for the prosecution shall be examined, the defence my crossexamine such witnesses and the prosecution may re-examine then;
(f) the witnesses for the defence, if any, shall be examined, the prosecution may
cross-examine such witnesses and the defence may re-examine them;
(g) the Tribunal may, in its discretion, permit the party which calls a witness to put
any question to him which might be pat in cross-examination by the adverse party;
(h) the Tribunal may, in order to discover or obtain proof of relevant facts, ask
witness any question it pleases, in any form and at any time about any fact;
may order production of any document or thing or summon any witness,
neither the prosecution nor the defence shall be entitled either to make

394

any
and
and
any

objection to any such question or order or, without the leave of the Tribunal, to
cross-examine any witness upon any answer given in reply to any such questions;
(i) the prosecution shall first sum up its case, and thereafter the defence shall sum up
its case;
Provided that if any witness is examined by the defence, the prosecution shall have
the right to sum up its case after the defence has done so;
(j) the Tribunal shall deliver its judgement and pronounce its verdict.
(2) All proceedings before the Tribunal shall be in English.

[Changed in 2009]
(2) All proceedings before the Tribunal shall be in Bangla or English.
(3) Any accused person or witness who is unable to express himself in, or does not
understand, English may be provided the assistance of an interpreter.
(4) The proceedings of the Tribunal shall be in public:
Provided that the Tribunal may, if it thinks fit, take proceedings in camera.
(5) No oath shall be administered to any accused person.
11. (1) A Tribunal shall have power(a) to summon witnesses to the trial and to require their attendance and testimony
and to put questions to them;
(b) to administer oaths to witnesses;
(c) to require the production of document and other evidentiary material;
(d) to appoint persons for carrying out any task designated by the Tribunal.
(2) For the purpose of enabling any accused person to explain any circumstances
appearing in the evidence against him, a Tribunal may, at any stage of the trial
without previously warning the accused person, put such questions to him as the
Tribunal considers necessary:
Provided that the accused person shall not render himself liable to punishment by
refusing to answer such questions or by giving false answers to them; but the
Tribunal may draw such inference from such refusal or answers as it thinks just;
(3) A Tribunal shall(a) confine the trial to an expeditious hearing of the issues raised by the charges;
(b) take measures to prevent any action which may cause unreasonable delay,
and rule out irrelevant issues and statements.
(4) A tribunal may punish any person, who obstructs or abuses its process or
disobeys any of its orders or directions, or does anything which tends to
prejudice the case of a party before it, or tends to bring it or any of its members
395

into hatred or contempt, or does anything which constitutes contempt of the

Tribunal, with simple imprisonment which may extend to one year, or with fine
which may extend to Taka five thousand, or with both.
(5) Any member of a Tribunal shall have power to direct, or issue a warrant for, the
arrest of, and to commit to custody, and to authorise the continued detention in
custody of, any person charged with any crime specified in section 3.
(6) The Chairman of a Tribunal may make such administrative arrangements as he
considers necessary for the performance of the functions of the Tribunal under
this Act.
12. Where an accused person is not represented by counsel, the Tribunal may, at any
stage of the case, direct that a counsel shall be engaged at the expense of the
Government to defend the accused person and may also determine the fees to be
paid to such counsel.
Provision for defence counsel
13. No trial before a Tribunal shall be adjourned for any purpose unless the Tribunal
is of the opinion that the adjournment is in the interest of justice.
Restriction of adjournment
14. (1) Any Magistrate of the first class may record any statement or confession
made to him by an accused person at any time in the course of investigation or at
any time before the commencement of the trial.
Statement or confession of accused persons
(2) The Magistrate shall, before recording any such confession, explain to the
accused person making it that he is not bound to make a confession and that if he
does so it may be used as evidence against him and no Magistrate shall record
any such confession unless, upon questioning the accused making it, he has
reason to believe that it was made voluntarily.
15. (1) At any stage of the trial, a Tribunal may with a view to obtaining the
evidence of any person supposed to have been directly or indirectly concerned
in, or privy to, any of the crimes specified in section 3, tender a pardon to such
person on condition of his making a full and true disclosure of the whole of the
circumstances within his knowledge relative to the crime and to every other
person concerned, whether as principal or abettor, in the commission thereof.
Pardon of an approver
(2) Every person accepting the tender under this section shall be examined as a
witness in the trial.
(3) Such person shall be detained in custody until the termination of the trial.
16. (1) Every charge against an accused person shall state396

(a) the name and particulars of the accused person;

(b) the crime of which the accused person is charged;
(c) such particulars of the alleged crime as are reasonably sufficient to give the
accused person notice of the matter with which he is charged.
(2) A copy of the formal charge and a copy of each of the documents lodged with
the formal charge shall be furnished to the accused person at a reasonable time
before the trial; and in case of any difficulty in furnishing copies of the documents,
reasonable opportunity for inspection shall be given to the accused person in such
manner as the Tribunal may decide.
17. (1) During trial of an accused person he shall have the right to give any
explanation relevant to the charge made against him.
Right of accused person during trial
(2) An accused person shall have the right to conduct his own defence before the
Tribunal or to have the assistance of counsel.
(3) An accused person shall have the right to present evidence at the trial in support
of his defence, and to cross-examine any witness called by the prosecution.
18. A witness shall not be excused from answering any question put to him on the
ground that the answer to such question will criminate or may tend directly or
indirectly to criminate such witness, or that it will expose or tend directly or
indirectly to expose such witness to a penalty or forfeiture of any kind:
Provided that no such answer which a witness shall be compelled to give shall
subject him to any arrest or prosecution or be proved against him in any criminal
proceeding, except a prosecution for giving false evidence.
No excuse from answering any question
19. (1) A Tribunal shall not be bound by technical rules of evidence; and it shall
adopt and apply to the greatest possible extent expeditious and non-technical
procedure, and may admit any evidence, including reports and photographs
published in newspapers, periodicals and magazines, films and tape-recordings and
other materials as may be tendered before it, which it deems to have probative value.
(2) A Tribunal may receive in evidence any statement recorded by a Magistrate
or an Investigation Officer being a statement made by any person who, at the time of
the trial, is dead or whose attendance cannot be procured without an amount of delay
or expense which the Tribunal considers unreasonable.
(3) A Tribunal shall not require proof of facts of common knowledge but shall
take judicial notice thereof.
(4) A Tribunal shall take judicial notice of official governmental documents and
reports of the United Nations and its subsidiary agencies or other international
bodies including non-governmental organistions.
397

20. (1) The Judgement of a Tribunal as to the guilt or the innocence of any
accused person shall give the reasons on which it is based:
Provided that each member of the Tribunal shall be competent to deliver a
judgement of his own.
(2) Upon conviction of an accused person, the Tribunal shall award sentence
of death or such other punishment proportionate to the gravity of the crime as
appears to the Tribunal to be just and proper.
(3) The sentence awarded under this Act shall be carred out in accordance
with the orders of the Government.
21. A person convicted of any crime specified in section 3 and sentenced by a
Tribunal shall have the rights of appeal to the Appellate Division of the Supreme
Court of Bangladesh against such conviction and sentence:
Provided that such appeal may be preferred within sixty days (Proposed
amendment: thirty days) of the date of order of conviction and sentence.
22. Subject to the provision of this Act, a Tribunal may regulate its own
procedure.
23. The provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1898 (V of 1898), and the
Evidence Act, 1872 (I of 1872), shall not apply in any proceedings under this Act.
24. No order, judgement or sentence of a Tribunal shall be called in question in
any manner whatsoever in or before any Court or other authority in any legal
proceedings whatsoever except in the manner provided in section 21.
25. No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lie against the
Government or any person for anything, in good faith, done or purporting to have
been done under this Act.
26. The provisions of this Act shall have effect notwithstanding anything
inconsistent therewith contained in any other law for the time being in force.

398

#
www.liberationmuseum.org

Liberation War Museum

Documents on Crimes against Humanity Committed by

Pakistan Army and their agents in Bangladesh during 1971

! "
)

! "
++

% &'(

! "

,
! "

* &'(
&

! "

)%

! "

4 5

*) 4&

). 4 5

20 "

#/ $'

* 4 5

!
6

4&

+
*

+*
++
)
)

4 5

)+ 4 5

4 5

4 5

).

4 5

4 5

+ 4 5

* 4 5

*** 4 5

) 4 5

4 5

.
%
)
+
.
%

). + 4 5

++

)
).

)
+

4&

)* &'(
* 4&

) #/ 4&
.) 4&

# 8
$

4 5

$8

4 5

$8

4 5

7 "
-

!&
0

;
5

399

$8
/
!

4&

#
#

5:

$,

4&

) #/ 4&

4 5

4 5
) )

) ) 4&

. #/ 4&

#/

22
1

'2 6

&'(

<

7=
6

. #/ 4&
)

#/ 4&

>

) **

*
)

*%)
.

* &'(

'$'

.+

+*

))

).%+

))

).

%.

)%

%+

22

)*

)
+

% +
)

)%

A#

-) 4

!
!0

.%

%+

)%
$$
+**
+
.
..

.4

+4

<

<
&!$ ! & 4

'$$
$ 8

2 "

#/ !

#/ !

>
0

"
$<

! 6
!

+
7 <

#/

!!!4
!

"

<

))

7
)% .

.4

..

$$
.*

$7 #/ & <<
/!

#"

)+

<

#/ ' 2 & 1

.)

$
1

%%

"
--

! 6

%*

'

.*

.+

7
) )*
7
)

) --

!
.

) --

! #/

..

%
+

! 6

7
) *

))

#/ $'

# /

7
) +

&!$ &'(

)
)+

$;0( = $ <
#

, 1

)
#/

400

"
-

*%

)*)

%)

$-#0 1

.%

$#4 6

)%+

$8

%.

%%

)+

%+

**

%*

$ 6 !
$

. +
$$
) )
)+)

.%

.
%

$$
+)*

.%

).

+
+)

+)

+.

) +

+%

.)

#/ $'&

#/ - >

!=!

. #/ ' - 4&
2, 1
*4

#
$

! "

)+)+ ! "

! "

! "

%% % ! "

.4

<

) 4

<

#/ !
4

@4
<

7
. ))

! "

'2 6

* ! "

'2 6
$
-

-! "

+4

>
>

+
$

401

<
"

$5 4

! "

<

)) 4
+

..) ! "
7

)%

! "

<

! #/

+*

%*.* ! "

! 5

"

! "

. .

<

! "

)%)

! "

"

)* 4

7
)*

"

! "

**

<

2 A

++

*)

)* ! "

) %

#/ &'(
2

7
%%

00
)+

<

$ 0 # $ , 22

& -

<

! "

(
-

.+%+ ! "

).+

"

) 4

$$
+.

..

** ! "

$ 2

! "

"

! "

% )% ! "

))

<

! "

*
)

.* ! "

+
)

$
+

)* 4

-';
1 8$ <

)*
*.
*%
*

. % ! "
+.
)

*+

%.

! "

! "

.) ! "

7
.*

.))

**

. ! "
..)

7
) %

% *) ! "

$ )*).
! "
*).

+
.*

.
$$
.

! "

!
!

.+%

$$
%

! "

! "

...

.*%

+ + ! "
$$
% .
.

.+)

!=

4 5

"

"

>=

))

'2 6
%

! "

! "

! "

$
$

. %

$$
%)

! "

.)

! "

% %

! "

!!' :

?
A

#/

.) #/ 4&

$ 2

'$$
#/

! "

.+

..* ! "

$ 2

! "

. .

% %

! "

% .

.*%

! "

! "

"

. #/ ' - 4&

'$$
))

@ 2<

"
$

! "

"
#/ 4&

8 #

$$
% *

"

* 4&

. )

$$
**%

++ >0&

%)

0 "

% #/ & 1

! "

.%

<

#/ 4&

7
) %

*%

+4

. *

%
+

! "

! "

7
)

.*

..

! "

<

%..

) 4

# 2

! "

--

! "

%+

*)

!'

.*.

.
%

# 8

)
/

"

'$$
)
&

5 4
%)

% --

402

.
%

%)
%.
%%%

+
*

%%

)
))
)
).

+%.. ! "
$$
% +

02

#/ !

00
))+*

! "

$ 2;

%+*) ! "

$7#

$$
+ .

)
%*.

! "

$ "

! "

)
0

%+.+ ! "

$ ""

)*

%*+

.%+

! "

'

+* ! "

)
.

.%

+
*
.
.
.
.)

! "

. +

! "

+ ! "

% ! "

2
?
'

+.+

$$
++)%

+ .

$$
*%)

+.)

$$
**.*

6
?

)% $ 5 4
))

"
-

7 2

+ %

$$
+ %

'$'
. #/ ! @4

! "

+ %

! "

! "

'$'

%
$$
+

%+.

+.

%.

"

%*

--

)+

).

<

) -'

$!#$4 6

#/ 4

'$$

! "

. ! "
7
.*)

) -& 0 5

) 4

%+*

"

0!!

! "

$$

! "

#/ -';

% %) ! "

88

>
**

%+%

! "

> )*

)%
)

! "

*
0

%.

)
)

+ ! "
7
%)

7 <

$<

#/
6

"

)) --

) 4
2#

07= '@' !&

#
"

$
2

403

<

) -4 6

&0 5

.) - C 0 5

07=

.
..
.%
.
.+

. +*
+%*

%
%
%)
%
%.
%%
%

*+.

2!

' -4

+ *

$$
+ .

++

$$
*)%)

$$
*

$$
+

'6

'"

'$'
)

*.
*

*%

$$
++

'

*%

$$
*%

'A

* %

$$
%*

, 1

'A

$$
* %.

$$
*)+
..

#/

# A

'2 6

..

"
--

)) 4

<

0-7

) . #/ 4&

!
D!

. -22

A1
$ ""

"

+ -

@ 6 0 "
@ 6

0 5

E '$$

8F
!

$$
* +

$$
+*

'A

*%

$$
**

0 2 !

.*

--

+)+

* $'

$$
++%

*+.

88

) -& 0 5

$$
++

..

$$
**

%+
%*

.*
%

+.

+%

$$
+

#/ &'(
2

404

"
"
+
%

"
"

$$
*

).

$$
* .

$$
+ *)

)+
+
*
+
+
+
+)
+
+.
+%
+
++
+*
*

) .
) )

$$
.

$$
)

$$
*. +

).
)*%
. .
..)

*)
*

+*+
$$
+ )

$$
*

@ 2

! "

! $

$$

**)
% +
*)

+ +

$$

"

% ! "
:

< 0 5

)+ -)

"

*4

- 6

<

* #/ ' 2 4

*4

<

$5 4

$$
)+

"

) 4

.) #/ 4&

- 8

! "

$$
+++

?
@

$$
+.)

0-

))+

**

<

% -$

! "

* #/ -';

$$
%

)* 4

*
*

>&E & <<

1
#

"

'

*.
*%
*

%. +)
%. +
%. +)

*.)

'

%*

# A
! "

- & <<

4 5

- & <<

.))

"#

*+
**

..
.%
.

)+
+
*

!
'6

22

# A!
!

405

7
4

?
Simla Agreement
2 July 1972

This agreement on Bilateral Relations between India and Pakistan was signed after the 1971
India-Pakistan War, in which Pakistan was defeated conclusively and which resulted in the
creation of Bangladesh. India refrained from attacking or finishing off Pakistan and signed
this agreement with the hope that henceforth the countries in the region would be able to live
in peace with each other. The then Pakistani Prime Minister, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, also
promised the then Indian Prime Minister, Mrs Indira Gandhi, that his country would accept
the Line of Control (LOC) in the state of J&K as the de facto border and would not try to
destabilise it. This was not formally entered in the agreement because Bhutto said it would
cause domestic problems for him at this juncture. Mrs Gandhi magnanimously accepted his
promise and did not formalise that part of the agreement. But Pakistan, as later events were to
prove, never kept its part of the deal.
The Government of India and the Government of Pakistan are resolved that the two countries
put an end to the conflict and confrontation that have hitherto marred their relations and work
for the promotion of a friendly and harmonious relationship and the establishment of durable
peace in the sub-continent, so that both countries may henceforth devote their resources and
energies to the pressing task of advancing the welfare of their peoples.

In order to achieve this objective, the Government of India and the Government of Pakistan
have agreed as follows:
(i) That the principles and purposes off the Charter of the United Nations shall govern the
relations between the countries;
(ii) That the two countries are resolved to settle their differences by peaceful means through
bilateral negotiations or by any other peaceful means mutually agreed upon between them.
Pending the final settlement of any of the problems between the two countries, neither side
shall unilaterally alter the situation and both shall prevent the organization, assistance or
encouragement of any acts detrimental to the maintenance of peaceful and harmonious
relations.
(iii) That the pre-requisite for reconciliation, good-neighbourliness and durable peace between
them is a commitment by both countries to peaceful co-existence, respect for each others
territorial integrity and sovereignty and non-interference in each others internal affairs, on the
basis of equality and mutual benefit;
(iv) That the basic issues and causes of conflict which have bedevilled the relations between
the two countries of the last twenty-five years shall be resolved by peaceful means;

406

(v) That they shall always respect each others national unity, territorial integrity, political
independence and sovereign equality;
(vi) That in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, they shall refrain from the
threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of each other;
(II) Both Governments will take all steps within their power to prevent hostile propaganda
directed against each other. Both countries will encourage the dissemination of such
information as would promote the development of friendly relations between them;
(III) In order progressively to restore and normalize relations between the two countries step
by step, it was agreed that;
(i) Steps shall be taken to resume communications, postal, telegraphic, sea, land including
border posts, and air links including overflights;
(ii) Appropriate steps shall be taken to promote travel facilities for the nationals of the other
country;
(iii) Trade and co-operation in economic and other agreed fields will be resumed as far as
possible;
(iv) Exchange in the fields of science and culture will be promoted. In this connection
delegations from the two countries will meet from time to time to work out the necessary
details.
(IV) In order to initiate the process of the establishment of durable peace, both Governments
agree that: (i) Indian and Pakistani forces shall be withdrawn to their side of the international
border;
(ii) In Jammu and Kashmir, the line of control resulting from the cease-fire of December 17,
1971 shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognized position of either
side. Neither side shall seek to alter it unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal
interpretations. Both sides further undertake to refrain from the threat of the use of force in
violation of this line;
(iii) The withdrawals shall commence upon entry into force of this Agreement and shall be
completed within a period of thirty days thereof.
(V) This Agreement will be subject to ratification by both countries in accordance with their
respective constitutional procedures, and will come into force with effect from the date on
which the Instruments of Ratification are exchanged.
(VI) Both Governments agree that their respective Heads will meet again at a mutually
convenient time in the future and that, in the meanwhile, the representatives of the two sides
will meet to discuss further the modalities and arrangements for the establishment of a durable
peace and normalization of relations, including the questions of repatriation of prisoners of
war and civilian internees, a final settlement of Jammu and Kashmir and the resumption of
diplomatic
relations.

Sd/Indira Gandhi
Prime Minister
Republic of India

Sd/Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

President
Islamic Republic of Pakistan

407

@
Tripartite Agreement between India, Bangladesh and Pakistan
for normalisation of relations in the subcontinent
New Delhi, April 9, 1974.
1. On July 2, 1972, the President of Pakistan and the Prime Minister of India signed an
historic agreement at Shimla under which they resolved that the two countries put an end to
the conflict and confrontation that have hitherto marred their relations and work for the
promotion of a friendly and harmonious relationship and the establishment of durable peace in
the sub-continent. The Agreement also provided for the settlement of their differences by
peaceful means through bilateral negotiations or by any other peaceful means mutually agreed
upon."
2. Bangladesh welcomed the Shimla Agreement. The Prime Minister of Bangladesh strongly
supported its objective of reconciliation, good neighborliness and establishment of durable
peace in the sub-continent.
3. The humanitarian problems arising in the wake of the tragic events of 1971 constituted a
major obstacle in the way of reconciliation and normalisation among the countries of the subcontinent. In the absence of recognition, it was not possible to have tripartite talks to settle the
humanitarian problems, as Bangladesh could not participate in such a meeting except on the
basis or sovereign equality.
4. On April 17, 1973 India and Bangladesh took a major step forward to break the deadlock
on the humanitarian issues by setting aside the political problems of recognition. In a
Declaration issued on that date they said that they are resolved to continue their efforts to
reduce tension, promote friendly and harmonious relationship in the sub-continent and work
together towards the establishment of a durable peace. Inspired by this vision and in the
larger interests of reconciliation, peace and stability in the sub-continent they jointly
proposed that the problem of the detained and stranded persons should be resolved on
humanitarian considerations through simultaneous repatriation of all such persons except
those Pakistani prisoners of war who might be required by the Government of Bangladesh for
trial on certain charges.
5. Following the Declaration there were a series of talks between India and Bangladesh and
India and Pakistan. These talks resulted in an agreement at Delhi on August 28, 1973 between
India and Pakistan with the concurrence of Bangladesh, which provided for a solution of the
outstanding humanitarian problems.
6. In pursuance of this Agreement, the process of three-way repatriation commenced on
September 19, 1973. So far nearly 300,000 persons have been repatriated which has generated
an atmosphere of reconciliation and paved the way for normalisation of relations in the subcontinent.

408

7. In February 1974, recognition took place thus facilitating the participation of Bangladesh in
the tripartite meeting envisaged in the Delhi Agreement, on the basis of sovereign equality.
Accordingly His Excellency Dr. Kamal Hossain, Foreign Minister of the Government of
Bangladesh, His Excellency Sardar Swaran Singh, Minister of External Affairs, Government
of India and His Excellency Mr. Aziz Ahmed, Minister of State for Defense and Foreign
Affairs of the Government of Pakistan met in New Delhi from April 5th to April 9th, 1974
and discussed the various issues mentioned in the Delhi Agreement in particular the question
of the 195 prisoners of war and the completion of the three-way process of repatriation
involving Bengalese in Pakistan, Pakistanis in Bangladesh and Pakistani prisoners of war in
India.
8. The Ministers reviewed the progress of the three-way repatriation under the Delhi
Agreement of August 28, 1973. They were gratified that such a large number of persons
detained or stranded in the three countries had since reached their destinations.
9. The Ministers also considered steps that needed to be taken in order expeditiously to bring
the process of the three-way repatriation to a satisfactory conclusion.
10. The Indian side stated that the remaining Pakistani prisoners of war and civilian internees
in India to be repatriated under the Delhi Agreement, numbering approximately 6,500, would
be repatriated at the usual pace of a train on alternate days and the likely short-fall due to the
suspension of trains from April 10th to April 19th, 1974 on account of Kumbh Mela, would
be made up by running additional trains after April 19th. It was thus hoped that the
repatriation of prisoners of war would be completed by the end of April 1974.
11. The Pakistan side stated that the repatriation of Bangladesh nationals from Pakistan was
approaching completion. The remaining Bangladesh nationals in Pakistan would also be
repatriated without let or hindrance.
12. In respect of non-Bengalese in Bangladesh, the Pakistan side stated that the Government
of Pakistan had already issued clearances for movement to Pakistan in favour of those nonBengalees who were either domiciled in former West Pakistan, were employees of the Central
Government and their families or were members of the divided families, irrespective of their
original domicile. The issuance of clearances to 25,000 persons who constitute hardship cases
was also in progress. The Pakistan side reiterated that all those who fall under the first three
categories would be received by Pakistan without any limit as to numbers. In respect of
persons whose applications had been rejected, the Government of Pakistan would, upon
request, provide reasons why any particular case was rejected. Any aggrieved applicant could,
at any time, seek a review of his application provided he was able to supply new facts or
further information to the Government of Pakistan in support of his contention that he
qualified in one or other of the three categories. The claims of such persons would not be
time-barred. In the event of the decision of review of a case being adverse, the Governments
of Pakistan and Bangladesh might seek to resolve it by mutual consultation.
13. The question of 195 Pakistani prisoners of war was discussed by the three Ministers, in
the context of the earnest desire of the Governments for reconciliation, peace and friendship

409

in the sub-continent. The Foreign Minister of Bangladesh stated that the excesses and
manifold crimes committed by these prisoners of war constituted, according to the relevant
provisions of the U.N. General Assembly Resolutions and International Law, war crimes,
crimes against humanity and genocide, and that there was universal consensus that persons
charged with such crimes as the 195 Pakistani prisoners of war should be held to account and
subjected to the due process of law. The Minister of State for Defense and Foreign Affairs of
the Government of Pakistan said that his Government condemned and deeply regretted any
crimes that may have been committed.
14. In this connection the three Ministers noted that the matter should be viewed in the
context of the determination of the three countries to continue resolutely to work for
reconciliation. The Ministers further noted that following recognition; the Prime Minister of
Pakistan had declared that he would visit Bangladesh in response to the invitation of the
Prime Minister of Bangladesh and appeal to the people of Bangladesh to forgive and forget
the mistakes of the, past, in order to promote reconciliation. Similarly, the Prime Minister of
Bangladesh had declared with regard to the atrocities and destruction committed in
Bangladesh in 1971 that he wanted the people to forget the past and to make a fresh start,
stating that the people or Bangladesh knew how to forgive.
15. In the light of the foregoing and, in particular, having regard to the appeal of the Prime
Minister of Pakistan to the people of Bangladesh to forgive and forget the mistakes of the
past, the Foreign Minister of Bangladesh stated that the Government of Bangladesh had
decided not to proceed with the trials as an act of clemency. It was agreed that the 195
prisoners of war may be repatriated to Pakistan along with the other prisoners of war now in
the process of repatriation under the Delhi Agreement.
16. The Ministers expressed their conviction that the above agreements provide a firm basis
for the resolution of the humanitarian problems arising out of the conflict of 1971. They
reaffirmed the vital stake the seven hundred million people of the three countries have in
peace and progress and reiterated the resolve of their Governments to work for the promotion
of normalisation of relations and the establishment of durable peace in the sub-continent.
Signed in New Delhi on April 9th, 1974 in three originals, each of which is equally authentic.
Sd/-

(KAMAL HOSSAIN)
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Government of Bangladesh.

Sd/-

( SWARAN SINGH)
Minister of External Affairs
Government of India.

410

Sd/-

(AZIZ AHMED)
Minister of State for
Defense and foreign Affairs
Government of Pakistan

ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT

8 "E"

@ , I J K 6%

& "!

Article 4 Legal status and powers of the Court

1.
The Court shall have international legal personality. It shall also have such legal
capacity as may be necessary for the exercise of its functions and the fulfilment of its
purposes.
2. The Court may exercise its functions and powers, as provided in this Statute, on the
territory of any State Party and, by special agreement, on the territory of any other State.
Article 20
1. Except as provided in this Statute, no person shall be tried before the Court with respect to
conduct which formed the basis of crimes for which the person has been convicted or
acquitted by the Court.
2. No person shall be tried by another court for a crime referred to in article 5 for which that
person has already been convicted or acquitted by the Court.

Article 21(1) The Court shall apply:

a. In the first place, this Statute, Elements of Crimes and its Rules of Procedure and
Evidence;
b. In the second place, where appropriate, applicable treaties and the principles and rules of
international law, including the established principles of the international law of armed
conflict;
c. Failing that, general principles of law derived by the Court from national laws of legal
systems of the world including, as appropriate, the national laws of States that would
normally exercise jurisdiction over the crime, provided that those principles are not
inconsistent with this Statute and with international law and internationally recognized
norms and standards.

Article 21(3): The application and interpretation of law pursuant to this article must be consistent
with internationally recognized human rights, and be without any adverse distinction founded on
grounds such as gender as defined in article 7, paragraph 3, age, race, colour, language, religion or
belief, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, wealth, birth or other status.

Article 22(1): The definition of a crime shall be strictly construed and shall not be
extended by analogy. In case of ambiguity, the definition shall be interpreted in favour of the
person being investigated, prosecuted or convicted.

411

Article 22(2): The definition of a crime shall be strictly construed and shall not be extended by
analogy. In case of ambiguity, the definition shall be interpreted in favour of the person being
investigated, prosecuted or convicted.

Article 24 (1) : No person shall be criminally responsible under this Statute for conduct prior
to the entry into force of the Statute.

Article 41 (2)
(a)
A judge shall not participate in any case in which his or her impartiality might
reasonably be doubted on any ground. A judge shall be disqualified from a case in accordance with
this paragraph if, inter alia, that judge has previously been involved in any capacity in that case before
the Court or in a related criminal case at the national level involving the person being investigated or
prosecuted. A judge shall also be disqualified on such other grounds as may be provided for in the
Rules of Procedure and Evidence.
(b)
The Prosecutor or the person being investigated or prosecuted may request the
disqualification of a judge under this paragraph
(c) Any question as to the disqualification of a judge shall be decided by an absolute
majority of the judges. The challenged judge shall be entitled to present his or her comments on the
matter, but shall not take part in the decision.
Article 27(1) : This Statute shall apply equally to all persons without any distinction based on
official capacity. In particular, official capacity as a Head of State or Government, a member of a
Government or parliament, an elected representative or a government official shall in no case exempt a
person from criminal responsibility under this Statute, nor shall it, in and of itself, constitute a ground
for reduction of sentence.

Article 27 (2) Immunities or special procedural rules which may attach to the official capacity of a
person, whether under national or international law, shall not bar the Court from exercising its
jurisdiction over such a person

Article 28
In addition to other grounds of criminal responsibility under this Statute for crimes within the
jurisdiction of the Court:
(a) A military commander or person effectively acting as a military commander shall be
criminally responsible for crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court committed by forces
under his or her effective command and control, or effective authority and control as the case
may be, as a result of his or her failure to exercise control properly over such forces, where:
i) That military commander or person either knew or, owing to the circumstances
at the time, should have known that the forces were committing or about to
commit such crimes; and
(ii)
That military commander or person failed to take all necessary and reasonable
measures within his or her power to prevent or repress their commission or to
submit the matter to the competent authorities for investigation and
prosecution.
(b) With respect to superior and subordinate relationships not described in paragraph (a), a
superior shall be criminally responsible for crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court
committed by subordinates under his or her effective authority and control, as a result of his or
her failure to exercise control properly over such subordinates, where:

412

(iii)

(i) The superior either knew, or consciously disregarded information which clearly
indicated, that the subordinates were committing or about to commit such crimes;
(ii) The crimes concerned activities that were within the effective responsibility
and control of the superior; and
The superior failed to take all necessary and reasonable measures within his or her
power to prevent or repress their commission or to submit the matter to the
competent authorities for investigation and prosecution.

Article 33
1.
The fact that a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court has been committed by a person
pursuant to an order of a Government or of a superior, whether military or civilian shall not relieve
that person of criminal responsibility unless:
(a) The person was under a legal obligation to obey orders of the Government
or the
superior in question;
(b) The person did not know that the order was unlawful; and
(c) The order was not manifestly unlawful.

Article 36(7) : No two judges may be nationals of the same State. A person who, for the purposes of
membership of the Court, could be regarded as a national of more than one State shall be deemed to be
a national of the State in which that person ordinarily exercises civil and political rights.

Article 39(2)
(a)
(b)

The judicial functions of the Court shall be carried out in each division by Chambers.
(i) The Appeals Chamber shall be composed of all the judges of the Appeals
Division;
(ii) The functions of the Trial Chamber shall be carried out by three judges of the Trial
Division;
(iii) The functions of the Pre-Trial Chamber shall be carried out either by three judges of
the Pre-Trial Division or by a single judge of that division in accordance with this
Statute and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence;

Article 39(4) Judges assigned to the Appeals Division shall serve only in that division. Nothing in
this article shall, however, preclude the temporary attachment of judges from the Trial Division to the
Pre-Trial Division or vice versa, if the Presidency considers that the efficient management of the
Court's workload so requires, provided that under no circumstances shall a judge who has participated
in the pre-trial phase of a case be eligible to sit on the Trial Chamber hearing that case.

Article 51:
1.

The Rules of Procedure and Evidence shall enter into force upon adoption by a two
thirds majority of the members of the Assembly of States Parties.
2.
Amendments to the Rules of Procedure and Evidence may be proposed by
(a) Any State Party;
(b) The judges acting by an absolute majority; or
(c) The Prosecutor.
Such amendments shall enter into force upon adoption by a two-thirds majority of the
members of the Assembly of States Parties.

Article 66 (1): Everyone shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty before the Court in
accordance with the applicable law.

413

Article 67 (b): To have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the defence and to
communicate freely with counsel of the accused's choosing in confidence;
Article 82:
1.

Either party may appeal any of the following decisions in accordance with the Rules of Procedure
and Evidence:
(a) A decision with respect to jurisdiction or admissibility;
(b) A decision granting or denying release of the person being investigated or
prosecuted;
(c) A decision of the Pre-Trial Chamber to act on its own initiative under article
56,
paragraph 3;
(d)
A decision that involves an issue that would significantly affect the fair and
expeditious conduct of the proceedings or the outcome of the trial, and for
which,
in the opinion of the Pre-Trial or Trial Chamber, an immediate
resolution by the Appeals
Chamber may materially advance the proceedings.
2. A decision of the Pre-Trial Chamber under article 57, paragraph 3 (d), may be appealed against
by the State concerned or by the Prosecutor, with the leave of the Pre-Trial Chamber. The appeal shall
be heard on an expedited basis.
3. An appeal shall not of itself have suspensive effect unless the Appeals Chamber so orders, upon
request, in accordance with the Rules of Procedure and Evidence.
4. A legal representative of the victims, the convicted person or a bonafide owner of property
adversely affected by an order under article 75 may appeal against the order for reparations, as
provided in the Rules of Procedure and Evidence.

414

GA
Rest of World
In association with

The Times of India

Advanced Search

You are here: Home World Rest of World

PTI, Jun 20, 2008, 09.09am IST

! "!

#
$

&'

(
#

)
#

&
#

)$

,-

$
%

. * #

#
0

**
.

$%
!/ *

*
!,

1 $

! ",

* *
#

**
!

) **
2
*

* *

# *
$

)%

*
#

$3
*

*
$

415

%
4

G
! s
r

96

* 2& 5

'

=*

O '9 ",

C "

H9t

9 ($ .% &

<r

* & > *8 C!

3r

&

* &

&

,W #

& 8! $

F
"

r -

"

r *

H9t

hr
<r &,
=
3r %

.8 - 9 *
=

* =* .X

v
* "

=
^

&,

"! H9 "

H &

"!

*/

% a, & `
.

.%#

Z & `

&=

* & `

8 CD & `

8 =- 5 &

8 CD & `

8 CD & `

& 2

&

>

6c *

%* ! &

# & =* .X

!. & `

& 6c # * `
E J C H9 ^ -&B- ,&

6uUJ & 2

CD 6 l

Y&9 . L = , `
& `

& `
H -

'S

N4 V . L = , 2

- ,- =* + ,

Y&9

* & `
2

6 l!

8 CD

&w*^"&

r * "9 -k/ 8 ! " ' S& r -9/

8 CD !

, * "

8 CD & `

CD 6 l

>8

9C;

:P

=H & -k & `

& 6 l!

&-9$

CD / .

"! "

'>

H &

8 $ &c
H

r ^ -& *
&

'

- 8 - .% -"

=&6 =

L ! :;

.E##"

@ 9

1 B Em>, F

Y@ 9 & 2

. &

:P

&j A 6 l!

L 6c *

0r &, =*

9 k-

'S

. L = ,`

9 '[- V F & `

9C; 6 l! & 9q-

hr

/ >R

$ -@, "
- &

*a &-9 @$"

9/ . T

CD "!

& & k ," & `

8 CD & !- & `

A &, . &

&

@ 9

416

F & 2

"! x&8

*E] & `

SALIENT EXTRACTS FROM

THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK ORDER, 1970

PRESIDENTS ORDER P.O. 2 OF 1970
LEGAL FRAMEWORK ORDER 1970

(Gazette of Pakistan, Extraordinary, 30th March 1970)

No. F. 24 (1)/70-Pub.--The following Order made by the President is hereby published for general
information: Whereas in his first address to the nation on the 26th March 1969, the President and
Chief Martial Law Administrator pledged himself to strive to restore democratic institutions in the
country;
And whereas in his address to the nation on the 28th November 1969, he reaffirmed that pledge and
announced that polling for a general election to a National Assembly of Pakistan will commence on
the 5th October 1970;
And whereas he has since decided that polling for elections to the Provincial Assemblies shall
commence not later than the 22nd October 1970;
And whereas provision has already been made by the Electoral Rolls Order, 1969, for the preparation
of electoral rolls for the purpose of election of representatives of the people on the basis of adult
franchise;
And whereas it is necessary of making provision as to the Constitution of Pakistan in accordance with
this Order and a Provincial Assembly for each province;
Now, therefore, in pursuance of the Proclamation of the 25th day of March 1969, and in exercise of all
powers enabling him in that behalf, the President and Chief Martial Law Administrator is pleased to
make the following Order:
4. Composition of the National Assembly.
(1) There shall be a National Assembly of Pakistan consisting of three hundred and thirteen members
of whom three hundred shall be elected to fill general seats and thirteen to fill seats reserved for
women.
(2) In conformity with the population figures appearing in the Census of 1961, the number of seats in
the National Assembly shall be distributed amongst the Provinces and the Centrally Administered
Tribal Areas, as set out in Schedule I.
(3) Clause (1) shall not be construed as preventing a. woman from being elected to a general seat.
5. Composition of the Provincial Assemblies.
(l) There shall be a Provincial Assembly for each Province consisting of the number of members,
elected to fill general seats and to fill seats reserved for women, as set out in Schedule II in relation to
such Province.
(2) Clause (1) shall not be construed as woman from being elected a general seat preventing a woman
from being elected to a general seat.
6. Principle of election.
(1) Except as provided in clause (2), the members shall, be elected to the general seats, from territorial
constituencies by direct election on the basis of adult franchise in accordance with law.
(2) The President may, by regulation, make separate provision for election of members from the
Centrally Administered Tribal Areas.

417

(3) As soon as practicable after the general election of members of the National Assembly, the
members from a Province for the seats reserved for women in that Assembly shall be elected by
persons elected to the general seats from that Province in accordance with law.
(4) The members for the seats reserved for women in a Provincial Assembly shall be elected by
persons elected to the general seats in that Assembly in accordance with law.
12. Oath of members of Assembly: A person elected as a member of an Assembly shall, before
entering upon the office, take and subscribe before a person presiding at a meeting of the Assembly, an
oath or affirmation in the following form, namely:
I ___________ do solemnly swear (or affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to Pakistan and
that I will discharge the duties upon which I am about to enter honestly, to the best of my ability,
faithfully in accordance with the provisions of the Legal Framework Order 1970, the Law and rules of
the Assembly set out in that Order, and always in the interest of the solidarity, integrity, well-being
and prosperity of Pakistan.
14. Summoning of National Assembly etc.
(1) After the close of the general election of members of the National Assembly, the President shall,
for the purpose of framing a Constitution for Pakistan, summon the National Assembly to meet on
such day and at such time and place as he may think fit; and the National Assembly so summoned
shall stand constituted on the day of its first meeting:
Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the President from summoning
the National Assembly on the ground that all the seats of the members have not been filled.
(2) After meeting as convened under clause (1), the National Assembly shall meet at such times and
places as the Speaker may decide.
(3) The National Assembly shall, subject to reasonable adjournments, meet from day to day to transact
its business.
15. Right of address etc. of President. The President may address the National Assembly and send a
message or messages to the Assembly.
16. Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
(1) The National Assembly shall, as soon as may be, elect two of its members to be respectively the
Speaker and Deputy Speaker thereof and shall, so often as the office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker
becomes vacant, elect another, member to be the Speaker or, as the case may be, Deputy Speaker.
(2) Until the Speaker and Deputy Speaker are elected, the Commissioner shall preside at the meetings
of the National Assembly and, perform the functions of Speaker.
17. Quorum and Rules of Procedure.
(1) If, at, an time during a meeting of the National Assembly, the attention of the person presiding at
the meeting is drawn to the fact that the number of persons present is less than one hundred, the person
presiding shall either suspend the meeting until the number of members present is not less than one
hundred or adjourn the meeting.
(2) The procedure of the National Assembly shall be regulated by the rules of procedure set Out in
Schedule III; in particular the National Assembly, shall decide how a decision relating to the
Constitution Bill is to be taken.
20. Fundamental Principles of the constitution. The Constitution shall be so framed as
to embody the following fundamental principles:
(1) Pakistan shall be a Federal Republic to be known as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in which the
Provinces and other territories which are now and may hereafter be included in Pakistan shall be so
united in a Federation that the independence, the territorial integrity and the national solidarity of
Pakistan are ensured and the unity of the Federation is not in any manner impaired.

418

(2) (a) Islamic Ideology which is the basis for the creation of Pakistan shall be preserved; and
(b) the Head of the State shall be a Muslim.
(3) (a) Adherence to fundamental principles of democracy shall be ensured by providing direct and
free periodical elections to the Federal and the Provincial Legislatures on the basis of population and
adult franchise;
(b) the Fundamental Rights of the citizens shall be laid down and guaranteed;
(c) the independence of the judiciary in the matter of dispensation of justice and enforcement of the
fundamental rights shall be secured.
(4) All powers including legislative, administrative and financial, shall be so distributed between the
Federal Government and the Provinces that the Provinces shall have maximum autonomy, that is to
say maximum legislative, administrative and financial powers but the Federal Government shall also
have adequate powers including legislative, administrative and financial powers, to discharge its
responsibilities in relation to external and internal affairs and to preserve the independence and
territorial integrity of the country.
(5) It shall be ensured that:
(a) the people of all areas in Pakistan shall be enabled to participate fully in all, forms of national
activities; and
(b) within a specified period, economic and all other disparities between the Provinces and between
different area in a Province are removed by the adoption of statutory and other measures.
21. Preamble of the Constitution.
The Constitution shall contain, in its preamble, an affirmation that:
(1) the Muslims of Pakistan shall be enabled, individually and collectively, to order their lives in
accordance with the teachings of Islam as set out in the Holy Quran and Sunnah; and
(2) the minorities shall be enabled to profess and practice their religions freely and to enjoy all rights,
privileges and protection due to them as citizens of Pakistan.
22. Directive Principles.
The Constitution shall set out directive principles of State Policy by which the State shall be guided in
the matter of
(1) promoting Islamic way of life;
(2) observance of Islamic moral standards;
(3) providing facilities for the teaching of Holy Quran and Islamiat to the Muslims of Pakistan; and
(4) enjoining that no law repugnant to the teachings and requirements of Islam, as set out in the Holy
Quran and Sunnah, is made.
23. .ational and Provincial Assemblies to be the first Legislature.
The Constitution shall provide that.
(1) the National Assembly, constituted under this Order, shall,
(a) be the first Legislature of the Federation for the full term if the Legislature of the Federation
consists of one House, and
(b) be the first lower House of the Legislature of the Federation for the full term if the Legislature of
the Federation consists of two Houses.
(2) The Provincial Assemblies elected in accordance with this Order shall be the first Legislatures of
the respective Provinces for the full term.
24. Time for framing the Constitution.

419

The National Assembly shall frame the Constitution in the form of a Bill to be called the Constitution
Bill within a period of one hundred and twenty days from the date of its first meeting and on its failure
to do so shall stand dissolved.
25. Authentication of the Constitution.
The Constitution Bill, as passed by the National Assembly, shall be presented to the President for
authentication. The National Assembly shall stand dissolved in the event that authentication is refused.
26. Purpose for which Assembly may meet.
(1) Save as provided in this Order for the purpose of framing a Constitution for Pakistan, the National
Assembly shall not meet in that capacity, until the Constitution Bill passed by that Assembly and
authenticated by the President, has come into force.
(2) A Provincial Assembly shall not be summoned to meet until after the Constitution Bill passed by
the National Assembly has been authenticated by the President, and has come into force.
27. Interpretation and amendment of Order etc.
(1) Any question or doubt as to the interpretation of any provision of this Order shall be resolved by a
decision of the President, and such decision shall be final and not liable to be questioned in any Court,
(2) The President and not the National Assembly shall have the power to make any amendment in this
Order.
Areas
East Pakistan
The Punjab
Sindh
Baluchistan
The North-West Frontier Province
Centrally Adminstered Ares
T O T A L ..

420

General
162
82
27
4
18
7
300

Women
7
3
1
1
1
13

GH

421

422

423

0hr0hr 0 0
%7
q /%
gX

3>K

6:

r % X! % X 0*
(

" (

B ? M ,

"

4a

X> >

B ,

,) "
(

48

6
6: / %

c> &

4% ,

%/ 3
8 %

& :
6

/ 8 % ! 3, 3
#

3>K

" 4a
l

f % %! 7

/ % ) (> A %*%

6! # >

6:

4%

6:

%* /

A #$32

3>K

>

6
& :

&
&

%
q /% ) "

B
6 %t

&

6: #

# > (

48

, )@ /

7# +

& % % %tA

&

$2 , / 4

f % %! 7

3, $ ,!

% (

6:

,>

7 /% 3
7

6: 3

N 6:

6> >

l3

6:

( / /

8 (> A )

3 7= 3L

^& /

7
#

, )@ p
2
: : 2 3>K
48

3>K

> K8 3>K

6: / %

( / 4 # ! !

3 % ! % ! 4L

3>K

)%

/ ! , 6,=%/

# +

48

,3
q

6:

# + S/=

#
, 3>K

) %7

q /% 4 8

6: & 4 : X

(> A )

@ -$

7 3

! 3>K

8 U

$ ,!

$[ &

,)

4 > &

% F %tA
%

! q ) ) /%

U 6> > ) " &

4 > /[ 8 O

$[ &

: :2

) *3
4

3
2

"
> 7

/
)
(

>K #$32

4 " @

6: %t

&

76

#6
( /
6

, 6> >

( /
: : 28 3>K

6: ) *

424

# 3> :
)

&

,>

,4
(
(
>^ &

7! /8
(

#$32 5
6:,

# >

% %! /

) "% T
6:

% 4 % 8 (> A
(

%*%

"
> 7
4

) " &

4: N& 3>K

6!

(> A" & !

#

7
, 48

4
/%

= / , 6> >

q /%
3>K

4L&
q

/ M N 6:
& 3#

, E 7: (> A

&

8 (> A N 7

7= 3L

%F q /%

L,

(
6: /
2

!8% !

, "

2= _ %>%*/

k
)@

6> > gX

3>K

_:

6> > &6 : 3>K

r0<r 0 0
6:
( /

6:

3>K

6:

B &

> A3> K %

4
%3

_: # 3 q $ @
%*2p

>

( %% 3>K

) # V>
6:

,4

Z B

The Daily Jugantor

18/10/2010

"

8!
54! > ,"

54! > ," = , - k J &- R

- #6 7 # G ) , $ z J
* -`

, 5^ 1

, =$! -8

- k J * =F '

*,
&
/ y = [ =-!
"` = , - k J 16 5 &
%

=&

,- 6 7 =- k 2
,& !
0

* C " # !
54! > ,"
2 - X %& 8 $ - #6 7 # G -E 48*R & 9& &
9"
9&8
&
=- ,- 6 7 ` 2 &- 2& 5
=*! =' ' !
5^ 1 8 , &
&9 & )
-,`

vv
X >
$[ %Z
> >
Q > /8
%
4 X %

,X

>

&

>

425

$m

L '1
!)

-k J `
! J

5 8 6

_:

3>K 6:
( & !3 %
/ % ? V 4: a 8 %*+
X >
$[ %Z
=
%Z

3>K

5 Z 2 ,p %
_: O
;
32
6:

> X >
X /%
;

>A3K

> > B

U &
8 3>K 6: 6 _:
;
> /%
>
X /%
_: /8
#%* !

) (

8+ :

&

>
X 2>
$ m * > % / 4 8 >
> %Z
=
) %F X > gq
s a _:
#B >
gq

,
X
X >
>A3K 7 $
%F 4
&
X > & ) E : aV > ' 4 >
X
gq "
=
& !)
&
>A3K ) * : aV K
>
:? 6
&
) 8 a 8 %*+ _: O
;
X /% 8
$ ;
/
/%
&
gq
= ^
(
3M
$[ % E & 2 ) &
: >A3K # J &
>
=
X > % %Z
X

$m X

&
/y

&

&

> A3>K (

&

> 7 $ %F &

&

> &

, 6

_:

%_ %: 4
=

) &

%Z

@ 4

J &
X > %
& (
g
, #%* ! 4
2=$

5 8)

/:

$ ,
>Z 2

X B
, &
! 2: 48

0 8 & 48

: : 2 %/%$

%_ %: 4

X /% 8

>A3K

gq

%Z

= &

:= & :
X

) &

>A3K

* ) & ( 3>K
V & !4

&:

&

6:
> A3>K

>

X > % %Z
X $m X
&
! 8 X > & 48 : : 2 %
%/%$
> A 3 K # 3 q $ @ % > / $
$[ S
&
X $m X
&
6> >
, 4 6 _: % F
&

& 2= 3 ) E / &
%t
> / % 5> ) % F
3% %Z
X
/
&

& ! # !L . 8 ?=

* : aV

X /%

U &

% - %

>

$ m (>
2

,
$m X
X

,4
xn

>
O

: :2

8 &

48
;
)

X
/:

>

>

%Z 2>

5
%: % F

&:

: : 2 % 6 = %t
X /% 3
*
) B!
/

426

$m X /

& 48 : : 2 % 6 =
&
8 3>K 6: >
# & N 6:
/
8%
_: /

&

$ % ( !
,
X > %:
4 _: $ > 2

>

2qX

_: 8

/M
>A3K 8 X
%
&
= 4& F
X /%

/:

/ $ % (

/ -

@ % &:

F>

A $&
F D>
!
/% &
2Z
Z >
}
:
> & & : " %$
& > /% % >
, 3
> A 3 K > > 5 $
& ! $7
,
X!
_: /
" "@
@>
4 &
V & ! 4 = (U (
3M %
D> &C$ X > &
>
V
!
/%
O
;
X > I %$ %
& 48 : : 2 % 6 = %t
/> / % > / %
> ]: X >

&
&

%Z

$ m X %Z
!A
, 3
&
% %
( % %
%

/% ) %F

32

,7

a _: ) X

( + :

@8 $

& 2= )

&

E : 2 %$
.
>
&
%Z
%Z
=
/
% B X > %:
> A3> K % 7 A ) E /8 ) * > A3> K (

>

$m X

: E: T

&

= 7
>
(
"
3>K 6:

&

3r0hr 0 0
4

_:

) )

>

&

% %! ) <

_: # 3 q $ @

\:

>

&

! &
%

&

\:

32

/
,

&

4 &&>

) @>

7 %r

z %

@$ -

# 3 q $ @
, N 6:

%R / ) "
>

6:

& Z$

& #6!7 /

L
%

) E

4 &&>

%:

Z$ /
)

%/ 3 2

/ X& 4 &&>

%F

&

> A3> K %

,4

&
&

%
/

/%

"
&

& :
%

%F %r $
"

/ : %F

"
6:

&^
*

# 3 q $ @
>
& #6!7 /
> > %
(
>!
Z
/
/ X& 4 &&>

&

&Z

7 B
>& >

%
84

&

% F 3>A / # ! )% # $ 3 2 #N:
: ( % 8 /
> %
f % /
> > %

8 $ : X &>

4% ) %
$

%t

3 ,

" 2p /

%/

:
& ! &

( = (

6: 4 ;

( &2
%

%F

6: 4 ;

4 &&>
, %t

Z$ /

>

2 &

o % B 48 : :2 & :
%E & 3 ,
/
!
,4
> % ,
> % 8

z %
/

k -

>

& !
% N 6:

3 r

( %t

) " %R /

> A3> K

/% 8 (
# 3 q $ @
" 8 # 3 q $ @
> %
/ M 3B r /
/ X& 4 &&> %
"

%F

% %! ) # $ 3 2 %t # >%D

/ : %/ 3 2

>

& 7 /%
%

&

# 3 q $ @

( %t

Z$

/%

%
%t &
) & )

> / : , Z / B

>

n-

> A3> K %
,4 #
k >A / : 4

427

4
>

%
>

2 X &>
N :
8 %

# 3 q $ @

$ 4

) *4

x- o &
%

N : 6

%t
)

3> K

> K 3 -)

) *4
% /

>

% !

% %F /

E
N :/
( /
: >A3K

) &
>

/>

! & @ /> ^ & >^ &

) "

) )

> A / : % %! 4

!A 2 B 2> >

4/ # + 4

( & )
o{ , 4&2
# + # 3 q $ @
4 &&> %
%F
4 &&> % ennf %
3

Z" %

Z$
o%
%

: !*

%F B
-

K
) *

48

: :2 & :

&/

( %t
# 3 q $ @
>
)
>, %
N 6:

7-

3 ,)6
)

) , 4

>

4 &&>

) %

/M

&

#$32 %

q6 :

3 #$32

>

, 4 &&>

7=

L %*+

25 %

428

>

>

{f %

) )

Bd

6 4 >

&

& 32

> A3> K
f
B

>

>

> A3> K %
! % > >
& /

%Y

&

: $

42

Z$

>

%
9

>
Z
) <

%
i

# 3 q $ @
[

)
*%

(
&

"

\:

%
! & /%
k
]: X &>
>4
,4 %
@
# 6
* )@ 2= _ # 6

N 6:
&

2 ,
> %
: ! * B =

%
>
4 &&> %
$[
,=

) 32 &
, &

>

$ #6

^ & >^ &

,4

& $

) 42

( /

/> > :

( / )2>

5
&
%

%F: )

%/

/ 4

> A3> K #* S/=

/
4 &&> %
(
, &
/
$[ 8 ,=
B

& ! 2p

> A3> K
> B

/M

% F 3>A /

%: %> - c>
%

, # 3 q $ @
& :

- -e 4% B )

& )

%F 32 32

]8(

%F B
38 & 2

Bd / %

>K

Z 4
%

: :2

%/ d &

& ! F &
#

_: # 3 q $ @

! ( % %! / % 4 $
4

2 & : %*%
3 B ,

:= ! A

48

% ! %
) * ) " E %t
&
%/ 3 2:
(
48 4
% %K L !
% )
,=

) 6

%/ 3 2:

7 % /

>

) &

: :2

>

o%

( zo * 8 q 48

, # : # 3 q $ @

%
/

& %/ 3 2

%"

>

N :

N :

6:

$A

# $ 3 2 85
)

%F ^

!2

Z >Z D

^&

/
$

(
! ( /% > /

> A3> K
,4
,> 4X

6
>A3K
/ > > / 8

&

*
:X > > 4 J %/ #

%
X%

/ :

) )X- )
&

22.04.2010
> >

Q >

&

/ 8 3>K

6:

:X

&

> 4 :2

/%
4 X % ,X >
X > & 48 : :2
&
(

X
8

;
) a 8

_k

;
/
/%
2=$
6 _: % F X >
:2 6 )% B
8

> 48 : :2
8
X /% 8
@
B
A !
X > & 48
& 48 : :2 %/ %$
8 X
:2 %/ %$
8 3>K : /< X
( ! # $ %, / > > /
$
g 6 _: a _: 8
a _:
>
) & &
%>
>& >
#* S/=
%_ %: /
:2 4

Z $,

&

&

>

& ! $
/

g
%F

#B( 4&

& :

X /% X
%*+ _: O

>K
#
& 48 : : 2
5
+

%F X

$m X

/%

%
8 & >>
Q > X > %
&
&> :
,
A
;
> /%
>
X >
&
o J &
/ 8
3>K 6:
/ % %X &
) %F
X >

,
$
>
&
%>
% 8 X
%> % F
4:
)@
; #B(
/%
Q >
>
% #$32
3,
&
>
" % %! B 8 3> K %
# 6
&
/ % 2 %F

%
48 : :2
2
(
/%
% %!
( / )

/8

_:

5
$
: :2 %$
> %
> &
,
>
$
X
X

&

#$32 5
3
B )

& !
a _: 8
$
8 4 : &/ $ 4 >

$[

: :2

4/
:
6

_:

429

%*%
@ $

)% # $ 3 2 &
& ! %
3 5
4 &
/ , %
48
B! 8 2
%D! % @ B
6

n@ 3L (
? ! : 5
# $ 3 2 B!
< +
> 4
, \: 48 : :2
& ( ! # 3 q $ @ % > /
% %
0
c
> ,X
/ % 5> , 4 > /
>
&
3
/ : ) *
$[ #
>
&
# +

,Z3_

B
B
X /% 8

>K
&

5 48
% 4

4%

>

42

> %
;

_:
&
6!
% %!
> > ? ,,
$
g , & 48 :
> %
& $ %
( ! % > /
?@ > 6
,
o J
_:

&

>

,4

4%

a _:
#$32

%_ %:

:
_:

=
4

F D>

/%

A T

> A3> K
)

/ 4/ & NM %
, 48 : : 2 & :

& !
6 _: %
4:
(
, & :
6 /
X >
& / F:

% &:
A ! 63%/
4
/

48

8 6
& 48

3 ! 2 N:
) *
#
Z

: :2 #X%

_: 4Q %
: :2
+

,
& :

! +
7

/ % 4&
$
4Q %
X >
4
>

4 : &/ ) *

%F 6

_:

% 6 = %t

430

>
%

) "
&

/
,
8 % Z

%_ %: /

X 8 % *25

4%
%t

'&

$LM N

1 / $
* A!& -:P ,!/
/ . % :P" , *
/ . % :P" , *
& `
= % / Q&`
1 / $
* A!& -:P ,!/ 00</ . % :P" , *
/ . % :P" , *
& `
= % / Q&`
1 / $
* A!& -:P ,!/ 0 . % :P" , *
/ . % :P" , *
& `
= % / Q&`
-&4,/ & " g 00 / 3 2 J
"* $ 2 3 2
:; 9 &
d5^ 1 , e` 2& S
&
* , , -@9, & - 5/ Q & `
T *"/ "w*^ H d Y * eg
/ , * x # & .% - - k J /
"! .%:D %& / Q & `
# / -{ ,g 0 0/ -@, |3 / * 16 ' 9 5 = % , - 5 / Q & `
a / 22 2- - ,g 00 / , *
9$
30B 00 / , *
$9 28 R
, & }/ Q & `
# */ ,g
/
"!
"
hB 3h/ - C~ / 9 K -*^ ! / Q & `
=- 9 / . , - #- *g 003/ 1 #
1 # / -*
, & }/ Q & `
*/ ,g
0/ & , $
.
/1 #
A*/ Q & `
- / g 00 / RAW 2 &
! / CE
L
# / % "
%& / Q & `
/ 2-r2rg
/ %$ ,
1
$ & 9q-/ - , = % / Q & `
#-*/ |*g
</ - =*> "
& , d ^ 5 / ' / &C; / , * e/
! |*
1 , -& = w5 / &4 ! `
- / # -*g
/ , * "
"! */ * 8 %& / Q & `
- ,&/ r ,g 00 / , *
" B-> - > /
"/ Q & `
-! / 2-r2r ! *g 00 / M N4 = > &
&)4 5
, * / 16 ' 9 5 = % , - 5 /
Q&`
#-*/ |*g
0/ & . = [
* / q w5 % w5 = % , / Q & `
=$[ "/ , 67" = ! g 00 / B2 '! , H /
"/ Q & `
- -* / 2 2- > ,&g 00h/ &,
* + ,/
& %& "/ Q & `
6,W #/ - # 2
#- */ a g 00 / * - ! &H $TB
`
& %w5 2R
, & }/ Q & `
6,W #/ - # g 00 / A 5 * & ) T
"
8 8 % M/
"/ Q & `
> / r *
#- g 0 0/ M =H & , * / # 8 , / Q & `
,"/ & 9, & g 00 / 8 - -, . , / %H- %& / Q & `
=# / a i, d- & -! eg
/ &C; "
"
) / , * & 1w5 8 , , - 5 /
Q&`
*/
,g 00 / 2& | )
" / , * =& B
5' & = 1 5 , / Q & `
#- / r {*B6 g 00 / 3 B 3h & !& 5 * ,,/ =-[ , %& "/ Q & `
-&4,/ 2> g
3/ - ! =* > )/ .
, 9/ Q & `
#-*/ - #67" d Y * eg 00</ - * 2& S /
2,/ Q & `
=#, ,/
& d Y * e 00</ =,, $ ,"/ &-, &4 L %& / Q & `

431

> ! / >w*&
,g
/3 2 . # 8
, !& =. , - = > - / = [ #* %& "/ Q & `
"a/ r #-*
/ - / & " B6 o & " / # ! d Y * eg 2& S
& * , , =&
=& H !` - k J =$
& =&w*^/ Q & `
K o*/
g 00 / =. !w* CD
& % * &H , * y |/ .% " +b$ E S C K N `
&/
Q&`
> /
a ," - - / " d * eg </ , *
O/ 16 ' 9 5 = % , - 5 / Q & `
1- -/ # g
/ 2& S
* + ,/ N " %& "/ Q & `
-& */ t !*
,g 0 / C "
, =
&-"9 * %Hw*"B 8 =
/ %H- %& / Q & `
#&/ - *,g 00</ , *
C "
Jy |2
12/ -" %& / Q & `
& / # ! g 0 0/ J
"* $ B F
F/
8/ Q&`
1 # &/ -# *g 33/ - 8 -& 1 # / , * C~4, =55 = 9/ Q & `
1- -/ 21$ 5g 00 / , *
&
3 / . -" %& "/ Q & `
= w54/ - k J - ! #- g 00 / - a $ 1/ C 9, B ,
%& / Q & `
# /
2- 2g 00 / J
. # 8
$
:A / %& & WCFFC/ / >, " = / ^ -,"/
Q&`
"!
* & 9
"`
! "
=$[ "/
*, . aoa g 00 / 1 #
k ,
1 . $ S / = 8
, 9`
,,/ =- d e 2-/2/g
/
F C " 1
" 1 #
A*/ \ "! %& `
& 1!@-/ 8 & #
, d Y * eg 00 / - , ' "/ f & %& / Q & `
, *
! -" ,"./ =.[
hh ) d &, e/ 00 `
- / # -*g 1 #
& X.L !
! -" ,".B
> /
?
,"g
/ , - ,- * 1 # / , * 1 , -& = w5 / Q & `
!# / 1 g .' . 1 # /
#-*/
,- / 3 /
O&H / >
& -#,/ Q & `
/ 2g
/ CE
=H &/ 4 a %& "`
-&4,/ 2d=- C;a
e > g 0 0/ $ - T d j "! -*^ e/
8/ Q&`
1 , -/ 1a4,g
/ C " ' " ' / Q & g C %& `
-/ . , -g
h/ , * / Q&g
& %& "/ Q & `
=$[ "/ # !*
,"
3/ , " J S
.% - * "X / 1 , -& a 6 R
, * `
X & / "w*^ Hg
h/ . +()/
# 8
*/ Q & `
a&/ - #-*g
3/ . # 8 3 /
&" %& "`
= # G/ # , ,g 0 / *8
&'
1 R! / '
. 5 = % =H & %&
M */ , *
%H- %& g $ * `
# */
,- g
"
)
,&/ 7&g - *, #& d * e 003/ ! "
O - 9 * ,,/
"! # 8 %& / Q & `
,"/ =- =
a - g =- C;a # G d @ * e '@ / = > , * / 6*@9 1 %&
, * &4 -w5 %H- >R/
$q "9/
, , d Y * eg Q &
I *8 , ! . # 8 3 /

432

- & # / 8 :D g "w*^ H T *" d @ * eg 00</ *8 = 1

, * / ,
, 9`
> /
, ,-g 00 / 9 $ " 1 # / %& & =- > ! =# `
T *"/ "w*^ Hg
3/ 3 2 * - / & &," %& "/ Q & `
a /2 2 2- -)4,g
/ - k J = %F 5 8 k
CD / * 16 ' 9 5 = % , - 5 `
-- / " 0 / :; & - 5 3 / - , ^ * 9`
#-*/ & - G 7 g C "
, '8*! 2
/
> ! / >w*&
,g
/ 3 B2 & 5 ) ,
& & ) , / = [ #* %& "/
`
1 !*/ 8 &
g
F- = A = % F
=. , -/
#- / r
& -# *
a"&4 g 003/ , *
"
,- ' -&
%' d 3 B
00 e/ Academic Press & Publication Library (APPL).
I / - !
*
1 , -/ 2-r #*,g 0 / F c& / -E*, %& / Q & `
6- / * G 7 g 0 / @ 9 , ' A
w* , 1 #
c& ,"
" / >R B /
9/ Q & `
=- # 1 - / 2-r2rg
/ Q & B . , B. / 1 !
, & }/ Q & `
=- # 1 - / 2-r2rg
/1 #
, & =* ' . & ! *
- l #o/ 1 !
, & }/
Q&`
J
&9 2 & ! J- - A ./ = w5 a
, *
d & , e`
Khan, Mohammad Asghar Khan:1983, Generals in politics: Pakistan 1958-1982. Croom
Helm. London:
Banglapedia, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 2003
Law (legis) department (1971). The East Pakistan Rajakar ordinance 1971, Governemnt of
East Pakistan.
Khan, Zillur. R; 1996, The Third world charismat Sheikh Mujib and the struggle for
Freedom. University Press Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Ministry of law and Parliamentary Affairs (1972). Bangladesh Collaborators (Special
Tribunals) order 1972. Government of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Government Press,
Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Afroz, Turun: 2010, Genocide, war crims of crimes against humanity in Bangladesh.
Forum for secular Bangladesh, and Trial of war ciminals of 1971, Dhaka.
Ahmad, M: 1991, The Univirsity Press Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Khan,A.A.: 1977, The Evidence Act. 1872. Khoshroz Kitab Mahal.
Rashid, H: 2010 Bangladesh-India Relations Living with a Big Neighbour. All
development pubilishing house, Dhaka.
Haque, ATM Shamsul: 2007, Mosaic of Memories-varied experiences of a member of the
civil service. Pathak shamobash, Dhaka.
Ministry of Law and Justice (1984), Code of criminal Procedurs, 1898, Government
printing press, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka.
Raina, Asoka: 1981, Inside Raw, The story of Indias Secret Service, Vikas.

433

Burke, S. M.: 1974, Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani foreign policies, Oxford University
Press, London..
Callard, Keith B: 1959, Pakistans Foreign Policy: An Interpretation, Institute of Pecific Relations,
New York.

Rehman, Javaid: 2000, The weaknesses in the international protection of minority rights,
Kluwer Law International, The Hague.
Mallick, Azizur Rahman (A R): 1977, British Policy and the Muslims in Bengal;
Bangla Academy.

The Indian Quarterly Register;

Hamid, Abdul: 1967, Muslim Separatism in India , Oxford University Press .
Khan, Sarder Ali: 1908,India of Today, Time Press, Bombay.
The Indian National Congress, Part -1, G . A. NATESAN & Co., ESPLANADE, Madras;
A History of Freedom Movement, Pakistan Historical Society

Maniruzzaman, Talukder:2003, The Bangladesh Revolution And Its Aftermath, The

University Press Limited
Jinnah Speeches, Pakistan Publication, Karachi.
Payne, Robert: 1973, Massacre, Macmillan, New York.
Bose, Sarmila: 2011, Dead Reckoning Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh war, Hachette,
India
Rahim Dr M, A,g1981 History of the University of Dacca, University of Dacca.
Hasanat, Abul:1974, The Ugliest Genocide in History, Muktadhara [Swadhin Bangla
Sahitya Parishad] 74 Farashganj, Dhaka.
Gupta, Jyoti Sen: 1974 History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh 1943-1973 some
involvement, Naya Prokash.
Alam, Habibul Bir Pratik : 2006, BRAVE OF HEART, Academic Press & Publication Library
(APPL),

Chaudhuri, Kalyan: 1972, Genocide in Bangladesh, Orient Longman, Bombay.

Munshi, M.B.I.(Edited):2006, The India Doctrine, Bangladesh Research Forum.
Government of Pakistan, 5 August, 1971,The Crisis in East Pakistan, Government of
Pakistan.
Fuller, Bampfylde: 1930, Some Personal Experiences, Murray, 1930
Marsden, Victor (Translated): 1999, Protocol of the Learned Elders Zion, The Book
Tree.
Singh, Jaswant: 2010, Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence, Oxford University Press.
Azad, Mawlana Abul Kalam: 1988, India Wins Freedom, Orient Longman Limited, Madras,
India.
Talukdar, Muhammad H.R. (Edited): 1987, Memoirs of Huseyn Shaheed Shurawardy, University
Press Limited.
Gandhi, Rajmohan: 1988, Understanding the Muslim Mind, Penguin Books India.

Samsad English- Bengali Dictionary ; Fifth edition, 1976.

Wahab (P), Maj. Gen. (Retd) M A:Mukti Bahani Wins Victory
Ahmed, Imtiaz:The Superpower strategy in the Third World : the 1971 South Asia;
434

Burke, S. M: 1974, Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani foreign policies , University

of Minnesota Press,USA
Uban, Maj.Gen Sujan Singh.: 1985, Phantoms of Chittagong the Fifth Army in
Bangladesh, Allied Publishers, India.

e-books
& - ,/ a
- # g 2& S B O
1 # / Through the webpage Dr Feroz Mahbub
Kamal, Accessed on 10.10.2010
Chowdhury, Dr. M. Abdul Mumin: Behind the Myth of 3 million, Accessed on 04.01.2012

* T
- =*
> 3r0 r 0 ` % l # ()
b #& =* / & .%
A9 >8 d hB
:A /

_* &
_* &

&C;
.% -

<

Daily Telegraph (London); March 30, 1971; Simon Dring,

h
<
3

h
<
3

>8 ` 6 -# *

CD !"

&' &
4,8 = A/ E

1 #

B ,1 0 0

H9t
he ^"

:; %

!- $T

"
0

! )`
9 8

8 U "/ 1

-" /

> 0 - $9 3
> 0 - $9 3

%H- , g
>
- $9/ 0 . # 8 2L 1 - B1! #!
, $ / r & - , =# /
%H- ,
> 3r0 r 0 0
- * -! r03r 0
- * -! r03r 0
Dhaka Courier; 15 April 1994; Indo-Bangladesh Friendship Treaty; Expression of Indian
Mistrust and Our Sincerity, Brigadier Anwarul Azim Khan;
t* & 1 &,
>
r03r 000
%H- ,
> 0<r r 0 0 &C; - / -b #&
=$ > 0hr0 r 00 - =
, -1 , =#
$[ " F c&
1 ' C;! /
3
%'*
3
t* & . :; / 0hr r 0 0
! - = % l 6S =>
G "/ '
&
- * -! /
/ 0 r0 r 00 ! C~ & 5 . :P& # ! )
! -" ," . & 6 },
- #-* #- - l
b #& q-
> r r
t* & %H- , /
> 0 r r 0 0 yC ! V
* " =H & C "
&| -# * # "
#t* & . :; /
>
r r 0 0 - :D" * x # & '4,| % M &) &H ! ,
*"
b #
, *
b #&

0 0r
Ot
& F & r & - , =# `
_* & - =* /
>
r0 r 0
.' 9
* , a =>
F c& `
b #& y& . |/ - A9/ ! >8 / 1
! "/
0 = > $4 k 5 .% #8 & , - 6 #=$[ "
- * -! /
> 3r0 r 0 0
Economic and Political Weekly,October 08, 2005; Anatomy of Violence/ Analysis of
Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971, Sarmila Bose.
_* & , /
> 0
! " 3

435

h
<
3

h
<
3
h0
h
h
h
h
hh
h<
h3
h
h
<0
<
<
<
<
<h
<<
<3
<
<
30
3
3
3
3

, * =. 5
k >8
>

<
b #
, *
b #&/
> 0 r0 r 0 0
t* & 1 &, /
> r 0r 00
_* & - =* /
>
r0 r 0
- =* / - $9 0
5 1- / ,R /
> 3 ./ 3h 2:D " - &
#
&,
"!
* T
>
00 `
The Economist, date:
_* & - =*
> 3r r 0

a&4, #&/
b #
, *
b #&
> hr0 r 0 0 ) T,". &9
"A9& %
*
r
, 1 , - =$[ "
F c& `
b #
, *
b #& /
>
. 0 0
- =*
> <r0 r 0 0
_* & - =* /
>
, *
"
= >#
) / & - #-*/ _* & * & ,/
> 0r0hr
_* & - =* /
> <r0 r 003
- * -!/
> 0r 0r 0 0 , *
! -" ," .

=. , 3
k 8`
THE HINDUSTAN TIMES, New Delhi: 21 December 1971
Newyork Times; 17.12.1971; BENGALS ELITE DEAD IN A DITCH, Nicholas Tomalin
b #
, *
b #&
>
r0 r 0
- =*
> 3r0 r 0 % -:P" # 8 AL :P/ M " & *
7&" " 6S-`
- =*
> r 0r 0 % -:P" # 8 AL :PB / M " & *
7&" " 6S- `
Daily Telegraph , December 20, 71
New York Times (New York, NY, USA): 1 December 19 , 1971; 125 Slain in Dacca
Area, Believed Elite of Bengal
, * % * / &- /
>
r r 0 0
b #
, *
b #&
>
r0 r 0
_* & ,
> r0 r 3
The Guardian, December 18, 1971.
_* & 1 Sa &
> 0<r r 003
, * % *
> h - $9 0 2&
% " =
-# %! / M " & *
7&" " 6S-`
- * -!
> hr r 0 0
t* & 1 Sa &
3 2
Y *&"!
b #
, *
b #&/
> r0 r 0 `
&,
"!
* T
>
00
- * -!
> 0hr0hr 0 0
- * -!/
>
r0 r 0 0
_* & 1 Sa &
> 0<r r 003
_* & . :;
> 0 r0 r 0 0
b #
, *
b #&
>
r0 r 0 *,"!
*9,"! :; 9 9"& "
& / ' & ! `
_* & . :;
> 0 r0 r 0 0
_* & . :;
> 0<r0 r 0 0
, * % * /
> 0 r0 r 0 0
The Telegraph, India; March 19, 2006
t* & 1 Sa & , 1 3/ 3
_* & %H- , /
> 0r0 r 0 `
t* & - =* /
>
r0 r 0
- =*
> 0 r0 r 0 +b# 8 / ) 5^
/ ,6,W # = - `
%H- ,
> 0< =a G^! " 0 0

436

3h
3<
33
3
3
0

h
<
3
0

h
<
3

_* & - =* /
3r0 r 0
_* & %H- , /
> 0r0 r 0 `
b #
, *
b #&
> <r0 r 0 +-
- & y 8 *.:;| 2 %, 0 0
_* & - * -! 0r0hr 0 0 . H & ,"./ _
b #
, *
b #&/
>rrrrr
&,
"! T&
>rrrrr 8
a&4, #&`
"! &,
* T/
>
Times of India, 25.07.1925
The Indian Quarterly Register; p: 647
_* & & , & / 54 54 54 54 /
4-" ,L 1 r
b #& $T / Q & /
3 8
0 ) `
t* & .% -/ - $9 3
r0 r 0
> Stephen J. Rapp 2
*
_* & 1 Sa &
> 0 r03r 0
,1
/
_* & ! *.:;/ B 00 0 0/ & " a &6 /
_* & . :; /
> 0hr0 r 0
b #
, *
b #&/
=a ^G! " 0 E 0B
b #
, *
b #&/
>
=a ^G! " 0
_* & - =* /
> 0 r0 r 0
%H- , / r0<r 0
_* & & , &/
>
<r r 0 0
B ,/ ** .
> <r 0r 0 0
_* & & / 0r 0r 00 ` 9 " *.9 @
"w*^
b #
, *
b #&
>
r0 r 0

" / ' &

!* =

!`

# & "

r 0 0
, `
, *

H C l/ # ! &

1 `

Nevigated websites:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Searchlight; [Accessed on 04.01.2012

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Searchlight; [Accessed on 04.01.2012]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Dhaka_University_massacre [Accessed
on
04.01.2012]
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org
/entry/Bangladesh_War_of_Independence//
[Accessed on 03.01.2012]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Searchlight; [Accessed on 04.01.2012. ]
http://www.unbconnect.com/component/news/task-show/id-43576//
[Accessed
on
03.01.2012]
http://www.unbconnect.com/component/news/task-show/id-43576//
[Accessed
on
03.01.2012]
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Police // [Accessed on 02.01.2012]
http://bgb.gov.bd/index.php /bgb/history// [Accessed on 03.01.2012]
www.liberationwarmuseum.org/in this month-in-1971/188-may-12-1971 [Accessed on
]

11
12
13
14

www.liberationwarmuseum.org / this-month-in-april 4, 1971 [Accessed on

www.liberationwarmuseum.org / this-month-in-June 5, 1971 [Accessed on
www. liberationwarmuseum.org/ in this day/ June 4, 1971 [Accessed on

www.liberationwarmuseum.org/ this day/ June 1, 1971[Accessed on

437

]
]

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

www.liberationwarmuseum.org/ this day/ June 4, 1971[Accessed on

]
]
www.liberationwarmuseum.org/ this day/ April 02, 1971[Accessed on
www.liberationwarmuseum.org/ this day/ April 10, 1971 [Accessed on
]
www.liberationwarmuseum.org /in this day/April15 , 1971[Accessed on
]
http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=117851 [Accessed on
02.06.2011]
http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA13/001/2000/en/a40d7d31-df83-11dd8abb-118b2e919ec0/ asa1 30012000en.html [Accessed on 02.06.2011]
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-27/india/ 27752774_1_manekshawfield-marshal-sam-bahadur // [Accessed on 29.05.2011]
http://www.topix.com/forum/world/bangladesh/TJB1Q2IQBSQT18CPH [Accessed on
29.05.2011]
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/24/mujib-confusion-on-bangladeshi- deaths
[Accessed on 08.06.2011]

24

25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

http://www.google.com/#hl=en&sa=X&ei=PRP6TeXNIvRrQeD9rn2Dw&ved=0CFUQ
BSgA&q=In+1975,Sheikh+Mujibur+Rahman+was+assassinated.+Though+Mrs +Indira
+Gandhi+first+considered+intervention+and + Army+alerted+3+divisions,+in+the+end
+the+government+h esitated+and+the+moment+passed.&spell=1&ba v=on.2,or.r_gc.r_
pw.&fp=9dd7129c70b71d22&biw=1358&bih= 97 [Accessed on
15.06.2011]
http://www.cfr.org/india/raw-indias-external-intelligence-agency/p17707 [Accessed on
23.10.2011]
www.liberationwarmuseum.org /this day/ June 1, 1971 [Accessed on

www.omipial.amarblog.com [Accessed on
]
http://www.sonarbangladesh.com/article.php?ID=956 [Accessed on 19.05.2012]
www.liberation warmuseum.org August 28, 1971[Accessed on 31.07.2011]
www.liberation warmuseum.org /Today/April 11, 1971[Accessed on 31.07.2011]
www.liberationwarmuseum org/Today/August 5, 1971[Accessed on 31.07.2011]
www.liberationwarmuseum org/Today/May 15, 1971[Accessed on 31.07.2011]
www.albd.org/menifesto (English & Bangla) [Accessed on
]
http://bangladeshonlinelawyers.com/law/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&
id=53&Itemid=55 [Accessed on 29.07.2011]
http://www.internationallawbureau.com/blog/?p=3073 [Accessed on 31.07.2011]

438