Ryan Hoyle

Mechanics Unit 3 Mechanics Unit 3 Advanced Higher Ryan Hoyle Summing with Sigma

2012/2013

=
=1

( + 1) 2

2 =
=1

( + 1)(2 + 1) 6 ( + 1) ) 2
2

3 = (
=1

=
=1

( + ) =
=1 =1

( + 1) + 2
=1

Partial Fractions Remember DAMSON for long division = + ( + )( + ) + + = + + ( + )2 ( + ) ( + )2 + + + = + ( 2 + + )( + ) ( 2 + + ) + Remember to compare coefficients Binomial Theorem ( )= ( ) ( ) ,( ) = 1 0 ( ) = 1/2( 1) 2 ( ) = 1/6( 1)( 2) 3 ! ( )= ( )! !

( + ) =
=0

Ryan Hoyle

Mechanics Unit 3 + 1 ) )= ( )+( 1 Matrices 0 Order is done rows then columns e.g. 3 x 2 0 0 0 0 0

2012/2013

Each number is called an element and is addressed row, column. Simultaneous equations are essentially creating upper triangular form. Matrices are a natural extension of this. Augmented matrix has the answer column and ours is made from original coefficients. Augmented actually means to put two matrices juxtaposed. The three Elementary row operations; swapping, multiplication, addition. Helps to get a 1x in the top left corner as this can be multiplied by anything! Write out your working using R1 R1-3R2 etc. to show what you have done 1x1 matrix is a scalar Nx1 matrix is a vector To add matrices they have to be the same size matrix. nxn matrix is a square matrix of order n. Multiplying a matrix by a scalar k just multiply all values. Matrices can only multiply if they are comfortable with each other Must be *mxn+ *nxq+ = *mxq+ so look for common value! The row of the first matrix is multiplied into the column of the second matrix. This is done in format *n1xm1++*n2xm2+ So in your new matrix each value corresponds to what you need to multiply together in your original matrices E.g. value 23 in new matrix is got by multiplying row two by column 3. Eventually all possible multiplications have been carried out and you have the complete matrix. Remember for matrices AB BA Determinant of 2x2 matrix if = ( ) = | trailing diagonal. | = aka leading diagonal | | | + | |

Determinant of a 3x3 matrix if =

then A = |

So you take first column as positive then alternate. Each time block out its own row and column then discriminant of whats left over.

Ryan Hoyle

Mechanics Unit 3 Determinant of zero is called singular matrix. Any other matrix is non-singular. If matrix is square and non-singular then it is invertible. Identity matrix has the same properties as one 1 = 0 0 1 =1

2012/2013

0 0 1 0 =1 1 0, = 0 1 0 1

So if 1s on leading diagonal then identity matrix. 1 = = ( 1 ) 1 = ( )

For 2x2 or more often 3x3, transform using EROs, A into I. What you are left with is = 1 . SO augment A with identity matrix, then make A = I using EROs, and whatever your right hand side identity matrix has turned into (you should have been performing EROs to both sides!) is the inverse youre looking for. Remember to always show determinant is non-singular to ensure inverse exists Keep your EROs in groups of three as this is more beneficial when it gets harder. Careful which order you multiply matrices when even just doing check calculations = where = () = 1

Differentiation Product, quotient and chain rules () = + ( ) = 2 () = (()) = exp() Integration Integration by substitution; replace the awkward thing by a u or whatever theyve asked for. THEN YOU NEED TO CHANGE THE RESPECT TO PART. Do this by differentiating the substituted part and getting the du at the end of the integral. Eventually sub u back to x Often do this with trig because using sec, means when you have awkward negative powers you can

Ryan Hoyle

Mechanics Unit 3 end up with a more normal one. REMEMBER TO CHANGE THE LIMITS Partial Fractions Do long division first! factorise the lower one lots of different types and quirks = + ( + )( + ) + + = + + ( + )2 ( + ) ( + )2 + + + = + ( 2 + + )( + ) ( 2 + + ) + Integration

2012/2013

Remember for awkward quotient divide out then perform partial fractions and you should end up with loads of logs but it will work. Exponentials; (4

+)

= 4 = 4

Further Differentiation First order differentials. Get it to () = () if you can but they probably wont let you do that. If they do then x dx and integrate both sides like mechanics. Initial conditions used to solve the + c from integral. Must get to form
1

+ (). = () this is STANDARD FORM.

Called linear differential equation as no powers of y or products of y with 1. Write in standard form 2. Obtain Integrating factor is always () taken from above form 3. Multiply SF by IF 4. Do a () using the product rule that your IF will have created. 5. Divide out the xs and integrate/tidy to get a y =! Multiply every part by the integrating factor Always in your Then integrate both sides. REMEMBER CONSTANTS.

Formatted: No Spacing

Remember +c divided by a negative power is same as multiply by positive power.

Ryan Hoyle

Mechanics Unit 3

2012/2013

For +cs, if multiplied by a constant then still c, but if multiplied by a variable e.g. x this has to stay! The whole thing is

= You need to cancel out by moving coefficients to being powers of the log. Growth and Decay REMEMBER = , = With no limits,

= .

= . = + = + = . =

So remember + = Use partial fraction if there is an extra constant in there e.g. N(100-N), just the same as normal