Central Bicol State University of Agriculture San Jose, Pili Camarines Sur Name: John Eric Gonzales Yr&section:

BSE-MATH2D Topic: Individual Differences: theories of intelligence and learning styles; structural theories of intelligence; theories of cognitive styles Individual Differences Individual differences are the variations from one person to another on variables such as self-esteem, rate of cognitive development or degree of agreeableness. Theories of Intelligence Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) a former child prodigy who could read at the age of two and the author of Hereditary Genius started testing huge numbers of people between 1884 and 1890 for a variety of psychophysical tasks, because he believed that looking at how forcefully somebody could squeeze hands or how sensitive somebody was to musical pitch could be telling about the person's intelligence. French Alfred Binet (1857-1911) and Theodore Simon (1873-1961) Who rejected the Galtonian tradition, because they preferred to measure higher ability functions such as judgement, comprehension, and reasoning. Today's theories about intelligence are based on four approaches: 1. Psychometric theories try to answer the questions what forms intelligence takes and what its parts are. Mostly based on data collected from paper-and-pencil tests. Spearmans Theory by Charles E. Spearman (1863-1945) suggested two major forms of intelligence: a. General intelligence (g) the ability to deduce abstract relationships and b. Specific intelligence (s) - abilities allowing a person to learn about, learn from, understand, and interact with the environment. Thurstones Group Factor Theory by L. L. Thurstone (1887-1955) suggested seven "primary mental abilities": verbal comprehension, verbal fluency, numeracy, spatial visualization, inductive reasoning, memory, and perceptual speed.

Catells Theory by Raymond B. Cattell (1905-1998) 1. Fluid intelligence is represented by reasoning and problem solving 2. Crystallized intelligence is the knowledge acquired over the years. Structure-of Intellect theory by J. P. Guilford (1897-1988) He arrived at that number by combining multiplicatively five kinds of operations, four kinds of content and six kinds of products. 2. Cognitive psychology assumes that intelligence comprises a set of mental representations of information and a set of processes operating on them. 3. Contextualism looks at how cognitive processes operate in various environmental contexts. The two most influential theories 1. Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence Three different kinds of intelligence in his model: Analytical thinking which focuses on planning, monitoring, reflection, and transfer. Creative thinking which focuses on developing, applying new ideas, and creating solutions. Practical thinking which focuses on selecting and shaping real-world environments and experiences. 2. Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

Linguistic Intelligence(word smart)

sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and meanings of words sensitivity to the different functions of language

Favorite Activities: writing and reading, listening and speaking Professions: poet, journalist Musical Intelligence(music smart)

abilities to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch, and timber appreciation of the forms of musical expressiveness

Favorite Activities: play and listen to music Professions: composer, instrumentalist

Logic-mathematical Intelligence(number smart)

sensitivity to, and capacity to discern, logical or numerical patterns ability to handle long chains of reasoning

Favorite Activities: putting things in order, solving of logical problems, programming a computer Professions: mathematician, scientist Spatial Intelligence(picture smart)

capacity to perceive the visual-spatial world accurately capacity to perform transformations on one's initial perceptions

Favorite Activities: drawing, taking things apart, playing of games Professions: navigator, sculptor Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence(body smart)

abilities to control one's body movements ability to handle objects skillfully

Favorite Activities: dancing, acting, doing crafts (e.g. carving, sewing) Professions: dancer, athlete Intrapersonal Intelligence(self-smart)

access to one's own feelings and ability to discriminate among them and draw upon them to guide behavior knowledge of one's own strengths, weaknesses, desires, and intelligences

Favorite Activities: dreaming, thinking about thinking (metacognition) Profession: - (accurate, detailed self-knowledge) Interpersonal Intelligence(people smart)

capacity to discern and respond appropriately to the moods, temperaments, motivations, and desires of other people

Favorite Activities: understanding and influencing other people Professions: therapist, salesman

Naturalistic Intelligence(nature smart) ability to recognize and classify minerals, plants, and animals Favorite Activities: observing and experiencing nature, gardening, cooking Professions: biologist, zoologist

Existential Intelligence (spirit smart) Ability to exhibit the proclivity to pose (and ponder) questions about life, death, and ultimate realities. Favorite Activities: exploring what lies beyond through inquiry, reading Professions: Philosophers, theologians, and life coaches 4. Biological science tries to understand the neural bases of intelligence and not, like the other three approaches, hypothetical constructs. This reductionistic way of looking at the brain, made possible by newest technology, might sound like the ultimate tool to build a model upon. Learning style is a method of learning particular to an individual that is presumed to allow that individual to learn best. Four basic learning styles: Sensing-thinking (mastery learner)-inclination for remembering, describing and manipulating Intuitive-Thinking (understanding learner)-inclination for analyzing, testing/proving,examining,connecting Intuitive-feeling (self-expressive learner)-inclination for predicting/speculating, imagining, generating ideas Sensing-feeling (interpersonal)-inclination for supporting, personalizing, expressing emotion, learning and experiences. Cognitive style or "thinking style" is a term used in cognitive psychology to describe the way individuals think, perceive and remember information.