Fiitjee Physics

FIITJ EE Ltd.
., FIITJ EE House, 29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942
website: www.fiitjee.com.
OPTICS
Definitions
Light is a kind of energy which produces the sensation of vision on eyes. The light itself is invisible.

Ray: A directed line segment which is used to describe the direction of propagation of light, that is, the
direction in which light is traveling is called a ray.

Beam: A beam of light is a bunch of light rays. It may be convergent, divergent or parallel.
1. A convergent beam is that in which the rays are directed towards a point.
2. A divergent beam is that in which the light rays are directed away from a point.
3. In a parallel beam of light, all the rays are parallel to each other.

In a homogeneous medium light travels along a straight line.

Reflection:
Whenever light travels from one medium to the other medium, at the boundary a part of the light beam is
returned back into the previous medium
Returning of light rays into the previous medium is called reflection.

Laws of reflection:
There are two laws of reflection
(i) Incident ray, reflected ray and normal to the point of incidence, all lie in same plane.
(ii) Angle of incidence i, is equal to the angle of reflection r. Both angles are measured with the normal to
the point of incidence.

Regular Reflecti on

irregular Reflection

Regular and irregular reflection
If reflected beam follows a certain pattern/order reflection in known as regular.
For an example if the incident beam is a combination of parallel rays and reflected rays are either parallel
among them selves or converge at a point or appear to diverge from a point, these are the regular
reflection. If reflected rays does not follow any fixed pattern that is path of two reflected rays can not be
predicted by simple observation the reflection is known as irregular.
Regular reflection lakes place at even surface and irregular reflection takes place at uneven surface.
Irrespective of the situation (either regular or irregular reflection) laws of reflection are valid.

Deviation due to reflection
Deviation of a ray is the angle through which an incident ray changes its direction from the original
direction.
If for an incident ray angle of incidence is i then the angle through which the reflected ray would deviate is
given by o =t - 2i. Consider the given figure. AB is an incident ray with angle of incidence i and BD is
the reflected ray. Angle of reflection is also i. Had the mirror been not present the ray AB would have
followed the path BC.
This shows that the ray has rotated through an
angle o.
So i +i +o =t
So o =t - 2i

i
i

o = t

- 2i

Along the anticlockwise sense

A
B
C
D

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PH-OPTI CS-2

FIITJ EE Ltd., FIITJ EE House, 29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942

Mirror: If reflecting surface reflects maximum portion of light falling on it, then the surface is called a
mirror.

Plane Mirror:
If reflecting surface is a plane, that is its radius of curvature is infinite and it behaves like a mirror, then it is
called a plane mirror.

Object and Image:
Any thing from which rays are coming to the mirror is called an object. After reflection the reflected rays
either actually converge or they appear to converge at a point. The point of intersection of reflected rays
is called image.

Real and virtual Object:
If incident rays are coming from an object lying in front of the mirror, object is known as real.
If incident rays appear to converge behind the mirror, the point of convergence is known as virtual object.

Real and virtual image:
If reflected rays actually converge the image formed is real. A real image is always formed in front of the
mirror.

If reflected rays are divergent that is they do not meet actually, rather they appear to come from a point,
that point is called virtual image. A virtual image is always fromed behind the mirror.

In the adjacent figure a point object is placed in
front of a plane mirror. We consider three incident
rays say 1, 2 and 3. The corresponding reflected
rays 1', 2' and 3' meet at I, when extended. The I
is the virtual image of O.

x
2'
1'
I
O
2
1
u2
u
2

u1
u
1

y
3 3'

In the adjacent figure two incident rays 1 and 2
appears to meet at point O behind the mirror. So
point O is a virtual point object for the plane mirror.
The corresponding reflected rays 1' and 2' meet at
I in front of the mirror. The I is the real image of O.
The real image can be shown on a screen whereas
virtual image can not be.

x
2
1
O
I
2'
1'
u2
u
2

u1
u
1

y

Properties of plane mirror:
Using simple geometry, it can be shown that, object distance =image distance; where distances are
measured from the mirror.

The image is laterally inverted. i.e. if you stand in front of a plane mirror,
your left hand becomes right hand of your image.
The magnification is unity, that size of the image is equal to the size of
the object.
When the plane mirror is rotated through an angle u, the reflected ray
turns through double the angle, i.e. 2u.

object Laterally
Inverted
image

PH-OPTI CS-3 PDT Courseware (FTRE) 10
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Illustration 1: In the figure, M is a plane mirror parallel to Y-axis. A point
object P is placed in front of the mirror. Position of the
object is shown. We have to locate the position of the
image.

X
Y
P
10 cm
45
O

Solution: To locate the position of the image, we need at least two incident rays and their
corresponding reflected rays. Consider the figure, for the sake of simplicity we take two
incident rays PQ normal to the mirror and PO incident at 45
0
. According to the laws of
reflection reflected rays corresponding to PQ retraces that path as angle of incidence is
zero. The reflected ray corresponding to PO makes an angle of 45
0
with the normal to
the mirror (here with the x-axis) when we extend these two reflected rays, they meet at P'
behind the mirror.

Now in A PQO and AP'QO
ZPOQ =ZP'OQ =45
0

ZPQO =ZP'QO =90
0

and OQ is common. This implies that A PQO and AP'QO
are congruent. Hence PQ =P'Q.
This shows that perpendicular distance of the object from
the mirror is equal to the perpendicular distance of the
image from the mirror.

X
Y
P
10 cm
O
P'

Illustration 2: Two plane mirrors M
1
and M
2
are inclined to each other as shown in the figure. A ray of
light parallel to M
2
is incident on the M
1
. After two reflections one at each mirror it
becomes parallel to M
1
. Determine the angle between the two mirrors.

Solution: Let u be the angle between the two mirrors M
1

and M
2
. The incident ray AB is parallel to mirror
M
2
and strikes the mirror M
1
at an angle of
incidence equal to o. It is reflected along BC; the
angle of reflection being o. From figure, we have
ZM
1
BA =ZM
1
OM
2
=u
Similarly, for reflection at mirror M
2
, we have
ZM
2
CD =ZM
2
OM
1
=u
o =90
0
- u and x =90
0
- o
So x =90
0
- (90
0
- u) =u
Similarly | =90
0
u and y =90
0
- |
So y =u.

x o
o
u
y u
o
M1
N2
N1
D
A
M2
B
C
O
u
E
|
|

Now, in triangle OBC, 3u =180
o
, therefore, u =60
o
.

Illustration 3: A point source of light O is placed at a distance L in front of
the centre of a mirror of width d hung vertically on a wall. A
man walks in front of the mirror along a line parallel to the
mirror at a distance 2L from it as shown. Find the greatest
distance over which he can see the image of the light
source in the mirror.
Q`
d
P` 2L
A
B
P
Q

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PH-OPTI CS-4

Solution: A large number of rays coming from B falls on the mirror at
different angles. At the two extremes of the mirror, rays fall
with the greatest angle of incidence and the corresponding
reflected rays are the extremes amongst the reflected rays.
Now consider the figure.
The observer can see through the distance P'Q', where
extreme reflected rays meet the line, along which man is
walking
From geometry, CD =d =C'D'
Since A BDO ~ ABDP PD =DO
Also and AACQ ~ AACD CQ =CO
CO =DO =d/2
PD =CQ =d/2
ABDP ~ABD'P'

P D BD
PD BD
' ' '
=
P'D' =2PD
similarly C'Q' =2CQ
P'Q' =C'D' +P'D' +Q'C'
=d +2 PD +2CQ
=d +2 ( PD +QC) =d +2d =3d.
Q`
O
C`
D`
P
d
P`
2L
Q
C
D
A
B

Illustration 4: (a) What is the minimum length of mirror required for a person to see his or her full
height? Assume that the eyes are a distance a below the top of the head and a
distance b above the feet.
(b) Does the persons horizontal distance from the mirror matter?
(c) Does the vertical position of the mirror matter?

Solution: (a) Rays enter the eye from the feet and the top of the
head after reflection at the mirror, as shown in the
figure. We know that the angle of incidence is
equal to the angle of reflection. Light from the feet
reaches the eye after reflection at point B, which is
b/2 above the floor. Light from the top of the head
reaches the eye after reflection at point A, located

r
B
b/2
A
b/2
a/2
a/2
r
i
i

a/2 below the top of the head. The persons total height is a +b, and the required
length of mirror is a/2 +b/2, which is 50% of the full height of the person.
(b) No.
(c) Yes, the bottom of the mirror must be at a height b/2.

Spherical mirrors
If mirror is a portion of a sphere, then it is known as spherical mirror.

Type of Spherical mirrors
There are two types of spherical mirror, (i) concave mirror (ii) convex mirror
In concave mirror reflection takes place at the inner surface and in convex mirror reflection takes place at
the outer surface.

C
F P
Convex Mirror

C
F
P
Concave mirror

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Elements of Spherical mirrors

Centre of curvature: It is the centre of the sphere of which the mirror is a part.

Radius of curvature: It is the radius of the sphere of which the mirror is a part.

Pole: It is the geometrical centre of the spherical reflecting surface.

Principal axis: (For a spherical mirror) It is the straight line joining the centre of curvature to the pole.

Focus: When a narrow beam of rays of light, parallel to the principal axis and close to it, is incident on
the surface of a mirror, the reflected beam is found to converge to or appear to diverge from a point on
the principal axis. This point is known as focus of the mirror.

Focal length: (For a mirror) it is the distance between pole and the focus.

Paraxial approximation
In all the mirrors, an approximation is made that the aperture (size) of the mirror is small compared to its
radius of curvature. Thus, most of the incident rays are nearly parallel to the principal axis.

Ray tracing: In geometrical optics, to locate the image of an object, tracing of a ray as it reflects, is
very important.
Concave Convex
1. A ray going through centre of curvature is
reflected back along the same direction.
(As it is normal to the mirror).
C

C

2. If incident ray is parallel to principal axis
then the reflected ray either passes
through the focus or appears to pass, and
vice-versa. Also, parallel rays after
reflection intersect on the focal plane.

F

F

3. If incident ray hits the mirror at pole, the
principal axis bisects the angle between
incident ray and reflected ray.

i
P
F
i

i
i

Sign convention
There are several sign-conventions. Students should try to follow any one of these. In this package, the
new Cartesian Sign Convention has been used wherever required.

(i) All distances are measured from the pole P.
(ii) Distances measured along the direction of incident rays are taken as positive.
(iii) Distances measured along a direction opposite to the incident rays are taken
as negative.
(iv) Distances above the principal axis are positive.
(v) Distances below the principal axis are negative.

P
Incident Ray
+ve
-ve
Mirror / Lens

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PH-OPTI CS-6


For a Concave mirror positions of image and its nature for different positions of real object are
given in the following table.
S. No. Posi ti on of obj ect Posi ti on of image Nature of image Magni fi cati on
1. At infinity At focus Real and inverted Highly diminished
2. Beyond 2f Between f and 2f Real and inverted Diminished
3. At 2f At 2f Real and inverted Size of the image
=size of the object
4. Between 2f and f Beyond 2f Real and inverted Magnified
5. At f At infinity Real and inverted Highly magnified
6. Between f and P Behind the mirror Virtual and erect Magnified

For a real object image formed by the Convex mirror lies behind the mirror between P and f, and it
is erect and diminished

Mirror formula
Mirror formula gives the mathematical relation between object distance image distance and focal length of
a mirror. If object distance image distance and focal length are represented by u, v and f respectively,
then

1 1 1
f v u
= +
Note: In this equation u, v and f must be placed with proper sign. In our domain of syllabus f =R/2, where
R is the radius of curvature of the mirror.

Magnification
Magnification formula describes the relation between sizes of object and its image.

Transverse Magnification
Transverse magnification is defined as m =- v/u =
image height
object height

Note: v and u must be placed with proper sign

Lateral or Axial Magnification
The axial length of the image can be found by taking the difference of two image distance corresponding
to two extreme lateral position of the object.

Illustration 5: A line object of length 4 mm is placed in front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature
20 cm. at a distance of 15 cm from the mirror. The length of object is perpendicular to
the principal axis and its one end lies on the principal axis. Calculate the height of the
image.

Solution: Consider the figure
u =- 15 cm, v =?
f = R/2 =- 10 cm

1 1 1
f v u
= +
-
1 1 1
10 v 15
=
v = 30 cm

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Negative sign indicates that image is formed in front of the mirror and hence real. To find
the height of the image we will use the concept of transverse magnification

image
object
h
v
h u
=

image
h
30cm
4mm 15cm
| |
=
|
\ .

h
image
= 8 mm
Here negative sign indicates that image is inverted.

Illustration 6: When an object is at two different positions whose distances are u
1
and u
2
from the
poles of a concave mirror, images of the same size are formed. Find the focal length of
the mirror.

Solution: One image will be real and the other will be virtual. Since they are of the same size, one
will have magnification m and the other m.
m =
1
1
v
u
so v
1
=mu
1
so from mirror formula,
1 1
1 1 1
u um f
+ =

or
1
1 1 1
1
u m f
| |
+ =
|
\ .
(1)
In the second situation, m =
2
2
v
u

and
2 2
1 1 1
u u m f
=

or
2
1 1 1
1
u m f
| |
=
|

\ .
(2)
From equation (1) and (2)

1 2
u u
2
f f
+ =

1 2
u u
2
f
+
= or
1 2
u u
f
2
+
= .
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PH-OPTI CS-8


SOLVED PROBLEMS

Problem 1: A ray of light is incident on a plane reflecting surface at an angle of 30 to its normal.
(a) Find the deviation in the incident ray.
(b) What will be the deviation if the ray suffers a reflection again at a surface inclined at
60 to the first surface?

Solution: (a) The ray AB is incident on the first mirror M
1
at an angle of incidence of 30 as shown
in the figure. After reflection, the reflected ray is along BC which also makes an angle
of reflection 30 with the normal.
Deviation in the incident ray AB, D
1
=ZDBO +ZODC =60 +60 =120

(b) The reflected ray BC is incident on the second
mirror M
2
. It is again reflected to CD.
Since ZM
1
OM
2
=60and ZOBC =60
0

So ZBCO =60
ZBCN
2
=ZN
2
CD =30.
Deviation D
2
of the ray =60 +60 =120
Total deviation due to the two mirrors
=D
1
+D
2
=240

D2
M2
N1
60
60
60
N2
B
A
C
B'
D

D
M1
O
30
30
30
30

Problem 2: A soldier directs a laser beam on an enemy by reflecting the beam from a mirror. If the
mirror is rotated by an angle u, by what angle will the reflected beam rotate?

Solution: Let M
1
OM
2
be the initial position of the mirror. ON is the normal to the initial mirror
position M
1
OM
2
. The mirror is rotated through an angle u to the position
1 2
MOM ' ' . Now
ON' is the new normal to the new mirror position M
1
'OM
2
'. PO is the incident light. OQ
was the initial reflected ray and OQ' is
the reflected ray after rotating the mirror by angle u. If
i =initial incidence angle, then POQ 2i Z = and
POQ' PON' N'OQ (i ) (i ) 2i 2 ' Z = Z + Z = u + u = u
The reflected beam rotates through an angle 2u.

2
M'
1
M'
M1
N'
P
Q
N
O M2
Q
u
u

Problem 3: The sun (diameter D) subtends an angle of u radians at the pole of a concave mirror of
focal length f. Calculate the diameter of the image of the sun formed by the mirror.

Solution: Since the sun is at very large distance, p =

1 1 1
q f
+ =

q =f
If the diameter of the image be d,

Image of
the sun
q
u
d

d/ 2
q
= d =(2o) q
Putting 2 o =u and q =f, we obtain d =f u

d
2
o
f

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Problem 4: When an object is placed at a distance of 0.60 m from a convex spherical mirror, the
magnification produced is
1
2
. Where should the object be placed to get magnification of
1
3
?

Solution: From mirror formula,
1 1 1
v u f
+ = . . . (i)
Magnification m =
v
u
. . . (ii)
From both the equation, m =
f
u f

In the first situation,
1 f
2 f 0.60
=
+
(because u =0.6m)
f =+0.60 m
In the second situation
1 0.60
3 0.60 u
=

0.60 u =1.80 u = 1.20 m

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PH-OPTI CS-10


ASSIGNMENTS

1. (i) A ray of light falls on a plane mirror, show that if the mirror is tilted
through an angle u, as shown in the figure, the reflected ray tilts through an
angle 2u.
(ii) What is the magnification produced by a plane mirror?
(iii) Prove that the size of the image formed by a plane mirror is equal to
that of the object.

u
u

2. By what angle should M
2
be rotated, so that the light
ray after reflection from both the mirrors become
horizontal.

40
M1
25
M2

3. An object P is placed in front of a plane mirror at a
distance of 10 cm along line PX as shown in the figure.
What is the perpendicular distance of the image of p from
the mirror?

P

X

Y

30

10 cm

O

4. Two mirrors M
1
and M
2
are placed with one edge together such that angle between them is 60 a
point object O is placed on the bisector of the angle between the mirrors at a distance of 10 cm
from the common edge. Calculate the distance between the images formed by the two mirrors.

5. Find the angle between two flat mirrors positioned such that a beam
of light incident on one of the mirrors at an arbitrary angle with a
plane that is perpendicular to the mirror surface on reflection from
both mirror surface it becomes parallel to incident beam but in
opposite direction.

|
|
o
o
u

6. The adjacent figure shows two plane mirrors parallel to each other and
an object O placed between them. Then, find the distance of first three
images from the mirror M
2
(in cm)

5 cm
O
15 cm
cm
M1 M2

7. Two plane mirrors A and B are aligned parallel to each other,
as shown in the figure. A light ray is incident at an angle 30 at
a point just inside one end of A. The plane of incidence
coincides with the plane of the figure. Calculate the maximum
number of times the ray undergoes reflections (including the
first one) before it emerges out.

30
2\3m
0.2m
A
B

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8. A light ray is observed to be reflected at a
reflection angle r from a plane mirror. What
is the angle by which the light ray has been
deviated?

r
o

9. A concave mirror having a radius of curvature of 40 cm is placed in front of an illuminated point
source at a distance of 30 cm from it. Find the distance of the image.

10. An object 5 cm high is placed 20 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. At what
distance from the mirror, should a screen be placed to obtain a sharp image?

11. A man uses a concave mirror for shaving. He keeps his face at a distance of 25 cm from the
mirror and gets an image which is 1.4 times enlarged. Find the focal length of the mirror.

12. A particle goes in a circle of radius 2.0 cm. A concave mirror of focal length 20 cm is placed with
its principle axis passing through the centre of the circle and perpendicular to its plane. The
distance between the pole of the mirror and the centre of the circle is 30 cm. Calculate the radius
of the circle formed by the image.

13. A concave mirror produces three times magnified real image of an object placed at 10cm in front
of it. Find the position of image from the pole of mirror.

14. An object is placed at 18cm in front of a spherical mirror. If the diminished image is formed at 4cm
to the right of the mirror. Find focal length of mirror and nature of mirror. Also find the nature of
image.

15. In the figure shown a linear object AB of length 10cm is
placed in front of a concave mirror. Whose focal length is
10cm. Calculate the length of the image of AB.
Hint: Calculate the image distance for A & B and take their
difference.

P
30cm
A B
20cm

16. The image formed by a convex mirror of focal length 0.30 m is a quarter of the object. What is the
distance of the object from the mirror?

17. In the figure shown a square of side 10 cm is placed in front
of a concave mirror with sides AD and BC parallel to the
principle axis. Focal length of the mirror is 15cm and other
distances are shown. Calculate the area of the image.

P
40cm
A
30cm
B C
D

18. An object is moving with speed 20 cm/s along principle axis of concave mirror of radius of
curvature 20 cm towards the pole. Find the speed of image in cm/s when object is at 30 cm from
the pole of mirror.

19. A convex mirror of focal length f produces an image half of the size of the object. Find the
distance of the object from the mirror.

20. An object is kept in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. the image formed is three
times the size of object. Calculate two possible distance of the object from the mirror.
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PH-OPTI CS-12


21. A point source S is placed midway between two converging mirrors
having equal focal length f as shown in the figure. Find the values of
d for which only one image is formed. (Hint: image due to one mirror
is the object for the other)
d
S

22. A converging mirror M, a point source S and diverging mirror M
2

are arranged as shown in the figure. The source is placed at a
distance of 30 cm from M
1
. the focal length of each of the mirrors is
20 cm. Consider only the images formed by a maximum of two
reflections. It is found that one image is formed on the source itself.
(a) Find the distance between the two mirrors. (b) Find the location
of the image formed by the single reflection from M
2
.
M1
S
M2

23. An object is placed 0.05 m in front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 0.15 m. Determine
the position of the image.

24. A man uses a concave mirror for shaving. He keeps his face at a distance of 25 cm from the
mirror and gets an image which is 1.4 times enlarged. Find the focal length of the mirror.

25 Find the distance of an object from a concave mirror of focal length 10cm so that the image size
is four times the size of the object.

26. A spherical mirror is to be used to form on a screen 5.0m from an object an image 5 times the
size of the object. (a) What type of mirror is required? (b) What is its focal length? (c) What should
be the separation between the mirror and the object?

27. A point object is placed in front of spherical mirror at point
P as shown figure. Consider OX and OY positive X and Y
axis. Find coordinate of image of point P

40cm
1.2mm
P
f=15cm
Y
O X

28. Find the co-ordinate of final image in each case after two
reflection, one at each mirror (focal length of the concave
mirror is 20cm and all other values are shown.)
Case I: Ist reflection on spherical mirror
Case II: Ist reflection on plane mirror

40cm
2mm
P
F=20cm
Y
O X
10cm

Hint: Image due to first reflection will be the object for the second reflection. For each reflection
sign convention must be used.

29. Find the focal length of spherical
mirror if both the images coincides
at the same point in each of the
following cases during to single
reflection from both mirror.

(i)

4cm
P
24cm
(ii)

30cm
O
15cm
P

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30. Find the position of final image from P
2

after two reflection of object as shown in
the figure if first reflection at concave.
Where AB =1mm, P
1
P
2
=50cm, P
1
B =30
cm.
f
1
=20 cm f
2
=20cm

A
P
1
f
1
f
2

P
2
M
1
M
2
B

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PH-OPTI CS-14


ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENTS

1. (ii) +1
2. 95 clockwise. OR 5
0
anticlockwise
3. 5 cm
4. 10 3cm
5. 90
0
6. 5, 25, 35
7. 30
8. 180 2r
9. 60 cm from the mirror on the side of the object
10. 8.57 cm
11. 87.5 cm
12. 4.0 cm
13. 30cm in front of the mirror.
14. 5.14 cm, convex mirror, erect and virtual image.
15. 5cm
16. 0.9 m
17. 48 cm
2

18. 5
19. f
20. 20 cm, 10 cm
21. 2 f, 4 f
22. (a) 50 cm (b) 10 cm from the diverging mirror farther from the converging mirror
23. 0.15 m
24. 87.5 cm
25. 12.5 cm (for real image), 7.5 cm (for virtual image)
26. (a) concave (b)
25
f m
24
= (c) 1.25m
27. X = 24cm, Y =0.72 mm
28. Case I: X = 76cm, Y = 1.2 mm
Case II: X = 20cm, Y =6 mm
29. (i) 48cm (ii) 20cm
30. 20cm towards left of the P
2
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