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Helmut Kipphan (Ed.)

Handbook of Print Media

Technologies and Production Methods
Including 1275 figures, mostly in color and 92 tables

Springer

XIII

Table of Contents

1
1.1 1.1.1 1.1.1.1 1.1.1.2 1.1.1.3 1.1.1.4 1.1.1.5 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 1.1.5.1 1.1.5.2 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.1.1 1.2.1.2 1.2.1.3 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.2.1 1.3.2.2 1.3.2.3 1.3.2.4 1.3.3 1.3.3.1 1.3.3.2 1.3.3.3

Fundamentals
Communication Technologies Print Media Books Magazines Newspapers Brochures Other Printed Media Electronic Media Multimedia Distribution and Market Volume Trends and Scenarios for the Future Changes in the Traditional Printing Sector Integration of New Media Production of Print Media Layout, Typography, Graphic Design Type Typography Graphic Design Prepress Printing Postpress/Finishing Digital Production Equipment in the Workflow Premedia Printing Technologies Overview of Printing Technologies Printing Technologies with a Printing Master Letterpress/Flexographic Printing Gravure Printing Lithography/Offset Printing Screen Printing Printing Technologies without a Master (NIP Technologies) Electrophotography Ink Jet Printing Systems based on Non-Impact Printing Technologies 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 8 10 10 11 14 15 15 19 23 24 29 33 35 38 40 40 41 45 48 52 55 58 60 63 65

1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.4.1 1.4.4.2 1.4.4.3 1.4.5 1.4.5.1 1.4.5.2 1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.2.1 1.5.2.2 1.5.2.3 1.5.2.4 1.5.2.5 1.5.2.6 1.5.2.7 1.5.2.8 1.5.3 1.6 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.2.1 1.6.2.2 1.6.2.3 1.7 1.7.1 1.7.1.1 1.7.1.2 1.7.1.3 1.7.2 1.7.2.1 1.7.2.2 1.7.2.3 1.7.3

Print Quality Color/Color Theory Color Image Composition Halftone Process/Screening Quality Control/Measurement Techniques Color Measurement Color Register Measurement of Gloss Surface Finishing Characteristics of Surface Finishing Surface Finishing Techniques Print Media Materials Substrates Printing Inks Structure and Requirements Offset Printing Inks Gravure Printing Inks Flexographic Printing Inks Letterpress Printing Inks Screen Printing Inks Pad Printing Inks Inks for Non-Impact Printing Technologies Varnishes Printing Presses and Printing Systems General Structure Designs for Multicolor Printing Sheet-fed Printing Presses Web-fed Printing Presses Packaging Printing Presses Drying Methods Physical Drying (Absorption) Infrared (IR) Drying Evaporative Drying Problems in Practical Operation Chemical Drying/Curing Oxidation UV Drying/Curing Electron Beam Drying/Curing (EBC) Auxiliary Drying Techniques

68 68 79 90 99 100 108 110 111 111 113 117 117 130 130 137 137 139 139 139 140 140 142 145 145 150 150 154 159 166 166 169 170 172 173 173 173 175 176

XV I

Table of Contents

1.7.3.1 1.7.3.2 1.7.4 1.8 1.9 1.9.1 1.9.1.1 1.9.1.2 1.9.1.3 1.9.2 1.9.2.1 1.9.2.2 1.9.2.3 1.9.3 1.9.3.1 1.9.3.2 1.9.3.3

Powder Spraying Silicone Application Measuring Techniques Products of Print Finishing

,.

176 176 176 180

2.1.4.5 2.1.4.6 2.1.5 2.1.5.1 2.1.5.2 2.1.5.3 2.1.5.4 2.1.5.5 2.1.5.6 2.1.6 2.1.6.1 2.1.6.2 2.1.7 2.1.7.1 2.1.7.2 2.1.7.3 2.1.7.4 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.1.1 2.2.1.2 2.2.1.3

Aspects of Management and Business Models Production Options and Business Models The Value-added Chain (Production Depth and Product Range) Financing and Distribution Models Media Business as a Technical Service Coordination of Workflows Lean Production and Lean Management . . . Tracking Quality Assurance Production Layout Material Flow Capacity Planning Personnel Deployment and Supply of Utilities

185 185 186 188 190 190 190 192 195 197 197 199 200

In-line Print Quality Measurement and Control Systems The State of the Art in Remote Control, Measurement and Control Systems Automation in Print Media Production . . . . Wash-up Procedures Plate Changing Sheet Size and Paper Travel Adjustment . . . . Ink Feed Presetting in the Printing U n i t . . . . Ink and Dampening Solution Supply Makeready for Print Production Examples of Offset Printing Presses and Production Systems Sheet-fed Offset Printing Presses Web-fed Offset Printing Presses/Systems . . . Potential for Further Development Print Quality Offset Printing Process Drying Automation

312 317 319 320 321 323 325 328 329 333 333 338 354 354 355 356 357 360 360 360 363 366 368 369 372 372 374 374 377 377 384 391 395 395 396 397 397 401 404 407 409 409 410 414 416 416 417

2
2.1 2.1.1 2.1.1.1 2.1.1.2 2.1.1.3 2.1.1.4 2.1.2 2.1.2.1 2.1.2.2 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.4 2.1.2.5 2.1.2.6 2.1.2.7 2.1.2.8 2.1.3 2.1.3.1 2.1.3.2 2.1.3.3 2.1.3.4 2.1.3.5 2.1.4 2.1.4.1 2.1.4.2 2.1.4.3 2.1.4.4

Printing Technologies with Permanent Printing Master

Offset Printing Basic Principles Process Printing Plates, Printing Ink, Dampening Solution Inking Unit, Dampening Unit, Printing Unit Print Quality Sheet-fed Offset Printing Paper Travel Feeders Printing Units Sheet Reversal/Perfecting Delivery Drying Print Enhancement and In-line Finishing . . Press Architecture (Special Designs) Web-fed Offset Printing Press and System Concepts (Components) . . Web Travel (Infeed and Further Processing) Printing Unit Folders and Print Product Variations Newspaper Printing Remote Control, Measurement and Control Technology/Systems Press Remote Control Systems Color Measurement and Control Systems . . Register Measurement and Control Inspection of the Printed Image 206 206 206 209 213 223 226 226 229 237 244 247 251 254 257 260 260 276 281 286 292 297 298 300 307 308

Gravure Printing Process Gravure Cylinder Manufacture Gravure Cylinder Imaging Storage and Changing of Gravure Cylinders 2.2.1.4 Impression Roller 2.2.1.5 Inking Unit and Doctor Blade 2.2.1.6 Drying 2.2.1.7 Circumferential and Lateral Register 2.2.1.8 Magazine Turner Bars Superstructure 2.2.1.9 Gravure Printing Folders 2.2.1.10 Reel Stand 2.2.2 Examples of Gravure Printing Systems 2.2.3 Gravure Printing in the Packaging Industry 2.2.4 Potential for Further Development 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.3.1 2.3.3.2 2.3.3.3 2.3.4 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.1.1 2.4.1.2 2.4.2 2.4.2.1 2.4.2.2 Letterpress Printing Basic Principles Letterpress Printing (Process and Applications) Flexography Process Printing Unit Examples of Flexographic Printing Presses Potential for Further Development Screen Printing Basic Principles/Process Platemaking Printing Process Applications Screen Printing on Flat Surfaces Screen Printing on Curved Surfaces

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X V

2.4.3 2.4.3.1 2.4.3.2 2.4.3.3 2.4.4 2.5

Examples of Machinery Equipment and Machinery tor Flat-bed Screen Printing Screen Printing Machinery for Printing on Curved Surfaces Rotary Screen Printing Presses Potential for Further Development

417 417 418 418 422

3.1.7.3 3.1.7.4 3.1.7.5 3.1.8 3.1.8.1 3.1.8.2 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.1.1 3.2.1.2 3.2.1.3 3.2.2 3.2.2.1 3.2.2.2 3.2.2.3 3.2.2.4 3.2.2.5 3.2.2.6 3.2.3 3.2.3.1 3.2.3.2 3.2.3.3 3.2.3.4 3.2.3.5 3.2.4 3.2.4.1 3.2.4.2 3.2.4.3 3.2.4.4 3.2.5 3.2.5.1 3.2.5.2 3.2.5.3 3.2.5.4 3.2.6 3.2.7 3.2.8 3.2.8.1 3.2.8.2 3.2.9 3.2.10 3.2.10.1 3.2.10.2 3.2.10.3 3.2.10.4 3.2.10.5 3.2.10.6 3.2.10.7 3.2.10.8 3.2.11

Letterpress Printing, Flexography Gravure Printing Screen Printing Color Management Processes for the Correction of Tone Values and Color Values Offset-Gravure Conversion Digital Prepress Structure of Digital Printed Products Technological Capabilities and Workflows Digital Description of the Printed Page . . . . Digital Screening Processes Quality Requirements Input and Output Resolution Transferable Tonal Range Dot Shape Tone Value Influences in Printing Color Management Profiles Image-dependent Effects and Corrections . . Digital Photography Origins of Digital Photography Image Scanning with Digital Cameras Demands on the Resolution Special Features of Digital Cameras Digital Photography and Color Management Digitizing Originals (Scanner) Scanner Designs and Models D r u m Scanners Flat-bed Scanners Digitizing and Redigitizing Sheet Assembly and Imposition Page Make-up and Sheet Assembly Full-Sheet Output Imposition through Software Imposition Workflows Raster Image Processor (RIP) Storage Media Networks Network Concepts and Components Working with Networks Data Formats Color Management The Image Reproduction Process using Color Management Production of Color Profiles Structure of Color Profiles Connection of Color Profiles Rendering Intent Color Management and the Production of Proofs Color Management for Images on the Internet Color Management and Standardization . . . Digital Proof

497 498 498 499 500 501 503 503 503 505 508 513 514 516 517 518 519 519 520 520 521 523 524 525 525 526 529 529 531 532 533 533 534 537 540 545 547 547 549 550 555 555 555 557 558 560 561 562 562 562

Special Printing Technologies and Product Specific Applications 2.5.1 Security Printing 2.5.1.1 Bank Notes 2.5.1.2 Postage Stamps, Stamps 2.5.1.3 Documents 2.5.2 Business Forms Printing 2.5.3 Label Printing 2.5.4 Pad Transfer Printing 2.5.4.1 Printing Process 2.5.4.2 Cliche Making 2.5.4.3 Pad, Ink, Object Holding Device 2.5.4.4 Multicolor Pad Transfer Printing, Applications

423 423 423 429 432 433 438 442 443 445 447 447

3
3.1 3.1.1 3.1.1.1 3.1.1.2 3.1.1.3 3.1.1.4 3.1.2 3.1.2.1 3.1.2.2 3.1.3 3.1.3.1 3.1.3.2 3.1.3.3 3.1.3.4 3.1.3.5 3.1.3.6 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.5.1 3.1.5.2 3.1.6 3.1.7 3.1.7.1 3.1.7.2

Prepress
Conventional Prepress Word Processing, Typesetting Typesetting Procedure Manuscript Text Input Word Processing and Typesetting Text Output for the Production of Film/Plate Designs of Output Devices Requirements on Films Photomechanical Image Processing/ Reproduction Use and Importance of Analog Reproduction Principles, Tasks of Photomechanical Reproduction Materials Machines and Devices used in Reproduction Technology Production of Film Copies for Single-Color Printing Production of Film Copies for Multicolor Printing Electronic Reproduction Technology (Repro Scanner) Assembly Page Make-up Sheet Assembly Proofs/Test Print Platemaking and Quality Control General Information Offset Printing 452 453 453 454 454 456 458 458 460 461 462 464 469 469 474 479 482 485 485 487 490 493 493 494

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Table of Contents

3.2.11.1 3.2.11.2 3.2.11.3 3.2.11.4 3.2.11.5 3.2.12 3.2.12.1 3.2.12.2 3.2.12.3

Digital Proofing Processes ,. Soft Proof Hard Proof Color Management Concepts Preflight Check Film Production and Platemaking Computer to Film Systems Computer to Plate Systems Computer to Film and Computer to Plate in the Prepress Workflow

563 563 563 566 570 570 570 573 573

4.4.2.1 4.4.2.2

Concepts for Re-imageable Masters with Material Application/Ablation Re-imageable Printing Plate Systems without Material Application Computer to Print Printing Systems based on Electrophotography Printing Systems based on Ionography, Magnetography, and Ink Jet Design Principles of Computer to Print Systems Digital Printing

643 652 657 658 664 665 672

4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3

4
4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4

Computer to ... Technologies

Survey of the Technologies Computer to Film Computer to Plate Computer to Press (Direct Imaging and Computer to Print) The Use of Computer to ... Technologies and Networking for the Production of Print Media Computer to Film Principles and Equipment Film Material Computer to Plate/to Cylinder/to Screen . . Introduction Technology of Computer to Plate Systems for Offset Printing Design Principles Imaging Methods and Plate Punching Computer to Plate Systems for Offset Printing Computer to Plate for Flexographic Printing Computer to Cylinder for Gravure Printing Computer to Screen for Screen Printing . . . Computer to Plate Workflow Rise in Quality as a Result of Computer to Plate Productivity and Economic Efficiency Printing Plates for Digital Imaging Trends in Computer to Plate Computer to Press/Direct Imaging Computer to Press/Direct Imaging with Removal of the Master for each Print Job Computer to Press/Direct Imaging Printing Systems Expansion and Comparison of Systems . . . . Computer to Press/Direct Imaging Printing Systems with Re-imageable Master 581 583 583 584

4.5.4

5
5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5 5.1.6 5.1.7

Printing Technologies without a Printing Plate (NIP Technologies)

Principles and Basic Components Computer to Press/to Print Technology Non-Impact Printing Technologies (Overview) Printing Process and Functional Components in NIP Technologies Digitally Controlled Image Creation in NIP Technologies System Concepts/Architecture of Computer to Print Systems Inks for Non-Impact Printing Processes Components for Computer to Print Systems Electrophotography Principle of Electrophotography Imaging Systems Inking Unit (Developing Unit) and Toner Fixing and Cleaning Conception of the Printing Unit Ionography Printing Unit Imaging System and the Principle of Ionography Printing Unit Concepts and Printing Systems based on Ionography Magnetography Principle of Magnetography Imaging System for Magnetography Examples of Applications/Printing Systems Ink Jet Overview of Ink Jet Technologies and Processes 677 677 678 679 679 681 685 687 689 689 691 692 696 698 701 701 702 703 706 706 708 709 711 711

588 593 593 594 597 597 598 598 601 604 608 611 611 612 614 615 616 623 627 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3

4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.2.1 4.3.2.2 4.3.2.3 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 4.3.9 4.3.10 4.4 4.4.1

5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3

628 628 638

4.4.1.1 4.4.1.2 4.4.2

5.5 5.5.1 641

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XVII

5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 5.5.5

Continuous Ink Jet ,a Drop on Demand Ink Jet Technologies Structure of Ink Jet Arrays Printing Systems based on Ink Jet Technology for Multicolor Printing (Selection) Thermography Overview of Thermography Technologies Thermal Transfer Printing Systems Thermal Sublimation Printing Systems Electrography Photography "X"-Graphy Tonerjet Printing Technology Elcography Direct Imaging Printing Technology Assessment of New Types of NIP Technologies

714 715 723

725 731 731 734 738 742 746 749 750 752 754 756

5.6 5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.3 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.9.1 5.9.2 5.9.3 5.9.4

7.2.1 7.2.1.1 7.2.1.2 7.2.1.3 7.2.1.4 7.2.2 7.2.2.1 7.2.2.2 7.2.2.3 7.2.3 7.2.3.1 7.2.3.2

6
6.1

Hybrid Printing Systems

Overview of Printing Methods and Technologies Combination Variants of Hybrid Printing Systems System Concepts and Examples of Implementations Hybrid Printing Systems combining Conventional Printing Technologies Hybrid Printing Systems combining NIP Technologies Hybrid Printing Systems combining Conventional and NIP Technologies Hybrid Printing Systems combining Computer to Press/Direct Imaging with NIP Technologies Hybrid Printing Systems combining Conventional Printing Technologies with Computer to Press Technologies Hybrid Techniques for In-line and Off-line Print Production 761

6.2

763

6.3 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4

765 765 765 766

Cutting and Die-Cutting Characterization of the Processes Cutting with Guillotine Cutters Cutting Webs Die-Cutting Folding Characterization of the Process Folding with Folding Machines Folding Bookbinding Sheets Forwarding Characterization of the Process Forwarding Process in Industrial Finishing 7.2.4 Assembling into Blocks 7.2.4.1 Characterization of the Process 7.2.4.2 Gathering 7.2.4.3 Gathering into Single-layer Blocks 7.2.5 Binding Blocks 7.2.5.1 Characterization of the Process 7.2.5.2 Thread-Stitching Books 7.2.5.3 Perfect Binding 7.2.5.4 Thread-Sealing 7.2.5.5 Wire-Stitching 7.2.6 Trimming 7.2.6.1 Characterization of the Process 7.2.6.2 Trimming Book Blocks and Brochures 7.2.7 Edge Treatments on Books and Brochures 7.2.7.1 Characterization of the Process 7.2.7.2 Process Sections of Block Edge Treatments 7.2.8 Case Making 7.2.8.1 Characterization of the Process 7.2.8.2 Producing Book Covers 7.2.9 Book Finishing 7.2.9.1 Characterization of the Process 7.2.9.2 The Process Sections of Book Finishing 7.2.10 Packaging 7.2.10.1 Characterization of the Process 7.2.10.2 Packaging of Books and Brochures 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.1.1 7.3.1.2 7.3.1.3 7.3.2 7.3.2.1 7.3.2.2 7.3.2.3 7.3.2.4 7.3.2.5 7.3.2.6 7.3.2.7 Process Structuring in Print Finishing Basic Principles of Process Structuring Production Flow in Print Finishing Interlinking Modules in Print Finishing . . . . Temporary Storage of Folded Sheets Production Lines in Print Finishing (Examples) Cutting Lines for Labels Production Lines for Mailings and Folded Products Newspaper Mailroom Mailroom for Magazines Binding Lines for Multi-layer Brochures Production Lines for Hardcovers Finishing Short Print Runs

782 782 782 789 791 796 796 796 806 811 811 812 816 816 816 821 825 825 826 830 837 839 842 842 842 844 844 845 848 848 850 853 853 855 857 857 858 862 862 862 863 867 870 870 873 876 882 886 887 891

768

6.3.5

769

6.4

771

7
7.1

Print Finishing Processes

Classification of Print Finishing Processes Process Steps and Procedures for Print Finishing 775

7.2

782

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7.3.2.8 7.3.2.9

Bag Production Systems Folding Boxes

894 897

10

Comparison of Printing and Production Technologies for Print Media

Introduction Overview of Methods and Technologies for the Production of Print Media Production Methods and Strategies Criteria for the Selection of Printing Technologies and Production Methods . . . . Performance Criteria of Printing Systems and Trends in Print Media Production . . . . Quality and Productivity/Run Length Productivity Production Costs per Printed Page Trends in Print Media Production 963

8
8.1 8.1.1 8.1.1.1 8.1.1.2 8.1.1.3 8.1.1.4 8.1.1.5 8.1.2 8.1.2.1 8.1.2.2 8.1.2.3 8.1.3

Material and Data Flow in Print Media Production

Material Logistics Logistics around the Press Supply of Printing Plates Paper Reel Logistics Ink, Dampening Solution, and Air Supply Waste Disposal Paper Pile Logistics for Sheet-fed Offset Presses Logistics in Printing Companies Procurement Logistics in Printing Companies Inventory Management in Printing Companies Production Logistics in Printing Companies Logistics in Publishing Houses 905 905 906 908 910 911

10.1 10.2

965 969

10.3 10.4

973

10.5 911 914 915 917 10.5.1 10.5.2 10.5.3 10.5.4

975 975 976 976 978

918
920 923 924 926 926 928 929

11
11.1 11.2 11.2.1 11.2.2 11.2.3 11.2.4 11.2.5 11.2.6 11.2.7 11.2.8 11.2.9 11.2.10 11.3 11.3.1 11.3.2 11.3.3 11.3.4 11.4 11.4.1 11.4.2 11.4.3 11.5 11.5.1 11.5.2 11.5.3 11.5.4

Electronic Media and Multimedia

Media Concepts Data Types, Data Structures and their Applications Text Graphics Image Audio Video Animation Virtual Reality (VR) Augmented Reality Multimedia Document Data Carriers Hard Disk Storage Units Rewritable, Removable Storage Units CD-ROM and DVD r ROM Magnetic Tapes Networks Internet Intranet, Extranet Broad Band Networks Data Compression Compressed Data Archives Compression Processes for Image Data Files Compression Processes for Audio Compression Processes for Video 983

8.2 Networking and Data Flow 8.2.1 Network Concepts and Interfaces 8.2.2 Digital Workflow 8.2.2.1 Digital Workflow in Prepress 8.2.2.2 Digital Workflow and Digital Printing (Computer to Press) 8.2.2.3 Digital Workflow: Advantages, Challenges, and Possibilities 8.2.3 CIP3 for the Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) of Printed Products 8.2.4 Production Management/Monitoring Systems 8.2.4.1 Purpose, Applications 8.2.4.2 Production Monitoring Systems

930 934 934 935

985 985 986 986 989 989 989 989 990 991 991 993 993 993 993 994 995 995 996 996 998 998 998 999 999

9
9.1 9.1.1 9.1.2 9.1.2.1 9.1.2.2 9.1.2.3 9.1.3 9.1.4 9.2

Production Strategies for Print Media

Production Concepts Strategic Orientation of Printing Companies Centralized and Distributed Production Centralized Production at One Site Distributed Production at Several Sites Integrated Production, Interlinking of Systems Print on Demand Personalization Production Systems 939 939 941 941 943 944 945 948 952

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11.6 11.6.1 11.6.2 11.6.3 11.6.4 11.7

Output Devices for Electronic Media and Multimedia Screen Output Projection Equipment Stereo Output Projection Directly to the Eyes Multimedia Applications

1001 1001 1002 1002 1003 1004

13.2 13.2.1 13.2.1.1 13.2.1.2 13.2.1.3 13.2.1.4

12
12.1

Print Media and Electronic Media

Examples of Print Media and Electronic Media The Production of Print Media and Electronic Media "Electronic" Books, "Electronic" Ink, "Electronic" Paper "Electronic" Books (E-Books) "Electronic" Ink (E-Ink), "Electronic" Paper (E-Paper) Market Shares and Trends 1007

13.2.1.5 13.2.1.6 13.2.1.7 13.2.1.8 1010 13.2.2 13.2.2.1 13.2.2.2 13.2.2.3 13.2.2.4 13.2.2.5 13.2.2.6 13.2.2.7 13.2.3

12.2

12.3 12.3.1 12.3.2

1013 1013 1015 1020

12.4

13
13.1 13.1.1 13.1.1.1 13.1.1.2 13.1.1.3 13.1.1.4 13.1.1.5 13.1.2 13.1.2.1 13.1.2.2 13.1.2.3 13.1.2.4 13.1.2.5 13.1.2.6 13.1.3 13.1.3.1 13.1.3.2 13.1.3.3 13.1.3.4 13.1.3.5

Special Topics
History, Education, Research 1029 History of Technology (Press and Prepress) 1029 Offset Printing and Offset Printing Presses 1029 Gravure Printing and Gravure Printing Presses 1032 Letterpress Printing and Letterpress Printing Presses 1034 The Historical Relationship of the Printing Press Manufacturers 1041 Prepress 1043 Education and Qualifications (Career Profiles, Courses) 1048 The Printing Industry as an Employer 1048 Educational Requirements and Options . . . . 1049 Vocational Training 1050 Course of Study 1052 Scholarships for International Study Programs 1056 Heidelberg Print Media Academy 1057 Science and Research (selected Examples) 1059 Subjects, Methods, and Cooperations 1059 Inking Units 1060 Printing Units 1063 Sheet Transfer 1067 Industrial Joint Research 1070

Environment, Safety, Standardization Environmental Protection in the Printing Industry Introduction Environmental Protection in Offset Printing Environmental Protection in Gravure Printing Environmental Protection in Letterpress and Flexographic Printing Environmental Protection in Screen Printing Environment-oriented Business Management Legal Foundations Support and Advice for Environmentrelevant Measures Safety Resources Health and Safety International and European Directives (Laws) and Standards Safety-conscious Design Requirements for Separating Protective Devices Hazard Analysis, Risk Assessment CE and GS Marks of Conformity Intended Use Industry Standards, Codes of Practice and National/International Standards Markets and Development Trends for Print Media Newspaper Market Magazine Market Book Market Catalog Market Advertising Printing Market Packaging Market SOHO Market

1076 1076 1076 1078 1079 1080 1080 1080 1081 1083 1084 1084 1085 1086 1089 1091 1091 1093 1093

13.3 13.3.1 13.3.2 13.3.3 13.3.4 13.3.5 13.3.6 13.3.7

1102 1102 1105 1106 1107 1107 1108 1108

14
14.1 14.1.1 14.1.2 14.1.3

Appendix
Explanation of Specific Terms Glossary Abbreviations and their Meaning (Selection) Abbreviations for Source References Information Physical/Technical Quantities and Conversions Quantities and Units in the Si-System (Selection) Conversion between the Si-System and the Imperial System (Metric/Imperial) 1115 1115 1125 1128

14.2 14.2.1 14.2.2

1130 1130 1133

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14.3 14.3.1 14.3.2

Bibliography , 1134 List of References to Readings on the Chapters and Sections in this H a n d b o o k . . . 1134 Selected Literature on Print Media related Topics (General Bibliography and Individual Topics) 1135 Standards (Selection) Prepress Printing Inks Substrates Materials (Printing Plates, Blankets) Printing Technologies and Printing Presses Finishing Quality, Quality Specifications, and Measurement Techniques Safety of Machinery Environmental Management 1137 1137 1138 1139 1140 1140 1141 1141 1143 1143

14.5

14.5.1 14.5.2 14.5.3

14.4 14.4.1 14.4.2 14.4.3 14.4.4 14.4.5 14.4.6 14.4.7 14.4.8 14.4.9

Research Associations a n d Educational Institutions for the Graphic Arts Industry (Selection) Universities Research Institutes and Research Centers Institutions for Teaching/Training and Education Associations a n d Organizations in the Printing and Publishing Industry (Selection) Associations and Organizations Industrial Joint Research International Conferences for the Graphic Arts Industry (Selection) Subject Index

1145 1145 1147 1150

14.6

14.6.1 14.6.2 14.7

1153 1153 1166

1168 1173

15