Unit Test Review

Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ 1. Schrodinger's equation describes the electron as a wave. ____________________ 2. Quantum mechanics involves using probabilities to determine the shape of an atom.____________ 3. The valence p orbitals in phosphorus, P, are half-filled. ____________________ 4. All of the valence electrons in Fe2+ must have the same spin. _________________________ 5. VSEPR theory predicts molecular shapes based on keeping protons as far apart as possible. _______ 6. A molecule whose central atom is surrounded by two lone pairs and four atoms will have a square planar shape. _________________________ 7. Methane, CH4, contains polar bonds. _________________________ 8. Hydrogen bonding may explain why ice is less dense than liquid water. ____________________

____ 9. An ionic compound would be expected to have a low melting point. _________________________ ____ 10. A dipole occurs when two atoms with similar electronegativities bond to each other. ___________ Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 11. The 3p atomic orbital has the shape of a. a sphere b. a torus c. a dumb-bell ____ 12. Energy released when "excited" electrons return to lower energy levels produce... a. line spectra d. all of the above b. ionization energies e. none of the above c. electron affinities ____ 13. Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that the atom is mostly empty space because a. some of the alpha particles were reflected right back d. two perpendicular dumb-bells e. an egg

b. some of the alpha particles were deflected c. most of the alpha particles went straight through the foil d. all of the alpha particles went straight through the foil e. all of the alpha particles were deflected

____ 14. What was Planck's contribution to the quantum mechanical model of the atom? a. the uncertainty principle b. the concept of quanta of energy c. the idea that every mass has a wave with which it is associated d. the wave equation e. a relationship between energy and mass

____ 15. What was de Broglie's contribution to the quantum mechanical model of the atom? a. the uncertainty principle b. concept of quanta of energy c. the idea that every mass has a wave with which is it associated d. the wave equation e. a relationship between energy and mass

____ 16. What did Schrodinger contribute to the quantum mechanical model of the atom? a. the uncertainty principle b. concept of quanta of energy c. the idea that every mass has a wave with which it is associated d. the wave equation e. a relationship between energy and mass

____ 17. Which of the following is the electron configuration for magnesium? a. 1s22s22p8 d. 1s32s32p33s2 32s32p43s2 b. 1s e. 1s22s22p63s2

c. 1s22s22p73s1 ____ 18. What made scientists believe that atoms contain equal numbers of protons and neutrons? a. most alpha particles went straight through the gold foil b. some alpha particles were deflected by the gold foil c. the line spectra of excited atoms d. atoms are electrically neutral e. none of the above

____ 19. Which of the following is true of orbitals? a. They are three-dimensional b. They can contain maximum of two electrons c. Their shapes are predicted by Schrodinger's equation d. all of the above e. none of the above ____ 20. Why is the first ionization energy of arsenic higher than the first ionization energy of selenium? a. arsenic wants to be iso-electronic with a noble gas b. arsenic is larger than selenium c. arsenic's 4p orbitals are half full d. selenium needs only two electrons to be iso-electronic with a noble gas e. none of the above ____ 21. Which element is the most electronegative? a. helium d. hydrogen b. fluorine e. sodium c. francium ____ 22. Which is true of all p-block elements? a. they are all metals b. they have relatively low electron affinities c. they are all non-metals

d. they have relatively high electronegativities e. none of the above ____ 23. Which of the following is the electron configuration for a halogen? a. 1s22s22p4 d. 1s22s2 b. 1s22s22p63s1 e. 1s22s22p6 c. 1s22s22p5 ____ 24. Which of the following is the electron configuration for fluoride, F1-? a. 1s22s22p4 d. 1s22s22p6 b. 1s21p6 e. 1s22s22p63s1 c. 1s22s22p5 ____ 25. Why does a laser produce a narrow beam of light? a. the light produced is monochromatic b. the light produced contains coherent waves c. the light produced contains parallel waves d. all of the above e. none of the above

____ 26. Which statement is true of absorption spectrophotometers? a. they excite electrons using photons b. they excite electrons using different types of energy c. they produce electricity d. the intensity of the output photons is inversely proportional to the number of specific species present e. none of the above

____ 27. In which of the following situations is a spectrophotometer a useful instrument? a. producing new substances d. microsurgery b. producing high energy photons e. all of the above c. detecting trace amounts of substances

____ 28. How are CT scans an improvement on X-rays? I. They produce three dimensional images II. They are in colour III. They have higher resolution IV. They use microwaves a. I, III and IV only d. I and III only b. II and IV only e. I and II only c. III and IV only ____ 29. What is the basis of metallic bonding? a. the attraction of metal ions for delocalized electrons b. the attraction between neutral metal ions c. the neutralization of protons by electrons d. the attraction of oppositely charged ions e. the sharing of two valence electrons between two atoms

____ 30. Polar covalent bonds occur between a. atoms which both have equally high electronegativities b. atoms which have high but unequal electronegativities c. atoms which both have equally low electronegativities d. atoms which both have equally low ionization energies e. atoms which have low but unequal ionization energies

____ 31. Which of the following is a covalent network solid? a. sodium chloride d. asbestos b. carbon dioxide e. phosphorus c. brass ____ 32. Intermolecular forces are a. forces within covalent molecules that hold them together b. electrostatic forces between ions

c. bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water molecules d. attractive forces between separate covalent molecules e. covalent bonds within a network solid

____ 33. What is the correct order of bond polarity of the bonds F-F, H-F and O-F beginning with the least polar? a. F-F, O-F, H-F d. H-F, F-F, O-F b. F-F, H-F, O-F e. O-F, H-F, F-F c. H-F, O-F, F-F ____ 34. A molecule consisting of a central atom surrounded by two bonding pairs and two non-bonding (lone) pairs of electrons will be a. linear d. trigonal pyramidal b. tetrahedral e. trigonal planar c. bent ____ 35. The shape of a BF ion will be a. trigonal pyramidal b. trigonal planar c. trigonal bipyramidal ____ 36. What would be the shape of a molecule containing a central atom attached to two other atoms with one lone pair of electrons? a. linear d. tetrahedral b. bent e. trigonal bipyramidal c. trigonal planar ____ 37. What would be the shape of a molecule containing a central atom attached to two other atoms with three lone pairs of electrons? a. linear d. trigonal planar b. bent e. see-saw c. trigonal pyramidal ____ 38. What would be the shape of a molecule containing a central atom attached to three other atoms with one lone pair of electrons? a. linear d. trigonal planar b. bent e. see-saw

d. octahedral e. tetrahedral

c. trigonal pyramidal ____ 39. What would be the shape of a molecule containing a central atom attached to two other atoms with two lone pairs of electrons? a. bent d. see-saw b. trigonal pyramidal e. square planar c. trigonal planar ____ 40. What would be the shape of a molecule containing a central atom attached to four other atoms with one lone pair of electrons? a. trigonal planar d. square pyramidal b. see-saw e. octahedral c. square planar ____ 41. Which forces exist between methane, CH4 particles? I. Van der Waals II. metallic bonding III. hydrogen bonding IV. dipole a. I only d. I, III and IV only b. I and IV only e. I, II and III only c. I and II only ____ 42. Which statement is the best description of chlorine, Cl2? a. polar molecule d. ionic compound b. polar bonds, non polar molecule e. none of the above c. non polar molecule ____ 43. Which statement is the best description of potassium chloride, KCl? a. polar molecule d. ionic compound b. polar bonds, non polar molecule e. none of the above c. non polar molecule ____ 44. What type of substance is hydrogen sulfide, H2S? a. ionic d. metallic b. molecular e. none of the above c. covalent network ____ 45. Identify the incorrect set of information about the shapes of molecules with single bonds only.

Set A B C D E a. set A b. set B c. set C

Lone pairs on central atom 0 0 0 1 2

Bonding pairs Shape on central atom trigonal bipyramidal 3 4 6 3 2 tetrahedral octahedral trigonal pyramidal V shaped d. set D e. set E

____ 46. Which gaseous molecule is non polar? a. ozone, O3 b. HCl c. H2O

d. NH3 e. CH4

____ 47. What types of things does Dr. Robert J. LeRoy use computer simulations to study? a. behaviour of small molecules d. all of the above b. decomposition of small molecules e. none of the above c. intermolecular forces ____ 48. Why are diamonds so hard? a. because they are made of carbon b. because they are made of a three dimensional array of particles c. because it is able to conduct electricity d. because there are covalent bonds between particles e. none of the above

____ 49. What is the shape of ammonium, NH41+? a. linear b. trigonal planar

d. octahedral e. trigonal pyramidal

c. tetrahedral ____ 50. What is the shape of the nitrate ion, NO31-? a. linear d. octahedral b. trigonal planar e. trigonal pyramidal c. tetrahedral

Matching Match each of the following terms with their definitions. a. Orbital g. Nucleus b. Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle h. s, p, d and f c. Schrodinger's equation d. Pauli exclusion principle e. de Broglie f. Hund's rule ____ 51. Developed an equation that assigns a wavelength to any mass ____ 52. Unsolvable for systems containing more than one electron ____ 53. A region in which there is a high probability of finding an electron ____ 54. Single electrons in orbitals of the same energy must have the same spin ____ 55. In an atom, no two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers i. Based on probability j. Photon k. iso-electronic

____ 56. It is not possible to determine the exact position of an electron in an atom ____ 57. Sublevels within principal energy levels ____ 58. The quantum mechanical model ____ 59. Particles with the same electron configuration ____ 60. A particle of light Short Answer 61. Draw and write the electron configuration for calcium. 62. What causes line spectra? 63. According to Bohr, why do electrons travel in specific energy levels around the nucleus? 64. How would you determine the potential energy of the last electron in sodium? 65. According to Bohr, what is the maximum number of electrons in the third energy level? 66. Draw the electron configuration for the chloride, Cl1-, ion. 67. Why is knowledge of superconductors necessary for MRIs? 68. Do we fully understand superconductors? Explain your answer. 69. Predict the shape of a central atom surrounded by four other atoms and two unbonded pairs of electrons. Explain your reasoning using VSEPR theory. 70. What would be the shape of NO3-1? Explain your reasoning. 71. Predict the shape of PF5. Indicate the bond angles. 72. Describe the type of solid formed by sodium chloride. 73. What are bond angles? 74. Predict the shape and bond angle(s) of sulphur hexahydride, SH6. 75. Hydrogen is part of group 1 in the periodic table and chlorine is a halogen. Yet, hydrogen chloride is not an ionic compound. Why? 76. Why is CH2Cl2 a polar molecule even though it is a symmetrical molecule?

77. Why does hydrogen bonding occur in water, H2O, but not hydrogen sulfide, H2S? 78. Why do metals conduct heat? 79. Explain why ionic compounds are brittle. 80. Why is Dr. Richard Bader's work with electron density maps important? Essay 81. Compare and contrast the Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom with the quantum mechanical model. 82. Explain water's properties using what you know about its inter- and intramolecular forces. 83. Explain VSEPR theory in your own words. Use examples. 84. We are able to "see" the shapes of molecules with X-ray crystallography. However, even without this technology, there is a great deal of evidence that water, H2O, is a bent, polar molecule. Discuss this evidence and explain how it relates to our model of the water molecule. 85. Explain, in your own words, how to determine the polarity of a substance. Use examples if you wish