Fluid flow 2.

1) Density
= Measure of the mass per unit volume Density (kg m-3) = Mass (kg) / Volume (m3) Upthrust: The upward force caused by a fluids pressure when an object is submerged in it. Archimedes Principle: Upthrust = Weight of the fluid that the object has displaced. Weight (N) = Mass (kg) * Gravitational Field Strength

2.2) Why does a brick sink?

If: Brick Mass Volume Density

3.38 kg 1.61 x 10-3 m3 2,100 kg m-3

Upthrust = Weight of volume of water dispersed Volume of water dispersed = Bricks volume = 1.61 x 10-3 m3 Water density= 1,000 kg m-3 Mass of water displaced = density * volume = 1,000 * 1.61 x 10-3 = 1.61 kg Weight of water displaced = 1.61 * 9.81 =15.8 N = upthrust (upward force) Downward force = bricks weight = 3.38 * 9.81 = 33.2 N

Resultant force= 33.2 (downwards) 15.8 (upwards) = 17.6 N (downwards) Since it is downwards, the brick will sink.

2.3) Floating
When an object floats, there is no fluid displaced, therefore, the upthrust is 0. If an object sinks, fluid is displaced, therefore there is upthrust. When the upthrust = the weight of an object, the object floats since both forces are balanced. (As per Newtons 1st law)

2.4) The hydrometer

The hydrometer floats at different depths depending on the fluids density. We can use the hydrometer to calculate a fluids density. Since the hydrometer has a constant weight, it sinks MORE in LESS dense fluids. (MORE volume has to be displaced to balance the hydrometers weight) For example, the hydrometers mass: 10kg. Fluid 1 2 kg m-3 10/2 = 5m3 Fluid 2 5 kg m-3 10/5 = 2m3

Density Volume of fluid displaced

We can see that MORE volume has to be displaced for LESS dense fluids. There is an inverse relationship between both. The hydrometer can help to determine the alcohol content in drinks, as the alcohol is less dense than water.

2.4) Fluid movement

Fluids can move in 2 ways: 1. Laminar flow (streamline flow) 2. Turbulent flow

Generally, laminar flow is used for lower speeds (it produces lower air resistance). As speed INCREASES, turbulent flow is used. The speed at which it changes depends on fluid and the shape through which the fluid flows. In a water pipe = laminar flow

The outer layer of the water is in contact with the pipe = Friction generated = Slows water down 2nd Layer experiences friction from the slow moving water of the outer later = Moves faster than the outer layer, but slower than the inner layers. Centre layer = Fastest.

Laminar flow: In the same place within the fluid, the velocity of the flow = constant over time. Same direction, same speed

Each layer of laminar flow is called a STREAMLINE. At any point on streamline, velocity = constant.

Turbulent flow: Fluid velocity in any given point changes over time. = Unpredictable, pressure can increase or decrease = Increases drag on a vehicle, so more fuel will be needed.