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Odor and Corrosion Control

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) is a gas that forms naturally in sewerage systems and water purification plants. It is also common to find it in certain industrial effluents such as Spent Caustics. Its strong, nauseous smell is easily recognised. Furthermore, this gas is corrosive, toxic and soluble in treated water. H2S derives from the reduction of sulphates in the liquids because of sulphate-reducing bacteria under anaerobic conditions. Desulfovibrio bacteria, which are strictly anaerobic, are responsible for reducing the sulphate to sulphides. Hydrogen Peroxide chemically oxidises H2S into elemental sulphide or sulphate, depending on the waste waters pH level. Hydrogen Peroxide acts quickly which makes it suitable to be aggregated upstream just beyond where the problem originates. Furthermore, Hydrogen Peroxide leaves a residual amount of oxygen, which prevents greater quantities of hydrogen sulphide gas from forming. Therefore, the Hydrogen Peroxide solution does not only manage to eliminate this gas, but also inhibit its formation downstream.

The Benefits of Using Hydrogen Peroxide


Hydrogen Peroxide offers benefits over other sulphide control methods. It is effective, highly competitive cost-wise and does not form toxic sub-products. It is a safe product to work with and only produces sulphates as a result of the reaction, which are soluble and therefore there is no problem generating any type of deposit or sludge. It prevents hydrogen sulphide formation downstream. Contact us so that we can solve the problem of sulphide generation in your treatment plant.

BOD and COD Control


Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) are two ways of measuring the oxygen which the effluent will consume once it has been emptied into the receiving water body. In both situations the consumption of oxygen is mainly caused by organic substances that have not been entirely decomposed by the effluent treatment system. Current legislation demands continually lower levels of these parameters in order to preserve the receiving water bodies and their aquatic life. Hydrogen peroxide is an essential product for reducing BOD and COD in industrial and municipal wastewaters. Some situations where peroxide is used for this application are the following: Pre-digesting wastewaters containing toxic compounds, inhibitors, or substances that are recalcitrant to biological treatment (e.g. pesticides, plasticisers, resins, cooling liquids and colorants). Prior treatment of wastewaters where bio-treatment may not be practical; for example, before discharging into public treatment or a WWTP [wastewater treatment plant]. Source of additional dissolved oxygen when biological treatment systems experience overloads or a temporary lack of equipment.

Advanced Oxidation Processes


FMC Foret has its own technologies and developments to solve these problems of BOD and COD. FMC Foret has developed its OHP [Wet Oxidation with Peroxide] process for these situations, as well as Advanced Oxidation

Processes such as Fenton Treatment. These solutions can be implemented in any part of the process. In general, they will be more effective the earlier the treatment is applied. Preferably, the BOD and COD reduction processes are implemented prior to the secondary treatments with the aim of achieving greater efficiency at less cost.

Additional Oxygen Source


The efficacy of the BOD reduction in the biological aerobic treatment processes depends on a number of factors, including (but not limited to): The effluent BOD, temperature, nutrient levels and concentrations of dissolved oxygen. The limited oxygen conditions in the aeration lagoons give rise to inefficient BOD elimination. When hydrogen peroxide is used to replace oxygen, it is added directly into the aeration basin of a biological treatment system to provide an immediate source of oxygen. The conversion of peroxide from the OHP reagent into an activated sludge on the input of the liquor according to the following reaction: (Catalase enzyme) H2O2 ----> O2 + 2 H2O The Catalase enzyme is a natural decomposition catalyser for the peroxide, and is found in all activated sludge liquors, produced by the majority of aerobic organisms. Due to the fact this enzymatic decomposition of the peroxide is extremely fast, the oxygen provided by the hydrogen peroxide is immediately available to be used by the aerobic organisms.

Sulphides Control

The hydrogen sulphide generated in the municipal wastewater or black water treatment plants is a significant problem due to the strong odour it exudes, its toxicity and its corrosiveness. Even in tiny concentrations such as 4 ppb, the odour can be detected and considered offensive. Furthermore, H2S is toxic and can cause fainting, or even death. Hydrogen sulphide also causes the growth of certain filamentary organisms that are associated with problems of bulking in treating activated sludges. This causes serious malfunctioning in plant operations. Another problem is the treatment of animal waste or sludge in treatment plants. The odour caused by the hydrogen sulphide can be extremely powerful in adjacent communities, and this can also be solved using hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen Peroxide reacts with hydrogen sulphide under acidic, neutral or alkaline conditions and eliminates the problems caused by the sulphides at their root. The reaction is accelerated when the temperature increases, or by aggregating catalysers such as iron. At room temperatures, the reaction requires from 15 to 30 minutes to be completed. At 50C, the reaction concludes in a few seconds, depending on the composition of the liquid effluent. FMC Foret will assess you in relation to our programmes for sulphide control in liquid effluents.

Cyanide Elimination

Cyanides in Industry

Cyanide is a chemical compound that contains a cyanide group (CN) , which consists of a carbon atom linked to a nitrogen atom through a triple bond. Inorganic cyanide salts typically contain the CN- anion. It is highly toxic and needs to be treated to eliminate this chemical. Cyanides have numerous industrial applications, especially in gold and silver mining, where they are used to extract and recover these metals from the mineral in which they are found in a process known as lixiviation. In metallurgy, they are used in galvanisation, metal cleaning and surface hardening. Cyanide is also used in organic chemistry to prepare the nitriles used to manufacture methyl methacrylates and acrylonitrile. The coking process generates a liquid that is highly contaminated with cyanide. This liquid is used to develop photographs. Peroxides are used extensively in industry to treat cyanides when processing waste waters. Contact FMC Foret to learn about effective treatment of Cyanides in wastewater.

Drinking Water
Oxypure 902 DW is an approved oxidiser for treating water intended for human consumption and process water. It complies with regulation UNE-EN 902, Chemicals used for treatment of water intended for human consumption Hydrogen peroxide. Among its main applications are: Control of odour and taste of drinking water. Elimination of iron and hydrogen sulphide. Cleansing and disinfection of water storage facilities. Elimination of residual chlorine or ozone. A highly effective, fast-acting, oxidising biocide that acts against any type of micro-organisms. Furthermore, water treated using ozone can contain tiny amounts of residual ozone, which can be released into the atmosphere in certain areas or regions. Oxypure 902 DW can be aggregated to ensure the total destruction of residual ozone and minimise ozone release.

Elimination of odour and taste


The Advanced Oxidation Process based on Oxypure 902 DW consists of combining this product with ultraviolet (UV) rays or ozone. These processes are highly effective in eliminating organic compounds in drinking water systems. Treating drinking water using Oxypure 902 DW is especially effective in water purification facilities, concerned with improving the quality of their waters. The disagreeable taste in the water is due in particular to microcontaminants such as Geosmin and MIB (2-methyl-isoborneol). The advanced oxidation process is highly effective in eliminating these micro-contaminants.

Fenton Reaction - Advanced Oxidation Technologies


This technology has been used in recent decades as a chemical oxidation process addressed to meet a variety of objectives including final polishing, reduction of high percentages of organic load in terms of chemical oxygen demand or total organic carbon and removal of

recalcitrant and toxic pollutants thus allowing for further conventional biological treatment. The efficiency and flexibility of this technology has been proven with a wide diversity of effluents from chemical and other related industries or activities, including pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, textile, food, cork processing, and landfilling among others.

Industrial Wastewater FMC Foret is aware of the ever growing needs of organizations linked to sustainable development and environmental protection. FMC Foret offers a range of solutions for the sewage water treatment:

Liquid Sodium Silicate : raw material for water treatment and corrosion inhibitor. Zeolite A : raw material for water treatment. Phosphoric Acid : addition of phosphorous for industrial waste water (biological plants). Peracetic Acid : disinfectant for reverse osmosis membranes. Ion exchange resins. Water treatment equipment and lines, including ultrapure water treatment. Process water conditioning (OxyPure range). Hydrogen Peroxide : Aid in biological purification plants: Odor control in collectors, settlers and sludge lines. Oxygen source to correct situations of bulking and foaming. Reactive OHP : reagent based on hydrogen peroxide developed specifically for the treatment of non-biodegradable organic material in industrial sewage water. It is used in conjunction with the OHP catalyst, which activates oxidation by radical pathway.

http://www.h2o2.com/industrial/applications.aspx?pid=85&name=Cooling-ProcessWater-System-Cleaning

Cooling Towers and Process Water System Cleaning Applications Using Hydrogen Peroxide
The unique properties of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) make it a good technology for keeping cooling loops, process water loops and heat exchangers clean from fouling that can occur due to various contaminants in the water. Hydrogen peroxide works well in removing organic fouling on surfaces through mechanical means and in specific applications through biocidal mechanisms. Hydrogen peroxide can be used in a shock treatment mode where it is fed based on a timer setup. It can also be used occasionally at higher concentrations for maintenance cleaning purposes of fouled heat exchangers, cooling water loops and process water loops. Performing an occasional shock cleaning of a heat exchanger with hydrogen peroxide can remove buildup from surfaces and can result in improved heat transfer efficiency. By removing surface fouling, hydrogen peroxide may also improve the efficiency of other biocides such as bleach, bromine and non-oxidizers. Before and After Cleaning

Sulfide Oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide

Introduction
Sulfide is found throughout the environment as a result of both natural and industrial processes. Most sulfide found in nature was produced biologically (under anaerobic conditions) and occurs as free hydrogen sulfide (H2S) - characterized by its rotten egg odor. We are most likely to encounter biogenic H2S in sour groundwaters, swamps and marshes, natural gas deposits, and sewage collection/treatment systems. Manmade sources of H2S typically occur as a result of natural materials containing sulfur (e.g., coal, gas and oil) being refined into industrial products. For a variety of reasons - aesthetics (odor control), health (toxicity), ecological (oxygen depletion in receiving waters), and economic (corrosion of equipment and infrastructure) sulfide laden wastewaters must be handled carefully and remediated before they can be released to the environment. Typical discharge limits for sulfide are < 1 mg/L.

Sulfide Treatment Alternatives


There are dozens of alternatives for treating sulfide laden waters, ranging from simple air stripping (for the low levels present in groundwaters) to elaborate sulfur recovery plants (used to treat several tons per day at refineries and coal burning power plants). There are processes based on biology (using compost filters, scrubbing media, or inhibition/disinfection), chemistry (oxidation, precipitation, absorption, and combination), and physics (adsorption, volatilization, and incineration). Each process occupies a niche which is often defined by the scale and continuity of treatment, whether the sulfide is in solution or is a gas, the concentration of sulfide involved, and the disposition of the sulfide containing medium. However, for reasons relating to convenience and flexibility, chemical oxidation (using hydrogen peroxide) continues to grow in its scope of application.

Treatment with Hydrogen Peroxide


While other peroxygens such as permonosulfuric (Caros) acid, peracetic acid, and persulfates will oxidize sulfide, their use for this application is overkill. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is considerably simpler and more cost-effective. H2O2 may control sulfides in two ways, depending on the application:

Prevention - by providing dissolved oxygen which inhibits the septic conditions which lead to biological sulfide formation; and Destruction - by oxidizing sulfide to elemental sulfur or sulfate ion.

This article focuses on the oxidation chemistry of odor control with H2O2, particularly as it is applied to industrial wastewaters containing moderate to high levels of sulfide (50 - 10,000 mg/L). Oxidation of sulfide with H2O2 proceeds differently depending primarily on the pH of the wastewater. Neutral - Slightly Acid Conditions
H2S + H2O2 S0 +

2H2O

The product of the oxidation is predominately elemental sulfur, which appears as a yellow colloid (if underdosed) or a white colloid (with complete oxidation). If clarity of the effluent is needed, the sulfur may be removed by flocculation with an anionic polymer followed by filtration. The stoichiometry calls for 1.0 lb H2O2 per lb H2S, and it is not unusual for efficiencies to approach 100%, particularly when the concentrations of other oxidizable substances (e.g., thiosulfate) are low, and when the reaction is accelerated by catalysis. The effect of catalysis on the speed of reaction is illustrated in the following table:
Catalyst Dose, mg/L as Sulfide Level at Time Fe 3+ (min) 0 1 3 5 10 25 0 (before H2O2) 252252252252252252 2 5 10 15 30 45 60 21819215410856 24 15212692 52 14 <1 10454 30 5 74 22 3 28 9 11 3 6 2 <1 <1 <1

Note: H2O2 dosed at 1.2:1 wt.% on sulfide, pH 7.0, and 20 deg-C in demineralized water.

There is very little heat generated in the reaction, even when sulfide levels are several thousand mg/L. Problems with heat and effervescence could arise however if the H2O2 was grossly overdosed in the presence of catalyst. Alkaline Conditions
S2- + 4H2O2 SO42+ 4H2O

The above reaction predominates at pH > 9.2, and yields soluble sulfate as the reaction product. The stoichiometry calls for 4.25 lbs H2O2 per lb S 2-, and again it is not unusual for reaction efficiencies to approach 100%, provided that the H2O2 is added in a controlled fashion and the reaction medium is thoroughly mixed. This is due to the much faster reaction brought about by

the increased reactivity of H2O2 at alkaline pH. Consequently, as the pH increases above 9-10, there is generally little benefit to catalyzing the reaction since, as the table below illustrates.
Sulfide Level at Time (min) Wastewate r pH 9 10 11 12 25 25 25 25 8 8 8 8 16 10 36 22 2 2 76 26 2 <1 12 <1 <1 <1

0 (before H2O2) 2 5 10 15

Note: H2O2 dosed at 5.0:1 wt.% on sulfide and 20 deg-C in demineralized water.

The theoretical heat of reaction is 225 kcal/gm-mol of SO4 2- (or 12,700 B.t.u. evolved per lbS). Consequently, there may be a need to dissipate heat when treating solutions containing several thousand mg/L sulfide. Contributing to heat evolution is the unproductive decomposition of H2O2 which can become significant if H2O2 is overdosed (or improperly mixed), especially at pH > 11-12. The heat of H2O2 decomposition is about 1000 B.t.u. per lb-H2O2. H2O2 decomposition into oxygen, water and heat is a concern which is made more significant if the sulfide containing waste also contains volatile hydrocarbons. Slightly Alkaline Conditions In moving from pH 7 to pH 9, both of the above reactions may occur with the following results:

The reaction products transition from elemental sulfur to sulfate The H2O2 requirement transitions from 1:1 to 4.25:1 The rate of reaction speeds up

To some extent, catalysts may be used to push the reaction one way or the other. Catalysts such as iron, copper and manganese tend to favor sulfate formation, while those based on nickel and vanadium tend to favor elemental sulfur. These catalysts may be used to economize H2O2 use or to produce a clear effluent. In both cases, the speed of reaction is greatly accelerated, and fixed bed reaction columns (using e.g., zeolite catalyst support systems) may be used to lessen the environmental impact.
Catalase Enzyme: 2 H2O2 O2 + 2 H2O

Hydrogen Peroxide is a strong oxidant. Due to its beneficial properties, it is used for a wide range of purposes, such as a bleach or disinfectant. FMC Foret provides several Hydrogen Peroxide types and concentrations, which can be used in a variety of applications. The main applications for this product are in the paper and the chemical industries. Hydrogen Peroxide is a stable, high quality product. As it decomposes to water and oxygen, Hydrogen Peroxide is a very attractive product for the environment. APPLICATIONS

Metal Treatment: o Pickling, o Polishing and burnishing o Bath purification/recovery. o Solubilization. o Urea substitute. Paper: o Bleaching pulp, o Waste paper and linters. o Effluent decoloring. o Production of chlorine-free pulp (ECF/TCF) Tanning: o Water Treatment o Detanning/bleaching of hides. o Drinking. Mining: o Extracting/purifying minerals. Chemicals: o Epoxidation/polymerization. o Strong oxidizer.Intermediate product in manufacture of oxides, o Peroxides and peracids. o Resin solubilizer

CHARACTERISTICS

Appearance: o Clear, o Colorless liquid. Concentrations: 30% - 70%. Chemical Formula: H2O2.

FMC is one of the largest producers of Peracetic Acid in the United States. Following in its footsteps, FMC Foret has developed a wide range of high quality products, ranging from concentrations of 1% to 35%, in its plant in Spain. Peracetic Acid is a strong biocide product and is used in a wide range of industries. Products resulting from the decomposition of Peracetic Acid are non-toxic and dissolve easily in water. FMC Foret markets Peracetic Acid under the Bioper and OxyPure brands. These brands have Hydrogen Peroxide and Peracetic Acid as their active ingredients. They are used as bactericides and fungicides in the Food, Environmental Hygiene and Livestock industries. Peracetic Acid formulations are also used in treatment of drinking water and Legionella control. For more information, please contact: webcomercial@fmc.com FMC is one of the largest producers of Peracetic Acid in the United States. Following in its footsteps, FMC Foret has developed a wide range of high quality products, ranging from concentrations of 1% to 35%, in its plant in Spain. Peracetic Acid is a strong biocide product and is used in a wide range of industries. Products resulting from the decomposition of Peracetic Acid are non-toxic and dissolve easily in water. FMC Foret markets Peracetic Acid under the Bioper and OxyPure brands. These brands have Hydrogen Peroxide and Peracetic Acid as their active ingredients. They are used as bactericides and fungicides in the Food, Environmental Hygiene and Livestock industries. Peracetic Acid formulations are also used in treatment of drinking water and Legionella control. For more information, please contact: webcomercial@fmc.com Biocides Biocides are products designed to destroy, counter, neutralize, prevent or otherwise control any harmful organism using chemical or biological methods. As a manufacturer of active substances for the formulation of biocides and in accordance with the program of work established in Directive 98/8/CE, FMC Foret has requested authorization for Hydrogen Peroxide and Peracetic Acid (active substances in the manufacture of biocides), providing the necessary studies for their evaluation, in collaboration with the Hydrogen Peroxide Sub Group and the Peracetic Acid Group (CEFIC). We have designed the range of OxyPure products, with Hydrogen Peroxide and Peracetic Acid as active ingredients, for this application: Pesticides for use in the Food Industry: these are designed for external treatments for processed vegetables, animal products and their packaging as well as for treatment of premises, facilities or machinery related to the food industry.

Technical Active Ingredients HYDROGEN PEROXIDE 50% PERACETIC ACID 15% PERACETIC ACID 5%

Bactericides and fungicides: OxyPure C50 OxyPure BIO-15 OxyPure BIO-5

Pesticides for environmental use: these are designed for disinfection, fumigation and rat extermination of public or private premises, fixed or mobile establishments, transport systems and their facilities. Technical Active Ingredients HYDROGEN PEROXIDE 50% PERACETIC ACID 15% PERACETIC ACID 5% Bactericides and fungicides: OxyPure C50 OxyPure BIO-15 OxyPure BIO-5

Pesticides for Legionella/Refrigeration towers : Technical Active Ingredients PERACETIC ACID 15% PERACETIC ACID 5% Legionella Disinfectants: OxyPure BIO-15 CT-L OxyPure BIO-5 CT-L

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE 50% - - - - - - - - - -

Pesticides for livestock use: designed to be used around animals or in activities closely linked to their exploitation.
Technical Active Ingredients

Legionella Disinfectants:

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE 50---------V PERACETIC ACID 15-V PERACETIC ACID 5-V OxyPure BIO-15-V OxyPure BIO-5-V

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