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Experiment 6: Kinetics of the Inversion of Sucrose.


This experiment was designed to investigate the kinetics of the inversion of sugar sucrose using
the optical rotation technique. Sucrose is a disaccharide and it is the major ingredient of cane
sugar but it cant be directly fermented by yeast. To ferment it, it must be broken into
monosaccharide, Sucrose reacts with water to be broken down into its two monosaccharide,
(glucose and fructose) this is known as inversion, and the product formed is invert sugar of this
experiment. The reaction has very high activation energy, thus it will take a long time, so the
reaction is catalyzed by hydrogen ions. Since both the reactants and the products are optically
active (rotates plane polarized light) the reaction can be followed using optical rotation. The
equation of the reaction is given as follows.
C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
O C
6
H
12
O
6
+ C
6
H
12
O
6
(+) sucrose D (+) glucose D (-) fructose
[] = 66.4 [] = 52.7 [] = -92.4
The reaction is studied using a polarimeter, by measuring the angle of rotation of
polarized light passing through the solution.
As both reactant (sucrose) and products are chiral compounds, they possess the ability to rotate
plane polarized light, and as such have specific rotations defined as follows:
[]= rv/ ln
Where [] = specific rotation
r = observed rotation
v= volume of solution
l = length of tube (decimetres)
n = grams of substance use

The sucrose concentration can be represented by [S], the rate equation can be written as:
-d[S] = k[S] [H
+
]
n

The assumption is that the order with respect to sucrose is one. The H
+
is acting catalytically;
therefore, its concentration does not change so the rate equation can be simplified by defining a
pseudo first order rate constant k.
-d[S] = k [S]
=> In [[S]/[S]
0
] = -kt
The sucrose concentration can be replaced by the observed optical rotation (r).
In [r
1
-r

/r
0
- r

] = -kt

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PROCEDURE:
As seen in lab manual. 0.5M and 1.5M solutions were made up by another group.
RESULTS:
Table 1 - showing masses of sucrose used to make sucrose solutions.

0.5M 1.0M 1.5M 2.0M
Mass of sucrose
used /g
3.0058 3.0444














Table 2 - showing optical rotations of sucrose for different molarities at 2 minute intervals.
Time/mins
r
t
/
2.0M 1.5M 1.0M 0.5M
0 18.94 18.40 20.33 18.47
2 18.47 17.94 20.12 18.46
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4 18.00 17.60 19.89 18.39
6 17.46 17.24 19.65 18.34
8 16.92 16.91 19.39 18.25
10 16.38 16.52 19.12 18.16
12 15.84 16.19 18.85 18.08
14 15.36 15.81 18.52 18.00
16 14.85 15.42 18.32 17.90
18 14.37 15.10 18.01 17.84
20 13.90 14.75 17.77 17.76
22 13.43 14.39 17.49 17.66
24 12.97 14.05 17.14 17.58
26 12.52 13.73 16.91 17.46
28 12.10 13.38 16.70 17.38
30 11.67 13.04 16.50 17.30
32 11.26 12.72 16.25 17.19
34 10.86 12.42 16.03 17.10
36 10.41 12.15 15.80 17.02
38 10.07 11.85 15.61 16.94
40 9.71 11.60 15.35 16.87
r

=-6.89
Table #1: Table of time and observed optical rotation using each concentration of HCl.

2.0M
HCl

1.5M
HCl

1.0M
HCl

0.5M
HCl
Time
[seconds] (r
t
-r

) ln (r
t
-r

)
Time
[second] (r
t
-r

) ln (r
t
-r

)
Time
[second] (r
t
-r

) ln(r
t
-r

)
Time
[second] (r
t
-r

) ln (r
t
-r

)
0
25.83 3.252
0
25.29 3.230
0
27.22 3.304
0
25.36 3.233
120
25.36 3.233
120
24.83 3.212
120
27.01 3.296
120
25.35 3.233
240
24.89 3.214
240
24.49 3.198
240
26.78 3.288
240
25.28 3.230
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360
24.35 3.193
360
24.13 3.183
360
26.54 3.279
360
25.23 3.228
480
23.81 3.170
480
23.8 3.170
480
26.28 3.269
480
25.14 3.224
600
23.27 3.147
600
23.41 3.153
600
26.01 3.258
600
25.05 3.221
720
22.73 3.124
720
23.08 3.139
720
25.74 3.248
720
24.97 3.218
840
22.25 3.102
840
22.7 3.122
840
25.41 3.235
840
24.89 3.214
960
21.74 3.079
960
22.31 3.105
960
25.21 3.227
960
24.79 3.210
1080
21.26 3.057
1080
21.99 3.091
1080
24.9 3.215
1080
24.73 3.208
1200
20.79 3.034
1200
21.64 3.075
1200
24.66 3.205
1200
24.65 3.205
1320
20.32 3.012
1320
21.28 3.058
1320
24.38 3.194
1320
24.55 3.201
1440
19.86 2.989
1440
20.94 3.042
1440
24.03 3.179
1440
24.47 3.197
1560
19.41 2.966
1560
20.62 3.026
1560
23.8 3.170
1560
24.35 3.193
1680
18.99 2.944
1680
20.27 3.009
1680
23.59 3.161
1680
24.27 3.189
1800
18.56 2.921
1800
19.93 2.992
1800
23.39 3.152
1800
24.19 3.186
1920
18.15 2.899
1920
19.61 2.976
1920
23.14 3.142
1920
24.08 3.181
2040
17.75 2.876
2040
19.31 2.961
2040
22.92 3.132
2040
23.99 3.178
2160
17.30 2.851
2160
19.04 2.947
2160
22.69 3.122
2160
23.91 3.174
2280
16.96 2.831
2280
18.74 2.931
2280
22.5 3.114
2280
23.83 3.171
2400
16.60 2.809
2400
18.49 2.917
2400
22.24 3.102
2400
23.76 3.168


Calculations
(a) Manipulating equation (4) from the lab manual:
ln r
t
r

( = k t
r
o
r


ln [r
t
r

] ln [r
o
r

] = k t
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ln [r
t
r

] = k t + ln [r
o
r

]
| | | |
y = m x + c
Where ln [r
t
r

] = y axis
k = gradient/slope
time (s) = x axis
ln [r
o
r

] = intercept
Therefore, graphs of ln [r
t
r

] vs t are plotted for the different concentrations of HCl.


Determination of the pseudo first order rate constants for the HCl concentrations used:
From the equation ln [r
t
r

] = k t + ln [r
o
r

]
the gradient, m = k (which is the pseudo rate constant)

Therefore,
For 2.0M HCl:
gradient, m (obtained from graph) = 0.0002 s
1

k = 0.0002 s
1

k = 0.0002 s
1


For 1.5M HCl:
gradient, m (obtained from graph) = 0.0001 s
1

k = 0.0001 s
1

k = 0.0001 s
1
For 1.0 HCl:
gradient, m (obtained from graph) = -9.0x10
-5
s
-1

k = -9,0x10
-5
s
-1

k = 9.0x10
-5
s
-1


For0.5 HCl:
gradient, m (obtained from graph) = -3.05x10
-5
s
-1

k = -3.05x10
-5
s
-1

k = 3.05x10
-5
s
-1
The table below illustrates the data used to plot a graph of H
+
concentration vs
rate constant.
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H
+
Concentration / M Rate constant/ x10
-5
s
-1
2.0 20.00
1.5 10.00
1.0 9.00
0.5 3.05

The table below illustrates the data used to plot a graph of lnk vs ln[H
+
]
ln [H
+
] lnk
0.69 -8.52
0.41 -9.21
0 -9.31
-0.69 -10.41

(b) Calculating expected values for r
o
:
Using the equation:-
C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
O C
6
H
12
O
6
+ C
6
H
12
O
6

(+) Sucrose D(+) Glucose D() Fructose
[o] = +66.4 [o] = +52.7 [o] = 92.4
At t = 0 ; all the sucrose is present, i.e. [o]
o
= +66.4
Using the equation:- [o]
o
= r
o

l n
r
o
= [o]
o
l n

where [o]
o
= +66.4
n = mass of sucrose
= volume of solution = 20mL
l = path length
Path length of light through the solution for the 1.5 M and 2.0M soln= 16cm
= (16x 10
-1
) dm
= 1.6 dm
Therefore the value of r
0
for the 2M solution = (+66.4
o
) (1.6) (3.0444)/ (20)
=16.17
o


Value of r


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ln [r
t
r

] = k t + ln [r
o
r

]
from graph no. 1 done at 2M the y-intercept is 3.2579
If ln [r
o
r

] = 3.2579 then [r
o
r

] = e
3.2579

Hence -r

= e
3.2579
- r
o
= e
3.2579
-16.17
o
= 9.82
0

Therefore r

= -9.82
o

Questions/ Exercises
b. The experimental value for the r

value does not agree with the calculated value,this


deviation may be due to experimental errors.
c. When a graph of H
+
is plotted against rate constant, the rate constant of the reaction in
the absence of acid is zero, within experimental errors.
d. The order of the reaction with respect to H
+
is 1 and the true n+1 value will therefore
be 2.
e. The concentration of water is large and therefore is considered to remain constant
throughout the reaction. Hence water appears in the chemical equation and not the rate
equation.

Discussion/Conclusion
Derivation of equation 3 from equation 4
ln([S]/[S]
0
)= -kt .eq. 1
A graph of ln[S] vs t can be plotted using the straight line equation ln[S]= -kt [S]
0
but
concentration is not measured in the experiment.
If r = Ac .(2)
Then r is directly proportional to c. Since r is a linear function of concentration of the
molecule, it can replace concentration in the equation.
For a solution of sucrose, fructose and glucose
r = A
sucrose
c
sucrose
+ A
glucose
c
glucose
+ A
frutose
c
frutose .
(3)
At the end of the reaction at infinite time
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r

=A
glucose
c
glucose
+ A
fructose
c
fructose
..(4)
From equation
C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
O C
6
H
12
O
6
+ C
6
H
12
O
6

1:1 ratio therefore
c
glucose
= c
fructose
=c
sucrose0 ...
(5)
Substitute equation 5 into equation 4
r

=(A
glucose
A
fructose
)c
sucrose 0
.(6)
Initially
r
0
= A
sucrose
c
sucrose 0
..(7)
Subtracting eq.6 from eq.7
r
0
-r

= (A
sucrose
-A
glucose
-A
fructose
)c
sucrose 0
.(8)
During the reaction
r
t
= A
sucrose
c
sucrose
+A
glucose
c
glucose
A
fructose
c
fructose
..(9)
From the equation C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
O C
6
H
12
O
6
+ C
6
H
12
O
6

and equation 5
c
glucose
= c
fructose
=c
sucrose 0
-c
sucrose ..
(10)
Substitute into equation 9 followed by subtraction of equation 6 yields
r
t
- r

= (A
sucrose
-A
glucose
-A
fructose
) c
sucrose
(11)
Dividing equation 11 by equation 8 yields
r
t
- r

/r
o
-r

= [S]/[S]
0
re: equation 1
Then
ln (r
t
- r

/r
o
-r

) = -kt
A molecule that has displays chirality has the ability to rotate plane polarized light in
either a clockwise or anticlockwise direction. According to the direction of the rotation
of the light, a molecule can then be classified as being either levorotatory or
dextrorotatory. This is the concept behind the use of a polarimeter to investigate the
kinetics of the reaction. When sucrose is hydrolyzed it forms two optically active
enantiomers, which are glucose and fructose respectively. The conversion of sucrose to
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glucose and sucrose is referred to as inversion as the optical rotation of the solution
inverts from positive to negative. This is due to the fact that sucrose has a D-line of
+66.4, while the products glucose and fructose have a D-line of +52.7 and -92.4, because
fructose and glucose exist in relatively equal portions in solutions, the overall D-line
value for the solution will be negative. A positive D-line refers to a clockwise rotation
while a negative D-line refers to an anticlockwise direction. A polarimeter is a device
used to determine the angle of rotation of plane polarized light. It functions by passing a
beam of light through a polarizer, which in turn passing through the sample an analyzer
and detector are then used to determine the degree to which the light was rotated and in
what direction.
Errors in the experiment may arise in many different ways throughout the procedure, one
error though is the fact that there is delay in the recording of the initial r value from the
experiment. As soon as the two solutions are mixed together, the reaction begins, but the
measurement is delayed due to the fact that the solutions are mixed in a separate vessel
and then have to be transferred to the polarimeter tube. This delay can be decreased
though if the solutions are added into the tube separately, this may result in a better r
i

being recorded. Errors that are propagated in the beginning of a kinetics experiment will
be apparent in every successive reading taken, and when ln is taken of the taken, the
points to the end of the reaction begin to deviate from the linear plot, hence affecting the
value of the rate constant.






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